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Fair Value Measurements

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Note 13 – Fair Value Measurements

ASC Topic 820, "Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures" defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value, and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. This accounting standard applies to reported balances that are required or permitted to be measured at fair value under existing accounting pronouncements. The standard also emphasizes that fair value (i.e., the price that would be received in an orderly transaction that is not a forced liquidation or distressed sale at the measurement date), among other things, is based on exit price versus entry price, should include assumptions about risk such as nonperformance risk in liability fair values, and is a market-based measurement, not an entity-specific measurement. When considering the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability, this accounting standard establishes a fair value hierarchy that distinguishes between market participant assumptions based on market data obtained from sources independent of the reporting entity (observable inputs that are classified within Levels 1 and 2 of the hierarchy) and the reporting entity's own assumptions about market participant assumptions (unobservable inputs classified within Level 3 of the hierarchy).

The fair value hierarchy prioritizes inputs used to measure fair value into three broad levels.

Level 1 inputs - In general, fair values determined by Level 1 inputs use quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that we have the ability to access.

Level 2 inputs - Fair values determined by Level 2 inputs use inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. Level 2 inputs include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets where there are few transactions and inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability, such as interest rates and yield curves that are observable at commonly quoted intervals.

Level 3 inputs - Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability and include situations where there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability.

In instances where the determination of the fair value measurement is based on inputs from different levels of the fair value hierarchy, the level in the fair value hierarchy within which the entire fair value measurement falls is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. The Company’s assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment, and considers factors specific to the asset or liability.

The following table presents information about our assets recorded in our consolidated statements of financial condition at their fair value on a recurring basis as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, and indicates the fair value hierarchy of the valuation techniques utilized to determine such fair value.

			Fair Value Measurements Using
	June 30, 2020		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
	(In Thousands)

Assets
Available-for-sale securities
Mortgage-backed securities	$	29,712	$	-	$	29,712	$	-
Collateralized mortgage obligations
Government sponsored enterprise issued		68,987		-		68,987		-
Private-label issued		3,804		-		3,804		-
Municipal securities		50,650		-		50,650		-
Other debt securities		10,959		-		10,959		-
Loans held for sale		383,389		-		383,389		-
Mortgage banking derivative assets		10,741		-		-		10,741
Interest rate swap assets		6,289		-		6,289		-
Liabilities
Mortgage banking derivative liabilities		2,112		-		-		2,112
Interest rate swap liabilities		6,289		-		6,289		-

			Fair Value Measurements Using
	December 31, 2019		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
	(In Thousands)

Assets
Available-for-sale securities
Mortgage-backed securities	$	34,150	$	-	$	34,150	$	-
Collateralized mortgage obligations
Government sponsored enterprise issued		81,754		-		81,754		-
Municipal securities		53,692		-		53,692		-
Other debt securities		8,880		-		8,880		-
Loans held for sale		220,123		-		220,123		-
Mortgage banking derivative assets		1,835		-		-		1,835
Interest rate swap assets		680		-		680		-
Liabilities
Mortgage banking derivative liabilities		-		-		-		-
Interest rate swap liabilities		680		-		680		-

The following summarizes the valuation techniques for assets recorded in our consolidated statements of financial condition at their fair value on a recurring basis:

Available-for-sale securities – The Company’s investment securities classified as available for sale include: mortgage-backed securities, collateralized mortgage obligations, government sponsored enterprise bonds, municipal securities and other debt securities. The fair value of mortgage-backed securities, collateralized mortgage obligations and government sponsored enterprise bonds are determined by a third party valuation source using observable market data utilizing a matrix or multi-dimensional relational pricing model. Standard inputs to these models include observable market data such as benchmark yields, reported trades, broker quotes, issuer spreads, benchmark securities, prepayment models and bid/offer market data. For securities with an early redemption feature, an option adjusted spread model is utilized to adjust the issuer spread. These model and matrix measurements are classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value of municipal and other debt securities is determined by a third party valuation source using observable market data utilizing a multi-dimensional relational pricing model. Standard inputs to this model include observable market data such as benchmark yields, reported trades, broker quotes, rating updates and issuer spreads. These model measurements are classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. The change in fair value is recorded through an adjustment to the statement of comprehensive income.

Loans held for sale – The Company carries loans held for sale at fair value under the fair value option model. Fair value is generally determined by estimating a gross premium or discount, which is derived from pricing currently observable in the secondary market, principally from observable prices for forward sale commitments. Loans held-for-sale are considered to be Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy of valuation techniques. The change in fair value is recorded through an adjustment to the statement of income.

Mortgage banking derivatives - Mortgage banking derivatives include interest rate lock commitments to originate residential loans held for sale to individual customers and forward commitments to sell residential mortgage loans to various investors. The Company utilizes a valuation model to estimate the fair value of its interest rate lock commitments to originate residential mortgage loans held for sale, which includes applying a pull through rate based upon historical experience and the current interest rate environment and then multiplying by quoted investor prices. The Company also utilizes a valuation model to estimate the fair value of its forward commitments to sell residential loans, which includes matching specific terms and maturities of the forward commitments against applicable investor pricing available. While there are Level 2 and 3 inputs used in the valuation models, the Company has determined that one or more of the inputs significant in the valuation of both of the mortgage banking derivatives fall within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. The change in fair value is recorded through an adjustment to the statement of income.

Interest rate swap assets/liabilities - The Company offers loan level swaps to its customers and offsets its exposure from such contracts by entering into mirror image swaps with a financial institution / swap counterparty. The fair values of derivatives are based on valuation models using observable market data as of the measurement date. Our derivatives are traded in an over-the-counter market where quoted market prices are not always available. Therefore, the fair values of derivatives are determined using quantitative models that utilize multiple market inputs. The inputs will vary based on the type of derivative, but could include interest rates, prices and indices to generate continuous yield or pricing curves, prepayment rates, and volatility factors to value the position. The majority of market inputs are actively quoted and can be validated through external sources, including brokers, market transactions and third-party pricing services. Interest rate swap assets and liabilities are considered to be Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy of valuation techniques. The change in fair value is recorded through an adjustment to the statement of operations, within other income and other expense.

The table below presents reconciliation for all assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) during 2020 and 2019.

	Six months ended June 30,
	2020		2019
	(In Thousands)

Mortgage derivative, net balance at the beginning of the period	$	1,835	$	898
Mortgage derivative gain, net		6,794		1,384
Mortgage derivative, net balance at the end of the period	$	8,629	$	2,282

There were no transfers in or out of Level 1, 2 or 3 measurements during the periods.

Assets Recorded at Fair Value on a Non-recurring Basis

The following tables present information about our assets recorded in our consolidated statements of financial condition at their fair value on a non-recurring basis as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, and indicate the fair value hierarchy of the valuation techniques utilized to determine such fair value.

			Fair Value Measurements Using
	June 30, 2020		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
	(In Thousands)
Impaired loans, net (1)	$	185	$	-	$	-	$	185
Real estate owned		702		-		-		702
Impaired mortgage servicing rights		224		-		-		224

			Fair Value Measurements Using
	December 31, 2019		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
	(In Thousands)
Impaired loans, net (1)	$	185	$	-	$	-	$	185
Real estate owned		748		-		-		748
Impaired mortgage servicing rights		206		-		-		206

(1) Represents collateral-dependent impaired loans, net, which are included in loans.

Loans – We do not record loans at fair value on a recurring basis. On a non-recurring basis, loans determined to be impaired are analyzed to determine whether a collateral shortfall exists, and if such a shortfall exists, are recorded on our consolidated statements of financial condition at net realizable value of the underlying collateral. Fair value is determined based on third party appraisals. Appraised values are adjusted to consider disposition costs and also to take into consideration the age of the most recent appraisal. Given the significance of the adjustments made to appraised values necessary to estimate the fair value of impaired loans, loans that have been deemed to be impaired are considered to be Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy of valuation techniques. At June 30, 2020, loans determined to be impaired with an outstanding balance of $212,000 were carried net of specific reserves of $27,000 for a fair value of $185,000. At December 31, 2019, loans determined to be impaired with an outstanding balance of $224,000 were carried net of specific reserves of $39,000 for a fair value of $185,000. Impaired loans collateralized by assets which are valued in excess of the net investment in the loan do not require any specific reserves.

Real estate owned – On a non-recurring basis, real estate owned is recorded in our consolidated statements of financial condition at the lower of cost or fair value. Fair value is determined based on third party appraisals and, if less than the carrying value of the foreclosed loan, the carrying value of the real estate owned is adjusted to the fair value. Appraised values are adjusted to consider disposition costs and also to take into consideration the age of the most recent appraisal. Given the significance of the adjustments made to appraised values necessary to estimate the fair value of the properties, real estate owned is considered to be Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy of valuation techniques. There were no writedowns during the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. At June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, real estate owned totaled $702,000 and $748,000, respectively.

Mortgage servicing rights – The Company utilizes an independent valuation from a third party which uses a discounted cash flow model to estimate the fair value of mortgage servicing rights. The model utilizes prepayment assumptions to project cash flows related to the mortgage servicing rights based upon the current interest rate environment, which is then discounted to estimate an expected fair value of the mortgage servicing rights. The model considers characteristics specific to the underlying mortgage portfolio, such as: contractually specified servicing fees, prepayment assumptions, delinquency rates, late charges and costs to service. Given the significance of the unobservable inputs utilized in the estimation process, mortgage servicing rights are classified as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy. The Company records the mortgage servicing rights at the lower of amortized cost or fair value. At June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, there were $98,000 and $77,000, respectively, of impairment on mortgage servicing rights.

For Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis as of June 30, 2020, the significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurements were as follows:

					Significant Unobservable Input Value
	Fair Value at June 30, 2020		Valuation Technique	Significant Unobservable Inputs	Minimum Value			Maximum Value			Weighted Average

Mortgage banking derivatives	$	8,629	Pricing models	Pull through rate		28.0	%		95.0	%		84.0	%
Impaired loans		185	Market approach	Discount rates applied to appraisals		15.0	%		15.0	%		15.0	%
Real estate owned		702	Market approach	Discount rates applied to appraisals		35.0	%		59.0	%		46.0	%
Mortgage servicing rights		224	Pricing models	Prepayment rate		7.0	%		36.0	%		11.3	%
				Discount rate		11.0	%		13.5	%		12.1	%
				Cost to service	$	81.49		$	426.61		$	87.95

A description of the valuation methodologies used for instruments measured at fair value, as well as the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy, is set forth below.

Fair value information about financial instruments follows, whether or not recognized in the consolidated statements of financial condition, for which it is practicable to estimate that value. In cases where quoted market prices are not available, fair values are based on estimates using present value or other valuation techniques. Those techniques are significantly affected by the assumptions used, including the discount rate and estimates of future cash flows. In that regard, the derived fair value estimates cannot be substantiated by comparison to independent markets and, in many cases, could not be realized in immediate settlement of the instrument. Certain financial instruments and all nonfinancial instruments are excluded from its disclosure requirements. Accordingly, the aggregate fair value amounts presented do not represent the underlying value of the Company.

The carrying amounts and fair values of the Company’s financial instruments consist of the following:

	June 30, 2020										December 31, 2019
	Carrying amount		Fair Value								Carrying amount		Fair Value
	Carrying amount		Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Carrying amount		Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
	(In Thousands)
Financial Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	76,919	$	76,919	$	76,919	$	-	$	-	$	74,300	$	74,300	$	65,800	$	8,500	$	-
Securities available-for-sale		164,112		164,112		-		164,112		-		178,476		178,476		-		178,476		-
Loans held for sale		383,389		383,389		-		383,389		-		220,123		220,123		-		220,123		-
Loans receivable		1,433,803		1,509,054		-		-		1,509,054		1,388,031		1,426,224		-		-		1,426,224
FHLB stock		26,720		26,720		-		26,720		-		21,150		21,150		-		21,150		-
Accrued interest receivable		5,061		5,061		5,061		-		-		5,344		5,344		5,344		-		-
Mortgage servicing rights		4,966		6,388		-		-		6,388		282		282		-		-		282
Mortgage banking derivative assets		10,741		10,741		-		-		10,741		1,835		1,835		-		-		1,835
Interest rate swap asset		6,289		6,289		-		6,289		-		680		680		-		680		-

Financial Liabilities
Deposits		1,157,666		1,157,834		418,249		739,585		-		1,067,776		1,070,083		328,005		742,078		-
Advance payments by borrowers for taxes		20,828		20,828		20,828		-		-		4,212		4,212		4,212		-		-
Borrowings		599,102		619,497		-		619,497		-		483,562		483,846		-		483,846		-
Accrued interest payable		1,404		1,404		1,404		-		-		1,559		1,559		1,559		-		-
Mortgage banking derivative liabilities		2,112		2,112		-		-		2,112		-		-		-		-		-
Interest rate swap liability		6,289		6,289		-		6,289		-		680		680		-		680		-

The following methods and assumptions were used by the Company in determining its fair value disclosures for financial instruments.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The carrying amount reported in the consolidated statements of financial condition for cash and cash equivalents is a reasonable estimate of fair value.

Securities

The fair value of securities is generally determined by a third party valuation source using observable market data utilizing a matrix or multi-dimensional relational pricing model. Standard inputs to these models include observable market data such as benchmark yields, reported trades, broker quotes, issuer spreads, benchmark securities and bid/offer market data. For securities with an early redemption feature, an option adjusted spread model is utilized to adjust the issuer spread. Prepayment models are used for mortgage related securities with prepayment features.

Loans Held for Sale

Fair value is estimated using the prices of the Company’s existing commitments to sell such loans and/or the quoted market price for commitments to sell similar loans.

Loans Receivable

The fair value estimation process for the loan portfolio uses an exit price concept and reflects discounts the Company believes are consistent with discounts in the market place. Fair values are estimated for portfolios of loans with similar characteristics. Loans are segregated by type such as one- to four-family, multi-family, home equity, construction and land, commercial real estate, commercial, and other consumer. The fair value of loans is estimated by discounting the future cash flows using the current rates at which similar loans would be made to borrowers with similar credit ratings and for similar maturities. The fair value analysis also includes other assumptions to estimate fair value, intended to approximate those a market participant would use in an orderly transaction, with adjustments for discount rates, interest rates, liquidity, and credit spreads, as appropriate.

FHLB Stock

For FHLB stock, the carrying amount is the amount at which shares can be redeemed with the FHLB and is a reasonable estimate of fair value.

Deposits and Advance Payments by Borrowers for Taxes

The fair values for interest-bearing and noninterest-bearing negotiable order of withdrawal accounts, savings accounts, and money market accounts are, by definition, equal to the amount payable on demand at the reporting date (i.e., their carrying amounts). The fair values for fixed-rate certificates of deposit are estimated using a discounted cash flow calculation that applies interest rates currently being offered on certificates of similar remaining maturities to a schedule of aggregated expected monthly maturities of the outstanding certificates of deposit. The advance payments by borrowers for taxes are equal to their carrying amounts at the reporting date.

Borrowings

Fair values for borrowings are estimated using a discounted cash flow calculation that applies current interest rates to estimated future cash flows of the borrowings.

Accrued Interest Payable and Accrued Interest Receivable

For accrued interest payable and accrued interest receivable, the carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value.

Commitments to Extend Credit and Standby Letters of Credit

Commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit are generally not marketable. Furthermore, interest rates on any amounts drawn under such commitments would be generally established at market rates at the time of the draw. Fair values for the Company’s commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit are based on fees currently charged to enter into similar agreements, taking into account the remaining terms of the agreements, the counterparty’s credit standing, and discounted cash flow analyses. The fair value of the Company’s commitments to extend credit was not material at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019.

Mortgage Banking Derivative Assets and Liabilities

Mortgage banking derivatives include interest rate lock commitments to originate residential loans held for sale to individual customers and forward commitments to sell residential mortgage loans to various investors. The Company relies on a valuation model to estimate the fair value of its interest rate lock commitments to originate residential mortgage loans held for sale, which includes applying a pull through rate based upon historical experience and the current interest rate environment, and then multiplying by quoted investor prices. The Company also relies on a valuation model to estimate the fair value of its forward commitments to sell residential loans, which includes matching specific terms and maturities of the forward commitments against applicable investor pricing available. On the Company’s consolidated statements of financial condition, instruments that have a positive fair value are included in prepaid expenses and other assets, and those instruments that have a negative fair value are included in other liabilities.

Interest Rate Swap Assets and Liabilities

The carrying value and fair value of existing derivative financial instruments are based upon independent valuation models, which use widely accepted valuation techniques, including discounted cash flow analysis on the expected cash flows of each derivative contract. This analysis reflects the contractual terms of the derivatives, including the period to maturity, and uses observable market-based inputs, including interest rate curves and implied volatilities.