As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had trade receivables of $125 million and $133 million, respectively. Trade receivables are shown net of allowances for credit losses of $21 million and $24 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023 respectively. Trade accounts have significant concentrations of credit risk in the Agriculture and Construction segments. There is not a disproportionate concentration of credit risk in any geographic region.

CNH provides and administers retail note and lease financing, as well as revolving charge account financing, to end use customers for the purchase of new and used equipment and components sold by its dealer network. The terms of retail notes and finance leases generally range from two to seven years, and interest rates vary depending on prevailing market interest rates and certain incentive programs offered on behalf of and sustained by Industrial Activities. Revolving charge accounts are generally accompanied by higher interest rates than the Company’s other retail financing products, require minimum monthly payments, and do not have pre-determined maturity dates.

Wholesale receivables arise primarily from dealer floorplan financing, and to a lesser extent, from the financing of dealer operations. Under the standard terms of the wholesale receivable agreements, these receivables typically have “interest-free” periods of up to twelve months and stated original maturities of up to twenty-four months, with repayment accelerated upon the sale by the dealer of the underlying equipment. For the “interest-free” period, Financial Services is compensated by Industrial Activities based on market interest rates. After the expiration of any “interest-free” period, interest is charged to dealers on outstanding balances until CNH receives payment in full. The “interest-free” periods are determined based on the type of equipment sold and the time of year of the sale. The Company evaluates and assesses dealers on an ongoing basis as to their creditworthiness. CNH may be obligated to repurchase the dealer’s equipment upon cancellation or termination of the dealer’s contract for such causes as change in ownership, closeout of the business, or default. There were no significant losses in 2024, 2023 or 2022 relating to the termination of dealer contracts.

It has been the Company’s experience that substantial portions of retail receivables, which include retail notes and finance leases, are repaid before their contractual maturity dates. As a result, the above table should not be regarded as a forecast of future cash collections. Financing receivables has significant concentrations of credit risk in the agriculture and construction business sectors. On a geographic basis, there is not a disproportionate concentration of credit risk in any area. The Company typically retains, as collateral, a security interest in the equipment associated with retail and wholesale receivables, while revolving charge accounts are generally not related to or secured by an identified piece of equipment.

As part of its overall funding strategy, the Company periodically transfers certain receivables into bankruptcy-remote special purpose entities ("SPEs") as part of its asset backed securitization ("ABS") programs or into factoring transactions.

SPEs utilized in the securitization programs differ from other entities included in the Company's consolidated financial statements because the assets they hold are legally isolated from the Company's assets. Upon transfer of the receivables to the SPEs, the receivables and certain cash flows derived from them become restricted for use in meeting obligations to the SPEs' creditors. The SPEs are consolidated since the Company has both the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the SPEs’ economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the SPEs. Therefore, the SPEs do not meet the accounting criteria for deconsolidation. As a result, they are accounted for as a secured borrowing.

Certain securitizations are also VIEs and consequently, the VIEs are consolidated since the Company has both the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIEs' economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the VIEs.

The Company may retain all or a portion of the subordinated interests in the SPEs. No recourse provisions exist that allow holders of the asset-backed securities issued by the trusts to put those securities back to the Company, although the Company provides customary representations and warranties that could give rise to an obligation to repurchase from the trusts any receivable for which there is a breach of the representations and warranties. Moreover, the Company does not guarantee any security issued by the trusts. The trusts have a limited life and generally terminate upon final distribution of amounts owed to investors or upon exercise of a cleanup-call option by the Company, in its role as servicer.

Factoring transactions may be either with recourse or without recourse; certain without recourse transfers include deferred payment clauses (for example, when the payment by the factor of a minor part of the purchase price is dependent on the total amount collected from the receivables), requiring first loss cover, meaning that the transferor takes priority participation in the losses, or requires a significant exposure to the cash flows arising from the transferred receivables to be retained. These types of transactions do not qualify for the derecognition of the assets since the risks and rewards connected with collection are not substantially transferred, and accordingly the Company continues to recognize the receivables transferred by this means in its balance sheet and a financial liability of the same amount under asset-backed financing.

The secured borrowings related to the transferred receivables are obligations that are payable as the receivables are collected. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the carrying amount of such restricted receivables included in financing receivables are the following:

CNH's allowance for credit losses is segregated into two portfolio products: retail and wholesale. A portfolio product is the level at which CNH develops a systematic methodology for determining its allowance for credit losses. Further, the class of receivables by which CNH evaluates its portfolio products is by geographic region. Typically, CNH's receivables within a geographic area have similar risk profiles and methods for assessing and monitoring risk. The classes align with management reporting.

For the period ended on December 31, 2024, the allowance for credit losses included an increase in retail reserves, primarily driven by specific reserve needs in South America. This increase was largely due to Brazilian market conditions, including current crop prices, flooding, and drought events. The provision for credit losses is included in selling, general and administrative expenses.

At December 31, 2023, the allowance for credit losses included an increase in reserves due to reserve needs primarily in South America, partially offset by a decrease in reserves of $15 million due to the sale of CNH Capital Russia. The provision for credit losses is included in selling, general and administrative expenses.

At December 31, 2022, the allowance for credit losses included increases in reserves due to growth in the retail portfolio and additionally included $15 million for domestic Russian receivables, $9 million for the addition of revolving charge accounts in North America and $7 million in China related to Construction. The provision for credit losses is included in selling, general and administrative expenses.

CNH assesses and monitors the credit quality of its financing receivables based on delinquency status. Receivables are considered past due if the required principal and interest payments have not yet been received as of the date such payments were due. Delinquency is reported on financing receivables greater than 30 days past due. Non-performing financing receivables represent receivables for which CNH has ceased accruing finance income. These receivables are generally over 90 days past due. Accrued interest is charged-off to interest income. Interest income charged-off was not material for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Interest accrual is resumed if the receivable becomes contractually current and collection becomes probable. Previously suspended income is recognized at that time. As the terms for retail financing receivables are greater than one year, the performing/non-performing information is presented by year of origination for North America, South America and Asia Pacific.


(in millions of dollars)	31-60 Days Past Due		61-90 Days Past Due		Total Past Due		Current		Total Performing		Non- Performing		Total		Gross Charge-offs
Retail

North America
2024									$	4,485	$	5	$	4,490	$	5
2023									2,145		6		2,151		12
2022									1,421		4		1,425		9
2021									766		2		768		5
2020									249		1		250		3
Prior to 2020									58		1		59		3
Total	64		4		68		9,056		9,124		19		9,143		37
South America
2024									1,400		5		1,405		—
2023									1,255		26		1,281		2
2022									518		26		544		24
2021									287		8		295		12
2020									127		2		129		4
Prior to 2020									65		1		66		3
Total	29		1		30		3,622		3,652		68		3,720		45
Asia Pacific
2024									563		—		563		—
2023									402		1		403		1
2022									276		1		277		1
2021									129		—		129		1
2020									41		—		41		2
Prior to 2020									3		—		3		2
Total	4		3		7		1,407		1,414		2		1,416		7
Europe, Middle East, Africa	—		—		—		11		11		7		18		—
Total Retail	$	97	$	8	$	105	$	14,096	$	14,201	$	96	$	14,297	$	89
Wholesale
North America	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	4,817	$	4,817	$	23	$	4,840	$	—
South America	—		—		—		1,048		1,048		—		1,048		—
Asia Pacific	2		1		3		883		886		1		887		2
Europe, Middle East, Africa	7		—		7		1,967		1,974		—		1,974		5
Total Wholesale	$	9	$	1	$	10	$	8,715	$	8,725	$	24	$	8,749	$	7


(in millions of dollars)	31-60 Days Past Due		61-90 Days Past Due		Total Past Due		Current		Total Performing		Non- Performing		Total		Gross Charge-offs
Retail

North America
2023									$	3,976	$	4	$	3,980	$	1
2022									2,133		4		2,137		10
2021									1,323		3		1,326		4
2020									561		2		563		3
2019									208		1		209		3
Prior to 2019									66		1		67		3
Total	44		3		47		8,220		8,267		15		8,282		24
South America
2023									1,986		9		1,995		—
2022									955		32		987		—
2021									573		13		586		2
2020									294		4		298		7
2019									123		2		125		1
Prior to 2019									107		1		108		1
Total	22		—		22		4,016		4,038		61		4,099		11
Asia Pacific
2023									609		—		609		—
2022									453		1		454		1
2021									255		1		256		1
2020									115		1		116		2
2019									31		1		32		2
Prior to 2019									3		—		3		1
Total	5		6		11		1,455		1,466		4		1,470		7
Europe, Middle East, Africa	—		—		—		6		6		11		17		—
Total Retail	$	71	$	9	$	80	$	13,697	$	13,777	$	91	$	13,868	$	42
Wholesale
North America	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	5,154	$	5,154	$	—	$	5,154	$	—
South America	—		—		—		1,404		1,404		2		1,406		4
Asia Pacific	4		2		6		870		876		—		876		1
Europe, Middle East, Africa	5		—		5		2,893		2,898		—		2,898		—
Total Wholesale	$	9	$	2	$	11	$	10,321	$	10,332	$	2	$	10,334	$	5

CNH periodically modifies the terms of their finance receivable agreements with customers experiencing financial difficulties. Typically, the types of modifications granted are payment deferrals, extended contract maturities, modification of a contractual interest rate or waiving of interest and principal. As a collateral based lender, CNH has recourse to the financed assets on default. The Company continues to monitor the credit quality of these modified financing receivables. CNH's allowance for credit losses incorporates historical loss information, including the effects of the modified financing receivables. Therefore, additional adjustments to the allowance are generally not recorded upon modification of the financing receivable.

As of December 31, 2024, modifications of CNH's retail and wholesale receivables for customers experiencing financial difficulties were immaterial. Defaults and subsequent write-offs of receivables modified in the prior twelve months were not significant during the full year 2024.

Due to conditions in the Brazilian market, including crop prices and extreme weather events like flooding and drought, CNH has offered payment refinancing to South American customers. These refinancings are not deemed to be modifications as they are insignificant adjustments to the contract and generally, the customer are not considered to be in financial difficulty. To qualify, customers must make partial payments on their outstanding installments. CNH takes these refinancings into account when provisioning for credit losses. As of December 31, 2024, $95 million of installments were refinanced relating to $380 million of retail Agricultural receivables in South America.