The Company may elect to measure financial instruments and certain other items at fair value. This fair value option would be applied on an instrument-by-instrument basis with changes in fair value reported in earnings. The election can be made at the acquisition of an eligible financial asset, financial liability or firm commitment or, when certain specified reconsideration events occur. The fair value election may not be revoked once made. The Company has not elected the fair value measurement option for eligible items.

The hierarchy of valuation techniques for financial instruments is based on whether the inputs to those valuation techniques are observable or unobservable. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources while unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s market assumptions. These two types of inputs have created the following fair-value hierarchy:

Level 2 - Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs and significant value drivers are observable in active markets.

When available, the Company uses quoted market prices to determine fair value and classifies such items in Level 1. In some cases where a market price is not available, the Company will use observable market-based inputs to calculate fair value, in which case the items are classified in Level 2.

If quoted or observable market prices are not available, fair value is based upon internally developed valuation techniques that use, where possible, current market-based or independently sourced market parameters such as interest rates, currency rates, or yield curves. Items valued using such internally generated valuation techniques are classified according to the lowest level input or value driver that is significant to the valuation. Thus, an item may be classified in Level 3 even though there may be some significant inputs that are readily observable.

The following section describes the valuation methodologies used by the Company to measure various financial instruments at fair value, including an indication of the level in the fair value hierarchy in which each instrument is generally classified. Where appropriate, the description includes details of the valuation models, and the key inputs to those models as well as any significant assumptions.

CNH Industrial utilizes derivative instruments to mitigate its exposure to interest rate and foreign currency exposures. Derivatives used as hedges are effective at reducing the risk associated with the exposure being hedged and are designated as a hedge at the inception of the derivative contract. CNH Industrial does not hold or enter into derivative or other financial instruments for speculative purposes. The credit and market risk related to derivatives is reduced through diversification among various counterparties, utilizing mandatory termination clauses and/or collateral support agreements. Derivative instruments are generally classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. The cash flows underlying all derivative contracts were recorded in operating activities in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows.

CNH Industrial has entered into foreign exchange forward contracts and swaps in order to manage and preserve the economic value of cash flows in a currency different from the functional currency of the relevant legal entity. CNH Industrial conducts its business on a global basis in a wide variety of foreign currencies and hedges foreign currency exposures arising from various receivables, liabilities, and expected inventory purchases and sales. Derivative instruments utilized to hedge the foreign currency risk associated with anticipated inventory purchases and sales in foreign currencies are designated as cash flow hedges. Gains and losses on these instruments are deferred in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and recognized in earnings when the related transaction occurs. If a derivative instrument is terminated because the hedge relationship is no longer effective or because the hedged item is a forecasted transaction that is no longer determined to be probable, the cumulative amount recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) is recognized immediately in earnings. Such amounts were insignificant in all periods presented.

CNH Industrial also uses forwards and swaps to hedge certain assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies. Such derivatives are considered economic hedges and not designated as hedging instruments. The changes in the fair values of these instruments are recognized directly in income in “Other, net” and are expected to offset the foreign exchange gains or losses on the exposures being managed.

All of CNH Industrial’s foreign exchange derivatives are considered Level 2 as the fair value is calculated using market data input and can be compared to actively traded derivatives. The total notional amount of CNH Industrial’s foreign exchange derivatives was $6.9 billion and $6.9 billion at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.

CNH Industrial has entered into interest rate derivatives (swaps and caps) in order to manage interest rate exposures arising in the normal course of business. Interest rate derivatives that have been designated as cash flow hedges are being used by the Company to mitigate the risk of rising interest rates related to existing debt and anticipated issuance of fixed-rate debt in future periods. Gains and losses on these instruments are deferred in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and recognized in interest expense over the period in which CNH Industrial recognizes interest expense on the related debt.

Interest rate derivatives that have been designated as fair value hedge relationships have been used by CNH Industrial to mitigate the volatility in the fair value of existing fixed rate bonds and medium-term notes due to changes in floating interest rate benchmarks. Gains and losses on these instruments are recorded in “Interest expense” in the period in which they occur and an offsetting gain or loss is also reflected in “Interest expense” based on changes in the fair value of the debt instrument being hedged due to changes in floating interest rate benchmarks.

CNH Industrial also enters into offsetting interest rate derivatives with substantially similar terms that are not designated as hedging instruments to mitigate interest rate risk related to CNH Industrial’s committed asset-backed facilities. Unrealized and realized gains and losses resulting from fair value changes in these instruments are recognized directly in income. Net gains and losses on these instruments were insignificant for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019.

All of CNH Industrial’s interest rate derivatives outstanding as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 are considered Level 2. The fair market value of these derivatives is calculated using market data input and can be compared to actively traded derivatives. The total notional amount of CNH Industrial’s interest rate derivatives was approximately $5.1 billion and $5.4 billion at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.

As a result of the reform and replacement of specific benchmark interest rates, uncertainty remains regarding the timing and exact nature of those changes. At March 31, 2020, the notional amount of hedging instruments directly affected by the reform of benchmark interest rates is $971 million.

In the first quarter of 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted the economic environment. With regard to hedge accounting, the Company continues to monitor significant developments in order to assess the potential future impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the hedging relationships in place and to update its estimates concerning whether forecasted transactions can still be considered probable of occurring.

The following table summarizes the gross impact of changes in the fair value of derivatives designated as cash flow hedges on accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and net income (loss) during the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 (in millions):


			Recognized in Net Income
For the Three Months Ended March 31,	Gain (Loss) Recognized in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income		Classification of Gain (Loss)	Gain (Loss) Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income into Income
2020
Foreign exchange contracts	$	81
			Net sales	(1)
			Cost of goods sold	(16)
			Other, Net	15
Interest rate contracts	(15)		Interest expense	(1)
Total	$	66		$	(3)
2019
Foreign currency contracts	$	(62)
			Net sales	(5)
			Cost of goods sold	(11)
			Other, Net	(11)
Interest rate contracts	(9)		Interest expense	(1)
Total	$	(71)		$	(28)


In Millions	Before-Tax Amount		Income Tax		After-Tax Amount
Accumulated derivative net losses as of December 31, 2019	$	(62)	$	8	$	(54)
Net changes in fair value of derivatives	66		(2)		64
Net losses reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income into income	3		(2)		1
Accumulated derivative net losses as of March 31, 2020	$	7	$	4	$	11


In Millions	Before-Tax Amount		Income Tax		After-Tax Amount
Accumulated derivative net losses as of December 31, 2018	$	(23)	$	1	$	(22)
Net changes in fair value of derivatives	(71)		20		(51)
Net losses reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income into income	28		(4)		24
Accumulated derivative net losses as of March 31, 2019	$	(66)	$	17	$	(49)

March 31, 2020

December 31, 2019

in millions of dollars

Balance Sheet Location

Fair Value

Balance Sheet Location

Fair Value

Derivatives designated as hedging instruments under Subtopic 815-20

Interest rate contracts

Derivative assets

Foreign currency contracts

Derivative assets

111

Derivative assets

Total derivative assets designated as hedging instruments

193

Interest rate contracts

Derivative liabilities

Foreign currency contracts

Derivative liabilities

Total derivative liabilities designated as hedging instruments

111

Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments under Subtopic 815-20

Interest rate contracts

Derivative assets

—

Derivative assets

—

Foreign currency contracts

Derivative assets

Total derivative assets not designated as hedging instruments

Interest rate contracts

Derivative liabilities

—

Derivative liabilities

—

Foreign currency contracts

Derivative liabilities

Total derivative liabilities not designated as hedging instruments


	Level 1						Level 2						Total
	March 31, 2020		December 31, 2019		March 31, 2020		December 31, 2019		March 31, 2020		December 31, 2019
	(in millions)
Assets
Foreign exchange derivatives	$	—	$	—	$	139	$	29	$	139	$	29
Interest rate derivatives	—		—		82		44		82		44
Investments	1		1		—		—		1		1
Total Assets	$	1	$	1	$	221	$	73	$	222	$	74
Liabilities
Foreign exchange derivatives	$	—	$	—	$	(119)	$	(92)	$	(119)	$	(92)
Interest rate derivatives	—		—		(42)		(29)		(42)		(29)
Commodities	—		—		(1)		—		(1)		—
Total Liabilities	$	—	$	—	$	(162)	$	(121)	$	(162)	$	(121)