allk-def14a_20220525.htm

Our 2022 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (“2022 Annual Meeting”) will be held on Wednesday, May 25, 2022 at 2:30 p.m., PDT. The 2022 Annual Meeting will be conducted exclusively online via a live webcast. You will be able to attend the meeting, submit your questions during the meeting and vote your shares electronically at the meeting by registering at www.proxydocs.com/ALLK. Because the meeting is completely virtual and being conducted via the Internet, stockholders will not be able to attend the meeting in person. In order to attend the meeting, you must register at www.proxydocs.com/ALLK. The attached notice and proxy statement describe the formal business to be transacted at the meeting.

In accordance with the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission, we are advising our stockholders of the availability on the Internet of our proxy materials related to our forthcoming annual meeting. These rules allow companies to provide access to proxy materials in one of two ways. Because we have elected to utilize the “full set delivery” option, we are delivering paper copies of all proxy materials to each stockholder, as well as providing access to those proxy materials on a publicly accessible website. Beginning on April 14, 2022 you may read, print and download our 2021 Annual Report to Stockholders on Form 10-K and our Proxy Statement at www.proxydocs.com/ALLK.

You may vote your shares by regular mail, online or by telephone. The 2022 Annual Meeting is being held so that stockholders may consider the election of Class I directors and the ratification of the appointment of Ernst & Young LLP as our independent registered public accounting firm for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2022.

Our board of directors determined that the matters to be considered at the 2022 Annual Meeting are in the best interests of us and our stockholders. For the reasons set forth in the Proxy Statement, the board of directors unanimously recommends a vote “FOR” the election of each Class I director and a vote “FOR” the ratification of the appointment of Ernst & Young LLP as our independent registered public accounting firm for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2022.

On behalf of the board of directors and the officers and employees of Allakos Inc., I would like to take this opportunity to thank our stockholders for their continued support.

Notice is hereby given that our 2022 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (“2022 Annual Meeting”) will be held virtually via live webcast on the Internet on Wednesday, May 25, 2022 at 2:30 p.m., PDT for the following purposes:

These proposals are more fully described in the Proxy Statement following this Notice.

Our board of directors recommends that you vote (i) FOR the election of the respective nominees for Class I directors named in this proxy statement to serve as directors of the Company and (ii) FOR the ratification of the appointment of Ernst & Young LLP as our independent registered public accounting firm for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2022. You will be able to attend the meeting, submit your questions during the meeting, and vote your shares electronically at the meeting by registering at www.proxydocs.com/ALLK.

Along with the attached Proxy Statement, we are sending you copies of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021.

Our board of directors has fixed the close of business on March 28, 2022 as the record date for the determination of the stockholders entitled to notice of, and to vote at, the 2022 Annual Meeting. Accordingly, only stockholders of record at the close of business on that date will be entitled to vote at the 2022 Annual Meeting.

Stockholders are cordially invited to attend the 2022 Annual Meeting. Regardless of whether you plan to attend, please mark, date, sign and return the enclosed proxy to ensure that your shares are represented. If you are a stockholder of record and are voting by proxy, your vote must be received by 11:59 p.m., PDT on May 24, 2022 to be counted. You may also attend the 2022 Annual Meeting virtually and vote your shares then. Please note that if you hold your shares through a brokerage account or through a bank or another nominee, they may have an earlier deadline. Please refer to the voting instructions you received from such broker, bank or other record holder.

To vote by mail, please mark, sign and date the enclosed proxy card and
return it promptly in the self-addressed, stamped envelope provided.

The Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) has adopted rules regarding how companies must provide proxy materials to their stockholders. These rules are often referred to as “notice and access,” under which a company may select either of the following options for making proxy materials available to its stockholders:

A company may use a single method for all of its stockholders, or use full set delivery for some while adopting the notice only option for others.

Under the full set delivery option, a company delivers all proxy materials to its stockholders by mail as it would have done prior to the change in the rules. In addition to delivery of proxy materials to stockholders, the company must post all proxy materials on a publicly accessible website and provide information to stockholders about how to access the website.

In connection with our 2022 Annual Meeting, we have elected to use the full set delivery option. Accordingly, you will receive all proxy materials by mail. These proxy materials include the Notice of 2022 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, proxy statement, proxy card and our Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Under the notice only option, which we have elected NOT to use for the 2022 Annual Meeting, a company must post all proxy materials on a publicly accessible website. Instead of delivering proxy materials to its stockholders, the company instead delivers a “Notice of Internet Availability of Proxy Material.” The notice includes, among other things:

If a stockholder requests paper copies of the proxy materials, these materials must be sent to the stockholder within three business days and by first class mail.

Although we have elected to use the full set delivery option in connection with the 2022 Annual Meeting, we may choose to use the notice only option in the future. By reducing the amount of materials that a company needs to print and mail, the notice only option provides an opportunity for cost savings as well as conservation of paper products. Many companies that have used the notice only option have also experienced a lower participation rate resulting in fewer stockholders voting at the 2022 Annual Meeting. We plan to evaluate the future possible cost savings as well as the possible impact on stockholder participation as we consider future use of the notice only option.

We and some banks, brokers and other nominee record holders participate in the practice of “householding” proxy statements and annual reports. This means that we and such banks, brokers and other nominee record holders are permitted to mail only one copy of our documents, including the 2021 Annual Report and this proxy statement to any household in which two or more different stockholders reside and are members of the same household or in which one stockholder has multiple accounts. We will promptly deliver a separate copy of either document to you upon written or oral request to Allakos Inc., 825 Industrial Road, Suite 500, San Carlos, California 94070, Attention: Corporate Secretary, 1-650-597-5002. If you want to receive separate copies of the proxy statement or annual report to stockholders in the future, or if you are receiving multiple copies and would like to receive only one copy per household, you should contact your bank, broker or other nominee record holder, or you may contact us at the above address and phone number.

Our 2022 Annual Meeting will be held on Wednesday, May 25, 2022, at 2:30 p.m. PDT. This year’s annual meeting will be a virtual meeting via live webcast on the Internet. In order to vote or submit a question during the 2022 Annual Meeting, you will need to follow the instructions posted at www.proxydocs.com/ALLK and will need the control number included on your Notice or proxy card. Any stockholder wishing to attend the 2022 Annual Meeting must visit www.proxydocs.com/ALLK to register before May 24, 2022 at 2:00 p.m. PDT.

At our 2022 Annual Meeting, stockholders will act upon the matters outlined in the notice of meeting on the cover page of this proxy statement, consisting of:

Only holders of our common stock as of the close of business on March 28, 2022, the record date, are entitled to receive notice of and to vote at the 2022 Annual Meeting. In deciding all matters at the 2022 Annual Meeting, each stockholder will be entitled to one vote for each share of our common stock owned as of the record date. We do not have cumulative voting rights for the election of directors. As of the record date, there were 54,760,992 shares of our common stock outstanding and entitled to vote. We do not have any outstanding shares of preferred stock. A list of stockholders entitled to vote at the meeting will be available for examination during the meeting by any stockholder for any purpose germane to the 2022 Annual Meeting for a period of 10 days prior to the 2022 Annual Meeting at our principal executive offices at 825 Industrial Road, Suite 500, San Carlos, California 94070 and electronically during the meeting.

Any stockholder wishing to attend the 2022 Annual Meeting must register at www.proxydocs.com/ALLK before May 24, 2022 at 2:00 p.m. PDT.

The presence at the meeting, in person or by proxy, of the holders of common stock representing a majority of the combined voting power of the outstanding shares of stock on the record date will constitute a quorum, permitting the meeting to conduct its business.

For purposes of electing directors at the 2022 Annual Meeting, the two nominees receiving the support of stockholders representing the greatest numbers of shares of common stock present or represented by proxy and entitled to vote, shall be elected as Class I directors.

The affirmative vote of a majority of the shares of common stock present or represented by proxy and entitled to vote is required for the ratification of the appointment of Ernst & Young LLP.

The affirmative vote of a majority of the shares of common stock present or represented by proxy and entitled to vote is required for the approval of any other matter that may be submitted to a vote of our stockholders.

The inspector of election for the 2022 Annual Meeting shall determine the number of shares of common stock represented at the meeting, the existence of a quorum and the validity and effect of proxies, and shall count and tabulate ballots and votes and determine the results thereof. Proxies received but marked as abstentions and broker non-votes will be included in the calculation of the number of shares considered to be present at the meeting for purposes of determining a quorum. A “broker non-vote” will occur when a nominee holding shares for a beneficial

owner does not vote on a particular proposal because the nominee does not have discretionary power with respect to that proposal and has not received instructions from the beneficial owner. Broker non-votes will not be counted as votes cast “FOR” or votes “WITHHELD” for the election of directors. On other matters submitted for a vote, broker non-votes will not be considered in tallying votes cast, and abstentions will be treated as a vote “against.” Under the rules of NASDAQ, broker, bank or other nominees cannot vote on non-routine matters. Our Proposal No. 2 (ratify the appointment of Ernst & Young LLP as the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2022) is the only proposal in this proxy statement that is considered a routine matter. The other proposals are not considered routine matters, and without your instructions or attendance at the Annual Meeting, your shares will not be voted on these matters. If less than a majority of the combined voting power of the outstanding shares of common stock is represented at the 2022 Annual Meeting, a majority of the shares so represented may adjourn the 2022 Annual Meeting from time to time without further notice.

As more fully discussed under the section titled “Matters to Come Before the 2022 Annual Meeting”, our board of directors recommends that you vote:

Unless contrary instructions are indicated on the enclosed proxy, all shares represented by valid proxies received pursuant to this solicitation (and which have not been revoked in accordance with the procedures set forth below) will be voted (1) FOR the election of the respective nominees for director named in this proxy statement; (2) FOR the ratification of the appointment of Ernst & Young LLP; and (3) in accordance with the recommendation of our board of directors, FOR or AGAINST all other matters as may properly come before the 2022 Annual Meeting. In the event a stockholder specifies a different choice by means of the enclosed proxy, such shares will be voted in accordance with the specification made.

You may vote by following the instructions set forth or on your proxy card or, if you are a street name holder (that is, if you hold your shares through a bank, broker or other holder of record), you must vote in accordance with the voting instruction form provided by your bank, broker or other holder of record. You may access the Notice, proxy materials and our annual report to stockholders at www.proxydocs.com/ALLK. If you are a street name holder, the availability of telephone or internet voting will depend upon your bank’s, broker’s, or other holder of record’s voting process. If you are not voting at the 2022 Annual Meeting, your vote must be received by 11:59 p.m., PDT on May 24, 2022 to be counted.

Yes. The giving of a proxy does not eliminate the right to vote in person should any stockholder giving the proxy so desire. Stockholders have an unconditional right to revoke their proxy at any time prior to the exercise of that proxy, by voting in person at the 2022 Annual Meeting, by filing a written revocation or duly executed proxy bearing a later date with our Secretary at our headquarters.

Who pays for costs relating to the proxy materials and annual meeting of stockholders?

The costs of preparing, assembling and mailing this proxy statement, the Notice of Annual Meeting of Stockholders and the enclosed Annual Report and proxy card, along with the cost of posting the proxy materials on a website, are to be borne by us. In addition to the use of mail, our directors, officers and employees may solicit proxies personally and by telephone, facsimile and other electronic means. They will receive no compensation in addition to their regular salaries. We may request banks, brokers and other custodians, nominees and fiduciaries to forward copies of the proxy material to their principals and to request authority for the execution of proxies. We may reimburse these persons for their expenses in so doing.

Our board of directors currently consists of six members, with staggered three-year terms, pursuant to our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and restated bylaws. Our Class I Directors, Robert Alexander, Ph.D. and Steven P. James, will stand for election at the 2022 Annual Meeting. The terms of office of directors in Class II, which consists of John McKearn, Ph.D. and Paul Walker, and Class III, which consists of Daniel Janney and Robert E. Andreatta, expire at our Annual Meetings of Stockholders to be held in 2023 and 2024, respectively. At the recommendation of our nominating and corporate governance committee, our board of directors proposes that each of the Class I nominees named below and currently serving as a director in Class I, be elected as a Class I director for a three-year term expiring at our 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, or until such director’s successor is duly elected and qualified, or until their earlier death, resignation, disqualification or removal. If any nominee for any reason is unable to serve or will not serve, the proxies may be voted for such substitute nominee as the proxy holder may determine.

Our directors and their ages as of March 31, 2022 and positions with the Company are provided in the table below and in the additional biographical descriptions set forth in the text below the table.

Robert Alexander, Ph.D. has served as a member of our board of directors since May 2017 and as our Chief Executive Officer since April 2017. Dr. Alexander previously served as our President from November 2017 through August 2019 and as a member of our board of directors from December 2012 until June 2013. From December 2013 to April 2017, Dr. Alexander served as Chief Executive Officer of ZS Pharma (acquired by AstraZeneca in December 2015), where he also served as a member of the board of directors, including as Chairman from March 2013 to March 2014. From November 2005 to March 2013, Dr. Alexander served as a Director at Alta Partners, a venture capital firm in life sciences. In addition, he acted as Executive Chairman and interim Chief Executive Officer of SARcode Biosciences (acquired by Shire plc in April 2013), a biopharmaceutical company. During his time at Alta, he led investments in SARcode Biosciences, Lumena Pharmaceuticals, ZS Pharma and Allakos. Previously, Dr. Alexander was a Principal in MPM Capital’s BioEquities fund where he sourced opportunities and led due diligence efforts for both public and private investments. Dr. Alexander also previously worked in the Business Development group at Genentech (now a member of the Roche Group), a biotechnology company, where he was responsible for sourcing and screening product opportunities based on scientific merit and strategic fit, leading diligence teams and negotiating terms and definitive agreements. Dr. Alexander joined Genentech after completing his post-doctoral fellowship at Stanford University in the Pathology department. He also holds a Ph.D. with a focus in immunology from the University of North Carolina and a B.A. in zoology from Miami University of Ohio.

We believe Dr. Alexander is qualified to serve on our board of directors because of the perspective and experience he provides as our CEO, as well as his broad experience within the pharmaceutical industry, particularly in the area of immunology.

Steven P. James has served as a member of our board of directors since April 2016. From July 2014 to present, Mr. James has been an independent director at several biotechnology companies and served as acting or interim Chief Executive Officer at Antiva Biosciences (previously Hera Therapeutics) and Pionyr Immunotherapeutics (previously Precision Immune). Mr. James served as President and Chief Executive Officer of Labrys Biologics, from December 2012 until its acquisition by Teva Pharmaceuticals in July 2014. He was President and Chief Executive Officer of KAI Pharmaceuticals, from October 2004 until its acquisition by Amgen in July 2012. He was Senior Vice President, Commercial Operations, at Exelixis, from 2003 until 2004. Previously he held senior business roles at Sunesis Pharmaceuticals and Isis Pharmaceuticals. He began his career in new product planning at Eli Lilly and Company. Mr. James was also a member of the board of directors of Cascadian Therapeutics and Ocera Therapeutics, and is currently a director of Antiva Biosciences, Soteria Biotherapeutics, Ventus Therapeutics and Pionyr Immunotherapeutics, where he has been President and Chief Executive Officer since January 2016. Mr. James earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in biology from Brown University and a Masters in Management degree from the Kellogg Graduate School of Management at Northwestern University.

We believe Mr. James is qualified to serve on our board of directors because of his experience as an executive of pharmaceutical companies, as well as his experience serving on the board of directors for several biotechnology companies.

John McKearn, Ph.D. has served as a member of our board of directors since December 2012. Dr. McKearn joined RiverVest Venture Partners, a venture capital firm, in April 2008 as a Venture Partner and has been a Managing Director since April 2011. Prior to joining RiverVest, Dr. McKearn was the Chief Executive Officer of Kalypsys, a biopharmaceutical company, from 2005 to December 2006, its President from 2004 to December 2006 and its Chief Scientific Officer from 2003 to 2005. From 2000 to June 2009, Dr. McKearn served on the board of IDM Pharma (acquired by Takeda), a biotechnology company. He also previously served on the board of directors of Epimmune, Keel Pharmaceuticals, ZS Pharma, Otonomy and Lumena Pharmaceuticals. Dr. McKearn currently serves as a member of the board of directors of Wugen, Inc., Arch Oncology, OncoResponse, Good Therapeutics and Adarza Biosystems. From 1987 to 2003, Dr. McKearn worked as a scientist with G.D. Searle & Company, which merged into Pharmacia Corporation in 2000, serving as the head of discovery research from 1997 to 2003. Before that, he was a senior scientist at E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, a member of the Basel Institute for Immunology in Basel, Switzerland and a research associate in the Department of Microbiology and Immunology at Washington University in St. Louis. Dr. McKearn holds a Bachelor’s degree in biology from Northern Illinois University and a Ph.D. in immunology from the University of Chicago.

We believe Dr. McKearn is qualified to serve on our board of directors because of his experience as a venture capital investor, his industry expertise and his leadership experience with biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies.

Paul Walker has served as a member of our board of directors since November 2017. Mr. Walker started in April 2008 as a Partner and is now a General Partner at New Enterprise Associates, an investment firm focused on venture capital and growth equity investments, where Mr. Walker focuses on later-stage biotechnology and life sciences investments. From January 2001 to March 2008, Mr. Walker worked at MPM Capital, a life sciences venture capital firm, where he specialized in public, private-investment-in-public-equity and mezzanine-stage life sciences investing as a general partner with the MPM BioEquities Fund. From July 1996 to December 2000, Mr. Walker served as a portfolio manager at Franklin Resources, a global investment management organization known as Franklin Templeton Investments. Mr. Walker currently serves as a member of the board of directors of Trillium Therapeutics, and previously served as a member of the board of directors of TESARO and Tracon Pharmaceuticals. Mr. Walker also manages a number of NEA’s other late-stage and public investments. Mr. Walker received a B.S. in biochemistry and cell biology from the University of California at San Diego and holds the designation of Chartered Financial Analyst.

We believe Mr. Walker is qualified to serve on our board of directors because of his experience in the life sciences and venture capital industries, his educational background and his experience as a public company director.

Daniel Janney has served as a member of our board of directors since March 2017 and as Chair of our board of directors since June 2017. Mr. Janney is a managing director at Alta Partners, a life sciences venture capital firm, which he joined in 1996. Prior to joining Alta, from 1993 to 1996, Mr. Janney was a Vice President in Montgomery Securities’ healthcare and biotechnology investment banking group, focusing on life sciences companies. Mr. Janney is a director of a number of companies including Be Bio, Krystal Biotech, Lassen Therapeutics, ImmuneID, Novome Biotechnologies and Prolacta Bioscience. Mr. Janney is currently vice chair of the California Academy of Sciences Board of Trustees. He holds a Bachelor of Arts in history from Georgetown University and an M.B.A. from the Anderson School at the University of California, Los Angeles.

We believe Mr. Janney is qualified to serve on our board of directors because of his experience working with and serving on the boards of directors of life sciences companies and his experience working in the venture capital industry.

Robert E. Andreatta has served as a member of our board of directors since June 2018. Mr. Andreatta has served as Vice President, Finance - Business Controllership and Operations for Alphabet Inc. since June 2019. From March 2016 to June 2019, Mr. Andreatta was Vice President, Controller at Google LLC. Previously, at Genentech, he served as Director of Collaboration Finance from June 2003 to September 2004, Director of Corporate Accounting and Reporting from September 2004 to May 2005, Assistant Controller and Senior Director, Corporate Finance from May 2005 to June 2006, Controller from June 2006 to November 2008, Chief Accounting Officer from April 2007 to November 2008 and Vice President, Controller and Chief Accounting Officer from November 2008 to March 2016. Prior to joining Genentech, he held various officer positions at HopeLink Corporation, a healthcare information technology company, from 2000 to 2003 and was a member of the board of directors of HopeLink from 2002 to 2003. Mr. Andreatta worked for KPMG from 1983 to 2000, including service as an audit partner from 1995 to 2000. He earned a Bachelor of Science degree in accounting from Santa Clara University.

We believe Mr. Andreatta is qualified to serve on our board of directors because of his extensive financial and accounting expertise, his industry experience and his experience as a public company executive.

The election of Class I directors requires a plurality vote of the shares of our common stock present or represented by proxy at the 2022 Annual Meeting and entitled to vote thereon to be approved. Broker non-votes will have no effect on this proposal.

Our audit committee has appointed Ernst & Young LLP, as our independent registered public accounting firm to audit our financial statements and internal control over financial reporting for our fiscal year ending December 31, 2022. Ernst & Young LLP has served as our independent registered public accounting firm since 2016.

Stockholder ratification of the appointment of Ernst & Young LLP is not required by our bylaws or other applicable legal requirements. However, our board of directors is submitting the appointment of Ernst & Young LLP to our stockholders for ratification as a matter of good corporate governance. In the event that this appointment is not ratified by the affirmative vote of a majority of the shares present in person or by proxy at the 2022 Annual Meeting and entitled to vote, such appointment will be reconsidered by our audit committee. Even if the appointment is ratified, our audit committee, in its sole discretion, may appoint another independent registered public accounting firm at any time during our fiscal year ending December 31, 2022 if our audit committee believes that such a change would be in the best interests of the Company and its stockholders. If the appointment is not ratified by our stockholders, the audit committee may reconsider whether it should appoint another independent registered public accounting firm.

We expect that representatives of Ernst & Young LLP will attend the 2022 Annual Meeting and will have the opportunity to make a statement if they so desire and to respond to appropriate questions.

The following table presents fees for professional audit services and other services rendered to us by Ernst & Young LLP for our fiscal years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020.

The Audit Committee has concluded that the provision of the non-audit services listed above was compatible with maintaining the independence of Ernst & Young LLP.

Audit Committee Policy on Pre-Approval of Audit and Permissible Non-Audit Services of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Our audit committee has established a policy governing our use of the services of our independent registered public accounting firm. Under the policy, our audit committee is required to pre-approve all audit and permissible non-audit services performed by our independent registered public accounting firm in order to ensure that the provision of such services does not impair such accounting firm’s independence. All services provided by Ernst & Young LLP for our fiscal years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 were pre-approved by our audit committee.

The affirmative vote of a majority of the shares of common stock present or represented by proxy and entitled to vote is required for the ratification of the appointment of Ernst & Young LLP.

RECOMMENDS A VOTE FOR THE RATIFICATION OF ERNST & YOUNG LLP AS THE COMPANY’S INDEPENDENT PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM UNDER PROPOSAL NUMBER TWO

Our board of directors does not know of any other matters to be raised at the 2022 Annual Meeting. If any other matters not mentioned in this proxy statement are properly brought before the meeting, the proxies will use their discretionary voting authority under the proxy to vote the proxy in accordance with their best judgment on those matters. If the meeting is adjourned or postponed, then proxies can vote your shares at the adjournment or postponement as well.

Our common stock is listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market (“NASDAQ”). Under the rules of NASDAQ, independent directors must comprise a majority of a listed company’s board of directors. In addition, the rules of NASDAQ require that, subject to specified exceptions, each member of a listed company’s audit, compensation and corporate governance and nominating committees be independent. Audit committee members and compensation committee members must also satisfy the independence criteria set forth in Rule 10A-3 and Rule 10C-1, respectively, under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). Under the rules of NASDAQ, a director will only qualify as an “independent director” if, in the opinion of that company’s board of directors, that person does not have a relationship that would interfere with the exercise of independent judgment in carrying out the responsibilities of a director.

To be considered to be independent for purposes of Rule 10A-3 and under the rules of NASDAQ, a member of an audit committee of a listed company may not, other than in his or her capacity as a member of the audit committee, the board of directors or any other board committee: (1) accept, directly or indirectly, any consulting, advisory or other compensatory fee from the listed company or any of its subsidiaries or (2) be an affiliated person of the listed company or any of its subsidiaries.

To be considered independent for purposes of Rule 10C-1 and under the rules of NASDAQ, the board of directors must affirmatively determine that each member of the compensation committee is independent, including a consideration of all factors specifically relevant to determining whether the director has a relationship to the company which is material to that director’s ability to be independent from management in connection with the duties of a compensation committee member, including, but not limited to: (i) the source of compensation of such director, including any consulting, advisory or other compensatory fee paid by the company to such director and (ii) whether such director is affiliated with the company, a subsidiary of the company or an affiliate of a subsidiary of the company.

Our board of directors undertook a review of its composition, the composition of its committees and the independence of our directors and considered whether any director has a material relationship with us that could compromise his or her ability to exercise independent judgment in carrying out his or her responsibilities. Based upon information requested from and provided by each director concerning his background, employment and affiliations, including family relationships, our board of directors has determined that each of Daniel Janney, Robert E. Andreatta, Steven P. James, John McKearn Ph.D. and Paul Walker, representing five of our six directors, do not have a relationship that would interfere with the exercise of independent judgment in carrying out the responsibilities of a director and that each of these directors is “independent” as that term is defined under the rules of NASDAQ.

In making these determinations, our board of directors considered the current and prior relationships that each nonemployee director has with our company and all other facts and circumstances our board of directors deemed relevant in determining their independence, including the beneficial ownership of our capital stock by each nonemployee director, and the transactions involving them described in the section titled “Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions”. There are no family relationships among any of our directors or executive officers.

Our board of directors is currently chaired by Mr. Janney. As a general policy, our board of directors believes that separation of the positions of nonemployee Chair of our board of directors and Chief Executive Officer reinforces the independence of our board of directors from management, creates an environment that encourages objective oversight of management’s performance and enhances the effectiveness of our board of directors as a whole. As such, Robert Alexander, Ph.D. serves as our Chief Executive Officer while Mr. Janney serves as the nonemployee Chair of our board of directors but is not an officer. We currently expect and intend the positions of nonemployee Chair of our board of directors and Chief Executive Officer to continue to be held by two individuals in the future.

Our board of directors has an active role, as a whole and also at the committee level, in overseeing the management of our risks. Our board of directors is responsible for general oversight of risks and regular review of information regarding our risks, including credit risks, liquidity risks and operational risks. The compensation committee is responsible for overseeing the management of risks relating to our executive compensation plans and arrangements. The audit committee is responsible for overseeing the management of risks relating to accounting matters and financial reporting. The corporate governance and nominating committee is responsible for overseeing the management of risks associated with the independence of our board of directors and potential conflicts of interest. Although each committee is responsible for evaluating certain risks and overseeing the management of such risks, our entire board of directors is regularly informed through discussions from committee members about such risks. Our board of directors believes its administration of its risk oversight function has not negatively affected the board of directors’ leadership structure.

We are proud to have a well-balanced and diverse group of employees and believe that our current workforce structure demonstrates our commitment to diversity in all aspects of our business. We note that more than half of our employees as of December 31, 2021 identified as non-Caucasian and more than half as female. We also know that diversity is vital at every level, including the board of directors.

We began 2021 with 7 directors of which 6 identified as male and 1 as female. In August 2021, the female board member voluntarily resigned from her Allakos board seat as a condition of her employment to accept a chief executive officer position at another company. With her departure, we are seeking an additional board member. Improving our position on board diversity is a priority and we support the election and appointment of diverse candidates to the Board when appropriate opportunities arise. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee values the diversity of thought and backgrounds of our Board members as well as their ability to work collaboratively with other Board members and the management team. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee instructs the search firms it engages to include qualified candidates with diverse backgrounds, including diversity by race, ethnicity, gender and sexual orientation. Given the stage of our company and the competition for Board members with the necessary experience, we are finding that it is taking longer to expand our Board. However, we remain committed to seeking diversity on our Board.

The table below provides certain highlights of the composition of our Board members and nominees as of March 31, 2022. Each of the categories listed in the table below has the meaning as it is used in Nasdaq Rule 5605(f).

During 2021, our board of directors held nine meetings (including regularly scheduled and special meetings), and each director attended at least 75% of the aggregate of (i) the total number of meetings of our board of directors held during the period for which he served as a director and (ii) the total number of meetings held by all committees of our board of directors on which he served during the periods that he served.

It is the policy of our board of directors to regularly have separate meeting times for independent directors without management. Although we do not have a formal policy regarding attendance by members of our board of directors at annual meetings of stockholders, we encourage, but do not require, our directors to attend. All of our directors attended our 2021 annual meeting of stockholders.

Our board of directors has established an audit committee, a compensation committee and a corporate governance and nominating committee. We believe that the composition of these committees meets the criteria for independence under, and the functioning of these committees comply with the requirements of, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the NASDAQ rules and SEC rules and regulations. We comply with NASDAQ requirements with respect to committee composition of independent directors. Each committee has the composition and responsibilities described below. Our board may from time to time establish other committees.

The members of our audit committee are Messrs. Andreatta, James and Walker. Mr. Andreatta is the chair of our audit committee and is our audit committee financial expert, as that term is defined under the SEC rules implementing Section 407 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, and possesses financial sophistication, as defined under the rules of NASDAQ. Our audit committee oversees our corporate accounting and financial reporting process and assists our board of directors in monitoring our financial systems. Our audit committee also:

Our audit committee operates under a written charter which satisfies the applicable rules of the SEC and the listing standards of NASDAQ. A copy of the charter of our audit committee is available on our website at http://investor.allakos.com/investor-relations in the “Corporate Governance” section of our Investors webpage. During 2021, our audit committee held five meetings. The Board has determined that each of Messrs. Andreatta, James and Walker qualify as independent directors under the NASDAQ corporate governance standards and independence requirements of Rule 10A-3 of the Exchange Act.

The members of our compensation committee are Dr. McKearn and Messrs. Janney and Walker. Mr. Janney is the chair of our compensation committee. Our compensation committee oversees our compensation policies, plans and benefits programs. The compensation committee also:

Our compensation committee operates under a written charter which satisfies the applicable rules of the SEC and the listing standards of NASDAQ. A copy of the charter of our compensation committee is available on our website at http://investor.allakos.com/investor-relations in the “Corporate Governance” section of our Investors webpage. During 2021, our compensation committee held five meetings. The Board has determined that each of Dr. McKearn and Messrs. Janney and Walker meet the independence qualifications applicable to members of a compensation committee under the NASDAQ corporate governance standards.

Our compensation committee has engaged Compensia, Inc. (“Compensia”), as its independent compensation consultant. The compensation committee has assessed the independence of Compensia, considering all relevant factors, including those set forth in Rule 10C-1(b)(4)(i) through (vi) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Based on this review, the compensation committee concluded that there are no conflicts of interest raised and that Compensia is independent. Compensia provides analysis and recommendations to the compensation committee regarding:

Compensia reports to the compensation committee and not to management, although Compensia meets with management for purposes of gathering information for its analyses and recommendations.

The members of our corporate governance and nominating committee are Dr. McKearn and Messrs. James and Janney. Dr. McKearn is the chairman of our corporate governance and nominating committee. Our corporate governance and nominating committee oversees and assists our board of directors in reviewing and recommending nominees for election as directors. Specifically, the corporate governance and nominating committee:

Our corporate governance and nominating committee operates under a written charter which satisfies the applicable rules of the SEC and the listing standards of NASDAQ. A copy of the charter of our corporate governance and nominating committee is available on our website at http://investor.allakos.com/investor-relations in the “Corporate Governance” section of our Investors webpage. During 2021, our corporate governance and nominating committee

held two meetings. The Board has determined that each of Dr. McKearn and Messrs. James and Janney qualify as independent directors under the NASDAQ corporate governance standards.

It is the policy of the corporate governance and nominating committee of our board of directors to consider recommendations for candidates to our board of directors from stockholders holding no less than one percent (1%) of the outstanding shares of the Company’s common stock continuously for at least 12 months prior to the date of the submission of the recommendation or nomination.

The corporate governance and nominating committee will consider candidates recommended by stockholders in the same manner as candidates recommended to the corporate governance and nominating committee from other sources. The corporate governance and nominating committee will use the following procedures to identify and evaluate any individual recommended or offered for nomination to our board of directors:

The corporate governance and nominating committee may propose to our board of directors a candidate recommended or offered for nomination by a stockholder as a nominee for election to our board of directors. In the future, the corporate governance and nominating committee may pay fees to third parties to assist in identifying or evaluating director candidates.

A stockholder that wants to recommend a candidate for election to the board of directors should direct the recommendation in writing by letter to the Company, attention of the Secretary, at 825 Industrial Road, Suite 500, San Carlos, California 94070. The recommendation must include the candidate’s name, home and business contact information, detailed biographical data, relevant qualifications, a signed letter from the candidate confirming willingness to serve, information regarding any relationships between the candidate and the Company and evidence of the recommending stockholder’s ownership of Company stock. Such recommendations must also include a statement from the recommending stockholder in support of the candidate, particularly within the context of the criteria for board membership, including issues of character, integrity, judgment, diversity of experience, independence, area of expertise, corporate experience, length of service, potential conflicts of interest, other commitments and the like and personal references.

A stockholder that instead desires to nominate a person directly for election to the board of directors at an annual meeting of the stockholders must meet the deadlines and other requirements set forth in Section 2.4 of the Company’s bylaws and the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission. Section 2.4 of the Company’s bylaws requires that a stockholder who seeks to nominate a candidate for director must provide a written notice to the Secretary of the Company not later than the 45th day nor earlier than the 75th day before the one-year anniversary of the date on which the corporation first mailed its proxy materials or a notice of availability of proxy materials (whichever is earlier) for the preceding year’s annual meeting; provided, however, that in the event that no annual meeting was held in the previous year or if the date of the annual meeting is advanced by more than 30 days prior to or delayed by more than 60 days after the one-year anniversary of the date of the previous year’s annual meeting, then notice by the stockholder to be timely must be so received by the Secretary of the Company not earlier than the close of business on the 120th day prior to such annual meeting and not later than the close of business on the later of (i) the 90th day prior to such annual meeting and (ii) the 10th day following the day on which Public Announcement (as defined below) of the date of such annual meeting is first made. That notice must state the information required by Section 2.4 of the Company’s bylaws, and otherwise must comply with applicable federal and state law. The Secretary of the Company will provide a copy of the bylaws upon request in writing from a stockholder. “Public Announcement” shall mean disclosure in a press release reported by the Dow Jones News Service, Associated Press or a comparable national news service or in a document publicly filed by the corporation with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Section 13, 14 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or any successor thereto.

Stockholders also have the right under our bylaws to propose director candidates for consideration by the committee or our board of directors and also directly nominate director candidates, without any action or recommendation on the part of the committee or our board of directors, by following the procedures set forth in the section of this proxy statement titled “Stockholder Proposals”.

None of the members of our compensation committee is or has been an officer or employee of our company. None of our executive officers currently serves, or in the past fiscal year has served, as a member of the board of directors or compensation committee (or other board committee performing equivalent functions or, in the absence of any such committee, the entire board of directors) of any entity that has one or more executive officers serving on our board of directors or compensation committee.

We have adopted a written code of business conduct and ethics that applies to our directors, officers and employees, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller or persons performing similar functions. The code of business conduct and ethics is available on our website at http://investor.allakos.com/investor-relations in the “Corporate Governance” section of our Investors webpage. We intend to disclose any future amendments to such code, or any waivers of its requirements, applicable to any principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller or persons performing similar functions or our directors on our website identified above.

Our board of directors believes that management speaks for Allakos Inc. Individual board members may, from time to time, communicate with various constituencies that are involved with the Company, but it is expected that board members would do this with knowledge of management and, in most instances, only at the request of management.

In cases where stockholders and other interested parties wish to communicate directly with our non-management directors, messages can be sent to our Secretary, at 825 Industrial Road, Suite 500, San Carlos, California 94070. Our Secretary monitors these communications and will provide a summary of all received messages to the board of directors at each regularly scheduled meeting of the board of directors. Our board of directors generally meets on a quarterly basis. Where the nature of a communication warrants, our Secretary may determine, in his or her judgment, to obtain the more immediate attention of the appropriate committee of the board or non-management director, of independent advisors or of Company management, as our Secretary considers appropriate.

Our Secretary may decide in the exercise of his or her judgment whether a response to any stockholder or interested party communication is necessary.

This procedure for stockholder and other interested party communications with the non-management directors is administered by the Company’s corporate governance and nominating committee. This procedure does not apply to (a) communications to non-management directors from officers or directors of the Company who are stockholders, (b) stockholder proposals submitted pursuant to Rule 14a-8 under the Exchange Act or (c) communications to the audit committee pursuant to the Complaint Procedures for Accounting and Auditing Matters.

Certain transactions in our securities (such as purchases and sales of publicly traded put and call options, and short sales) create a heightened compliance risk or could create the appearance of misalignment between management and stockholders. In addition, securities held in a margin account or pledged as collateral may be sold without consent if the owner fails to meet a margin call or defaults on the loan, thus creating the risk that a sale may occur at a time when an officer or director is aware of material, non-public information or otherwise is not permitted to trade in company securities. Our insider trading policy expressly prohibits, without prior approval from our general counsel or chief financial officer, in consultation with our board of directors or an independent committee thereof, short sales and derivative transactions of our stock by our officers, directors, employees and agents and their respective affiliates, purchases or sales of puts, calls or other derivative securities of the Company, or hedging transactions. In addition, our insider trading policy expressly prohibits our executive officers, directors, employees and agents and their respective affiliates from borrowing against Company securities held in a margin account, or, pledging our securities as collateral for a loan, in each case without prior approval from our general counsel or chief financial officer, in consultation with our board of directors or an independent committee thereof.

Our Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws provide that the number of directors will be fixed from time to time exclusively pursuant to a resolution adopted by the Board. Newly created director positions resulting from an increase in size of the Board and vacancies may be filled by our Board of Directors, subject to certain exceptions. Any or all of the directors may be removed from office by the stockholders only for cause.

Our board of directors chooses our executive officers, who then serve at the discretion of our board of directors. There is no family relationship between any of the directors or executive officers and any of our other directors or executive officers. We have provided below summary biographies of our executive officers as of March 31, 2022 who are described in the section titled “Compensation Discussion & Analysis”.

Robert Alexander, Ph.D. has served as a member of our board of directors since May 2017 and as our Chief Executive Officer since April 2017. Dr. Alexander previously served as our President from November 2017 through August 2019 and as a member of our board of directors from December 2012 until June 2013. From December 2013 to April 2017, Dr. Alexander served as Chief Executive Officer of ZS Pharma (acquired by AstraZeneca in December 2015), where he also served as a member of the board of directors, including as Chairman from March 2013 to March 2014. From November 2005 to March 2013, Dr. Alexander served as a Director at Alta Partners, a venture capital firm in life sciences. In addition, he acted as Executive Chairman and interim Chief Executive Officer of SARcode Biosciences (acquired by Shire plc in April 2013), a biopharmaceutical company. During his time at Alta, he led investments in SARcode Biosciences, Lumena Pharmaceuticals, ZS Pharma and Allakos. Previously, Dr. Alexander was a Principal in MPM Capital’s BioEquities fund where he sourced opportunities and led due diligence efforts for both public and private investments. Dr. Alexander also previously worked in the Business Development group at Genentech (now a member of the Roche Group), a biotechnology company, where he was responsible for sourcing and screening product opportunities based on scientific merit and strategic fit, leading diligence teams and negotiating terms and definitive agreements. He is currently a director at Allena Pharmaceuticals. Dr. Alexander joined Genentech after completing his post-doctoral fellowship at Stanford University in the Pathology department. He also holds a Ph.D. with a focus in immunology from the University of North Carolina and a B.A. in zoology from Miami University of Ohio.

Baird Radford has served as our Chief Financial Officer since April 2021. Prior to Allakos, Mr. Radford served as Senior Vice President of Finance at Aimmune Therapeutics from January 2020 to February 2021, Mr. Radford was responsible for all aspects of strategic and operational finance activities supporting the launch of its first approved product, including financial planning, controllership, tax and treasury functions. Prior to working at Aimmune Therapeutics, he served as the Chief Financial Officer at HeartFlow from July 2014 to January 2020, a medical technology company with commercial operations in the United States, Canada, Europe and Japan. Prior to joining HeartFlow, Mr. Radford served as Vice President of Finance at Intuitive Surgical from August 2011 to July 2014, with responsibility for financial planning and analysis, investor relations and enterprise analytics. Prior to Intuitive Surgical, Mr. Radford held various positions at eBay from May 2001 to August 2011, including Vice President of Finance for Marketplaces Europe, as well as Vice President, Corporate Controller, and Chief Accounting Officer. Mr. Radford began his career in the audit practice of PricewaterhouseCoopers. Mr. Radford has a BBA from Ohio University.

Adam Tomasi, Ph.D. has served as our President since August 2019 and Chief Operating Officer since April 2017. Dr. Tomasi previously served as our Chief Financial Officer from April 2017 to August 2019 and then again from December 2020 to April 2021. Dr. Tomasi also served as Secretary from November 2017 until August 2019. Dr. Tomasi is on the board of directors of Attune Pharmaceuticals, a private biotechnology company. From August 2013 to January 2015, Dr. Tomasi served as Senior Vice President, Corporate Development of ZS Pharma, and from February 2015 to March 2017, he served as Chief Scientific Officer and Head of Corporate Development of ZS Pharma. Previously, Dr. Tomasi was a Principal at Alta Partners, where he was involved in the funding and development of notable medical technology and life science companies including Chemgenex, Excaliard, Lumena Pharmaceuticals, Achaogen, Immune Design, Allakos and ZS Pharma. Prior to joining Alta Partners, Dr. Tomasi was in the Harvard-MIT Biomedical Enterprise Program where he completed internships as an equity analyst at Lehman Brothers and at MPM Capital. Dr. Tomasi also previously worked as a medicinal chemist with Gilead Sciences and Cytokinetics, where he helped create the cardiovascular drug CK-1827452, which was licensed to Amgen. Dr. Tomasi holds a B.S. in Chemistry from the University of California, Berkeley, an MBA from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Sloan School of Management and a Ph.D. in Chemistry from the University of California, Irvine.

Mark Asbury has served as our Secretary since August 2019 and as our Chief Legal Officer and General Counsel since November 2018. From 2016 to 2017, Mr. Asbury was General Counsel at Samsara BioCapital, a science-driven venture capital firm. From 2014 to 2016 Mr. Asbury was Chief Legal Officer and General Counsel at ZS Pharma (acquired by AstraZeneca) where he was responsible for all legal aspects of the organization, including intellectual property, SEC matters and strategic transactions. Prior to ZS Pharma, he was the Vice President and General Counsel of Pharmacyclics where he helped the company negotiate a $975 million deal with Johnson & Johnson for ibrutinib, its Phase 2 molecule. Prior to that, Mr. Asbury held a variety of positions at Genentech, most recently as Associate General Counsel and Senior Director of Transactional Law. Prior to joining Genentech, he worked for the law firm of Shearman & Sterling, where he specialized in corporate finance, mergers and acquisitions, and commercial debt financings. Mr. Asbury holds a B.A. in Soviet Studies from Vanderbilt University and a J.D. from Stanford Law School.

This Compensation Discussion and Analysis describes the Company’s executive compensation program as it relates to each of our “named executive officers.” Our named executive officers for fiscal year 2021 and their positions with the Company are provided in the following table:

Allakos is a clinical stage biotechnology company developing therapeutics which target immunomodulatory receptors present on immune effector cells involved in allergy, inflammatory and proliferative diseases. Activating these immunomodulatory receptors allows us to directly target cells involved in disease pathogenesis and, in the setting of allergy and inflammation, has the potential to result in broad inhibition of inflammatory cells. The Company’s most advanced antibodies are lirentelimab (AK002) and AK006. Lirentelimab selectively targets both mast cells and eosinophils, two types of white blood cells that are widely distributed in the body and play a central role in the inflammatory response. Inappropriately activated mast cells and eosinophils have been identified as key drivers in a number of severe diseases affecting the gastrointestinal tract, eyes, skin, lungs and other organs. We are developing lirentelimab for the treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis, eosinophilic gastritis, eosinophilic duodenitis, atopic dermatitis, chronic spontaneous urticaria and potentially additional indications. Lirentelimab has received orphan disease status for EG, EoD, and EoE from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (the “FDA”). AK006 targets Siglec-6, an inhibitory receptor expressed selectively on mast cells. AK006 appears to provide deeper mast cell inhibition than lirentelimab and, in addition to its inhibitory activity, reduce mast cell numbers. We plan to begin human studies with AK006 in the first half of 2023. For more information, please visit the Company's website at www.allakos.com.

As the biopharmaceutical industry is characterized by a very long product development cycle, including a lengthy research and development period and a rigorous approval phase involving clinical studies and governmental regulatory and marketing approval, many of the traditional benchmarking metrics, such as product sales, revenues and profits are inappropriate for a mid- or late- stage biopharmaceutical company such as Allakos. Instead, like many of our peers, the specific performance factors our compensation committee considers when determining the compensation of our named executive officers include:

These performance factors are considered by our board of directors and compensation committee in connection with our annual performance reviews described below and are a critical component in the determination of annual cash and equity incentive awards for our executives.

In 2021, we held our first non-binding say-on-pay vote, in which 41.3% of the votes cast supported our executive compensation program. In response to the vote, and pursuant to our commitment to engage with our stockholders as our business continues to evolve, members of our management team initiated stockholder outreach to better understand the concerns and perspectives of our stockholders, including those who did not support our say-on-pay vote in 2021. As part of this outreach, we received feedback on our executive compensation programs from various stockholders.

These communications helped validate that our stockholders are generally supportive of the philosophy, objectives, and design of our overall compensation program. They also provided us with important perspectives on how to improve and better explain our program in the future. Based on these learnings, we made three key modifications to our executive compensation program impacting 2021 as summarized below:

In addition to the adjustments listed above for 2021, the board of directors expanded performance-based equity awards in connection with long-term equity incentive awards granted to all of our named executive officers in February 2022 (see page 30 for details).

The charts below represent the mix of target total direct compensation awarded to our Chief Executive Officer in 2020 and 2021. Similar to 2020, approximately 93% of target total compensation for 2021 was based on elements (bonus and long-term incentives) that may vary from year to year depending on performance. However, consistent with our pay for performance philosophy and in response to feedback we received from our stockholders, 2021 compensation also incorporates performance-based restricted stock units that provide an even more direct link to performance outcomes that drive stockholder value creation.

The goals of our executive compensation programs are to ensure that the interests of our employees, including our named executive officers, are aligned with the interests of our stockholders and our business goals, and that the total compensation paid to each of our named executive officers is fair, reasonable and competitive.

We provide our named executive officers with a significant portion of their compensation through cash incentive compensation based upon the achievement of corporate objectives for the year, including our operational and individual performance metrics, as well as through equity compensation. These two elements of executive compensation are aligned with the interests of our stockholders because the amount of compensation ultimately received will vary with our corporate and operational performance. Equity compensation derives its value from the appreciation of shares of our common stock, which in the future is likely to fluctuate based on our corporate and operational performance.

The compensation programs for our named executive officers are designed to provide the following:

In addition to our direct compensation elements, the following features of our compensation program are designed to align our executive team with stockholder interests and with market best practices:

Our board of directors and/or the compensation committee annually review the compensation for all of our named executive officers. In setting executive base salaries and bonuses and granting equity incentive awards, our board of directors or the compensation committee, as the case may be, consider compensation for comparable positions in the market and our peer group (as described below), input from the compensation committee’s independent compensation consultant and from Drs. Alexander and Tomasi, the qualifications, experience and historical compensation levels of our named executive officers, individual performance as compared to our expectations and objectives, our desire to motivate our employees to achieve short- and long-term results that are in the best interests of our stockholders, and a long-term commitment to the Company.

Taking into account the factors noted above, our compensation committee then approves, or recommends to the board of directors for approval, the compensation for each named executive officer. Drs. Alexander and Tomasi work closely with our board of directors and compensation committee in managing our executive compensation program, may attend meetings of the compensation committee, and may make recommendations to the compensation committee regarding compensation of our executive officers (including their own). Compensation determinations for our named executive officers are made by our compensation committee and/or board of directors without members of management present.

We develop our compensation programs after reviewing publicly available compensation data and subscription survey data for our peer group, provided by Radford, a business unit of Aon plc (“Radford”), among other sources. For 2021, our compensation committee retained Compensia, as its independent compensation consultant, to advise on executive compensation matters including: overall compensation program design (including the design of our performance-based equity award program), annual updates to our peer group, and benchmarking executive officer and board of director compensation programs. Compensia reports directly to our compensation committee. Our compensation committee has assessed the independence of Compensia consistent with Nasdaq listing standards and has concluded that the engagement of Compensia does not raise any conflict of interest.

Historically, our Compensation Committee met in November of each year to determine equity awards to be granted at that time and set cash compensation for the following year. In evaluating the total target compensation (cash and equity) of our named executive officers, our compensation committee establishes a peer group of publicly traded companies in the biopharmaceutical and biotechnology industries that is selected based on a balance of the following criteria:

Based on these criteria, our peer group for 2021, as approved by our compensation committee, included the following companies:

We believe that the compensation practices of our approved peer group provided us with appropriate compensation data for evaluating the competitiveness of the compensation of our named executive officers during 2021.

Notwithstanding any potential similarities with the approved peer group, due to the nature of our business, we compete for executive talent with many public companies that are larger and more established than we are or that possess greater resources than we do, and with smaller private companies that may be able to offer greater equity compensation potential. In 2021, our compensation committee generally targeted both the annual cash compensation opportunities and the annual long-term incentive compensation opportunities for our named executive officers to fall between the 50th percentile and the 75th percentile, respectively, of our approved peer group, with the compensation committee using its own experience and judgment, including a consideration of market factors provided by our independent compensation consultant, the experience level of the executive and the executive’s performance against established Company goals, in determining where each executive officer’s 2021 base salary, short-term cash incentive plan and long-term incentive compensation opportunities should fall within this range.

In early 2022, the compensation committee, with support from its independent compensation consultant, conducted an executive compensation analysis to help determine whether the peer group was still appropriate given the Company’s lower market capitalization. The purpose of this peer group analysis was to ensure that the Company is using the appropriate comparator group and third-party data sources for our annual assessment of executive compensation. For 2022, following an extensive review by Compensia, the compensation committee determined that the peer group should be changed from what was adopted in 2021 to reflect the Company’s current size, scope and characteristics of our business. The companies below compose the peer group for our February 2022 equity grants.

We provide base salaries to our named executive officers to compensate them with a fair and competitive base level of compensation for services rendered during the year.

Effective January 1, 2021, our compensation committee approved base salary adjustments for each of our then-serving named executive officers to better align their salaries with the market. The table below sets forth the adjustments to base salary for each of our named executive officers:

The Compensation Committee has historically met around November of each year to review the achievement of that year’s goals and develop the goals for the upcoming year. The 2021 annual cash incentive plan provided our named executive officers the opportunity to earn a performance-based annual cash bonus. Actual bonus payouts depend on the achievement of pre-defined goals and can range from 0% to 150% of target award amounts. Each named executive officers has a target bonus opportunity, defined as a percentage of their annual base salary, that is based on peer group data and is considered in the determination of the amount of bonus payable, if any, to each individual. The final bonus payment of each named executive officer for 2021 was determined by our board of directors based on an objective review of performance in November 2021.

For 2021, our board of directors pre-defined the following strategic goals, which we believe drive long-term stockholder value and were intended to be reasonably challenging to achieve:

Based on this evaluation by our board of directors, in November 2021, all of the pre-defined goals were met and cash incentive bonuses for our named executive officers for 2021 were determined to be paid at 100% of target levels.

The cash incentive bonus targets as a percentage of base salary for 2021 are listed in the table below. The bonus targets did not change from 2020 to 2021. The 2021 target cash incentive bonus amounts in dollars, the actual cash incentive bonus amounts paid to our named executive officers with respect to 2021 and the actual 2021 cash incentive bonus amounts paid as a percentage of the 2021 bonus targets are set forth in the table below.

Name	2021 Target Award Opportunity (% of 2021 Base Salary)			2021 Target Cash Incentive Award Opportunity ($)		2021 Cash Incentive Award Payment ($)		2021 Actual Cash Incentive Award Payment (% of 2021 Target Cash Incentive Award Opportunity)
Robert Alexander, Ph.D.		85	%		633,250		633,000		100	%
Baird Radford (1)		45	%		208,800		146,000		100	%
Adam Tomasi, Ph.D.		60	%		393,600		394,000		100	%
Mark Asbury		45	%		217,350		217,000		100	%

The market for qualified and talented executives in the biopharmaceutical industry is highly competitive and we compete for talent with many companies that have greater resources than we do. Accordingly, we believe equity compensation is a crucial component of any competitive executive compensation package we offer.

On December 1, 2021, our compensation committee approved the annual long term incentive grant to our named executive officers. The Compensation Committee considers a mix of equity vehicles when granting long-term incentives, and for 2021 approved target long-term equity incentives based on a mix of PSUs and RSUs depending on the role of the named executive officer as follows:

On December 1, 2021, in an effort to respond to stockholder feedback and focus equity grants on metrics that will deliver long-term value creation for our stockholders, the Compensation Committee introduced a performance-based equity awards for Drs. Alexander and Tomasi as part of their overall annual equity grant. The table below shows the target annual long-term incentive award values granted for fiscal 2021:

	2021 PSUs
Name	Subject to Three (3) Successful Trials*				Subject to Submission of a Biologics License Application (“BLA”)				2021 RSUs				Total Target Award Value ($)
	# of Units		Grant Date $ Value		# of Units		Grant Date $ Value		# of Units		Grant Date $ Value
Robert Alexander, Ph.D.		51,680	$	4,113,728		17,227	$	1,371,269		51,681	$	4,113,808	$	9,598,805
Adam Tomasi, Ph.D.		33,363	$	2,655,695		11,121	$	885,232		33,362	$	2,655,615	$	6,196,542

Award amounts for PSUs and RSUs were determined based on the closing price of our common stock on the date of grant on December 1, 2021, which was $79.60.

* The number of PSUs that will ultimately vest, if any, is dependent on the achievement of the following pre-defined milestones:

Subsequent to the date of these equity grants, in December 2021, we announced that both our ENIGMA 2 study and our KRYPTOS study failed to meet their patient-reported symptomatic co-primary endpoints with the EoDyssey Phase 3 trial and potential BLA submission still outstanding. As a result, the maximum number of PSUs held by Drs. Alexander and Tomasi that can currently vest is 34,454 and 22,242, respectively.

The above-described RSUs are granted under our 2018 EIP and vest over four years, with 25% of the RSUs vesting on the first anniversary of the date of grant and the remainder vesting and in one-sixteenth increments each three-month period thereafter so long as the named executive officer remains employed by us through each applicable vesting date.

On December 1, 2021, the Compensation Committee granted long-term equity awards to Mr. Radford and Mr. Asbury using 100% time-based RSUs. The table below shows the target annual long-term incentive award values granted for fiscal 2021:

These RSUs are granted under our 2018 EIP and vest over four years, with 25% of the RSUs vesting on the first anniversary of the date of grant and the remainder vesting and in one-sixteenth increments each three-month period thereafter so long as the named executive officer remains employed by us through each applicable vesting date.

Upon commencement of his employment on April 19, 2021 (the “Commencement Date”), Mr. Radford was granted an option to purchase up to 27,600 shares of common stock of the Company (the “Stock Options”). The Stock Options will vest as to 25% of the underlying shares on the first anniversary of the Commencement Date and as to an additional 2.0833% of the shares at the end of each successive month following the first anniversary of the Commencement Date until the fourth anniversary of such date. The stock options have an exercise price per share equal to $105.16, the closing market price of the Company’s common stock on the Commencement Date. Additionally, Mr. Radford was also granted 17,100 RSUs. The RSUs will vest as to 25% of the underlying shares on or about the first anniversary of the Commencement Date and as to an additional 6.25% of the shares every three-month anniversary of such date thereafter.

For 2022, the Compensation Committee approved target long-term equity incentives based on a mix of 50% PSUs and 50% RSUs for all of the named executive officers. The table below shows the target annual long-term incentive award values granted for fiscal 2022:

Name	2022 PSUs*				2022 RSUs				Total Target Award Value ($)
	# of Units		Grant Date $ Value		# of Units		Grant Date $ Value
Robert Alexander, Ph.D.		529,323	$	2,953,622		529,323	$	2,953,622	$	5,907,245
Baird Radford		237,608	$	1,325,853		237,608	$	1,325,853	$	2,651,705
Adam Tomasi, Ph.D.		344,060	$	1,919,855		344,060	$	1,919,855	$	3,839,710
Mark Asbury		140,490	$	783,934		140,490	$	783,934	$	1,567,868

Award amounts for PSUs and RSUs were determined based on the closing price of our common stock on the date of grant on February 25, 2022, which was $5.58.

*100% of each named executive officers PSUs shall vest, if ever, upon the achievement of a development milestone as pre-determined by the board of directors, so long as the named executive officer remains employed by us through each applicable vesting date.

RSUs vest 25% on March 1, 2023, and the remainder of the RSUs vest in 12 equal installments on each three-month anniversary thereafter, so long as the named executive officer remains employed by us through each applicable vesting date.

Other compensation to our executives consists primarily of the broad-based benefits we provide to all full-time employees, including medical, dental and vision insurance, medical and dependent care flexible spending accounts, group life and disability insurance, an employee stock purchase plan and a 401(k) plan. Named executive officers are eligible to participate in all our employee benefit plans, in each case on the same basis as other employees. Pursuant to our 2018 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “2018 ESPP”), employees, including our named executive officers, have an opportunity to purchase our common stock at a discount on a tax-qualified basis through payroll deductions. The 2018 ESPP is designed to qualify as an “employee stock purchase plan” under Section 423 of the Internal Revenue Code (the “Code”). The purpose of the 2018 ESPP is to encourage our employees, including our named executive officers, to become our stockholders and better align their interests with those of our other stockholders.

Our tax-qualified 401(k) plan provides eligible employees with an opportunity to save for retirement on a tax-advantaged basis. All participants’ interests in their contributions are 100% vested when contributed. Pre-tax contributions are allocated to each participant’s individual account and are then invested in selected investment alternatives according to each participant’s directions. The retirement plan is intended to qualify under Section 401(a) of the Code. All eligible and participating employees receive a 401(k) match of 100% on pre-tax contributions, up to the first 3% of eligible compensation, and an additional match of 50% on incremental pre-tax contributions, up to 5% of eligible compensation.

Currently, we do not view perquisites or other personal benefits as a significant component of our executive compensation program. Accordingly, we do not provide perquisites to our named executive officers, except in situations where we believe it is appropriate to assist an individual in the performance of his or her duties, to make them more efficient and effective, and for recruitment and retention purposes. In the future, we may provide perquisites or other personal benefits in limited circumstances, such as where we believe it is appropriate to assist an individual named executive officer in the performance of his or her duties, to make him or her more efficient and effective, and for recruitment, motivation or retention purposes.

We do not offer any defined benefit pension plans or nonqualified defined compensation arrangements for our employees, including our named executive officers.

Each named executive is entitled to receive severance benefits under the terms of his amended offer letter, in the case of Drs. Alexander and Tomasi, or under our Change in Control and Severance Policy, in the case of each of our other named executive officers, upon either termination by us without cause or a resignation by the named executive officer for good reason. We provide these severance benefits in order to provide an overall compensation package that is competitive with that offered by the companies with whom we compete for executive talent. Additionally, severance benefits allow our executives to focus on our objectives without concern for their employment security in the event of a termination.

The severance benefits provided upon a qualifying termination of a named executive officer’s employment in connection with a change in control are higher than severance benefits provided under other qualifying termination events, which is consistent with market practice. The compensation committee approved these enhanced severance and change in control benefits because it considers maintaining a stable and effective management team to be important to protecting and enhancing the best interests of the Company and its stockholders. To that end, the compensation committee recognizes that the possibility of a change in control may exist from time to time, and that this possibility, and the uncertainty and questions it may raise among management, could result in the departure or distraction of management to the detriment of the Company and its stockholders. Accordingly, the enhanced severance benefits have been put in place to encourage the attention, dedication and continuity of members of our management team to their assigned duties without the distraction that may arise from the possibility or occurrence of a change in control and concern for their employment security in the event of a termination. The compensation committee took into account the same factors in agreeing to a provision providing for the single trigger vesting upon

a change in control of all then outstanding equity awards held by each of Drs. Alexander and Tomasi and Mr. Asbury in their offer letters, and also in agreeing to provide a gross up payment for excise taxes that Drs. Alexander and Tomasi may incur upon a change in control under Sections 280G and 4999 of the Code under certain circumstances in their offer letters. In each case, the compensation committee determined that providing the single trigger vesting and the excise tax gross up was critical in persuading the named executive officer to join us.

The following table sets forth the total compensation awarded to, earned by and paid during the fiscal years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 for each of our named executive officers.

Name and Principal Position	Year	Salary ($)		Option Awards ($)(1)		Stock Awards ($)(1)		Non-Equity Incentive Plan Compensation ($)(2)		All Other Compensation ($)(3)		Total ($)
Robert Alexander, Ph.D	2021		745,000		—		9,598,805		633,000		11,672		10,988,477
Chief Executive Officer	2020		710,000		—		12,795,968		724,200		11,472		14,241,640
	2019		600,000		—		11,552,000		396,000		11,272		12,559,272
Baird Radford (4)	2021		326,909		1,805,316		3,728,934		146,000		11,654		6,018,813
Chief Financial Officer
Adam Tomasi, Ph.D	2021		656,000		—		6,196,542		394,000		11,672		7,258,214
President and Chief Operating	2020		625,000		—		8,260,555		450,001		11,472		8,722,028
Officer	2019		500,000		—		7,457,500		270,000		11,272		8,238,772
Mark Asbury	2021		483,000		—		2,069,839		217,000		1,686		2,771,525
Chief Legal Officer and General	2020		460,000		—		3,409,452		248,401		11,472		4,129,325
Counsel	2019		380,000		1,013,096		3,078,000		182,400		11,272		4,664,768

The following table shows information regarding grants of plan-based awards during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 to the Company’s named executive officers.

		Estimated Future Payouts Under Non-Equity Incentive Plan Awards (1)
Name	Grant Date	Threshold ($)		Target ($)		Maximum ($)		Performance-based Restricted Stock Unit Awards (# Shares) (2)		All other Stock Awards (# Shares) (3)		Option Awards (# Shares) (4)		Exercise or Base Price of Stock and Option Awards ($/share)		Grant Date Fair Value of Stock and Option Awards ($) (5)
Robert Alexander, Ph.D.	12/1/2021								68,907		51,681						9,598,805
	Cash Incentive		—		633,250		949,875
Baird Radford	12/1/2021								—		24,255						1,930,698
	4/19/2021								—		17,100						1,798,236
	4/19/2021												27,000		105.16		1,805,316
	Cash Incentive		—		208,800		313,200
Adam Tomasi, Ph.D.	12/1/2021								44,484		33,362						6,196,542
	Cash Incentive		—		393,600		590,400
Mark Asbury	12/1/2021								—		26,003						2,069,839
	Cash Incentive		—		217,350		326,025

The following table presents information regarding all outstanding equity awards held by each of our named executive officers as of December 31, 2021.

		Option Awards								Stock Awards
		Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options													Equity Incentive Plan Awards
Name	Grant Date (1)	Exercisable (#)			Unexercisable (#)		Option Exercise Price ($)(2)		Option Expiration Date	Number of Shares or Units of Stock Not Vested (#)			Market Value of Shares or Units of Stock Not Vested ($)		Number of Unearned Shares, Units or Other Rights Not Vested (#)			Market Value of Unearned Shares, Units or Other Rights Not Vested ($)
Robert Alexander, Ph.D.	12/1/2021										51,681	(3)		505,957		68,907	(4)		674,600
	12/1/2020										91,200	(5)		892,848
	11/29/2019										60,800	(6)		595,232
	10/9/2018		197,916	(7)		52,084		35.28	10/9/2028
	5/15/2018		274,126	(8)		32,834		4.31	5/15/2028
	1/27/2018		290,022	(9)		—		4.01	1/27/2028
	5/17/2017		912,500	(10)		—		0.69	5/7/2027
Baird Radford	12/1/2021										24,255	(11)		237,456
	4/19/2021		—	(12)		27,600		105.16	4/19/2031		17,100	(13)		167,409
Adam Tomasi, Ph.D.	12/1/2021


	Page
NOTICE OF ANNUAL MEETING OF STOCKHOLDERS	1
IMPORTANT INFORMATION ABOUT THE ANNUAL MEETING AND VOTING	2
PROPOSAL NO. 1 – ELECTION OF DIRECTORS	5
PROPOSAL NO. 2 – RATIFICATION OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM	8
TRANSACTION OF OTHER BUSINESS	10
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE	11
EXECUTIVE MANAGEMENT	18
COMPENSATION DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS	20
EXECUTIVE OFFICER AND DIRECTOR COMPENSATION	33
REPORT OF THE COMPENSATION COMMITTEE	50
CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS	51
PRINCIPAL STOCKHOLDERS	52
DELINQUENT SECTION 16(A) REPORTS	55
REPORT OF THE AUDIT COMMITTEE	56
STOCKHOLDER PROPOSALS	57

	2021		2020
Audit Fees (1)	$	1,532,051	$	1,344,000
Audit-Related Fees (2)		—		—
Tax Fees (3)		—		—
All Other Fees (4)		3,600		—
Total Fees	$	1,535,651	$	1,344,000

Total Number of Directors:	6
	Female	Male	Non-Binary	Did Not Disclose Gender
Gender Identity
Directors	-	6	-	-
Demographic Background
African American or Black	-	-	-	-
Alaskan Native or Native American	-	-	-	-
Asian	-	-	-	-
Hispanic or Latinx	-	-	-	-
Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander	-	-	-	-
White	-	5	-	-
Two or More Races or Ethnicities	-	1	-	-
LGBTQ+	-	-	-	-
Did Not Disclose Demographic Background	-	-	-	-

What We Heard		Actions We Took in Response
Preference for performance-based equity in future long-term incentive grants		Introduced the use of equity awards with performance-based vesting for a substantial portion (approximately 60%) of the 2021 awards granted to our Chief Executive Officer and our President and Chief Operating Officer (see page 29 for details)
Desire for more disclosure around annual cash incentive plan goals and decisions and how the selected metrics correlate to stockholder value creation		Included more detail about the goals in our 2021 annual cash incentive plan, their rationale, and how the NEOs executed against those goals, while not disclosing any aspects of those goals that contain confidential information the disclosure of which could result in competitive harm to the Company (see page 27 for details)
Increase transparency and clarify existing policies regarding compensation and the maximum possible cash incentive plan payout amounts		Actual bonus payouts depend on the achievement of pre-defined goals and can range from 0% to 150% of target award amounts. Maximum payouts are capped at 150% of target (see page 27-28 for details)

Compensation Element	Objective	Features
Base salary	To attract and retain highly skilled executives.	Fixed component of pay to provide financial stability, based on responsibilities, experience, individual contributions and peer company data.

Short-term annual at-risk cash incentive program	To promote and reward the achievement of pre-defined short-term strategic and business goals of the Company; to attract, retain and motivate executives as well as other employees.	Variable and at-risk component of pay, with annual payouts ranging from 0-150% of target bonus. Target bonus is determined based on peer company data. Payouts, if any, are determined by our board of directors, based on their objective measure of company performance against pre-defined corporate goals. Maximum payouts are capped at 150% of target.
Long-term at-risk equity incentive compensation program	To encourage executives and other employees to focus on long-term Company performance; to promote retention; to reward outstanding Company and individual performance.	Typically subject to multi-year vesting based on continued service, and are in the form of stock options and restricted stock units (“RSUs”) to align employee interests with those of our stockholders over the longer-term. The value of such awards are determined based on peer company data. In 2021, we began granting performance-based RSUs (“PSUs”) to further link vesting of such grants to pre-defined milestones linked to the potential creation of stockholder value. In connection with our December 2021 equity grants, a substantial portion of the awards granted to both Dr. Alexander and Dr. Tomasi included performance-based milestones that must be achieved prior to any portion of the PSUs vesting. February 2022, awards were granted using a mix of 50% PSUs and 50% RSUs for all of the named executive officers.

Name	Age	Position
Robert Alexander, Ph.D.	52	Chief Executive Officer, Director and Director Nominee
Daniel Janney (2)(3)	56	Chair of Board and Director
Robert E. Andreatta (1)	60	Director
Steven P. James (1)(3)	64	Director and Director Nominee
John McKearn, Ph.D. (2)(3)	68	Director
Paul Walker (1)(2)	47	Director


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Name	2020 Base Salary ($)		2021 Base Salary ($)		% Increase over 2020
Robert Alexander, Ph.D.		710,000		745,000		4.9	%
Baird Radford (1)		—		464,000		—	%
Adam Tomasi, Ph.D.		625,000		656,000		5.0	%
Mark Asbury		460,000		483,000		5.0	%

2021 Goal	Weighting	Assessment Results / Achievements	Payout
Clinical and pipeline development milestones	65%	All required milestones were met within the timeframe allotted	65%
Manufacturing initiatives	20%	All manufacturing initiatives were completed within the timeframe allotted after considering allowances for items subject to COVID-related supply chain issues	20%
Human capital and governance	15%	Maintained employee engagement levels as measured by our employee engagement survey; Achieved other strategic and operational goals within the timeframe allotted	15%
Total	100%		100%

	Time-based Restricted Stock Awards (“RSUs”)
Name	# of Units		Grant Date $ Value
Baird Radford		24,255	$	1,930,698
Mark Asbury		26,003	$	2,069,839