10-Q

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark one)
☒	QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2020
OR
☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from                      to                      

Commission File Number 001-37581

Aclaris Therapeutics, Inc.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

Delaware (State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)	46-0571712 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
640 Lee Road, Suite 200 Wayne, PA (Address of principal executive offices)	19087 (Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (484) 324-7933

N/A

(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class:	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of Each Exchange on which Registered
Common Stock, $0.00001 par value	ACRS	The Nasdaq Stock Market, LLC

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ⌧ No ◻

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ⌧ No ◻

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934:

Large accelerated filer  ◻	Accelerated filer  ⌧
Non-accelerated filer  ◻	Smaller reporting company  ☒
	Emerging growth company  ☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934).   Yes  ☐ No ☒

The number of outstanding shares of the registrant’s common stock, par value $0.00001 per share, as of the close of business on August 6, 2020 was 42,722,780.

ACLARIS THERAPEUTICS, INC.

INDEX TO FORM 10-Q

	PAGE
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements	2
Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019	2
Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019	3
Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019	4
Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019	5
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	6
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	24
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	41
Item 4. Controls and Procedures	41
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings	42
Item 1A. Risk Factors	43
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	45
Item 6. Exhibits	45
Signatures	47

Part I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

ACLARIS THERAPEUTICS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(Unaudited)

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

	June 30,		December 31,
	2020		2019
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	32,587	$	35,937
Marketable securities		35,528		39,078
Accounts receivable, net		775		704
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		2,065		3,118
Discontinued operations - current assets		—		4,966
Total current assets		70,955		83,803
Property and equipment, net		2,230		2,470
Intangible assets		7,161		7,199
Other assets		4,653		4,825
Total assets	$	84,999	$	98,297
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	5,502	$	9,917
Accrued expenses		9,344		7,721
Current portion of lease liabilities		610		637
Discontinued operations - current liabilities		2,289		4,157
Total current liabilities		17,745		22,432
Other liabilities		3,331		3,736
Long-term debt, net		10,573		—
Contingent consideration		3,435		1,668
Deferred tax liability		549		549
Total liabilities		35,633		28,385
Stockholders’ Equity:
Preferred stock, $0.00001 par value; 10,000,000 shares authorized and no shares issued or outstanding at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019		—		—
Common stock, $0.00001 par value; 100,000,000 shares authorized at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019; 42,691,114 and 41,485,638 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively		—		—
Additional paid‑in capital		530,061		523,505
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)		15		(66)
Accumulated deficit		(480,710)		(453,527)
Total stockholders’ equity		49,366		69,912
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	84,999	$	98,297

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

2

ACLARIS THERAPEUTICS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

(Unaudited)

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30,				June 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Revenues:
Contract research	$	1,853	$	886	$	3,042	$	2,149
Other revenue		193		—		411		—
Total revenue		2,046		886		3,453		2,149
Costs and expenses:
Cost of revenue		1,389		994		2,658		2,201
Research and development		6,466		17,519		15,909		37,161
General and administrative		5,572		7,469		11,773		14,926
Goodwill impairment		—		18,504		—		18,504
Total costs and expenses		13,427		44,486		30,340		72,792
Loss from operations		(11,381)		(43,600)		(26,887)		(70,643)
Other income (expense), net		(189)		(85)		(11)		(315)
Loss from continuing operations		(11,570)		(43,685)		(26,898)		(70,958)
Loss from discontinued operations		(27)		(6,191)		(285)		(16,483)
Net loss	$	(11,597)	$	(49,876)	$	(27,183)	$	(87,441)
Net loss per share, basic and diluted	$	(0.28)	$	(1.21)	$	(0.65)	$	(2.12)
Weighted average common shares outstanding, basic and diluted		42,133,646		41,274,808		41,876,037		41,261,808
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Unrealized gain (loss) on marketable securities, net of tax of $0	$	(37)	$	30	$	23	$	64
Foreign currency translation adjustments		5		27		58		13
Total other comprehensive income (loss)		(32)		57		81		77
Comprehensive loss	$	(11,629)	$	(49,819)	$	(27,102)	$	(87,364)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

3

ACLARIS THERAPEUTICS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF

STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(Unaudited)

(In thousands, except share data)

						Accumulated
	Common Stock			Additional		Other				Total
		Par		Paid‑in		Comprehensive		Accumulated		Stockholders’
	Shares	Value		Capital		Income (Loss)		Deficit		Equity
Balance at December 31, 2019	41,485,638	$	—	$	523,505	$	(66)	$	(453,527)	$	69,912
Vesting of restricted stock units	346,582		—		(121)		—		—		(121)
Fair value of warrants issued	—		—		378		—		—		378
Unrealized gain on marketable securities	—		—		—		60		—		60
Foreign currency translation adjustment	—		—		—		53		—		53
Stock-based compensation expense	—		—		3,453		—		—		3,453
Net loss	—		—		—		—		(15,586)		(15,586)
Balance at March 31, 2020	41,832,220	$	—	$	527,215	$	47	$	(469,113)	$	58,149
Vesting of restricted stock units	858,894		—		(463)		—		—		(463)
Unrealized loss on marketable securities	—		—		—		(37)		—		(37)
Foreign currency translation adjustment	—		—		—		5		—		5
Stock-based compensation expense	—		—		3,309		—		—		3,309
Net loss	—		—		—		—		(11,597)		(11,597)
Balance at June 30, 2020	42,691,114	$	—	$	530,061	$	15	$	(480,710)	$	49,366

						Accumulated
	Common Stock			Additional		Other				Total
		Par		Paid‑in		Comprehensive		Accumulated		Stockholders’
	Shares	Value		Capital		Income (Loss)		Deficit		Equity
Balance at December 31, 2018	41,210,725	$	—	$	507,366	$	(69)	$	(292,173)	$	215,124
Vesting of restricted stock units	58,918		—		(188)		—		—		(188)
Unrealized gain on marketable securities	—		—		—		34		—		34
Foreign currency translation adjustment	—		—		—		(14)		—		(14)
Stock-based compensation expense	—		—		4,862		—		—		4,862
Net loss	—		—		—		—		(37,565)		(37,565)
Balance at March 31, 2019	41,269,643	$	—	$	512,040	$	(49)	$	(329,738)	$	182,253
Exercise of stock options and vesting of restricted stock units	8,927		—		(18)		—		—		(18)
Unrealized gain on marketable securities	—		—		—		30		—		30
Foreign currency translation adjustment	—		—		—		27		—		27
Stock-based compensation expense	—		—		4,814		—		—		4,814
Net loss	—		—		—		—		(49,876)		(49,876)
Balance at June 30, 2019	41,278,570	$	—	$	516,836	$	8	$	(379,614)	$	137,230

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

4

ACLARIS THERAPEUTICS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Unaudited)

(In thousands)

	Six Months Ended
	June 30,
	2020		2019
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss	$	(27,183)	$	(87,441)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		1,182		4,457
Stock-based compensation expense		6,762		9,676
Change in fair value of contingent consideration		1,767		734
Goodwill impairment charge		—		18,504
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable		4,895		(14,509)
Prepaid expenses and other assets		890		2,579
Accounts payable		(6,026)		(583)
Accrued expenses		87		13,887
Net cash used in operating activities		(17,626)		(52,696)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of property and equipment		(141)		(525)
Purchases of marketable securities		(27,139)		(89,407)
Proceeds from sales and maturities of marketable securities		30,735		117,500
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities		3,455		27,568
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from debt financing (including warrants), net of issuance costs		10,913		—
Finance lease payments		(92)		(240)
Proceeds from exercise of employee stock options and the issuance of stock		—		3
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities		10,821		(237)
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents		(3,350)		(25,365)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period		35,937		57,019
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period	$	32,587	$	31,654
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing and financing activities:
Additions to property and equipment included in accounts payable	$	339	$	392
Operating lease asset recorded as a result of new accounting standard	$	—	$	2,132

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

5

ACLARIS THERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share data)

1. Organization and Nature of Business

Overview

Aclaris Therapeutics, Inc. was incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware in 2012.  In July 2015, Aclaris Therapeutics International Limited (“ATIL”) was established under the laws of the United Kingdom as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Aclaris Therapeutics, Inc.  In August 2017, Confluence Life Sciences, Inc. (now known as Aclaris Life Sciences, Inc.) (“Confluence”) was acquired by Aclaris Therapeutics, Inc. and became a wholly-owned subsidiary thereof.  Aclaris Therapeutics, Inc., ATIL and Confluence are referred to collectively as the “Company.”  The Company is a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on developing novel drug candidates for immuno-inflammatory diseases. The Company currently has a pipeline of drug candidates focused on immuno-inflammatory diseases, as well as one product approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) that it is not currently distributing, marketing or selling, and other investigational drug candidates.  In September 2019, the Company announced the completion of a strategic review of its business, as a result of which it refocused its resources on its immuno-inflammatory development programs.  The Company is pursuing strategic alternatives, including identifying and consummating transactions with third-party partners, to further develop, obtain marketing approval for and/or commercialize its drug candidates and ESKATA (hydrogen peroxide) topical solution, 40% (w/w) (“ESKATA”), the Company’s non-marketed FDA-approved product.  

Liquidity

The Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the basis of continuity of operations, realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the ordinary course of business.  As of June 30, 2020, the Company had cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash and marketable securities of $68,115 and an accumulated deficit of $480,710. Since inception, the Company has incurred net losses and negative cash flows from its operations.  Prior to the acquisition of Confluence in August 2017, the Company had never generated revenue.  There can be no assurance that profitable operations will ever be achieved, and, if achieved, will be sustained on a continuing basis.  In addition, development activities, including clinical and preclinical testing of the Company’s drug candidates, will require significant additional financing.  The future viability of the Company is dependent on its ability to successfully develop its drug candidates and to generate revenue from identifying and consummating transactions with third-party partners to further develop, obtain marketing approval for and/or commercialize its development assets or to raise additional capital to finance its operations.  The Company will require additional capital to complete the clinical development of ATI-450 and ATI-1777, to develop its preclinical compounds, and to support its discovery efforts.  Additional funds may not be available on a timely basis, on commercially acceptable terms, or at all, and such funds, if raised, may not be sufficient to enable the Company to continue to implement its long-term business strategy.  The Company’s ability to raise additional capital may be adversely impacted by potential worsening global economic conditions and the recent disruptions to, and volatility in, the credit and financial markets in the United States and worldwide resulting from the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.  If the Company is unable to raise sufficient additional capital or generate revenue from transactions with third-party partners for the development and/or commercialization of its drug candidates, it may need to substantially curtail planned operations. The Company’s failure to raise capital as and when needed could have a negative impact on its financial condition and ability to pursue its business strategies.  

In accordance with Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2014-15, Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern (Subtopic 205-40), the Company has evaluated whether there are conditions and events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that its consolidated financial statements are issued.  As of the report date, the Company believes the actions described below are probable of being implemented effectively and of alleviating the conditions or events that exist which raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date of the issuance of these condensed consolidated financial statements.  The Company believes its existing

6

cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities are sufficient to fund its operating and capital expenditure requirements for a period greater than 12 months from the date of issuance of these condensed consolidated financial statements.  

The Company has taken a number of actions to support its operations and meet its liquidity needs.  In September 2019, the Company announced the completion of a strategic review and its decision to refocus its resources on its immuno-inflammatory development programs and to pursue strategic alternatives, including identifying and consummating transactions with third-party partners, to further develop, obtain marketing approval for and/or commercialize its drug candidates and ESKATA.  As a result of this decision, the Company restructured its operations and terminated employees, which lowered operating costs.  In October 2019, the Company sold the worldwide rights to RHOFADE (oxymetazoline hydrochloride) cream, 1% (“RHOFADE”) to further its focus on its development programs and improve cash flow.  In March 2020, the Company borrowed $11,000 under a term loan facility with Silicon Valley Bank.

The Company’s plans to further alleviate the substantial doubt about its going concern, which are probable of effectively being implemented and mitigating these conditions, primarily include its ability to control the timing and spending on its research and development programs.  The Company may also consider other plans to fund its operations including: (1) raising additional capital through debt or equity financings; (2) identifying third-party partners to further develop, obtain marketing approval for and/or commercialize its drug candidates and ESKATA, which may generate revenue and/or milestone payments; (3) reducing spending on one or more research and development programs by delaying or discontinuing development; and/or (4) further restructuring its operations to change its overhead structure. Finally, additional funds may not be available on a timely basis, on commercially acceptable terms, or at all, and such funds, if raised, may not be sufficient to enable the Company to continue to implement its long-term business strategy.

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”).  The condensed consolidated financial statements of the Company include the accounts of the operating parent company, Aclaris Therapeutics, Inc., and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, ATIL and Confluence.  All significant intercompany transactions have been eliminated.  Based upon the revenue from contract research services, the Company believes that gross profit does not provide a meaningful measure of profitability and, therefore, has not included a line item for gross profit on the condensed consolidated statement of operations.  

Discontinued Operations

In September 2019, the Company announced the completion of a strategic review and its decision to refocus its resources on its immuno-inflammatory development programs and to actively seek partners for its commercial products.  

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been recast for all periods presented to reflect the assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses related to the Company’s commercial products as discontinued operations (see Note 15).  

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting periods.  Significant estimates and assumptions reflected in these financial statements include, but are not limited to, research and development expenses, contingent consideration and the valuation of stock-based awards.  Estimates are periodically reviewed in light of changes in circumstances, facts and experience.  The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a global slowdown of economic activity.  As of the date of issuance of these financial statements, the Company is not aware of any specific event

7

or circumstance that would require an update to its estimates, assumptions and judgments or revise the carrying value of its assets or liabilities.  Actual results could differ from the Company’s estimates.

Unaudited Interim Financial Information

The accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet as of June 30, 2020, the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, the condensed consolidated statement of stockholders’ equity for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, and the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 are unaudited. The unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the audited annual financial statements contained in the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on February 25, 2020 and, in the opinion of management, reflect all adjustments, which include only normal recurring adjustments necessary for the fair statement of the Company’s financial position as of June 30, 2020, the results of its operations and comprehensive loss for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, its changes in stockholders’ equity for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 and its cash flows for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019.  The condensed consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2019 was derived from audited financial statements but does not include all disclosures required by GAAP.  The financial data and other information disclosed in these notes related to the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 are unaudited. The results for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for the year ending December 31, 2020, any other interim periods, or any future year or period.  The unaudited interim financial statements of the Company included herein have been prepared, pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted from this report, as is permitted by such rules and regulations. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2019 included in the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 25, 2020.  

Significant Accounting Policies

The Company’s significant accounting policies are disclosed in the audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2019 included in the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 25, 2020.

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

The Company considers all short-term, highly liquid investments with original maturities of 90 days or less at acquisition date to be cash equivalents.  Cash equivalents, which have consisted of money market accounts, commercial paper and corporate debt securities with original maturities of less than three months, are stated at fair value.  Restricted cash as of June 30, 2020 consisted of $1,753 placed in escrow pursuant to the asset purchase agreement with EPI Health, LLC (“EPI Health”) (see Note 13 for additional information).

Revenue Recognition

The Company accounts for revenue in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers.  Under ASC Topic 606, revenue is recognized when a customer obtains control of promised goods or services in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services.  

To determine revenue recognition in accordance with ASC Topic 606, the Company performs the following five steps: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer, (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (iii) determine the transaction price, (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) performance obligations are satisfied.  At contract inception, the Company assesses the goods or services promised within a contract with a customer to identify the performance obligations, and to determine if they are distinct.  The Company recognizes the revenue that is allocated to each distinct performance obligation when (or as) that

8

performance obligation is satisfied.  The Company only recognizes revenue when collection of the consideration it is entitled to under a contract with a customer is probable.  

Contract Research

The Company earns contract research revenue from the provision of laboratory services to clients through Confluence, its wholly-owned subsidiary.  Contract research revenue is generally evidenced by contracts with clients which are on an agreed upon fixed-price, fee-for-service basis and are generally billed on a monthly basis in arrears for services rendered.  Revenue related to these contracts is generally recognized as the laboratory services are performed, based upon the rates specified in the contracts.  Under ASC Topic 606, the Company elected to apply the “right to invoice” practical expedient when recognizing contract research revenue.  The Company recognizes contract research revenue in the amount to which it has the right to invoice.  

Other Revenue

Licenses of Intellectual Property – The Company recognizes revenue received from non-refundable, upfront fees related to the licensing of intellectual property when the intellectual property is determined to be distinct from the other performance obligations identified in the arrangement, the license has been transferred to the customer, and the customer is able to use and benefit from the license.  

Milestone Payments – At the inception of each arrangement that includes milestone payments, the Company evaluates whether the milestones are considered probable of being reached and estimates the amount to be included in the transaction price using the most likely amount method.  If it is probable that a significant revenue reversal would not occur, the associated milestone value is included in the amount allocated to the license of intellectual property.  Milestone payments that are not within the control of the Company or the customer, such as regulatory approvals, are not considered probable of being achieved until those approvals are received.  

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets include both definite-lived and indefinite-lived assets.  Definite-lived intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful life based on the pattern over which the intangible assets are consumed or otherwise used up.  If that pattern cannot be reliably determined, the straight-line method of amortization is used.  Definite-lived intangible assets consist of a research technology platform the Company acquired through the acquisition of Confluence.  Indefinite-lived intangible assets consist of an in-process research and development (“IPR&D”) drug candidate acquired through the acquisition of Confluence.  IPR&D assets are considered indefinite-lived until the completion or abandonment of the associated research and development efforts.  The cost of IPR&D is either amortized over its estimated useful life beginning when the underlying drug candidate is approved and launched commercially, or expensed immediately if development of the drug candidate is abandoned.  

Definite-lived intangible assets are tested for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the asset may not be recoverable.  Indefinite-lived intangible assets are tested for impairment at least annually, which the Company performs during the fourth quarter, or when indicators of an impairment are present.  The Company recognizes impairment losses when and to the extent that the estimated fair value of an intangible asset is less than its carrying value.  

Leases

Leases represent a company’s right to use an underlying asset and a corresponding obligation to make payments to a lessor for the right to use those assets.  The Company evaluates leases at their inception to determine if they are an operating lease or a finance lease.  A lease is accounted for as a finance lease if it meets one of the following five criteria: the lease has a purchase option that is reasonably certain of being exercised, the present value of the future cash flows are substantially all of the fair market value of the underlying asset, the lease term is for a significant portion of the remaining economic life of the underlying asset, the title to the underlying asset transfers at the end of the lease term, or if the

9

underlying asset is of such a specialized nature that it is expected to have no alternative uses to the lessor at the end of the term.  Leases that do not meet the finance lease criteria are accounted for as an operating lease.  

The Company recognizes assets and liabilities for leases at their inception based upon the present value of all payments due under the lease.  The Company uses an implicit interest rate to determine the present value of finance leases, and its incremental borrowing rate to determine the present value of operating leases.  The Company determines incremental borrowing rates by referencing collateralized borrowing rates for debt instruments with terms similar to the respective lease.  The Company recognizes expense for operating and finance leases on a straight-line basis over the term of each lease, and interest expense related to finance leases is recognized over the lease term based on the effective interest method.  The Company includes estimates for any residual value guarantee obligations under its leases in lease liabilities recorded on its condensed consolidated balance sheet.  

Right-of-use assets are included in other assets and property and equipment, net on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheet for operating and finance leases, respectively.  Obligations for lease payments are included in current portion of lease liabilities and other liabilities on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheet for both operating and finance leases.  

Contingent Consideration

The Company initially recorded a contingent consideration liability related to future potential payments based upon the achievement of certain development, regulatory and commercial milestones, as well as future projected sales performance, resulting from the acquisition of Confluence, at its estimated fair value on the date of acquisition.  The ultimate amount of future payments, if any, is based on criteria such as sales performance and the achievement of certain regulatory and sales milestones.  The Company estimates the fair value of the contingent consideration liability related to the achievement of regulatory milestones by assigning an achievement probability to each potential milestone and discounting the associated cash payment to its present value using a risk-adjusted rate of return.  The Company estimates the fair value of the contingent consideration liability associated with sales milestones and royalties by estimating future sales levels, assigning an achievement probability and discounting the associated cash payment amounts to their present values using a credit-risk-adjusted interest rate.  Significant assumptions used in the Company’s estimates include the probability of success of achieving regulatory and sales milestones, which are based upon an asset’s current stage of development and ranged between 4% and 15%.  The Company evaluates fair value estimates of contingent consideration liabilities on a periodic basis.  Any change in fair value reflects new information about the likelihood of the payment of the contingent consideration and the passage of time. For example, if the timing of the development of an acquired drug candidate, or the size of potential commercial opportunities related to an acquired drug, differ from the Company’s assumptions, then the fair value of contingent consideration would be adjusted accordingly. Future changes in the fair value of the contingent consideration, if any, will be recorded as income or expense in the Company’s condensed consolidated statement of operations.  

Concentration of Credit Risk and of Significant Suppliers

Financial instruments that potentially expose the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities. The Company holds all cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities balances at one accredited financial institution, in amounts that exceed federally insured limits. The Company does not believe that it is subject to unusual credit risk beyond the normal credit risk associated with commercial banking relationships.

The Company is dependent on third-party manufacturers to supply drug product, including all underlying components, for its research and development activities, including preclinical and clinical testing.  These activities could be adversely affected by a significant interruption in the supply of active pharmaceutical ingredients or other components.  

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Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU 2018-18, Collaborative Arrangements (Topic 808): Clarifying the Interaction Between Topic 808 and Topic 606, which, among other things, provides guidance on how to assess whether certain collaborative arrangement transactions should be accounted for under Topic 606.  The amendments in this ASU are effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019.  The Company adopted this standard as of January 1, 2020, the impact of which on its consolidated financial statements was not significant.  

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40).  ASU 2018-15 requires a customer in a cloud computing arrangement that is a service contract to follow the internal-use software guidance in ASC 350-40 to determine which implementation costs to capitalize as assets or expense as incurred.  The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within such fiscal years.  The Company adopted this standard as of January 1, 2020, the impact of which on its consolidated financial statements was not significant.  

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820).  The FASB developed the amendments to ASC 820 as part of its broader disclosure framework project, which aims to improve the effectiveness of disclosures in the notes to financial statements by focusing on requirements that clearly communicate the most important information to users of the financial statements.  This update eliminates certain disclosure requirements for fair value measurements for all entities, requires public entities to disclose certain new information and modifies some of the existing disclosure requirements.  The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within such fiscal years.  The Company adopted this standard as of January 1, 2020, the impact of which on its consolidated financial statements was not significant.  

3. Fair Value of Financial Assets and Liabilities

The following tables present information about the fair value measurements of the Company’s financial assets and liabilities which are measured at fair value on a recurring and non-recurring basis, and indicate the level of the fair value hierarchy utilized to determine such fair values:

	June 30, 2020
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets:
Cash equivalents	$	16,754	$	—	$	—	$	16,754
Marketable securities		—		35,528		—		35,528
Total assets	$	16,754	$	35,528	$	—	$	52,282
Liabilities:
Acquisition-related contingent consideration	$	—	$	—	$	3,435	$	3,435
Total liabilities	$	—	$	—	$	3,435	$	3,435

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	December 31, 2019
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets:
Cash equivalents	$	21,277	$	—	$	—	$	21,277
Marketable securities		—		39,078		—		39,078
Total assets	$	21,277	$	39,078	$	—	$	60,355
Liabilities:
Acquisition-related contingent consideration	$	—	$	—	$	1,668	$	1,668
Total liabilities	$	—	$	—	$	1,668	$	1,668

As of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Company’s cash equivalents consisted of investments with maturities of less than three months and included a money market fund, which was valued based upon Level 1 inputs, and the Company’s marketable securities consisted of investments with maturities of more than three months and included commercial paper, corporate debt, asset-backed securities and government obligations, which were valued based upon Level 2 inputs.  In determining the fair value of its Level 2 investments, the Company relied on quoted prices for identical securities in markets that are not active. These quoted prices were obtained by the Company with the assistance of a third-party pricing service based on available trade, bid and other observable market data for identical securities.  Quarterly, the Company compares the quoted prices obtained from the third-party pricing service to other available independent pricing information to validate the reasonableness of the quoted prices provided.  The Company evaluates whether adjustments to third-party pricing is necessary and, historically, the Company has not made adjustments to quoted prices obtained from the third-party pricing service.  During the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, there were no transfers between Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3.  The increase in contingent consideration of $1,767 during the six months ended June 30, 2020 was the result of updates to the Company’s assumptions as a result of the successful completion of a Phase 1 clinical trial for ATI-450.  

As of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the fair value of the Company’s available for sale marketable securities by type of security was as follows:

	June 30, 2020
			Gross		Gross
	Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized		Fair
	Cost		Gain		Loss		Value
Marketable securities:
Corporate debt securities	$	5,688	$	2	$	—	$	5,690
Commercial paper		15,768		—		—		15,768
Asset-backed securities		1,408		—		(1)		1,407
U.S. government agency debt securities		12,637		26		—		12,663
Total marketable securities	$	35,501	$	28	$	(1)	$	35,528

	December 31, 2019
			Gross		Gross
	Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized		Fair
	Cost		Gain		Loss		Value
Marketable securities:
Corporate debt securities	$	7,815	$	2	$	—	$	7,817
Commercial paper		15,129		—		—		15,129
Asset-backed securities		8,004		4		—		8,008
U.S. government agency debt securities		8,126		1		(3)		8,124
Total marketable securities	$	39,074	$	7	$	(3)	$	39,078

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4. Property and Equipment, Net

Property and equipment, net consisted of the following:

		June 30,		December 31,
	2020		2019
Computer equipment	$	1,317	$	1,315
Finance lease right-of-use assets		435		435
Lab equipment		1,292		1,250
Furniture and fixtures		647		647
Leasehold improvements		1,200		889
Property and equipment, gross		4,891		4,536
Accumulated depreciation		(2,661)		(2,066)
Property and equipment, net	$	2,230	$	2,470

Depreciation expense was $297 and $393 for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and $595 and $795 for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.  

5. Intangible Assets

Intangible assets consisted of the following:

		Gross Cost				Accumulated Amortization
	Remaining		June 30,		December 31,		June 30,		December 31,
	Life (years)	2020		2019		2020		2019
Other intangible assets	7.1		751		751		219		181
Total definite-lived intangible assets			751		751		219		181
IPR&D	na		6,629		6,629		—		—
Total intangible assets		$	7,380	$	7,380	$	219	$	181

As of June 30, 2020, estimated future amortization expense is as follows:

Year Ending December 31,
2020	$	37
2021		75
2022		75
2023		75
2024		75
Thereafter		195
Total	$	532

6. Accrued Expenses

Accrued expenses consisted of the following:

		June 30,		December 31,
	2020		2019
Employee compensation expenses	$	2,489	$	3,321
Research and development expenses		1,134		2,857
Professional fees		112		168
Payable to EPI Health		4,950		—
Other		659		1,375
Total accrued expenses	$	9,344	$	7,721

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Payable to EPI Health

As of June 30, 2020, the Company had $4,950 payable to EPI Health (see Note 15 for additional information).

7. Debt

Loan and Security Agreement – Silicon Valley Bank

In March 2020, the Company entered into a Loan and Security Agreement with Silicon Valley Bank (“SVB”).  The Loan and Security Agreement provides for $11,000 in term loans, of which the Company borrowed the entire amount on March 30, 2020.  The Loan and Security Agreement is secured by substantially all of the assets of the Company other than intellectual property.  In connection with the Loan and Security Agreement, the Company issued to SVB a warrant to purchase up to 460,251 shares of common stock (the “Warrant”).  The proceeds of the Loan and Security Agreement were allocated to the term loan and Warrant using a relative fair value approach.  

The term loan repayment schedule provides for interest only payments beginning April 1, 2020 and continuing through March 1, 2022, followed by 24 consecutive equal monthly installments of principal, plus monthly payments of accrued interest, starting on April 1, 2022 and continuing through the maturity date of March 1, 2024. All outstanding principal and accrued and unpaid interest will be due and payable on the maturity date.  The Loan and Security Agreement provides for an annual interest rate equal to the greater of (i) the prime rate then in effect as reported in The Wall Street Journal plus 2% and (ii) 6.75%.  

The Loan and Security Agreement includes a final payment fee equal to 5% of the original principal amount borrowed.  The Company has the option to prepay the outstanding balance of the term loans in full, subject to a prepayment premium of (i) 3% of the original principal amount borrowed for any prepayment on or prior to the first anniversary of March 30, 2020, (ii) 2% of the original principal amount borrowed for any prepayment after the first anniversary and on or before the second anniversary of March 30, 2020 or (iii) 1% of the original principal amount borrowed for any prepayment after the second anniversary of March 30, 2020 but before March 1, 2024.  

8. Stockholders’ Equity

Preferred Stock

As of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Company’s amended and restated certificate of incorporation authorized the Company to issue 10,000,000 shares of undesignated preferred stock.  There were no shares of preferred stock outstanding as of June 30, 2020 or December 31, 2019.

Common Stock

As of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Company’s amended and restated certificate of incorporation authorized the Company to issue 100,000,000 shares of $0.00001 par value common stock.

Each share of common stock entitles the holder to one vote on all matters submitted to a vote of the Company’s stockholders. Common stockholders are entitled to receive dividends, as may be declared by the board of directors, if any, subject to any preferential dividend rights of any series of preferred stock that may be outstanding. No dividends have been declared through June 30, 2020.  

Warrants

In connection with the Loan and Security Agreement with SVB, the Company issued the Warrant to SVB.  The Warrant has an initial exercise price of $0.956 per share, subject to adjustment as provided in the Warrant. The Warrant became immediately exercisable in full upon the funding of the term loan facility. The Warrant will terminate, if not earlier exercised, on the earlier of March 29, 2030 and the closing of certain merger or other transactions in which the consideration is cash, stock of a publicly-traded acquirer or a combination thereof. The Company assigned a fair value of

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$378 to the Warrant using a Black-Scholes valuation methodology, and also concluded that the Warrant was indexed to its own stock and therefore classified the Warrant as an equity instrument.  

9. Stock-Based Awards

2015 Equity Incentive Plan

In September 2015, the Company’s board of directors adopted the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2015 Plan”), and the Company’s stockholders approved the 2015 Plan. The 2015 Plan became effective in connection with the Company’s initial public offering in October 2015.  Beginning at the time the 2015 Plan became effective, no further grants may be made under the Company’s 2012 Equity Compensation Plan, as amended and restated (the “2012 Plan”).  The 2015 Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options, nonqualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, restricted stock unit (“RSU”) awards, performance stock awards, cash-based awards and other stock-based awards. The number of shares initially reserved for issuance under the 2015 Plan was 1,643,872 shares of common stock. The number of shares of common stock that may be issued under the 2015 Plan will automatically increase on January 1 of each year ending on January 1, 2025, in an amount equal to the lesser of (i) 4.0% of the shares of the Company’s common stock outstanding on December 31 of the preceding calendar year or (ii) an amount determined by the Company’s board of directors. The shares of common stock underlying any awards that expire, are otherwise terminated, settled in cash or repurchased by the Company under the 2015 Plan and the 2012 Plan will be added back to the shares of common stock available for issuance under the 2015 Plan.  As of January 1, 2020, the number of shares of common stock that may be issued under the 2015 Plan was increased by 1,451,997 shares.  As of June 30, 2020, 1,922,147 shares remained available for grant under the 2015 Plan.  

2017 Inducement Plan

In July 2017, the Company’s board of directors adopted the 2017 Inducement Plan (the “2017 Inducement Plan”).  The 2017 Inducement Plan is a non-stockholder approved stock plan adopted pursuant to the “inducement exception” provided under Nasdaq listing rules.  The Company had 443,000 stock options and 44,390 RSUs outstanding as of June 30, 2020 under the 2017 Inducement Plan.  All shares of common stock that were eligible for issuance under the 2017 Inducement Plan after October 1, 2018, including any shares underlying any awards that expire or are otherwise terminated, reacquired to satisfy tax withholding obligations, settled in cash or repurchased by the Company in the future that would have been eligible for re-issuance under the 2017 Inducement Plan, were retired.  

2012 Equity Compensation Plan

Upon the 2015 Plan becoming effective, no further grants can be made under the 2012 Plan. The Company granted stock options to purchase a total of 1,140,524 shares under the 2012 Plan, of which 609,628 and 745,735 were outstanding as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.  Stock options granted under the 2012 Plan vested over four years and expire after ten years.  

Stock Option Valuation

The weighted average assumptions the Company used to estimate the fair value of stock options granted during the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 were as follows:

	Six Months Ended
	June 30,
	2020		2019
Risk-free interest rate	0.87	%	2.53	%
Expected term (in years)	6.1		6.3
Expected volatility	85.19	%	101.70	%
Expected dividend yield	0	%	0	%

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The Company recognizes compensation expense for awards over their vesting period.  Compensation expense for awards includes the impact of forfeitures in the period when they occur.  

Stock Options

The following table summarizes stock option activity for the six months ended June 30, 2020:

				Weighted
		Weighted		Average
		Average		Remaining	Aggregate
	Number	Exercise		Contractual	Intrinsic
	of Shares	Price		Term	Value
				(in years)
Outstanding as of December 31, 2019	3,102,221	$	20.33	6.55	$	148
Granted	734,800		1.30
Exercised	—		—
Forfeited and cancelled	(557,222)		21.33
Outstanding as of June 30, 2020	3,279,799	$	15.90	6.99	$	316
Options vested and expected to vest as of June 30, 2020	3,279,799	$	15.90	6.99	$	316
Options exercisable as of June 30, 2020	1,897,671	$	19.16	5.79	$	79

The weighted average grant date fair value of stock options granted during the six months ended June 30, 2020 was $0.93 per share.

Restricted Stock Units

The following table summarizes RSU activity for the six months ended June 30, 2020:

		Weighted
		Average
		Grant Date
	Number	Fair Value
	of Shares	Per Share
Outstanding as of December 31, 2019	3,592,915	$	4.62
Granted	998,385		1.26
Vested	(1,618,634)		3.09
Forfeited and cancelled	(444,265)		4.12
Outstanding as of June 30, 2020	2,528,401	$	4.36

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Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-based compensation expense included in total costs and expenses on the condensed consolidated statement of operations included the following:

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30,				June 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Cost of revenue	$	252	$	223	$	512	$	429
Research and development		939		1,721		1,755		3,315
General and administrative		2,118		2,654		4,495		5,126
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	3,309	$	4,598	$	6,762	$	8,870

As of June 30, 2020, the Company had unrecognized stock-based compensation expense for stock options and RSUs of $8,195 and $8,604, respectively, which is expected to be recognized over weighted average periods of 1.52 years and 2.13 years, respectively.  

10. Net Loss per Share

Basic and diluted net loss per share is summarized in the following table:

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30,				June 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Numerator:
Net loss	$	(11,597)	$	(49,876)	$	(27,183)	$	(87,441)
Denominator:
Weighted average shares of common stock outstanding		42,133,646		41,274,808		41,876,037		41,261,808
Net loss per share, basic and diluted	$	(0.28)	$	(1.21)	$	(0.65)	$	(2.12)

The Company’s potentially dilutive securities, which included stock options, RSUs and warrants, have been excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share since the effect would be to reduce the net loss per share. Therefore, the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding used to calculate both basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is the same.  The following table presents potential shares of common stock excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019.  All share amounts presented in the table below represent the total number outstanding as of June 30, 2020 and 2019.

	June 30,
	2020	2019
Options to purchase common stock	3,279,799	4,010,423
Restricted stock unit awards	2,528,401	1,959,587
Warrants issued to SVB	460,251	—
Total potential shares of common stock	6,268,451	5,970,010

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11. Leases

Operating Leases

Agreements for Office Space

In November 2017, the Company entered into a sublease agreement with Auxilium Pharmaceuticals, LLC (the “Sublandlord”) pursuant to which it subleases 33,019 square feet of office space for its headquarters in Wayne, Pennsylvania. The sublease has a term that runs through October 2023. If for any reason the lease between Chesterbrook Partners, LP (“the Landlord”) and Sublandlord is terminated or expires prior to October 2023, the Company’s sublease will automatically terminate.

In February 2019, the Company entered into a sublease agreement with a third party for 21,056 square feet of office and laboratory space in St. Louis, Missouri. The lease commenced in June 2019 and has a term that runs through June 2029.

Supplemental balance sheet information related to operating leases is as follows:  

		June 30,		December 31,
Operating Leases:	2020		2019
Gross cost	$	5,213	$	5,213
Accumulated amortization		(789)		(480)
Other assets	$	4,424	$	4,733
Other current liabilities	$	567	$	526
Other liabilities		3,253		3,548
Total operating lease liabilities	$	3,820	$	4,074

Amortization expense related to operating lease right-of-use assets and liabilities was $253 and $143 for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and $510 and $286 for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Finance Leases

Laboratory Equipment

The Company leases laboratory equipment which is used in its laboratory space in St. Louis, Missouri under two finance lease financing arrangements which the Company entered into in August 2017 and October 2017.  The leases have terms which end in October 2020 and December 2020, respectively.  

12. Related Party Transactions

Mallinckrodt plc

In April 2018, Bryan Reasons was appointed to the Company’s board of directors. Subsequently, in March 2019, Mr. Reasons became the Chief Financial Officer of Mallinckrodt plc.  Prior to Mr. Reasons joining Mallinckrodt plc, the Company entered into a master services agreement with a subsidiary (“Mallinckrodt”) of Mallinckrodt plc in November 2018, pursuant to which Confluence provides laboratory services to Mallinckrodt in the ordinary course of business. Mr. Reasons was not involved in the negotiation or execution of the agreement, but may be deemed to have an interest in the ongoing transactions based on his employment as an executive officer of Mallinckrodt plc.  As of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Company had invoiced Mallinckrodt for $292 and $57, respectively, under the master services agreement.  Mr. Reasons had no financial interest in these transactions.  

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13. Agreements Related to Intellectual Property

Asset Purchase Agreement – EPI Health, LLC

In October 2019, the Company sold RHOFADE to EPI Health pursuant to an asset purchase agreement.  EPI Health agreed to pay the Company a high single-digit royalty calculated as a percentage of net sales on a country-by-country basis until the date that the patent rights related to RHOFADE have expired or, if later, 10 years from the date of the first commercial sale of RHOFADE in such country.  The Company recorded royalty income under the asset purchase agreement of $411 and $0 during the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.  EPI Health has also agreed to pay the Company potential sales milestone payments of up to $20,000 in the aggregate upon the achievement of specified levels of net sales of products covered by the asset purchase agreement, and 25% of any upfront, license, milestone, maintenance or fixed payment received by EPI Health in connection with any license or sublicense of the assets transferred in the disposition in any territory outside of the United States, subject to specified exceptions.  

Agreement and Plan of Merger – Confluence

In August 2017, the Company entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger, pursuant to which it acquired Confluence (the “Confluence Agreement”).  In November 2018, the Company achieved a development milestone specified in the Confluence Agreement, as a result of which the Company paid the former Confluence equity holders $2,500 in cash and issued them 253,208 shares of its common stock with a fair value of $2,200.  Under the Confluence Agreement, the Company also agreed to pay the former Confluence equity holders aggregate remaining contingent consideration of up to $75,000 based upon the achievement of specified regulatory and commercial milestones.  In addition, the Company agreed to pay the former Confluence equity holders future royalty payments calculated as a low single-digit percentage of annual net sales, subject to specified reductions, limitations and other adjustments, until the date that all of the patent rights for that product have expired, as determined on a country-by-country and product-by-product basis or, in specified circumstances, ten years from the first commercial sale of such product.  In addition, if the Company sells, licenses or transfers any of the intellectual property acquired from Confluence pursuant to the Confluence Agreement to a third party, the Company will be obligated to pay the former Confluence equity holders a portion of any consideration received from such sale, license or transfer in specified circumstances.  

License and Collaboration Agreement – Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

In August 2015, the Company entered into an exclusive, worldwide license and collaboration agreement with Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Rigel”) for the development and commercialization of products containing two specified JAK inhibitors, which the Company refers to as ATI-501 and ATI-502.  Under the agreement, the Company agreed to make aggregate payments of up to $80,000 upon the achievement of specified development milestones.  In September 2019, the Company made a milestone payment of $4,000 to Rigel upon the achievement of a specified development milestone.  With respect to any products the Company commercializes under the agreement, the Company will pay Rigel quarterly tiered royalties on its annual net sales of each product at a high single-digit percentage of annual net sales, subject to specified reductions, until the date that all of the patent rights for that product have expired, as determined on a country-by-country and product-by-product basis or, in specified countries under specified circumstances, ten years from the first commercial sale of such product.  

In connection with an amendment of the agreement with Rigel in October 2019, the Company paid Rigel an amendment fee of $1,500 in three installments of $500 in each of January 2020, April 2020 and July 2020.  In addition, the parties modified certain other development milestones, and the Company agreed to increase the potential payments payable upon the achievement of such milestones from $10,000 to $10,500 in the aggregate.

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14. Income Taxes

The Company did not record a federal or state income tax benefit for losses incurred during the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 due to the Company’s conclusion that a valuation allowance was required for those periods.  

15. Discontinued Operations

The components of loss from discontinued operations as reported in the Company’s condensed consolidated statement of operations were as follows:

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30,				June 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Revenues:
Product sales, net	$	—	$	4,979	$	—	$	8,757
Total revenue, net		—		4,979		—		8,757
Costs and expenses:
Cost of revenue		—		1,709		—		3,279
Research and development		—		103		1		380
Sales and marketing		27		6,805		283		16,499
General and administrative		—		893		1		1,763
Amortization of definite-lived intangible		—		1,660		—		3,319
Total costs and expenses		27		11,170		285		25,240
Loss from discontinued operations	$	(27)	$	(6,191)	$	(285)	$	(16,483)
Net loss from discontinued operations per share, basic and diluted	$	(0.00)	$	(0.15)	$	(0.01)	$	(0.40)
Weighted average common shares outstanding, basic and diluted		42,133,646		41,274,808		41,876,037		41,261,808

The following table presents the details of product sales, net included in discontinued operations:

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30,				June 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
ESKATA	$	—	$	272	$	—	$	344
RHOFADE		—		4,707		—		8,413
Total product sales, net	$	—	$	4,979	$	—	$	8,757

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The following table presents information related to assets and liabilities reported as discontinued operations in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheet:

	June 30,		December 31,
	2020		2019
Accounts receivable, net	$	—	$	4,966
Discontinued operations - current assets	$	—	$	4,966
Accounts payable	$	36	$	1,705
Accrued expenses		2,253		2,452
Discontinued operations - current liabilities	$	2,289	$	4,157

The following table presents certain non-cash items related to discontinued operations, which are included in the Company’s condensed consolidated statement of cash flows:

	Six Months Ended
	June 30,
	2020		2019
Depreciation and amortization	$	—	$	3,552
Stock-based compensation expense		—		806
Total non-cash items	$	—	$	4,358

The Company relied on Allergan Sales, LLC (“Allergan”) to distribute RHOFADE on its behalf pursuant to the terms of a transition services agreement.  Accounts receivable, net as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 included $0 and $4,966, respectively, related to amounts invoiced by Allergan for sales of RHOFADE.  In addition, during the three months ended June 30, 2020, in accordance with the asset purchase agreement with EPI Health (see Note 13 for additional information), the Company received cash from Allergan related to sales of RHOFADE that occurred after the date the Company sold RHOFADE to EPI Health.  Accordingly, the Company had $4,950 payable to EPI Health, which is included in accrued expenses on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheet as of June 30, 2020.  

16. Segment Information

The Company has two reportable segments, therapeutics and contract research.  The therapeutics segment is focused on identifying and developing innovative therapies to address significant unmet needs for immuno-inflammatory diseases.  The contract research segment earns revenue from the provision of laboratory services to clients through Confluence, the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary.  Contract research revenue is generally evidenced by contracts with clients which are on an agreed upon fixed-price, fee-for-service basis.  Corporate and other includes general and administrative expenses as well as eliminations of intercompany transactions.  The Company does not report balance sheet information by segment since it is not reviewed by the chief operating decision maker, and all of the Company’s tangible assets are held in the United States.  

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The Company’s results of operations by segment for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 are summarized in the tables below:

			Contract		Corporate		Total
Three Months Ended June 30, 2020	Therapeutics		Research		and Other		Company
Total revenue	$	193	$	3,657	$	(1,804)	$	2,046
Cost of revenue		—		3,082		(1,693)		1,389
Research and development		6,577		—		(111)		6,466
General and administrative		—		688		4,884		5,572
Loss from operations	$	(6,384)	$	(113)	$	(4,884)	$	(11,381)
Loss from discontinued operations	$	(27)	$	—	$	—	$	(27)
			Contract		Corporate		Total
Three Months Ended June 30, 2019	Therapeutics		Research		and Other		Company
Total revenue	$	—	$	3,807	$	(2,921)	$	886
Cost of revenue		—		3,819		(2,825)		994
Research and development		17,615		—		(96)		17,519
General and administrative		359		613		6,497		7,469
Goodwill impairment		18,504		—		—		18,504
Loss from operations	$	(36,478)	$	(625)	$	(6,497)	$	(43,600)
Loss from discontinued operations	$	(5,298)	$	—	$	(893)	$	(6,191)
			Contract		Corporate		Total
Six Months Ended June 30, 2020	Therapeutics		Research		and Other		Company
Total revenue	$	411	$	7,064	$	(4,022)	$	3,453
Cost of revenue		—		6,468		(3,810)		2,658
Research and development		16,121		—		(212)		15,909
General and administrative		—		1,440		10,333		11,773
Loss from operations	$	(15,710)	$	(844)	$	(10,333)	$	(26,887)
Loss from discontinued operations	$	(284)	$	—	$	(1)	$	(285)
			Contract		Corporate		Total
Six Months Ended June 30, 2019	Therapeutics		Research		and Other		Company
Total revenue	$	—	$	8,995	$	(6,846)	$	2,149
Cost of revenue		—		8,856		(6,655)		2,201
Research and development		37,352		—		(191)		37,161
General and administrative		477		1,145		13,304		14,926
Goodwill impairment		18,504		—		—		18,504
Loss from operations	$	(56,333)	$	(1,006)	$	(13,304)	$	(70,643)
Loss from discontinued operations	$	(14,720)	$	—	$	(1,763)	$	(16,483)

Intersegment Revenue

Revenue for the contract research segment included $4,022 and $6,846 for services performed on behalf of the therapeutics segment for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.  All intersegment revenue has been eliminated in the Company’s condensed consolidated statement of operations.  

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17. Legal Proceedings

Securities Class Action

On July 30, 2019, plaintiff Linda Rosi (“Rosi”) filed a putative class action complaint captioned Rosi v. Aclaris Therapeutics, Inc., et al. in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York against the Company and certain of its executive officers.  The complaint alleges that the defendants violated federal securities laws by, among other things, failing to disclose an alleged likelihood that regulators would scrutinize advertising materials related to ESKATA and find that the materials minimized the risks or overstated the efficacy of the product.  The complaint seeks unspecified compensatory damages on behalf of Rosi and all other persons and entities that purchased or otherwise acquired the Company’s securities between May 8, 2018 and June 20, 2019. 

On September 5, 2019, an additional plaintiff, Robert Fulcher (“Fulcher”), filed a substantially identical putative class action complaint captioned Fulcher v. Aclaris Therapeutics, Inc., et al. in the same court against the same defendants.

On November 6, 2019, the court consolidated the Rosi and Fulcher actions (together, the “Consolidated Securities Action”) and appointed Fulcher “lead plaintiff” for the putative class. 

On January 24, 2020, Fulcher filed a consolidated amended complaint in the Consolidated Securities Action, naming two additional executive officers as defendants, extending the putative class period to August 12, 2019, and adding allegations concerning, among other things, alleged statements and omissions throughout the putative class period concerning ESKATA’s risks, tolerability and effectiveness. The defendants filed a motion to dismiss the consolidated amended complaint on April 17, 2020. Fulcher filed an opposition to the defendants’ motion on June 15, 2020, and the defendants filed a reply to such opposition on August 4, 2020. The motion remains under judicial consideration.

The Company and the other defendants dispute plaintiffs’ claims in the Consolidated Securities Action and intend to defend the matter vigorously.

Stockholder Derivative Action

On November 15, 2019, plaintiff Keith Allred (“Allred”) filed a derivative stockholder complaint captioned Allred v. Walker et al. in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York against certain of the Company’s directors and executive officers.  The complaint alleges that the defendants, among other things, breached their fiduciary duties as directors and/or officers in connection with the claims alleged in the Consolidated Securities Action.  The complaint seeks, among other things, unspecified compensatory damages on behalf of the Company.  

On November 25, 2019, an additional plaintiff, Bruce Brown (“Brown”), filed a substantially identical complaint captioned Brown v. Walker et al. in the same court against the same defendants.

On December 12, 2019, the court consolidated the Allred and Brown actions under the caption In re Aclaris Therapeutics, Inc. Derivative Litigation (the “Consolidated Derivative Action”) and directed that future derivative cases filed in or transferred to the court arising out of substantially the same transactions or events be similarly consolidated.  Thereafter, on January 11, 2020, the court stayed – subject to certain conditions – all deadlines in the Consolidated Derivative Action pending resolution of the defendants’ anticipated motion to dismiss the Consolidated Securities Action.

The defendants dispute plaintiffs’ claims in the Consolidated Derivative Action and intend to defend the matter vigorously.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Certain statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q may constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. The words or phrases “would be,” “will allow,” “intends to,” “will likely result,” “are expected to,” “will continue,” “is anticipated,” “estimate,” “project,” or similar expressions, or the negative of such words or phrases, are intended to identify “forward-looking statements.” We have based these forward-looking statements on our current expectations and projections about future events. Because such statements include risks and uncertainties, actual results may differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include those below in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and those in our Annual Report on Form 10-K, in each case under the caption “Risk Factors,” and in our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC. Statements made herein are as of the date of the filing of this Form 10-Q with the SEC and should not be relied upon as of any subsequent date. Unless otherwise required by applicable law, we do not undertake, and we specifically disclaim, any obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect occurrences, developments, unanticipated events or circumstances after the date of such statement.

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes that appear in Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and with our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes for the year ended December 31, 2019, which are included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 25, 2020.

Overview

We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on developing novel drug candidates for immuno-inflammatory diseases.  We currently have a pipeline of drug candidates focused on immuno-inflammatory diseases, as well as one product approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, that we are not currently distributing, marketing or selling, and other investigational drug candidates. In September 2019, we announced the completion of a strategic review of our business, as a result of which we refocused our resources on our immuno-inflammatory development programs. We are pursuing strategic alternatives, including identifying and consummating transactions with third-party partners, to further develop, obtain marketing approval for and/or commercialize our drug candidates and ESKATA (hydrogen peroxide) topical solution, 40% (w/w), or ESKATA, our non-marketed FDA-approved product.

We submitted an Investigational New Drug Application, or IND, in April 2019 for ATI-450, an investigational oral, novel, small molecule selective mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2, or MK2, inhibitor compound, for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, which was allowed by the FDA in May 2019.  MK2 is a key regulator of pro-inflammatory mediators including TNFα, IL1β, IL6, IL8 and other essential pathogenic signals in chronic immuno-inflammatory diseases, as well as in cancer.  As an oral drug candidate, we are developing ATI-450 as a potential alternative to injectable anti-TNF/IL1/IL6 biologics for treating certain immuno-inflammatory diseases.

We initiated a Phase 1 single and multiple ascending dose clinical trial in 77 healthy subjects in August 2019. Final data from this trial demonstrated that ATI-450 resulted in marked inhibition of TNFα, IL1β, IL8 and IL6. We also observed that ATI-450 had dose-proportional pharmacokinetics with a terminal half-life of 9-12 hours in the multiple ascending dose cohort, and had no meaningful food effect or drug-drug interaction with methotrexate.  ATI-450 was generally well-tolerated at all doses tested in the trial.  The most common adverse events (reported by 2 or more subjects who received ATI-450) observed during the trial were dizziness, headache, upper respiratory tract infection, constipation, abdominal pain, and nausea. 

Following the completion of the Phase 1 clinical trial, in March 2020 we initiated a Phase 2a clinical trial to investigate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ATI-450 in subjects with moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, we temporarily paused enrollment. We resumed enrolling subjects, and the first subject was dosed, in May 2020. At this time, we are actively recruiting for this trial. Given the continuing evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic, we now anticipate reporting data from this trial in the first half of 2021.

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We are also planning to initiate a Phase 2a clinical trial of ATI-450 in cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome (CAPS), an Ilβ-driven disease, in the second half of 2020.

We are also supporting an investigator-initiated Phase 2a, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial to investigate the safety and efficacy of ATI-450, when used in addition to standard of care therapy, as a potential treatment for cytokine release syndrome in 36 hospitalized patients with COVID-19. The primary endpoint in this trial is the proportion of subjects who are free from respiratory failure by day 14. We are providing funding and clinical drug supply to the University of Kansas Medical Center, the sponsor of the trial. The first subject was dosed in August 2020.

We submitted an IND in June 2020 for ATI-1777, an investigational topical “soft” Janus kinase, or JAK, 1/3 inhibitor compound, for the treatment of moderate to severe atopic dermatitis, and now plan to progress to the first-in-human trial of ATI-1777 in subjects with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis. “Soft” JAK inhibitors are designed to be topically applied and active in the skin, but rapidly metabolized and inactivated when they enter the bloodstream, which may result in low systemic exposure.  We expect to initiate a Phase 1/2a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled trial to investigate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and efficacy of topically applied ATI-1777 in subjects with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis in the second half of 2020. The primary endpoint will assess efficacy at four weeks.

We are developing ATI-2138, an investigational oral ITK/TXK/JAK3, or ITJ, inhibitor compound, as a potential treatment for psoriasis and/or inflammatory bowel disease, which are both T-cell mediated autoimmune diseases.  The ITJ compound interrupts T cell signaling through the combined inhibition of ITK/TXK/JAK3 pathways in lymphocytes. We expect to file an IND for ATI-2138 in 2021.

We are pursuing strategic alternatives, including seeking a partner, to further develop, obtain regulatory approval and/or commercialize, as applicable, our drug candidate A-101 45% Topical Solution as a potential treatment for common warts, as well as ATI-501 and ATI-502, our other JAK inhibitor candidates, as potential treatments for alopecia, and ESKATA, our non-marketed FDA-approved product.

Since our inception, we have incurred significant operating losses.  Our net loss was $27.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and $161.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2019.  As of June 30, 2020, we had an accumulated deficit of $480.7 million.  We expect to incur significant expenses and operating losses for the foreseeable future as we advance our drug candidates from discovery through preclinical and clinical development.  In addition, our drug candidates, even if they are approved by regulatory agencies for marketing, may not achieve commercial success.  We may also not be successful in pursuing strategic alternatives, including identifying and consummating transactions with third-party partners, to further develop, obtain marketing approval for and/or commercialize our drug candidates or ESKATA.  Furthermore, we have incurred and expect to continue to incur significant costs associated with operating as a public company, including legal, accounting, investor relations and other expenses.  As a result, we will need substantial additional funding to support our continuing operations.  

We have historically financed our operations primarily with sales of equity securities and incurring indebtedness in the form of loans from commercial lenders.  In the near term, we expect to finance our operations through these and  other capital sources, including potential partnerships with other companies or other strategic transactions.  We may be unable to raise additional funds or enter into such other agreements or arrangements when needed on commercially acceptable terms, or at all.  If we fail to raise capital or enter into such agreements as, and when, needed, we may have to significantly delay, scale back or discontinue the development of one or more of our drug candidates.  

Impact of COVID-19 on Our Business

The global outbreak of COVID-19 continues to rapidly evolve. We have implemented a virtual operations strategy, including telecommuting and other alternative work arrangements for our employees, intended to protect the health and safety of our employees while enabling us to continue to develop our pipeline of drug candidates and provide contract research services to our clients. We are focused on ensuring the continuity of our operations. In March 2020, we

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initiated a Phase 2a clinical trial of ATI-450 as a potential treatment for moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, we temporarily paused enrollment. We resumed enrolling subjects, and the first subject was dosed, in May 2020. At this time, we are actively recruiting for this trial. Given the continuing evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic, we now anticipate reporting data from this trial in the first half of 2021.

If COVID-19 continues to spread, we may experience additional disruptions that could severely impact our business, results of operations and prospects, including the timing of our clinical trials and development programs. The extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic impacts our business, our preclinical and clinical development and our regulatory efforts will depend on future developments that are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, such as the geographic spread of the disease, the duration of the outbreak, travel restrictions, quarantines, stay-at-home orders, social distancing requirements, business closures and supply chain and other disruptions in the United States and other countries, and the effectiveness of actions taken in the United States and other countries to contain and treat the disease.  Accordingly, we do not yet know the full extent of the potential impacts on our business, our preclinical and clinical development and regulatory activities.

Components of Our Results of Operations

Revenue

Contract Research

We earn revenue from the provision of laboratory services to clients through Confluence Life Sciences, Inc. (now known as Aclaris Life Sciences, Inc.), or Confluence, our wholly-owned subsidiary.  Contract research revenue is generally evidenced by contracts with clients which are on an agreed upon fixed-price, fee-for-service basis and are generally billed on a monthly basis in arrears for services rendered.  

Cost of Revenue

Cost of revenue consists of the costs incurred in connection with the provision of contract research services to our clients through Confluence.  Cost of revenue primarily includes:

● employee-related expenses, which include salaries, benefits and stock-based compensation;

● outsourced professional scientific services;

● depreciation of laboratory equipment;

● facility-related costs; and

● laboratory materials and supplies used to support the services provided.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses consist of expenses incurred in connection with the discovery and development of our drug candidates.  These expenses primarily include:

● expenses incurred under agreements with contract research organizations, or CROs, as well as investigative sites and consultants that conduct our clinical trials and preclinical studies;

● manufacturing scale-up expenses and the cost of acquiring and manufacturing active pharmaceutical ingredients and preclinical and clinical trial materials;

● outsourced professional scientific development services;

● medical affairs expenses related to our drug candidates, including investigator-initiated studies;

● employee-related expenses, which include salaries, benefits and stock-based compensation;

● depreciation of manufacturing equipment;

● payments made under agreements with third parties under which we have acquired or licensed intellectual property;

● expenses relating to regulatory activities, including filing fees paid to regulatory agencies;

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● laboratory materials and supplies used to support our research activities; and

● non-cash charges related to the revaluation of contingent consideration.

Research and development activities are central to our business model.  Drug candidates in later stages of clinical development generally have higher development costs than those in earlier stages of clinical development, primarily due to the increased size and duration of later-stage clinical trials. We expect to continue to incur research and development expenses in the near term as we continue the clinical development of ATI-450 as a potential treatment for rheumatoid arthritis and other immuno-inflammatory diseases and ATI-1777 as a potential treatment for moderate to severe atopic dermatitis, continue the development of our preclinical compounds, and continue to identify, research and develop additional drug candidates.  We expense research and development costs as incurred.  Our direct research and development expenses primarily consist of external costs including fees paid to CROs, consultants, investigator sites, regulatory agencies and third parties that manufacture our preclinical and clinical trial materials, and are tracked on a program-by-program basis.  We do not allocate personnel costs, facilities or other indirect expenses, to specific research and development programs.  

The successful development of our drug candidates is highly uncertain. We cannot reasonably estimate or know the nature, timing and costs of the efforts that will be necessary to complete the remainder of the development of, or when, if ever, material net cash inflows may commence from any of our drug candidates. This uncertainty is due to the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with the duration and cost of clinical trials, which vary significantly over the life of a project as a result of many factors, including:

● the number of clinical sites included in the trials;

● the length of time required to enroll suitable subjects;

● the number of subjects that ultimately participate in the trials;

● the number of doses subjects receive;

● the impact on the timing of our clinical trials due to the COVID-19 pandemic;

● the duration of subject follow-up; and

● the results of our clinical trials.

Our expenditures are subject to additional uncertainties, including the preparation of regulatory filings for our drug candidates, and the expense of filing, prosecuting, defending and enforcing any patent claims or other intellectual property rights.  We may obtain unexpected results from our clinical trials or other development activities.  We may elect to discontinue, delay or modify the development, including clinical trials, of some drug candidates or focus on others.  A change in the outcome of any of these variables with respect to the development of a drug candidate could mean a significant change in the costs and timing associated with the development of that drug candidate.  For example, if the FDA or other regulatory authorities were to require us to conduct clinical trials beyond those that we currently anticipate, or if we experience significant delays in enrollment in any of our clinical trials, we could be required to expend significant additional financial resources and time on the completion of clinical development.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses consist principally of salaries and related costs for personnel in executive, administrative, finance, investor relations and legal functions, including stock-based compensation and travel expenses.  General and administrative expenses also include facility-related costs, patent filing and prosecution costs, professional fees for legal, auditing and tax services, and insurance costs.  We anticipate that we will incur increased director and officer insurance premiums and legal expenses associated with defending the current lawsuits described in this report.

Other Income (Expense), Net

Other income (expense), net primarily consists of interest earned on our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities, interest expense related to our debt obligations and finance leases, and gains and losses on transactions denominated in foreign currencies.

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Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates

This discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our condensed consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities in our condensed consolidated financial statements. We base our estimates on historical experience, known trends and events and various other factors that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources.  We evaluate our estimates and judgments on an ongoing basis.  Our actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.  Except as described below, we believe there have been no material changes to our significant accounting policies and use of estimates as disclosed in the footnotes to our audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2019 included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 25, 2020.  

Revenue Recognition

We account for revenue in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification, or ASC, Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers.  Under ASC Topic 606, revenue is recognized when a customer obtains control of promised goods or services in an amount that reflects the consideration to which we expect to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services.  

To determine revenue recognition in accordance with ASC Topic 606, we perform the following five steps: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer, (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (iii) determine the transaction price, (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) performance obligations are satisfied.  We recognize revenue when collection of the consideration we are entitled to under a contract with a customer is probable.  At contract inception, we assess the goods or services promised within a contract with a customer to identify the performance obligations, and to determine if they are distinct.  We recognize revenue that is allocated to each distinct performance obligation when (or as) that performance obligation is satisfied.  

Contract Research

Revenue related to laboratory services is generally recognized as the laboratory services are performed, based upon the rates specified in the contracts.  Under ASC Topic 606, we elected to apply the “right to invoice” practical expedient when recognizing contract research revenue.  We recognize contract research revenue in the amount to which we have the right to invoice.  

Intangible Assets

Our intangible assets include both definite-lived and indefinite-lived assets.  Definite-lived intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful life based on the pattern over which the intangible assets are consumed or otherwise used up. If that pattern cannot be reliably determined, the straight-line method of amortization is used.  Our definite-lived intangible assets consist of a research technology platform acquired through the acquisition of Confluence.  Our indefinite-lived intangible assets consist of an in-process research and development, or IPR&D, drug candidate also acquired through the acquisition of Confluence.  IPR&D assets are considered indefinite-lived until the completion or abandonment of the associated research and development efforts.  The cost of IPR&D assets is either amortized over their estimated useful life beginning when the underlying drug candidate is approved and launched commercially, or expensed immediately if development of the drug candidate is abandoned.  

Definite-lived intangible assets are tested for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the asset may not be recoverable.  Indefinite-lived intangible assets are tested for impairment at least

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annually, which we perform during the fourth quarter, or when indicators of an impairment are present.  We recognize impairment losses when and to the extent that the estimated fair value of an intangible asset is less than its carrying value.  

Leases

Leases represent a company’s right to use an underlying asset and a corresponding obligation to make payments to a lessor for the right to use those assets.  We evaluate leases at their inception to determine if they are an operating lease or a finance lease.  A lease is accounted for as a finance lease if it meets one of the following five criteria: the lease has a purchase option that is reasonably certain of being exercised, the present value of the future cash flows are substantially all of the fair market value of the underlying asset, the lease term is for a significant portion of the remaining economic life of the underlying asset, the title to the underlying asset transfers at the end of the lease term, or if the underlying asset is of such a specialized nature that it is expected to have no alternative uses to the lessor at the end of the term.  Leases that do not meet the finance lease criteria are accounted for as an operating lease.  

We recognize assets and liabilities for leases at their inception based upon the present value of all payments due under the lease.  We use an implicit interest rate to determine the present value of finance leases, and our incremental borrowing rate to determine the present value of operating leases.  We determine incremental borrowing rates by referencing collateralized borrowing rates for debt instruments with terms similar to the respective lease.  We recognize expense for operating and finance leases on a straight-line basis over the term of each lease, and interest expense related to finance leases is recognized over the lease term based on the effective interest method.  We include estimates for any residual value guarantee obligations under our leases in lease liabilities recorded on our condensed consolidated balance sheet.  

Right-of-use assets are included in other assets and property and equipment, net on our condensed consolidated balance sheet for operating and finance leases, respectively.  Obligations for lease payments are included in current portion of lease liabilities and other liabilities on our condensed consolidated balance sheet for both operating and finance leases.  

Contingent Consideration

We initially recorded a contingent consideration liability related to future potential payments based upon the achievement of certain development, regulatory and commercial milestones, as well as future projected sales performance, resulting from the acquisition of Confluence, at its estimated fair value on the date of acquisition.  The ultimate amount of future payments, if any, is based on criteria such as sales performance and the achievement of certain regulatory and sales milestones.  We estimate the fair value of the contingent consideration liability related to the achievement of regulatory milestones by assigning an achievement probability to each potential milestone and discounting the associated cash payment to its present value using a risk-adjusted rate of return.  We estimate the fair value of the contingent consideration liability associated with sales milestones and royalties by estimating future sales levels, assigning an achievement probability and discounting the associated cash payment amounts to their present values using a credit-risk-adjusted interest rate.  Significant assumptions used in our estimates include the probability of success of achieving regulatory and sales milestones, which are based upon an asset’s current stage of development and ranged between 4% and 15%.  We evaluate fair value estimates of contingent consideration liabilities on a periodic basis.  Any change in fair value reflects new information about the likelihood of the payment of the contingent consideration and the passage of time. For example, if the timing of the development of an acquired drug candidate, or the size of potential commercial opportunities related to an acquired drug, differ from our assumptions, then the fair value of contingent consideration would be adjusted accordingly. Future changes in the fair value of the contingent consideration, if any, will be recorded as income or expense in our condensed consolidated statement of operations.  

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, issued Accounting Standards Update, or ASU, 2018-18, Collaborative Arrangements (Topic 808): Clarifying the Interaction Between Topic 808 and Topic 606,

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which, among other things, provides guidance on how to assess whether certain collaborative arrangement transactions should be accounted for under Topic 606.  The amendments in this ASU are effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019.  We adopted this standard as of January 1, 2020, the impact of which on our consolidated financial statements was not significant.  

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40).  ASU 2018-15 requires a customer in a cloud computing arrangement that is a service contract to follow the internal-use software guidance in Accounting Standards Codification, or ASC, 350-40 to determine which implementation costs to capitalize as assets or expense as incurred.  The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within such fiscal years.  We adopted this standard as of January 1, 2020, the impact of which on our consolidated financial statements was not significant.  

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820).  The FASB developed the amendments to ASC 820 as part of its broader disclosure framework project, which aims to improve the effectiveness of disclosures in the notes to financial statements by focusing on requirements that clearly communicate the most important information to users of the financial statements.  This update eliminates certain disclosure requirements for fair value measurements for all entities, requires public entities to disclose certain new information and modifies some of the existing disclosure requirements.  The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within such fiscal years.  We adopted this standard as of January 1, 2020, the impact of which on our consolidated financial statements was not significant.  

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Results of Operations

Comparison of Three Months Ended June 30, 2020 and 2019

	Three Months Ended June 30,
	2020		2019		Change
	(In thousands)
Revenues:
Contract research	$	1,853	$	886	$	967
Other revenue		193		—		193
Total revenue		2,046		886		1,160
Costs and expenses:
Cost of revenue		1,389		994		395
Research and development		6,466		17,519		(11,053)
General and administrative		5,572		7,469		(1,897)
Goodwill impairment		—		18,504		(18,504)
Total costs and expenses		13,427		44,486		(31,059)
Loss from operations		(11,381)		(43,600)		32,219
Other income (expense), net		(189)		(85)		(104)
Loss from continuing operations		(11,570)		(43,685)		32,115
Loss from discontinued operations		(27)		(6,191)		6,164
Net loss	$	(11,597)	$	(49,876)	$	38,279

Revenue

Contract research revenue was $1.9 million and $0.9 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and was comprised primarily of fees earned from the provision of laboratory services to clients through Confluence.  Other revenue consisted of $0.2 million of royalties earned on net sales of RHOFADE (oxymetazoline hydrochloride) cream, 1%, or RHOFADE, pursuant to the asset purchase agreement with EPI Health, LLC, or EPI Health.  

Cost of Revenue

Cost of revenue was $1.4 million and $1.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and related to providing laboratory services to our clients through Confluence.

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Research and Development Expenses

The following table summarizes our research and development expenses:

	Three Months Ended
	June 30,
	2020		2019		Change
	(In thousands)
ATI-450	$	740	$	1,184	$	(444)
ATI-1777		1,102		653		449
ATI-2138		1,102		781		321
Other JAK inhibitors		186		4,765		(4,579)
A-101 45% Topical Solution		52		4,403		(4,351)
Other research and development expenses		601		686		(85)
Personnel expenses		1,744		2,592		(848)
Stock-based compensation		939		1,721		(782)
Change in contingent consideration		—		734		(734)
Total research and development expenses	$	6,466	$	17,519	$	(11,053)

Research and development expenses for ATI-450 primarily consisted of preclinical development activities during the three months ended June 30, 2019 and initial activities for a Phase 2a clinical trial during the three months ended June 30, 2020.  Expenses for ATI-1777 were higher during the three months ended June 30, 2020 primarily due to initial activities related to a Phase 1/2a clinical trial which we expect to initiate in the second half of 2020.  Expenses for ATI-2138 were higher primarily due to preclinical development activities during the three months ended June 30, 2020.  Expenses related to our other JAK inhibitors decreased primarily as a result of the completion of several Phase 2 clinical trials of ATI-501 and ATI-502 during 2019.  Expenses related to A-101 45% Topical Solution decreased primarily due to the completion of our Phase 3 clinical trials during 2019.  Other research and development expenses, which primarily included expenses for medical affairs activities as well as drug discovery, were lower primarily as a result of lower medical affairs related activities during the three months ended June 30, 2020 primarily resulting from our clinical trials that were completed during 2019 for A-101 45% Topical Solution, ATI-501 and ATI-502.  Personnel expenses and stock-based compensation decreased due to lower headcount primarily as a result of the restructuring we announced in September 2019.  The change in contingent consideration during the three months ended June 30, 2019 was the result of updates to our assumptions as a result of the filing of an IND for ATI-450.  

General and Administrative Expenses

The following table summarizes our general and administrative expenses:

	Three Months Ended
	June 30,
	2020		2019		Change
	(In thousands)
Personnel expenses	$	1,671	$	2,136	$	(465)
Professional and legal fees		831		1,184		(353)
Facility and support services		422		652		(230)
Other general and administrative expenses		530		843		(313)
Stock-based compensation		2,118		2,654		(536)
Total general and administrative expenses	$	5,572	$	7,469	$	(1,897)

Personnel and stock-based compensation expenses decreased primarily due to lower headcount.  Professional and legal fees included accounting, legal, investor relations and corporate communication costs, as well as legal fees related to patents and current lawsuits described in this report, and were lower year-over-year primarily as a result of lower legal fees.  Facility and support services included general office expenses, information technology costs and other expenses, and have decreased primarily due to lower information technology costs resulting from lower headcount.  Other general and

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administrative expenses included travel, insurance and marketing costs, and were lower primarily due to reduced travel-related activities in light of the COVID-19 pandemic.  

Goodwill Impairment

During the three months ended June 30, 2019, we performed an interim impairment analysis due to a decline in our stock price.  Our impairment analysis noted that our stock price, including a reasonable control premium, resulted in a fair value for the therapeutics reporting unit which was less than its carrying value.  As a result, we recorded a goodwill impairment charge of $18.5 million writing off the full balance of goodwill.  

Other Income (Expense), net

Other expense, net for the three months ended June 30, 2020 was $0.2 million and primarily included interest expense related to our term loan facility with Silicon Valley Bank, or SVB, which we borrowed in March 2020, as well as interest on our finance leases, partially offset by interest income earned on our cash and investments.  Other expense, net for the three months ended June 30, 2019 was $0.1 million and primarily included interest expense incurred on our debt with Oxford Finance LLC, which we borrowed in October 2018 and repaid in full in October 2019, partially offset by interest income earned on our cash and investments.  

Loss from Discontinued Operations

In September 2019, we announced the completion of a strategic review and our decision to refocus on our immuno-inflammatory development programs and to actively seek partners for our commercial products.  The condensed consolidated financial statements have been recast for all periods presented to reflect the assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses related to our commercial products as discontinued operations (see Note 15 to the condensed consolidated financial statements included in this report for additional information).  

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Comparison of Six Months Ended June 30, 2020 and 2019

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020		2019		Change
	(In thousands)
Revenues:
Contract research	$	3,042	$	2,149	$	893
Other revenue		411		—		411
Total revenue		3,453		2,149		1,304
Costs and expenses:
Cost of revenue		2,658		2,201		457
Research and development		15,909		37,161		(21,252)
General and administrative		11,773		14,926		(3,153)
Goodwill impairment		—		18,504		(18,504)
Total costs and expenses		30,340		72,792		(42,452)
Loss from operations		(26,887)		(70,643)		43,756
Other income (expense), net		(11)		(315)		304
Loss from continuing operations		(26,898)		(70,958)		44,060
Loss from discontinued operations		(285)		(16,483)		16,198
Net loss	$	(27,183)	$	(87,441)	$	60,258

Revenue

Contract research revenue was $3.0 million and $2.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and was comprised primarily of fees earned from the provision of laboratory services to clients through Confluence.  Other revenue consisted of $0.4 million of royalties earned on net sales of RHOFADE pursuant to the asset purchase agreement with EPI Health.  

Cost of Revenue

Cost of revenue was $2.7 million and $2.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and related to providing laboratory services to our clients through Confluence.

Research and Development Expenses

The following table summarizes our research and development expenses:

	Six Months Ended
	June 30,
	2020		2019		Change
	(In thousands)
ATI-450	$	2,734	$	3,419	$	(685)
ATI-1777		1,859		2,372		(513)
ATI-2138		1,603		1,683		(80)
Other JAK inhibitors		635		8,691		(8,056)
A-101 45% Topical Solution		532		9,863		(9,331)
Other research and development expenses		1,356		1,826		(470)
Personnel expenses		3,668		5,258		(1,590)
Stock-based compensation		1,755		3,315		(1,560)
Change in contingent consideration		1,767		734		1,033
Total research and development expenses	$	15,909	$	37,161	$	(21,252)

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Research and development expenses for ATI-450 during the six months ended June 30, 2019 primarily consisted of preclinical development activities and activities related to a Phase 1 clinical trial that was completed in January 2020. Research and development expenses for ATI-450 during the six months ended June 30, 2020 primarily consisted of initial activities for a Phase 2a clinical trial.  Expenses for ATI-1777 were lower primarily due to the completion of preclinical development activities.  Expenses for ATI-2138 were comparable period over period as we completed early stage development work on candidate selection in 2019 and began preclinical development activities during the six months ended June 30, 2020.  Expenses related to our other JAK inhibitors decreased primarily as a result of the completion of several Phase 2 clinical trials of ATI-501 and ATI-502 during 2019.  Expenses related to A-101 45% Topical Solution decreased primarily due to the completion of our Phase 3 clinical trials during 2019.  Other research and development expenses, which primarily included expenses for medical affairs activities as well as drug discovery, were lower primarily as a result of lower medical affairs related activities during the six months ended June 30, 2020 primarily resulting from our clinical trials that were completed during 2019 for A-101 45% Topical Solution, ATI-501 and ATI-502.  Personnel expenses and stock-based compensation decreased due to lower headcount primarily as a result of the restructuring we announced in September 2019.  The change in contingent consideration during the six months ended June 30, 2020 was the result of updates to our assumptions as a result of the completion of a successful Phase 1 clinical trial for ATI-450, while the change in contingent consideration during the six months ended June 30, 2019 was the result of updates to our assumptions as a result of the filing of an IND for ATI-450.  

General and Administrative Expenses

The following table summarizes our general and administrative expenses:

	Six Months Ended
	June 30,
	2020		2019		Change
	(In thousands)
Personnel expenses	$	3,268	$	4,590	$	(1,322)
Professional and legal fees		1,949		2,417		(468)
Facility and support services		933		1,356		(423)
Other general and administrative expenses		1,128		1,437		(309)
Stock-based compensation		4,495		5,126		(631)
Total general and administrative expenses	$	11,773	$	14,926	$	(3,153)

Personnel and stock-based compensation expenses decreased primarily due to lower headcount.  Professional and legal fees included accounting, legal, investor relations and corporate communication costs, as well as legal fees related to patents and current lawsuits described in this report, and were lower year-over-year primarily as a result of lower legal fees.  Facility and support services included general office expenses, information technology costs and other expenses, and have decreased primarily due to lower information technology costs resulting from lower headcount.  Other general and administrative expenses included travel, insurance and marketing costs, and were lower primarily due to reduced travel-related activities in light of the COVID-19 pandemic.  

Goodwill Impairment

During the six months ended June 30, 2019, we performed an interim impairment analysis due to a decline in our stock price.  Our impairment analysis noted that our stock price, including a reasonable control premium, resulted in a fair value for the therapeutics reporting unit which was less than its carrying value.  As a result, we recorded a goodwill impairment charge of $18.5 million writing off the full balance of goodwill.  

Other Income (Expense), net

Other expense, net for the six months ended June 30, 2020 was $11,000 and primarily included interest expense related to our term loan facility with SVB which we borrowed in March 2020, as well as interest on our finance leases, substantially offset by interest income earned on our cash and investments.  Other expense, net for the six months ended June 30, 2019 was $0.3 million and primarily included interest expense incurred on our debt with Oxford Finance LLC,

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which we borrowed in October 2018 and repaid in full in October 2019, partially offset by interest income earned on our cash and investments.  

Loss from Discontinued Operations

In September 2019, we announced the completion of a strategic review and our decision to refocus on our immuno-inflammatory development programs and to actively seek partners for our commercial products.  The condensed consolidated financial statements have been recast for all periods presented to reflect the assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses related to our commercial products as discontinued operations (see Note 15 to the condensed consolidated financial statements included in this report for additional information).  

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Since our inception, we have incurred net losses and negative cash flows from our operations.  Prior to our acquisition of Confluence in August 2017, we did not generate any revenue.  We have financed our operations over the last several years primarily through sales of our equity securities in public offerings and a private placement transaction.  In March 2020, we entered into the Loan and Security Agreement with SVB.  

As of June 30, 2020, we had cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash and marketable securities of $68.1 million.  Cash in excess of immediate requirements is invested in accordance with our investment policy, primarily with a view towards liquidity and capital preservation.  

We currently have no ongoing material financing commitments, such as lines of credit or guarantees, that are expected to affect our liquidity, other than our term loan facility, lease obligations, and contingent obligations under acquisition and intellectual property licensing agreements, which are summarized below under “Contractual Obligations and Commitments.”  

Loan and Security Agreement with Silicon Valley Bank  

In March 2020 we entered into a Loan and Security Agreement with SVB.  The Loan and Security Agreement provides for $11.0 million in term loans, of which we borrowed the entire amount on March 30, 2020.  The Loan and Security Agreement is secured by substantially all of our assets other than intellectual property.  

The term loan repayment schedule provides for interest only payments beginning April 1, 2020 and continuing through March 1, 2022, followed by 24 consecutive equal monthly installments of principal, plus monthly payments of accrued interest, starting on April 1, 2022 and continuing through the maturity date of March 1, 2024. All outstanding principal and accrued and unpaid interest will be due and payable on the maturity date.  The Loan and Security Agreement provides for an annual interest rate equal to the greater of (i) the prime rate then in effect as reported in The Wall Street Journal plus 2% and (ii) 6.75%.  

The Loan and Security Agreement includes a final payment fee equal to 5% of the original principal amount borrowed.  We have the option to prepay the outstanding balance of the term loans in full, subject to a prepayment premium of (i) 3% of the original principal amount borrowed for any prepayment on or prior to the first anniversary of March 30, 2020, (ii) 2% of the original principal amount borrowed for any prepayment after the first anniversary and on or before the second anniversary of March 30, 2020 or (iii) 1% of the original principal amount borrowed for any prepayment after the second anniversary of March 30, 2020 but before March 1, 2024.

The Loan and Security Agreement contains a customary covenant that limits our ability, subject to specified exceptions, to incur additional indebtedness without the prior consent of SVB.

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Cash Flows

The following table summarizes our cash flows for each of the periods presented:

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020		2019
	(In thousands)
Net cash used in operating activities	$	(17,626)	$	(52,696)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities		3,455		27,568
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities		10,821		(237)
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents	$	(3,350)	$	(25,365)

Operating Activities

During the six months ended June 30, 2020, operating activities used $17.6 million of cash primarily resulting from our net loss of $27.2 million, partially offset by non-cash adjustments of $9.7 million.  Net cash used by changes in our operating assets and liabilities during the six months ended June 30, 2020 consisted of a $5.9 million net decrease in accounts payable and accrued expenses, which were partially offset by a $4.9 million decrease in accounts receivable and a $0.9 million decrease in prepaid expenses and other assets.  The decrease in accounts receivable was primarily the result of cash received from Allergan Sales, LLC, or Allergan, related to sales of RHOFADE made during the year ended December 31, 2019.  The decrease in prepaid expenses and other assets was primarily due to amortization of the premiums for our corporate insurance policies, which we expense equally over the policy term.  The net decrease in accounts payable and accrued expenses was primarily driven by expenses incurred, but not yet paid, as of December 31, 2019, which were partially offset by cash received from Allergan which related to sales of RHOFADE that occurred after the date we sold RHOFADE to EPI Health.  Accordingly, we had $4.9 million payable to EPI Health as of June 30, 2020, which is included in accrued expenses on our condensed consolidated balance sheet.  Expenses incurred, as of December 31, 2019, and paid during the six months ended June 30, 2020, primarily included employee annual merit bonuses, as well as expenses related to preclinical development and Phase 1 clinical trial activities for ATI-450, and preclinical development activities for ATI-1777 and ATI-2138.  Non-cash expenses of $9.7 million were composed of stock-based compensation expense of $6.8 million, a charge of $1.7 million related to the change in contingent consideration and depreciation and amortization expense of $1.2 million.  

During the six months ended June 30, 2019, operating activities used $52.7 million of cash primarily resulting from our net loss of $87.4 million, partially offset by non-cash adjustments of $33.4 million.  Net cash provided by changes in our operating assets and liabilities during the six months ended June 30, 2019 consisted of a $13.3 million increase in accounts payable and accrued expenses and a $2.9 million decrease in prepaid expenses and other assets, which were partially offset by a $14.5 million increase in accounts receivable.  The increase in accounts payable and accrued expenses was primarily driven by expenses incurred, but not yet paid, as of June 30, 2019, as well as the timing of vendor invoicing and payments.  Expenses incurred, but not yet paid, as of June 30, 2019 primarily included sales discounts and allowances related to sales of RHOFADE, as well as expenses related to our Phase 3 clinical trials for A-101 45% Topical Solution, our Phase 2 clinical trials for ATI-501 and ATI-502 and preclinical development activities for ATI-450.  The decrease in prepaid expenses and other assets was due to research and development activities primarily related to preclinical development activities for ATI-450 and ATI-502 which concluded during the six months ended June 30, 2019 and sales and marketing expenses related to our national sales meeting which was held during the six months ended June 30, 2019.  The increase in accounts receivable was primarily the result of sales of RHOFADE.  Non-cash expenses of $33.4 million were composed of a goodwill impairment charge of $18.5 million, stock-based compensation expense of $9.7 million, a charge of $0.7 million related to the change in contingent consideration and depreciation and amortization expense of $4.5 million.  

Investing Activities

During the six months ended June 30, 2020, investing activities provided $3.5 million of cash, consisting of proceeds from sales and maturities of marketable securities of $30.7 million, partially offset by purchases of marketable securities of $27.1 million, and purchases of equipment of $0.1 million.

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During the six months ended June 30, 2019, investing activities provided $27.6 million of cash, consisting of proceeds from sales and maturities of marketable securities of $117.5 million, partially offset by purchases of marketable securities of $89.4 million, and purchases of equipment of $0.5 million.

Financing Activities

During the six months ended June 30, 2020, financing activities provided $10.8 million of cash and consisted of $10.9 million of net borrowings pursuant to the Loan and Security Agreement with SVB offset by $0.1 million of finance lease payments.  

During the six months ended June 30, 2019, financing activities used $0.2 million of cash primarily related to finance lease payments.  

Funding Requirements

We anticipate we will incur net losses in the near term as we continue the clinical development of ATI-450 as a potential treatment for rheumatoid arthritis, other immuno-inflammatory diseases and COVID-19 and ATI-1777 as a potential treatment for moderate to severe atopic dermatitis, continue the development of our preclinical compounds, and continue to identify, research and develop additional drug candidates.  We may not be able to generate revenue from these programs if, among other things, our clinical trials are not successful, the FDA does not approve our drug candidates currently in clinical trials when we expect, or at all, or we are not able to identify and consummate transactions with third-party partners to further develop, obtain marketing approval for and/or commercialize our drug candidates.  

Our primary uses of capital are, and we expect will continue in the near term to be, compensation and related expenses, clinical costs, external research and development services, laboratory and related supplies, legal and other regulatory expenses, and administrative and overhead costs.  Our future funding requirements will be heavily determined by the resources needed to support the development of our drug candidates.  

As a publicly traded company, we incur and will continue to incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses.  In addition, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as well as rules adopted by the SEC and the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC, requires public companies to implement specified corporate governance practices.  

We believe our existing cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities are sufficient to fund our operating and capital expenditure requirements for a period greater than 12 months from the date of issuance of our condensed consolidated financial statements that appear in Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q based on our current operating assumptions.  We will require additional capital to complete the clinical development of ATI-450 and ATI-1777, to develop our preclinical compounds, and to support our discovery efforts.  Additional funds may not be available on a timely basis, on commercially acceptable terms, or at all, and such funds, if raised, may not be sufficient to enable us to continue to implement our long-term business strategy. Our ability to raise additional capital may be adversely impacted by potential worsening global economic conditions and the recent disruptions to, and volatility in, the credit and financial markets in the United States and worldwide resulting from the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. If we are unable to raise sufficient additional capital or generate revenue from transactions with third-party partners for the development and/or commercialization of our drug candidates, we may need to substantially curtail our planned operations.  

We may raise additional capital through the sale of equity or debt securities. In such an event, our stockholders’ ownership will be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect the rights of a holder of our common stock.

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Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with research and development of pharmaceutical drugs, we are unable to estimate the exact amount of our working capital requirements. Our funding requirements in the near term will depend on many factors, including:

● the number and development requirements of the drug candidates that we may pursue;

● the scope, progress, results and costs of preclinical development, laboratory testing and conducting preclinical and clinical trials for our drug candidates;

● the costs, timing and outcome of regulatory review of our drug candidates;

● the extent to which we in-license or acquire additional drug candidates and technologies;

● the costs and timing of preparing, filing and prosecuting patent applications, maintaining and enforcing our intellectual property rights and defending any intellectual property-related claims;

● the impact on the timing of our preclinical studies and clinical trials and our business due to the COVID-19 pandemic;

● our ability to identify and consummate transactions with third-party partners to further develop, obtain marketing approval for and/or commercialize our drug candidates, and earn revenue from such arrangements; and

● the revenue earned from our commercial products as a result of licenses to, or partnerships with, third parties.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

We occupy space for our headquarters in Wayne, Pennsylvania under a sublease agreement which has a term through October 2023.  We occupy office and laboratory space in St. Louis, Missouri under a sublease agreement which has a term through June 2029.  

We lease laboratory equipment used in our laboratory space in St. Louis, Missouri under two capital lease financing arrangements which have terms through October 2020 and December 2020.  

In March 2020, we borrowed $11.0 million under the Loan and Security Agreement with SVB.  Amounts borrowed under the Loan and Security Agreement are subject to interest only through March 2022, after which we will be required to make principal and interest payments through the maturity date of March 2024. 

Under the assignment agreement with the Estate of Mickey Miller pursuant to which we acquired intellectual property, we have agreed to pay royalties on sales of ESKATA and related products at rates ranging in low single-digit percentages of net sales, as defined in the agreement.  Under the related finder’s services agreement with KPT Consulting, LLC, we have agreed to make a remaining payment of $3.0 million upon the achievement of a specified commercial milestone.  In addition, we have agreed to pay royalties on sales of ESKATA and related products at a low single-digit percentage of net sales, as defined in the agreement.  In August 2019, we voluntarily discontinued the commercialization of ESKATA in the United States and withdrew the marketing authorizations we had previously received for the product in all countries outside of the United States.

Under a license agreement with Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., or Rigel, we have agreed to make remaining aggregate payments of up to $76.0 million upon the achievement of specified development milestones, such as clinical trials and regulatory approvals. Further, we have agreed to pay up to an additional $10.5 million to Rigel upon the achievement of a second set of development milestones. In addition, in connection with the amendment of the agreement in October 2019, we paid Rigel an amendment fee of $1.5 million in three installments of $500,000 in each of January 2020, April 2020 and July 2020. With respect to any products we commercialize under the agreement, we will pay Rigel quarterly tiered royalties on our annual net sales of each product developed using the licensed JAK inhibitors at a high single digit percentage of annual net sales, subject to specified reductions.  

Under a stock purchase agreement with the selling stockholders of one of our former subsidiaries, we are obligated to make aggregate payments of up to $18.0 million upon the achievement of specified pre-commercialization milestones for three products covered by the acquired patent rights in the United States, the European Union and Japan, and aggregate payments of up to $22.5 million upon the achievement of specified commercial milestones for products covered by the acquired patent rights.  We are also obligated to make an annual payment of $0.1 million through March 2022, which

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amounts are creditable against any specified future payments that may be paid under the agreement.  With respect to any covered products that we commercialize under the agreement, we are obligated to pay a low single-digit percentage of annual net sales, subject to specified reductions, limitations and other adjustments, until the date that all of the patent rights for that product have expired, as determined on a country-by-country and product-by-product basis or, in specified circumstances, ten years from the first commercial sale of such product.  If we sublicense any of the patent rights and know-how acquired pursuant to the agreement, we will be obligated to pay a portion of any consideration we receive from such sublicenses in specified circumstances.

Under a license agreement with The Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York, or Columbia, we are obligated to pay an annual license fee of $10,000, subject to specified adjustments for patent expenses incurred by Columbia and creditable against any royalties that may be paid under the license agreement.  We are also obligated to pay up to an aggregate of $11.6 million upon the achievement of specified commercial milestones, including specified levels of net sales of products covered by Columbia patent rights and/or know-how, and royalties at a sub-single-digit percentage of annual net sales of products covered by Columbia patent rights and/or know-how, subject to specified adjustments.  If we sublicense any of Columbia’s patent rights and know-how acquired pursuant to the agreement, we will be obligated to pay Columbia a portion of any consideration we receive from such sublicense in specified circumstances.

Under a merger agreement with Confluence, we are obligated to make remaining aggregate payments of up to $75.0 million upon the achievement of specified regulatory and commercialization milestones.  With respect to any covered products we commercialize, we are obligated to pay a low single-digit percentage of annual net sales, subject to specified reductions, limitations and other adjustments, until the date that all of the patent rights for that product have expired, as determined on a country-by-country and product-by-product basis or, in specified circumstances, ten years from the first commercial sale of such product.  If we sell, license or transfer any of the intellectual property acquired pursuant to the agreement, we will be obligated to pay a portion of any consideration we receive from such sale, license or transfer in specified circumstances.

We enter into contracts in the normal course of business with CROs for clinical trials, preclinical research studies and testing, manufacturing and other services and products for operating purposes. These contracts generally provide for termination upon notice, and therefore we believe that our non-cancelable obligations under these agreements are not material.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We did not have during the periods presented, and we do not currently have, any off-balance sheet arrangements, as defined in the rules and regulations of the SEC.  

Emerging Growth Company Status

The JOBS Act permits an “emerging growth company” such as us to take advantage of an extended transition period to comply with new or revised accounting standards applicable to public companies until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have irrevocably elected to “opt out” of this provision and, as a result, we will comply with new or revised accounting standards when they are required to be adopted by public companies that are not emerging growth companies. We will cease to be an emerging growth company as of December 31, 2020.

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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Our cash equivalents and marketable securities consist of money market funds, asset-backed securities, commercial paper, corporate debt securities and government agency debt. Our primary exposure to market risk is interest rate sensitivity, which is affected by changes in the general level of U.S. interest rates.  Our marketable securities are subject to interest rate risk and will fall in value if market interest rates increase.  However, due to the short-term nature and low-risk profile of our investment portfolio, we do not expect that an immediate 10% change in market interest rates would have a material effect on the fair market value of our investment portfolio.  We have the ability to hold our marketable securities until maturity, and therefore we would not expect our operating results or cash flows to be affected to any significant degree by the effect of a change in market interest rates on our investments.

The Loan and Security Agreement with SVB provides for an annual interest rate equal to the greater of (i) the prime rate then in effect as reported in The Wall Street Journal plus 2% and (ii) 6.75%.  To the extent that any present or future credit facilities that we enter into are based on a floating interest rate, we will be subject to risks relating to changes in market interest rates.  In periods of rising interest rates when we have such debt outstanding, our interest expense would increase.  Based upon our debt outstanding of $11.0 million as of June 30, 2020, a 100 basis-point increase in the interest rate on our loan with SVB would result in approximately $0.1 million of additional interest expense on an annualized basis.

The uncertainty that exists with respect to the economic impact of the global COVID-19 pandemic has introduced significant volatility in the financial markets during and subsequent to our quarter ended June 30, 2020.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

(a) Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, refers to controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that such information is accumulated and communicated to a company’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.  

In designing and evaluating our disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that disclosure controls and procedures, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the disclosure controls and procedures are met. Additionally, in designing disclosure controls and procedures, our management necessarily was required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible disclosure controls and procedures. The design of any system of controls also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.  

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of June 30, 2020, the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Based upon such evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of such date at the reasonable assurance level.  

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(b) Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There have not been any changes in our internal control over financial reporting during our fiscal quarter ended June 30, 2020 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.  

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

Securities Class Action

On July 30, 2019, plaintiff Linda Rosi, or Rosi, filed a putative class action complaint captioned Rosi v. Aclaris Therapeutics, Inc., et al. in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York against us and certain of our executive officers.  The complaint alleges that the defendants violated federal securities laws by, among other things, failing to disclose an alleged likelihood that regulators would scrutinize advertising materials related to ESKATA and find that the materials minimized the risks or overstated the efficacy of the product.  The complaint seeks unspecified compensatory damages on behalf of Rosi and all other persons and entities that purchased or otherwise acquired our securities between May 8, 2018 and June 20, 2019. 

On September 5, 2019, an additional plaintiff, Robert Fulcher, or Fulcher, filed a substantially identical putative class action complaint captioned Fulcher v. Aclaris Therapeutics, Inc., et al. in the same court against the same defendants.

On November 6, 2019, the court consolidated the Rosi and Fulcher actions, or together, the Consolidated Securities Action, and appointed Fulcher “lead plaintiff” for the putative class. 

On January 24, 2020, Fulcher filed a consolidated amended complaint in the Consolidated Securities Action, naming two additional executive officers as defendants, extending the putative class period to August 12, 2019, and adding allegations concerning, among other things, alleged statements and omissions throughout the putative class period concerning ESKATA’s risks, tolerability and effectiveness. The defendants filed a motion to dismiss the consolidated amended complaint on April 17, 2020. Fulcher filed an opposition to the defendants’ motion on June 15, 2020, and the defendants filed a reply to such opposition on August 4, 2020. The motion remains under judicial consideration.

We and the other defendants dispute plaintiffs’ claims in the Consolidated Securities Action and intend to defend the matter vigorously.

Stockholder Derivative Action

On November 15, 2019, plaintiff Keith Allred, or Allred, filed a derivative stockholder complaint captioned Allred v. Walker et al. in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York against certain of our directors and executive officers.  The complaint alleges that the defendants, among other things, breached their fiduciary duties as directors and/or officers in connection with the claims alleged in the Consolidated Securities Action.  The complaint seeks, among other things, unspecified compensatory damages on behalf of our company. 

On November 25, 2019, an additional plaintiff, Bruce Brown, or Brown, filed a substantially identical complaint captioned Brown v. Walker et al. in the same court against the same defendants.

On December 12, 2019, the court consolidated the Allred and Brown actions under the caption In re Aclaris Therapeutics, Inc. Derivative Litigation, or the Consolidated Derivative Action, and directed that future derivative cases filed in or transferred to the court arising out of substantially the same transactions or events be similarly consolidated.  Thereafter, on January 11, 2020, the court stayed – subject to certain conditions – all deadlines in the

42

Consolidated Derivative Action pending resolution of the defendants’ anticipated motion to dismiss the Consolidated Securities Action.

The defendants dispute plaintiffs’ claims in the Consolidated Derivative Action and intend to defend the matter vigorously.

In addition, from time to time, we are subject to litigation and claims arising in the ordinary course of business but, except as stated above, we are not currently a party to any material legal proceedings and we are not aware of any pending or threatened legal proceeding against us that we believe could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, cash flows or financial condition.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Our business is subject to risks and events that, if they occur, could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations and the trading price of our securities.  Except as noted below, our risk factors have not changed materially from those described in “Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019, filed with the SEC on February 25, 2020.

Risks Related to Our Business, Our Financial Position and Capital Needs

Our business has been adversely impacted and could continue to be adversely affected by the evolving and ongoing COVID-19 global pandemic in regions where we or third parties on which we rely have significant manufacturing facilities, concentrations of clinical trial sites or other business operations. The COVID-19 pandemic could adversely affect our operations, including at our headquarters, which is currently subject to a stay-at-home order, and at our clinical trial sites, as well as the business or operations of our manufacturers, CROs or other third parties with whom we conduct business.

Our business has been adversely affected by the effects of the recent and evolving COVID-19 pandemic, which was declared by the World Health Organization as a global pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in travel and other restrictions in order to reduce the spread of the disease, which, among other things, direct businesses and governmental agencies to cease non-essential operations at physical locations, prohibit certain non-essential gatherings, and order cessation of non-essential travel. In response to these public health directives and orders, we have implemented a virtual operations strategy, including telecommuting and other alternative work arrangements for all employees. The effects of our alternative work arrangement policies may negatively impact productivity, disrupt our business and delay our preclinical and clinical programs and timelines, the magnitude of which will depend, in part, on the length and severity of the restrictions and other limitations on our ability to conduct our business in the ordinary course. These and similar, and perhaps more severe, disruptions in our operations could negatively impact our business, operating results and financial condition.

Quarantines, executive and similar government orders, and business shutdowns, or the perception that such orders, shutdowns or other restrictions on the conduct of business operations could occur, related to COVID-19 or other infectious diseases could impact personnel at third-party manufacturing facilities in the United States and other countries, or the availability or cost of materials, which would disrupt our supply chain. Some of our third-party manufacturers which we use for the supply of materials for our drug candidates or other materials necessary to manufacture drug product to conduct preclinical studies and clinical trials are located in countries affected by COVID-19, and should they experience disruptions, such as temporary closures or suspension of services, we would likely experience delays in advancing these studies and trials.

In addition, our clinical trials have been and may continue to be affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Clinical site initiation and patient enrollment may be delayed due to prioritization of hospital resources toward the COVID-19 pandemic. Some subjects may not be able to comply with clinical trial protocols if quarantines impede patient movement

43

or interrupt healthcare services. Similarly, our ability to recruit and retain subjects and principal investigators and site staff who, as healthcare providers, may have heightened exposure to COVID-19, may adversely impact our clinical trial operations.  For example, in March 2020, we initiated a Phase 2a clinical trial of ATI-450 as a potential treatment for moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, we temporarily paused enrollment. We resumed enrolling subjects, and the first subject was dosed, in May 2020. At this time, we are actively recruiting for this trial. Given the continuing evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic, we now anticipate reporting data from this trial in the first half of 2021.

The spread of COVID-19, which has caused a broad impact globally, may materially affect us economically. While the potential economic impact brought by, and the duration of, COVID-19 may be difficult to assess or predict, a widespread pandemic could result in significant disruption of global financial markets, reducing our ability to access capital, which could in the future negatively affect our liquidity and impact our ability to make scheduled payments pursuant to our Loan and Security Agreement with SVB. In addition, a recession or market correction resulting from the further spread of COVID-19 could materially affect our business and the value of our common stock.

The global pandemic of COVID-19 continues to rapidly evolve. The extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic impacts our business, our preclinical and clinical development and our regulatory efforts will depend on future developments that are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, such as the geographic spread of the disease, the duration of the outbreak, travel restrictions, quarantines, stay-at-home orders, social distancing requirements and business closures and supply chain and other disruptions in the United States and other countries, and the effectiveness of actions taken in the United States and other countries to contain and treat the disease.  Accordingly, we do not yet know the full extent of the impacts on our business, our preclinical and clinical development and regulatory activities, healthcare systems or the global economy as a whole.  However, these impacts could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

In addition, to the extent the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic adversely affects our business and results of operations, it may also have the effect of heightening many of the other risks and uncertainties described in “Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019, filed with the SEC on February 25, 2020.

We may not be able to generate sufficient cash to service our indebtedness, including the Loan and Security Agreement with SVB.

In March 2020, we entered into the Loan and Security Agreement with SVB, pursuant to which we borrowed $11.0 million. Our obligations under the Loan and Security Agreement are secured by substantially all of our assets except for our intellectual property, and we may not encumber our intellectual property without SVB’s prior written consent. The Loan and Security Agreement contains customary representations, warranties and covenants by us, which covenants, among other things, limit our ability, subject to specified exceptions, to convey, sell, lease, transfer, assign or otherwise dispose of our assets; engage in any business other than the businesses currently engaged in by us or reasonably related thereto; liquidate or dissolve; undergo specified change of control events; create, incur, assume or be liable for indebtedness; create, incur, allow or suffer any liens on our property; pay dividends and make other restricted payments; make investments; or enter into any material transactions with our affiliates. Our obligations under the Loan and Security Agreement are subject to acceleration upon the occurrence of specified events of default, including a material adverse change in our business, operations or financial condition. We may also enter into other debt agreements in the future which may contain similar or more restrictive terms.

Our ability to make scheduled monthly payments or to refinance our debt obligations depends on numerous factors, including the amount of our cash reserves and our actual and projected financial and operating performance. These amounts and our performance are subject to certain financial and business factors, as well as prevailing economic and competitive conditions, including the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, some of which may be beyond our control. We cannot assure you that we will maintain a level of cash reserves or cash flows from operating activities sufficient to permit us to pay the principal, premium, if any, and interest on our existing or future indebtedness. If our cash flows and capital resources are insufficient to fund our debt service obligations, we may be forced to reduce or delay capital expenditures, sell assets or operations, seek additional capital or restructure or refinance our indebtedness. We cannot assure you that we

44

would be able to take any of these actions, or that these actions would permit us to meet our scheduled debt service obligations. Failure to comply with the covenants and conditions of the Loan and Security Agreement could result in an event of default, which could result in an acceleration of amounts due under the Loan and Security Agreement. We may not have sufficient funds or may be unable to arrange for additional financing to repay our indebtedness or to make any accelerated payments, and SVB could seek to enforce security interests in the collateral securing such indebtedness, which would harm our business.

Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock

Exclusive forum provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other employees.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the exclusive forum for the following types of actions or proceedings under Delaware statutory or common law: (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, (ii) any action asserting a claim for breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers or other employees to us or our stockholders, (iii) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation or our amended and restated bylaws or (iv) any action asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine. This provision would not apply to suits brought to enforce a duty or liability created by the Exchange Act. Furthermore, Section 22 of the Securities Act creates concurrent jurisdiction for federal and state courts over all such Securities Act actions. Accordingly, both state and federal courts have jurisdiction to entertain such claims. To prevent having to litigate claims in multiple jurisdictions and the threat of inconsistent or contrary rulings by different courts, among other considerations, our amended and restated bylaws provide the federal district courts of the United States of America will be the exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act. While the Delaware courts have determined that such choice of forum provisions are facially valid, a stockholder may nevertheless seek to bring a claim in a venue other than those designated in the exclusive forum provisions. In such instance, we would expect to vigorously assert the validity and enforceability of the exclusive forum provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and our amended and restated bylaws. This may require significant additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions and there can be no assurance that the provisions will be enforced by a court in those other jurisdictions.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws further provide any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in shares of our common stock is deemed to have notice of and consented to the foregoing provisions. These exclusive forum provisions may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or other employees, which may discourage lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and other employees. If a court were to find either exclusive-forum provision to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur further significant additional costs associated with resolving the dispute in other jurisdictions, all of which could seriously harm our business.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

None.

Item 6. Exhibits

Exhibit No.	Document
3.1	Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-37581), filed with the SEC on October 13, 2015).
3.2	Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-37581), filed with the SEC on June 24, 2020).

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10.1	Second Amendment to Sublease, dated as of April 29, 2020, by and between the Registrant and Auxilium Pharmaceuticals, LLC (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-37581), filed with the SEC on May 7, 2020).
10.2*#	First Amendment to Clinical and Commercial Supply Agreement, dated as of June 12, 2020, by and between the Registrant and PeroxyChem LLC.
31.1*	Certification of Principal Executive Officer under Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.
31.2*	Certification of Principal Financial Officer under Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.
32.1**	Certifications of Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer under Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.
101.INS	XBRL Instance Document (the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document)
101.SCH	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

*	Filed herewith.
**	These certifications are being furnished solely to accompany this quarterly report pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, and are not being filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act and are not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of the registrant, whether made before or after the date hereof, regardless of any general incorporation language in such filing.
#	Pursuant to Item 601(b)(10)(iv) of Regulation S-K promulgated by the SEC, certain portions of this exhibit have been redacted because such portions, indicated by asterisks, are both not material and would likely cause competitive harm to the Registrant if publicly disclosed. The Registrant hereby agrees to furnish supplementally to the SEC, upon its request, an unredacted copy of this exhibit.

46

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.  

	ACLARIS THERAPEUTICS, INC.
Date: August 7, 2020	By:	/s/ Neal Walker
		Neal Walker
		President and Chief Executive Officer
		(On behalf of the Registrant)
Date: August 7, 2020	By:	/s/ Frank Ruffo
		Frank Ruffo
		Chief Financial Officer
		(Principal Financial Officer)

47

EX-10.2

Exhibit 10.2

FIRST AMENDMENT TO
CLINICAL AND COMMERCIAL SUPPLY AGREEMENT

This FIRST AMENDMENT TO CLINICAL AND COMMERCIAL SUPPLY AGREEMENT is entered into as of June 12, 2020 (this “First Amendment”), by and between Aclaris Therapeutics, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Aclaris”), and PeroxyChem LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (“PeroxyChem”). Aclaris and PeroxyChem are sometimes referred to herein individually as a “Party” and collectively as the “Parties.”

RECITALS

WHEREAS, Aclaris and PeroxyChem are parties to that certain Clinical and Commercial Supply Agreement, effective as of August 6, 2014 (the “Agreement”);

WHEREAS, Aclaris and PeroxyChem desire to amend the Agreement as set forth in this First Amendment; and

WHEREAS, pursuant to Section 11.7 of the Agreement, the Agreement can be amended or modified only if made in writing and signed by an authorized representative of each of the Parties.

NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the foregoing premises and the representations, warranties, covenants and agreements contained herein, PeroxyChem and Aclaris, intending to be legally bound, hereby agree as set forth herein.

AGREEMENT

1.Defined Terms.  Capitalized terms used but not defined herein shall have the meanings given to them in the Agreement.

2.Amendment.  Section 6.1(a) of the Agreement is hereby deleted in its entirety and replaced with the following:

“(a)  Within five (5) calendar days from the completion of PeroxyChem’s update of its hydrogen peroxide DMF, and annually thereafter on April 1 until the expiration of the Term of this Agreement, Aclaris will pay PeroxyChem an annual fee of [***] to maintain the hydrogen peroxide DMF and for Facility and related fees incurred by PeroxyChem in connection with the maintenance of cGMPs for the API, provided that if Aclaris requires the manufacture of API for any such annual period, then Aclaris shall pay PeroxyChem an additional [***] for such period. On an annual basis, the Parties agree to meet to discuss whether or not an adjustment to such fee is necessary as a result of an increase or decrease in Regulatory Authority or Third Party costs related to the maintenance of the hydrogen peroxide DMF, Facility and/or related fees.”

The Parties agree that the amendment to Section 6.1(a) above shall be effective commencing with the annual period beginning on April 1, 2020.

1

CERTAIN IDENTIFIED INFORMATION HAS BEEN EXCLUDED FROM THIS EXHIBIT BECAUSE IT IS BOTH (I) NOT MATERIAL AND (II) WOULD BE COMPETITIVELY HARMFUL IF PUBLICLY DISCLOSED. OMISSIONS ARE DESIGNATED [***]

3.Miscellaneous.  Except as expressly provided in this First Amendment, all other terms and conditions of the Agreement remain in full force and effect. If there is a conflict between this First Amendment and the Agreement, the terms of this First Amendment will prevail.

[Remainder of page intentionally left blank; signatures appear on following page.]

2

CERTAIN IDENTIFIED INFORMATION HAS BEEN EXCLUDED FROM THIS EXHIBIT BECAUSE IT IS BOTH (I) NOT MATERIAL AND (II) WOULD BE COMPETITIVELY HARMFUL IF PUBLICLY DISCLOSED. OMISSIONS ARE DESIGNATED [***]

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Parties have executed this First Amendment as of the date first above written.

PEROXYCHEM LLC

By:/s/ Stephanie Montag​ ​​ ​

Name:  Stephanie Montag

Title:  VP, PeroxyChem Specialties

ACLARIS THERAPEUTICS, INC.

By:​ ​/s/ Neal Walker​ ​​ ​​ ​

Name:  Neal Walker

Title:  President & CEO

[Signature Page to First Amendment to Clinical and Commercial Supply Agreement]

CERTAIN IDENTIFIED INFORMATION HAS BEEN EXCLUDED FROM THIS EXHIBIT BECAUSE IT IS BOTH (I) NOT MATERIAL AND (II) WOULD BE COMPETITIVELY HARMFUL IF PUBLICLY DISCLOSED. OMISSIONS ARE DESIGNATED [***]

EX-31.1

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER

PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Neal Walker, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2020 of Aclaris Therapeutics, Inc. (the “registrant”);

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: August 7, 2020

/s/ Neal Walker

Neal Walker

President and Chief Executive Officer

(principal executive officer)

EX-31.2

Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER

PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Frank Ruffo, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2020 of Aclaris Therapeutics, Inc. (the “registrant”);

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: August 7, 2020

/s/ Frank Ruffo

Frank Ruffo

Chief Financial Officer

(principal financial officer)

EX-32.1

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATIONS OF

PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER AND PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER

PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

Pursuant to the requirement set forth in Rule 13a-14(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, (the “Exchange Act”) and Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code (18 U.S.C. §1350), Neal Walker, President and Chief Executive Officer of Aclaris Therapeutics, Inc. (the “Company”), and Frank Ruffo, Chief Financial Officer of the Company, each hereby certifies that, to the best of his knowledge:

1. The Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2020, to which this Certification is attached as Exhibit 32.1 (the “Periodic Report”), fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act; and

2. The information contained in the Periodic Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned have set their hands hereto as of the 7^th day of August, 2020.

/s/ Neal Walker	/s/ Frank Ruffo
Neal Walker	Frank Ruffo
President and Chief Executive Officer (principal executive officer)	Chief Financial Officer (principal financial officer)

* This certification accompanies the Form 10-Q to which it relates, is not deemed filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and is not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of Aclaris Therapeutics, Inc. under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Exchange Act (whether made before or after the date of the Form 10-Q), irrespective of any general incorporation language contained in such filing.

XML

Document and Entity Information - shares	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2020	Aug. 06, 2020
Document and Entity Information
Document Type	10-Q
Document Quarterly Report	true
Document Transition Report	false
Document Period End Date	Jun. 30, 2020
Entity File Number	001-37581
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	DE
Entity Address, Address Line One	640 Lee Road, Suite 200
Entity Tax Identification Number	46-0571712
Entity Address, City or Town	Wayne
Entity Address, State or Province	PA
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	19087
City Area Code	484
Local Phone Number	324-7933
Title of 12(b) Security	Common Stock
Trading Symbol	ACRS
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ
Entity Registrant Name	Aclaris Therapeutics, Inc.
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	true
Entity Emerging Growth Company	true
Entity Ex Transition Period	true
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		42,722,780
Entity Central Index Key	0001557746
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2020
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q2
Amendment Flag	false

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 32,587	$ 35,937
Marketable securities	35,528	39,078
Accounts receivable, net	775	704
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	2,065	3,118
Discontinued operations - current assets		4,966
Total current assets	70,955	83,803
Property and equipment, net	2,230	2,470
Intangible assets	7,161	7,199
Other assets	4,653	4,825
Total assets	84,999	98,297
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	5,502	9,917
Accrued expenses	9,344	7,721
Current portion of lease liabilities	610	637
Discontinued operations - current liabilities	2,289	4,157
Total current liabilities	17,745	22,432
Other liabilities	3,331	3,736
Long-term debt, net	10,573
Contingent consideration	3,435	1,668
Deferred tax liability	549	549
Total liabilities	35,633	28,385
Stockholders' Equity:
Preferred stock, $0.00001 par value; 10,000,000 shares authorized and no shares issued or outstanding at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019
Common stock, $0.00001 par value; 100,000,000 shares authorized at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019; 42,691,114 and 41,485,638 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively
Additional paidin capital	530,061	523,505
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	15	(66)
Accumulated deficit	(480,710)	(453,527)
Total stockholders' equity	49,366	69,912
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$ 84,999	$ 98,297

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Parenthetical) - $ / shares	Jun. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.00001	$ 0.00001
Preferred stock, shares authorized	10,000,000	10,000,000
Preferred stock, shares issued	0	0
Preferred stock, shares outstanding	0	0
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.00001	$ 0.00001
Common stock, shares authorized	100,000,000	100,000,000
Common stock, shares issued	42,691,114	41,485,638
Common stock, shares outstanding	42,691,114	41,485,638

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2019
Revenue, net	$ 2,046	$ 886	$ 3,453	$ 2,149
Costs and expenses:
Cost of revenue	1,389	994	2,658	2,201
Research and development	6,466	17,519	15,909	37,161
General and administrative	5,572	7,469	11,773	14,926
Goodwill impairment		18,504		18,504
Total costs and expenses	13,427	44,486	30,340	72,792
Loss from operations	(11,381)	(43,600)	(26,887)	(70,643)
Other income (expense), net	(189)	(85)	(11)	(315)
Loss from continuing operations	(11,570)	(43,685)	(26,898)	(70,958)
Loss from discontinued operations	(27)	(6,191)	(285)	(16,483)
Net loss	$ (11,597)	$ (49,876)	$ (27,183)	$ (87,441)
Net loss per share, basic and diluted	$ (0.28)	$ (1.21)	$ (0.65)	$ (2.12)
Weighted average common shares outstanding, basic and diluted (in shares)	42,133,646	41,274,808	41,876,037	41,261,808
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Unrealized gain (loss) on marketable securities, net of tax of $0	$ (37)	$ 30	$ 23	$ 64
Foreign currency translation adjustments	5	27	58	13
Total other comprehensive income (loss)	(32)	57	81	77
Comprehensive loss	(11,629)	(49,819)	(27,102)	(87,364)
Contract research
Revenue, net	1,853	$ 886	3,042	$ 2,149
Other revenue
Revenue, net	$ 193		$ 411

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CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2019
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
Unrealized gain (loss) on marketable securities, tax	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0

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CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY - USD ($)	Common Stock	Additional Paid-in Capital	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)	Accumulated Deficit	Total
Balance at beginning of period at Dec. 31, 2018		$ 507,366,000	$ (69,000)	$ (292,173,000)	$ 215,124,000
Balance at beginning of period (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2018	41,210,725
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
Vesting of restricted stock units		(188,000)			(188,000)
Vesting of restricted stock units, shares	58,918
Unrealized gain (loss) on marketable securities			34,000		34,000
Foreign currency translation adjustment			(14,000)		(14,000)
Stock-based compensation expense		4,862,000			4,862,000
Net loss				(37,565,000)	(37,565,000)
Balance at end of period at Mar. 31, 2019		512,040,000	(49,000)	(329,738,000)	182,253,000
Balance at end of period (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2019	41,269,643
Balance at beginning of period at Dec. 31, 2018		507,366,000	(69,000)	(292,173,000)	215,124,000
Balance at beginning of period (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2018	41,210,725
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
Unrealized gain (loss) on marketable securities					64,000
Net loss					(87,441,000)
Balance at end of period at Jun. 30, 2019		516,836,000	8,000	(379,614,000)	137,230,000
Balance at end of period (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2019	41,278,570
Balance at beginning of period at Mar. 31, 2019		512,040,000	(49,000)	(329,738,000)	182,253,000
Balance at beginning of period (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2019	41,269,643
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
Vesting of restricted stock units		(18,000)			(18,000)
Vesting of restricted stock units, shares	8,927
Unrealized gain (loss) on marketable securities			30,000		30,000
Foreign currency translation adjustment			27,000		27,000
Stock-based compensation expense		4,814,000			4,814,000
Net loss				(49,876,000)	(49,876,000)
Balance at end of period at Jun. 30, 2019		516,836,000	8,000	(379,614,000)	137,230,000
Balance at end of period (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2019	41,278,570
Balance at beginning of period at Dec. 31, 2019		523,505,000	(66,000)	(453,527,000)	$ 69,912,000
Balance at beginning of period (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2019	41,485,638				41,485,638
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
Vesting of restricted stock units		(121,000)			$ (121,000)
Vesting of restricted stock units, shares	346,582
Fair value of warrants issued		378,000			378,000
Unrealized gain (loss) on marketable securities			60,000		60,000
Foreign currency translation adjustment			53,000		53,000
Stock-based compensation expense		3,453,000			3,453,000
Net loss				(15,586,000)	(15,586,000)
Balance at end of period at Mar. 31, 2020		527,215,000	47,000	(469,113,000)	58,149,000
Balance at end of period (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2020	41,832,220
Balance at beginning of period at Dec. 31, 2019		523,505,000	(66,000)	(453,527,000)	$ 69,912,000
Balance at beginning of period (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2019	41,485,638				41,485,638
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
Unrealized gain (loss) on marketable securities					$ 23,000
Net loss					(27,183,000)
Balance at end of period at Jun. 30, 2020		530,061,000	15,000	(480,710,000)	$ 49,366,000
Balance at end of period (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2020	42,691,114				42,691,114
Balance at beginning of period at Mar. 31, 2020		527,215,000	47,000	(469,113,000)	$ 58,149,000
Balance at beginning of period (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2020	41,832,220
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
Vesting of restricted stock units	$ 858,894	(463,000)			(463,000)
Unrealized gain (loss) on marketable securities			(37,000)		(37,000)
Foreign currency translation adjustment			5,000		5,000
Stock-based compensation expense		3,309,000			3,309,000
Net loss				(11,597,000)	(11,597,000)
Balance at end of period at Jun. 30, 2020		$ 530,061,000	$ 15,000	$ (480,710,000)	$ 49,366,000
Balance at end of period (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2020	42,691,114				42,691,114

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CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2019
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss	$ (27,183)	$ (87,441)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	1,182	4,457
Stock-based compensation expense	6,762	9,676
Change in fair value of contingent consideration	1,767	734
Goodwill impairment charge		18,504
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	4,895	(14,509)
Prepaid expenses and other assets	890	2,579
Accounts payable	(6,026)	(583)
Accrued expenses	87	13,887
Net cash used in operating activities	(17,626)	(52,696)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of property and equipment	(141)	(525)
Purchases of marketable securities	(27,139)	(89,407)
Proceeds from sales and maturities of marketable securities	30,735	117,500
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	3,455	27,568
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from debt financing (including warrants), net of issuance costs	10,913
Finance lease payments	(92)	(240)
Proceeds from exercise of employee stock options and the issuance of stock		3
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities	10,821	(237)
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents	(3,350)	(25,365)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period	35,937	57,019
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period	32,587	31,654
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing and financing activities:
Additions to property and equipment included in accounts payable	$ 339	392
Operating lease asset recorded as a result of new accounting standard		$ 2,132

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Organization and Nature of Business

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Organization and Nature of Business

Organization and Nature of Business

1. Organization and Nature of Business

Overview

Aclaris Therapeutics, Inc. was incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware in 2012.  In July 2015, Aclaris Therapeutics International Limited (“ATIL”) was established under the laws of the United Kingdom as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Aclaris Therapeutics, Inc.  In August 2017, Confluence Life Sciences, Inc. (now known as Aclaris Life Sciences, Inc.) (“Confluence”) was acquired by Aclaris Therapeutics, Inc. and became a wholly-owned subsidiary thereof.  Aclaris Therapeutics, Inc., ATIL and Confluence are referred to collectively as the “Company.”  The Company is a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on developing novel drug candidates for immuno-inflammatory diseases. The Company currently has a pipeline of drug candidates focused on immuno-inflammatory diseases, as well as one product approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) that it is not currently distributing, marketing or selling, and other investigational drug candidates.  In September 2019, the Company announced the completion of a strategic review of its business, as a result of which it refocused its resources on its immuno-inflammatory development programs.  The Company is pursuing strategic alternatives, including identifying and consummating transactions with third-party partners, to further develop, obtain marketing approval for and/or commercialize its drug candidates and ESKATA (hydrogen peroxide) topical solution, 40% (w/w) (“ESKATA”), the Company’s non-marketed FDA-approved product.  

Liquidity

The Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the basis of continuity of operations, realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the ordinary course of business.  As of June 30, 2020, the Company had cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash and marketable securities of $68,115 and an accumulated deficit of $480,710. Since inception, the Company has incurred net losses and negative cash flows from its operations.  Prior to the acquisition of Confluence in August 2017, the Company had never generated revenue.  There can be no assurance that profitable operations will ever be achieved, and, if achieved, will be sustained on a continuing basis.  In addition, development activities, including clinical and preclinical testing of the Company’s drug candidates, will require significant additional financing.  The future viability of the Company is dependent on its ability to successfully develop its drug candidates and to generate revenue from identifying and consummating transactions with third-party partners to further develop, obtain marketing approval for and/or commercialize its development assets or to raise additional capital to finance its operations.  The Company will require additional capital to complete the clinical development of ATI-450 and ATI-1777, to develop its preclinical compounds, and to support its discovery efforts.  Additional funds may not be available on a timely basis, on commercially acceptable terms, or at all, and such funds, if raised, may not be sufficient to enable the Company to continue to implement its long-term business strategy.  The Company’s ability to raise additional capital may be adversely impacted by potential worsening global economic conditions and the recent disruptions to, and volatility in, the credit and financial markets in the United States and worldwide resulting from the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.  If the Company is unable to raise sufficient additional capital or generate revenue from transactions with third-party partners for the development and/or commercialization of its drug candidates, it may need to substantially curtail planned operations. The Company’s failure to raise capital as and when needed could have a negative impact on its financial condition and ability to pursue its business strategies.  

In accordance with Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2014-15, Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern (Subtopic 205-40), the Company has evaluated whether there are conditions and events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that its consolidated financial statements are issued.  As of the report date, the Company believes the actions described below are probable of being implemented effectively and of alleviating the conditions or events that exist which raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date of the issuance of these condensed consolidated financial statements.  The Company believes its existing

cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities are sufficient to fund its operating and capital expenditure requirements for a period greater than 12 months from the date of issuance of these condensed consolidated financial statements.  

The Company has taken a number of actions to support its operations and meet its liquidity needs.  In September 2019, the Company announced the completion of a strategic review and its decision to refocus its resources on its immuno-inflammatory development programs and to pursue strategic alternatives, including identifying and consummating transactions with third-party partners, to further develop, obtain marketing approval for and/or commercialize its drug candidates and ESKATA.  As a result of this decision, the Company restructured its operations and terminated employees, which lowered operating costs.  In October 2019, the Company sold the worldwide rights to RHOFADE (oxymetazoline hydrochloride) cream, 1% (“RHOFADE”) to further its focus on its development programs and improve cash flow.  In March 2020, the Company borrowed $11,000 under a term loan facility with Silicon Valley Bank.

The Company’s plans to further alleviate the substantial doubt about its going concern, which are probable of effectively being implemented and mitigating these conditions, primarily include its ability to control the timing and spending on its research and development programs.  The Company may also consider other plans to fund its operations including: (1) raising additional capital through debt or equity financings; (2) identifying third-party partners to further develop, obtain marketing approval for and/or commercialize its drug candidates and ESKATA, which may generate revenue and/or milestone payments; (3) reducing spending on one or more research and development programs by delaying or discontinuing development; and/or (4) further restructuring its operations to change its overhead structure. Finally, additional funds may not be available on a timely basis, on commercially acceptable terms, or at all, and such funds, if raised, may not be sufficient to enable the Company to continue to implement its long-term business strategy.

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”).  The condensed consolidated financial statements of the Company include the accounts of the operating parent company, Aclaris Therapeutics, Inc., and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, ATIL and Confluence.  All significant intercompany transactions have been eliminated.  Based upon the revenue from contract research services, the Company believes that gross profit does not provide a meaningful measure of profitability and, therefore, has not included a line item for gross profit on the condensed consolidated statement of operations.  

Discontinued Operations

In September 2019, the Company announced the completion of a strategic review and its decision to refocus its resources on its immuno-inflammatory development programs and to actively seek partners for its commercial products.  

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been recast for all periods presented to reflect the assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses related to the Company’s commercial products as discontinued operations (see Note 15).  

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting periods.  Significant estimates and assumptions reflected in these financial statements include, but are not limited to, research and development expenses, contingent consideration and the valuation of stock-based awards.  Estimates are periodically reviewed in light of changes in circumstances, facts and experience.  The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a global slowdown of economic activity.  As of the date of issuance of these financial statements, the Company is not aware of any specific event

or circumstance that would require an update to its estimates, assumptions and judgments or revise the carrying value of its assets or liabilities.  Actual results could differ from the Company’s estimates.

Unaudited Interim Financial Information

The accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet as of June 30, 2020, the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, the condensed consolidated statement of stockholders’ equity for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, and the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 are unaudited. The unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the audited annual financial statements contained in the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on February 25, 2020 and, in the opinion of management, reflect all adjustments, which include only normal recurring adjustments necessary for the fair statement of the Company’s financial position as of June 30, 2020, the results of its operations and comprehensive loss for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, its changes in stockholders’ equity for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 and its cash flows for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019.  The condensed consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2019 was derived from audited financial statements but does not include all disclosures required by GAAP.  The financial data and other information disclosed in these notes related to the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 are unaudited. The results for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for the year ending December 31, 2020, any other interim periods, or any future year or period.  The unaudited interim financial statements of the Company included herein have been prepared, pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted from this report, as is permitted by such rules and regulations. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2019 included in the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 25, 2020.  

Significant Accounting Policies

The Company’s significant accounting policies are disclosed in the audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2019 included in the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 25, 2020.

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

The Company considers all short-term, highly liquid investments with original maturities of 90 days or less at acquisition date to be cash equivalents.  Cash equivalents, which have consisted of money market accounts, commercial paper and corporate debt securities with original maturities of less than three months, are stated at fair value.  Restricted cash as of June 30, 2020 consisted of $1,753 placed in escrow pursuant to the asset purchase agreement with EPI Health, LLC (“EPI Health”) (see Note 13 for additional information).

Revenue Recognition

The Company accounts for revenue in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers.  Under ASC Topic 606, revenue is recognized when a customer obtains control of promised goods or services in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services.  

To determine revenue recognition in accordance with ASC Topic 606, the Company performs the following five steps: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer, (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (iii) determine the transaction price, (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) performance obligations are satisfied.  At contract inception, the Company assesses the goods or services promised within a contract with a customer to identify the performance obligations, and to determine if they are distinct.  The Company recognizes the revenue that is allocated to each distinct performance obligation when (or as) that

performance obligation is satisfied.  The Company only recognizes revenue when collection of the consideration it is entitled to under a contract with a customer is probable.  

Contract Research

The Company earns contract research revenue from the provision of laboratory services to clients through Confluence, its wholly-owned subsidiary.  Contract research revenue is generally evidenced by contracts with clients which are on an agreed upon fixed-price, fee-for-service basis and are generally billed on a monthly basis in arrears for services rendered.  Revenue related to these contracts is generally recognized as the laboratory services are performed, based upon the rates specified in the contracts.  Under ASC Topic 606, the Company elected to apply the “right to invoice” practical expedient when recognizing contract research revenue.  The Company recognizes contract research revenue in the amount to which it has the right to invoice.  

Other Revenue

Licenses of Intellectual Property – The Company recognizes revenue received from non-refundable, upfront fees related to the licensing of intellectual property when the intellectual property is determined to be distinct from the other performance obligations identified in the arrangement, the license has been transferred to the customer, and the customer is able to use and benefit from the license.  

Milestone Payments – At the inception of each arrangement that includes milestone payments, the Company evaluates whether the milestones are considered probable of being reached and estimates the amount to be included in the transaction price using the most likely amount method.  If it is probable that a significant revenue reversal would not occur, the associated milestone value is included in the amount allocated to the license of intellectual property.  Milestone payments that are not within the control of the Company or the customer, such as regulatory approvals, are not considered probable of being achieved until those approvals are received.  

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets include both definite-lived and indefinite-lived assets.  Definite-lived intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful life based on the pattern over which the intangible assets are consumed or otherwise used up.  If that pattern cannot be reliably determined, the straight-line method of amortization is used.  Definite-lived intangible assets consist of a research technology platform the Company acquired through the acquisition of Confluence.  Indefinite-lived intangible assets consist of an in-process research and development (“IPR&D”) drug candidate acquired through the acquisition of Confluence.  IPR&D assets are considered indefinite-lived until the completion or abandonment of the associated research and development efforts.  The cost of IPR&D is either amortized over its estimated useful life beginning when the underlying drug candidate is approved and launched commercially, or expensed immediately if development of the drug candidate is abandoned.  

Definite-lived intangible assets are tested for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the asset may not be recoverable.  Indefinite-lived intangible assets are tested for impairment at least annually, which the Company performs during the fourth quarter, or when indicators of an impairment are present.  The Company recognizes impairment losses when and to the extent that the estimated fair value of an intangible asset is less than its carrying value.  

Leases

Leases represent a company’s right to use an underlying asset and a corresponding obligation to make payments to a lessor for the right to use those assets.  The Company evaluates leases at their inception to determine if they are an operating lease or a finance lease.  A lease is accounted for as a finance lease if it meets one of the following five criteria: the lease has a purchase option that is reasonably certain of being exercised, the present value of the future cash flows are substantially all of the fair market value of the underlying asset, the lease term is for a significant portion of the remaining economic life of the underlying asset, the title to the underlying asset transfers at the end of the lease term, or if the

underlying asset is of such a specialized nature that it is expected to have no alternative uses to the lessor at the end of the term.  Leases that do not meet the finance lease criteria are accounted for as an operating lease.  

The Company recognizes assets and liabilities for leases at their inception based upon the present value of all payments due under the lease.  The Company uses an implicit interest rate to determine the present value of finance leases, and its incremental borrowing rate to determine the present value of operating leases.  The Company determines incremental borrowing rates by referencing collateralized borrowing rates for debt instruments with terms similar to the respective lease.  The Company recognizes expense for operating and finance leases on a straight-line basis over the term of each lease, and interest expense related to finance leases is recognized over the lease term based on the effective interest method.  The Company includes estimates for any residual value guarantee obligations under its leases in lease liabilities recorded on its condensed consolidated balance sheet.  

Right-of-use assets are included in other assets and property and equipment, net on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheet for operating and finance leases, respectively.  Obligations for lease payments are included in current portion of lease liabilities and other liabilities on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheet for both operating and finance leases.  

Contingent Consideration

The Company initially recorded a contingent consideration liability related to future potential payments based upon the achievement of certain development, regulatory and commercial milestones, as well as future projected sales performance, resulting from the acquisition of Confluence, at its estimated fair value on the date of acquisition.  The ultimate amount of future payments, if any, is based on criteria such as sales performance and the achievement of certain regulatory and sales milestones.  The Company estimates the fair value of the contingent consideration liability related to the achievement of regulatory milestones by assigning an achievement probability to each potential milestone and discounting the associated cash payment to its present value using a risk-adjusted rate of return.  The Company estimates the fair value of the contingent consideration liability associated with sales milestones and royalties by estimating future sales levels, assigning an achievement probability and discounting the associated cash payment amounts to their present values using a credit-risk-adjusted interest rate.  Significant assumptions used in the Company’s estimates include the probability of success of achieving regulatory and sales milestones, which are based upon an asset’s current stage of development and ranged between 4% and 15%.  The Company evaluates fair value estimates of contingent consideration liabilities on a periodic basis.  Any change in fair value reflects new information about the likelihood of the payment of the contingent consideration and the passage of time. For example, if the timing of the development of an acquired drug candidate, or the size of potential commercial opportunities related to an acquired drug, differ from the Company’s assumptions, then the fair value of contingent consideration would be adjusted accordingly. Future changes in the fair value of the contingent consideration, if any, will be recorded as income or expense in the Company’s condensed consolidated statement of operations.  

Concentration of Credit Risk and of Significant Suppliers

Financial instruments that potentially expose the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities. The Company holds all cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities balances at one accredited financial institution, in amounts that exceed federally insured limits. The Company does not believe that it is subject to unusual credit risk beyond the normal credit risk associated with commercial banking relationships.

The Company is dependent on third-party manufacturers to supply drug product, including all underlying components, for its research and development activities, including preclinical and clinical testing.  These activities could be adversely affected by a significant interruption in the supply of active pharmaceutical ingredients or other components.  

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU 2018-18, Collaborative Arrangements (Topic 808): Clarifying the Interaction Between Topic 808 and Topic 606, which, among other things, provides guidance on how to assess whether certain collaborative arrangement transactions should be accounted for under Topic 606.  The amendments in this ASU are effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019.  The Company adopted this standard as of January 1, 2020, the impact of which on its consolidated financial statements was not significant.  

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40).  ASU 2018-15 requires a customer in a cloud computing arrangement that is a service contract to follow the internal-use software guidance in ASC 350-40 to determine which implementation costs to capitalize as assets or expense as incurred.  The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within such fiscal years.  The Company adopted this standard as of January 1, 2020, the impact of which on its consolidated financial statements was not significant.  

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820).  The FASB developed the amendments to ASC 820 as part of its broader disclosure framework project, which aims to improve the effectiveness of disclosures in the notes to financial statements by focusing on requirements that clearly communicate the most important information to users of the financial statements.  This update eliminates certain disclosure requirements for fair value measurements for all entities, requires public entities to disclose certain new information and modifies some of the existing disclosure requirements.  The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within such fiscal years.  The Company adopted this standard as of January 1, 2020, the impact of which on its consolidated financial statements was not significant.  

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Fair Value of Financial Assets and Liabilities

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Fair Value of Financial Assets and Liabilities

Fair Value of Financial Assets and Liabilities

3. Fair Value of Financial Assets and Liabilities

The following tables present information about the fair value measurements of the Company’s financial assets and liabilities which are measured at fair value on a recurring and non-recurring basis, and indicate the level of the fair value hierarchy utilized to determine such fair values:

	June 30, 2020
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets:
Cash equivalents	$	16,754	$	—	$	—	$	16,754
Marketable securities		—		35,528		—		35,528
Total assets	$	16,754	$	35,528	$	—	$	52,282
Liabilities:
Acquisition-related contingent consideration	$	—	$	—	$	3,435	$	3,435
Total liabilities	$	—	$	—	$	3,435	$	3,435

	December 31, 2019
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets:
Cash equivalents	$	21,277	$	—	$	—	$	21,277
Marketable securities		—		39,078		—		39,078
Total assets	$	21,277	$	39,078	$	—	$	60,355
Liabilities:
Acquisition-related contingent consideration	$	—	$	—	$	1,668	$	1,668
Total liabilities	$	—	$	—	$	1,668	$	1,668

As of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Company’s cash equivalents consisted of investments with maturities of less than three months and included a money market fund, which was valued based upon Level 1 inputs, and the Company’s marketable securities consisted of investments with maturities of more than three months and included commercial paper, corporate debt, asset-backed securities and government obligations, which were valued based upon Level 2 inputs.  In determining the fair value of its Level 2 investments, the Company relied on quoted prices for identical securities in markets that are not active. These quoted prices were obtained by the Company with the assistance of a third-party pricing service based on available trade, bid and other observable market data for identical securities.  Quarterly, the Company compares the quoted prices obtained from the third-party pricing service to other available independent pricing information to validate the reasonableness of the quoted prices provided.  The Company evaluates whether adjustments to third-party pricing is necessary and, historically, the Company has not made adjustments to quoted prices obtained from the third-party pricing service.  During the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, there were no transfers between Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3.  The increase in contingent consideration of $1,767 during the six months ended June 30, 2020 was the result of updates to the Company’s assumptions as a result of the successful completion of a Phase 1 clinical trial for ATI-450.  

As of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the fair value of the Company’s available for sale marketable securities by type of security was as follows:

	June 30, 2020
			Gross		Gross
	Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized		Fair
	Cost		Gain		Loss		Value
Marketable securities:
Corporate debt securities	$	5,688	$	2	$	—	$	5,690
Commercial paper		15,768		—		—		15,768
Asset-backed securities		1,408		—		(1)		1,407
U.S. government agency debt securities		12,637		26		—		12,663
Total marketable securities	$	35,501	$	28	$	(1)	$	35,528

	December 31, 2019
			Gross		Gross
	Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized		Fair
	Cost		Gain		Loss		Value
Marketable securities:
Corporate debt securities	$	7,815	$	2	$	—	$	7,817
Commercial paper		15,129		—		—		15,129
Asset-backed securities		8,004		4		—		8,008
U.S. government agency debt securities		8,126		1		(3)		8,124
Total marketable securities	$	39,074	$	7	$	(3)	$	39,078

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Property and Equipment, Net

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Property and Equipment, Net

Property and Equipment, Net

4. Property and Equipment, Net

Property and equipment, net consisted of the following:

		June 30,		December 31,
	2020		2019
Computer equipment	$	1,317	$	1,315
Finance lease right-of-use assets		435		435
Lab equipment		1,292		1,250
Furniture and fixtures		647		647
Leasehold improvements		1,200		889
Property and equipment, gross		4,891		4,536
Accumulated depreciation		(2,661)		(2,066)
Property and equipment, net	$	2,230	$	2,470

Depreciation expense was $297 and $393 for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and $595 and $795 for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.  

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Intangible Assets

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Intangible Assets

Intangible Assets

5. Intangible Assets

Intangible assets consisted of the following:

		Gross Cost				Accumulated Amortization
	Remaining		June 30,		December 31,		June 30,		December 31,
	Life (years)	2020		2019		2020		2019
Other intangible assets	7.1		751		751		219		181
Total definite-lived intangible assets			751		751		219		181
IPR&D	na		6,629		6,629		—		—
Total intangible assets		$	7,380	$	7,380	$	219	$	181

As of June 30, 2020, estimated future amortization expense is as follows:

Year Ending December 31,
2020	$	37
2021		75
2022		75
2023		75
2024		75
Thereafter		195
Total	$	532

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Accrued Expenses

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Accrued Expenses

Accrued Expenses

6. Accrued Expenses

Accrued expenses consisted of the following:

		June 30,		December 31,
	2020		2019
Employee compensation expenses	$	2,489	$	3,321
Research and development expenses		1,134		2,857
Professional fees		112		168
Payable to EPI Health		4,950		—
Other		659		1,375
Total accrued expenses	$	9,344	$	7,721

Payable to EPI Health

As of June 30, 2020, the Company had $4,950 payable to EPI Health (see Note 15 for additional information).

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Debt

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Debt

Debt

7. Debt

Loan and Security Agreement – Silicon Valley Bank

In March 2020, the Company entered into a Loan and Security Agreement with Silicon Valley Bank (“SVB”).  The Loan and Security Agreement provides for $11,000 in term loans, of which the Company borrowed the entire amount on March 30, 2020.  The Loan and Security Agreement is secured by substantially all of the assets of the Company other than intellectual property.  In connection with the Loan and Security Agreement, the Company issued to SVB a warrant to purchase up to 460,251 shares of common stock (the “Warrant”).  The proceeds of the Loan and Security Agreement were allocated to the term loan and Warrant using a relative fair value approach.  

The term loan repayment schedule provides for interest only payments beginning April 1, 2020 and continuing through March 1, 2022, followed by 24 consecutive equal monthly installments of principal, plus monthly payments of accrued interest, starting on April 1, 2022 and continuing through the maturity date of March 1, 2024. All outstanding principal and accrued and unpaid interest will be due and payable on the maturity date.  The Loan and Security Agreement provides for an annual interest rate equal to the greater of (i) the prime rate then in effect as reported in The Wall Street Journal plus 2% and (ii) 6.75%.  

The Loan and Security Agreement includes a final payment fee equal to 5% of the original principal amount borrowed.  The Company has the option to prepay the outstanding balance of the term loans in full, subject to a prepayment premium of (i) 3% of the original principal amount borrowed for any prepayment on or prior to the first anniversary of March 30, 2020, (ii) 2% of the original principal amount borrowed for any prepayment after the first anniversary and on or before the second anniversary of March 30, 2020 or (iii) 1% of the original principal amount borrowed for any prepayment after the second anniversary of March 30, 2020 but before March 1, 2024.  

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Stockholders' Equity

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Stockholders' Equity

Stockholders' Equity

8. Stockholders’ Equity

Preferred Stock

As of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Company’s amended and restated certificate of incorporation authorized the Company to issue 10,000,000 shares of undesignated preferred stock.  There were no shares of preferred stock outstanding as of June 30, 2020 or December 31, 2019.

Common Stock

As of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Company’s amended and restated certificate of incorporation authorized the Company to issue 100,000,000 shares of $0.00001 par value common stock.

Each share of common stock entitles the holder to one vote on all matters submitted to a vote of the Company’s stockholders. Common stockholders are entitled to receive dividends, as may be declared by the board of directors, if any, subject to any preferential dividend rights of any series of preferred stock that may be outstanding. No dividends have been declared through June 30, 2020.  

Warrants

In connection with the Loan and Security Agreement with SVB, the Company issued the Warrant to SVB.  The Warrant has an initial exercise price of $0.956 per share, subject to adjustment as provided in the Warrant. The Warrant became immediately exercisable in full upon the funding of the term loan facility. The Warrant will terminate, if not earlier exercised, on the earlier of March 29, 2030 and the closing of certain merger or other transactions in which the consideration is cash, stock of a publicly-traded acquirer or a combination thereof. The Company assigned a fair value of

$378 to the Warrant using a Black-Scholes valuation methodology, and also concluded that the Warrant was indexed to its own stock and therefore classified the Warrant as an equity instrument.  

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Stock-Based Awards

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Stock-Based Awards

Stock-Based Awards

9. Stock-Based Awards

2015 Equity Incentive Plan

In September 2015, the Company’s board of directors adopted the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2015 Plan”), and the Company’s stockholders approved the 2015 Plan. The 2015 Plan became effective in connection with the Company’s initial public offering in October 2015.  Beginning at the time the 2015 Plan became effective, no further grants may be made under the Company’s 2012 Equity Compensation Plan, as amended and restated (the “2012 Plan”).  The 2015 Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options, nonqualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, restricted stock unit (“RSU”) awards, performance stock awards, cash-based awards and other stock-based awards. The number of shares initially reserved for issuance under the 2015 Plan was 1,643,872 shares of common stock. The number of shares of common stock that may be issued under the 2015 Plan will automatically increase on January 1 of each year ending on January 1, 2025, in an amount equal to the lesser of (i) 4.0% of the shares of the Company’s common stock outstanding on December 31 of the preceding calendar year or (ii) an amount determined by the Company’s board of directors. The shares of common stock underlying any awards that expire, are otherwise terminated, settled in cash or repurchased by the Company under the 2015 Plan and the 2012 Plan will be added back to the shares of common stock available for issuance under the 2015 Plan.  As of January 1, 2020, the number of shares of common stock that may be issued under the 2015 Plan was increased by 1,451,997 shares.  As of June 30, 2020, 1,922,147 shares remained available for grant under the 2015 Plan.  

2017 Inducement Plan

In July 2017, the Company’s board of directors adopted the 2017 Inducement Plan (the “2017 Inducement Plan”).  The 2017 Inducement Plan is a non-stockholder approved stock plan adopted pursuant to the “inducement exception” provided under Nasdaq listing rules.  The Company had 443,000 stock options and 44,390 RSUs outstanding as of June 30, 2020 under the 2017 Inducement Plan.  All shares of common stock that were eligible for issuance under the 2017 Inducement Plan after October 1, 2018, including any shares underlying any awards that expire or are otherwise terminated, reacquired to satisfy tax withholding obligations, settled in cash or repurchased by the Company in the future that would have been eligible for re-issuance under the 2017 Inducement Plan, were retired.  

2012 Equity Compensation Plan

Upon the 2015 Plan becoming effective, no further grants can be made under the 2012 Plan. The Company granted stock options to purchase a total of 1,140,524 shares under the 2012 Plan, of which 609,628 and 745,735 were outstanding as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.  Stock options granted under the 2012 Plan vested over four years and expire after ten years.  

Stock Option Valuation

The weighted average assumptions the Company used to estimate the fair value of stock options granted during the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 were as follows:

	Six Months Ended
	June 30,
	2020		2019
Risk-free interest rate	0.87	%	2.53	%
Expected term (in years)	6.1		6.3
Expected volatility	85.19	%	101.70	%
Expected dividend yield	0	%	0	%

The Company recognizes compensation expense for awards over their vesting period.  Compensation expense for awards includes the impact of forfeitures in the period when they occur.  

Stock Options

The following table summarizes stock option activity for the six months ended June 30, 2020:

				Weighted
		Weighted		Average
		Average		Remaining	Aggregate
	Number	Exercise		Contractual	Intrinsic
	of Shares	Price		Term	Value
				(in years)
Outstanding as of December 31, 2019	3,102,221	$	20.33	6.55	$	148
Granted	734,800		1.30
Exercised	—		—
Forfeited and cancelled	(557,222)		21.33
Outstanding as of June 30, 2020	3,279,799	$	15.90	6.99	$	316
Options vested and expected to vest as of June 30, 2020	3,279,799	$	15.90	6.99	$	316
Options exercisable as of June 30, 2020	1,897,671	$	19.16	5.79	$	79

The weighted average grant date fair value of stock options granted during the six months ended June 30, 2020 was $0.93 per share.

Restricted Stock Units

The following table summarizes RSU activity for the six months ended June 30, 2020:

		Weighted
		Average
		Grant Date
	Number	Fair Value
	of Shares	Per Share
Outstanding as of December 31, 2019	3,592,915	$	4.62
Granted	998,385		1.26
Vested	(1,618,634)		3.09
Forfeited and cancelled	(444,265)		4.12
Outstanding as of June 30, 2020	2,528,401	$	4.36

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-based compensation expense included in total costs and expenses on the condensed consolidated statement of operations included the following:

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30,				June 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Cost of revenue	$	252	$	223	$	512	$	429
Research and development		939		1,721		1,755		3,315
General and administrative		2,118		2,654		4,495		5,126
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	3,309	$	4,598	$	6,762	$	8,870

As of June 30, 2020, the Company had unrecognized stock-based compensation expense for stock options and RSUs of $8,195 and $8,604, respectively, which is expected to be recognized over weighted average periods of 1.52 years and 2.13 years, respectively.  

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Net Loss per Share

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Net Loss per Share

Net Loss per Share

10. Net Loss per Share

Basic and diluted net loss per share is summarized in the following table:

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30,				June 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Numerator:
Net loss	$	(11,597)	$	(49,876)	$	(27,183)	$	(87,441)
Denominator:
Weighted average shares of common stock outstanding		42,133,646		41,274,808		41,876,037		41,261,808
Net loss per share, basic and diluted	$	(0.28)	$	(1.21)	$	(0.65)	$	(2.12)

The Company’s potentially dilutive securities, which included stock options, RSUs and warrants, have been excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share since the effect would be to reduce the net loss per share. Therefore, the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding used to calculate both basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is the same.  The following table presents potential shares of common stock excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019.  All share amounts presented in the table below represent the total number outstanding as of June 30, 2020 and 2019.

	June 30,
	2020	2019
Options to purchase common stock	3,279,799	4,010,423
Restricted stock unit awards	2,528,401	1,959,587
Warrants issued to SVB	460,251	—
Total potential shares of common stock	6,268,451	5,970,010

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Leases

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Leases

Leases

11. Leases

Operating Leases

Agreements for Office Space

In November 2017, the Company entered into a sublease agreement with Auxilium Pharmaceuticals, LLC (the “Sublandlord”) pursuant to which it subleases 33,019 square feet of office space for its headquarters in Wayne, Pennsylvania. The sublease has a term that runs through October 2023. If for any reason the lease between Chesterbrook Partners, LP (“the Landlord”) and Sublandlord is terminated or expires prior to October 2023, the Company’s sublease will automatically terminate.

In February 2019, the Company entered into a sublease agreement with a third party for 21,056 square feet of office and laboratory space in St. Louis, Missouri. The lease commenced in June 2019 and has a term that runs through June 2029.

Supplemental balance sheet information related to operating leases is as follows:  

		June 30,		December 31,
Operating Leases:	2020		2019
Gross cost	$	5,213	$	5,213
Accumulated amortization		(789)		(480)
Other assets	$	4,424	$	4,733
Other current liabilities	$	567	$	526
Other liabilities		3,253		3,548
Total operating lease liabilities	$	3,820	$	4,074

Amortization expense related to operating lease right-of-use assets and liabilities was $253 and $143 for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and $510 and $286 for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Finance Leases

Laboratory Equipment

The Company leases laboratory equipment which is used in its laboratory space in St. Louis, Missouri under two finance lease financing arrangements which the Company entered into in August 2017 and October 2017.  The leases have terms which end in October 2020 and December 2020, respectively.  

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Related Party Transactions

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Related Party Transactions

Related Party Transactions

12. Related Party Transactions

Mallinckrodt plc

In April 2018, Bryan Reasons was appointed to the Company’s board of directors. Subsequently, in March 2019, Mr. Reasons became the Chief Financial Officer of Mallinckrodt plc.  Prior to Mr. Reasons joining Mallinckrodt plc, the Company entered into a master services agreement with a subsidiary (“Mallinckrodt”) of Mallinckrodt plc in November 2018, pursuant to which Confluence provides laboratory services to Mallinckrodt in the ordinary course of business. Mr. Reasons was not involved in the negotiation or execution of the agreement, but may be deemed to have an interest in the ongoing transactions based on his employment as an executive officer of Mallinckrodt plc.  As of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Company had invoiced Mallinckrodt for $292 and $57, respectively, under the master services agreement.  Mr. Reasons had no financial interest in these transactions.  

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Agreements Related to Intellectual Property

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Agreements Related to Intellectual Property

Agreements Related to Intellectual Property

13. Agreements Related to Intellectual Property

Asset Purchase Agreement – EPI Health, LLC

In October 2019, the Company sold RHOFADE to EPI Health pursuant to an asset purchase agreement.  EPI Health agreed to pay the Company a high single-digit royalty calculated as a percentage of net sales on a country-by-country basis until the date that the patent rights related to RHOFADE have expired or, if later, 10 years from the date of the first commercial sale of RHOFADE in such country.  The Company recorded royalty income under the asset purchase agreement of $411 and $0 during the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.  EPI Health has also agreed to pay the Company potential sales milestone payments of up to $20,000 in the aggregate upon the achievement of specified levels of net sales of products covered by the asset purchase agreement, and 25% of any upfront, license, milestone, maintenance or fixed payment received by EPI Health in connection with any license or sublicense of the assets transferred in the disposition in any territory outside of the United States, subject to specified exceptions.  

Agreement and Plan of Merger – Confluence

In August 2017, the Company entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger, pursuant to which it acquired Confluence (the “Confluence Agreement”).  In November 2018, the Company achieved a development milestone specified in the Confluence Agreement, as a result of which the Company paid the former Confluence equity holders $2,500 in cash and issued them 253,208 shares of its common stock with a fair value of $2,200.  Under the Confluence Agreement, the Company also agreed to pay the former Confluence equity holders aggregate remaining contingent consideration of up to $75,000 based upon the achievement of specified regulatory and commercial milestones.  In addition, the Company agreed to pay the former Confluence equity holders future royalty payments calculated as a low single-digit percentage of annual net sales, subject to specified reductions, limitations and other adjustments, until the date that all of the patent rights for that product have expired, as determined on a country-by-country and product-by-product basis or, in specified circumstances, ten years from the first commercial sale of such product.  In addition, if the Company sells, licenses or transfers any of the intellectual property acquired from Confluence pursuant to the Confluence Agreement to a third party, the Company will be obligated to pay the former Confluence equity holders a portion of any consideration received from such sale, license or transfer in specified circumstances.  

License and Collaboration Agreement – Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

In August 2015, the Company entered into an exclusive, worldwide license and collaboration agreement with Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Rigel”) for the development and commercialization of products containing two specified JAK inhibitors, which the Company refers to as ATI-501 and ATI-502.  Under the agreement, the Company agreed to make aggregate payments of up to $80,000 upon the achievement of specified development milestones.  In September 2019, the Company made a milestone payment of $4,000 to Rigel upon the achievement of a specified development milestone.  With respect to any products the Company commercializes under the agreement, the Company will pay Rigel quarterly tiered royalties on its annual net sales of each product at a high single-digit percentage of annual net sales, subject to specified reductions, until the date that all of the patent rights for that product have expired, as determined on a country-by-country and product-by-product basis or, in specified countries under specified circumstances, ten years from the first commercial sale of such product.  

In connection with an amendment of the agreement with Rigel in October 2019, the Company paid Rigel an amendment fee of $1,500 in three installments of $500 in each of January 2020, April 2020 and July 2020.  In addition, the parties modified certain other development milestones, and the Company agreed to increase the potential payments payable upon the achievement of such milestones from $10,000 to $10,500 in the aggregate.

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Income Taxes

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

14. Income Taxes

The Company did not record a federal or state income tax benefit for losses incurred during the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 due to the Company’s conclusion that a valuation allowance was required for those periods.  

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Discontinued Operations

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Discontinued Operations

Discontinued Operations

15. Discontinued Operations

The components of loss from discontinued operations as reported in the Company’s condensed consolidated statement of operations were as follows:

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30,				June 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Revenues:
Product sales, net	$	—	$	4,979	$	—	$	8,757
Total revenue, net		—		4,979		—		8,757
Costs and expenses:
Cost of revenue		—		1,709		—		3,279
Research and development		—		103		1		380
Sales and marketing		27		6,805		283		16,499
General and administrative		—		893		1		1,763
Amortization of definite-lived intangible		—		1,660		—		3,319
Total costs and expenses		27		11,170		285		25,240
Loss from discontinued operations	$	(27)	$	(6,191)	$	(285)	$	(16,483)
Net loss from discontinued operations per share, basic and diluted	$	(0.00)	$	(0.15)	$	(0.01)	$	(0.40)
Weighted average common shares outstanding, basic and diluted		42,133,646		41,274,808		41,876,037		41,261,808

The following table presents the details of product sales, net included in discontinued operations:

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30,				June 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
ESKATA	$	—	$	272	$	—	$	344
RHOFADE		—		4,707		—		8,413
Total product sales, net	$	—	$	4,979	$	—	$	8,757

The following table presents information related to assets and liabilities reported as discontinued operations in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheet:

	June 30,		December 31,
	2020		2019
Accounts receivable, net	$	—	$	4,966
Discontinued operations - current assets	$	—	$	4,966
Accounts payable	$	36	$	1,705
Accrued expenses		2,253		2,452
Discontinued operations - current liabilities	$	2,289	$	4,157

The following table presents certain non-cash items related to discontinued operations, which are included in the Company’s condensed consolidated statement of cash flows:

	Six Months Ended
	June 30,
	2020		2019
Depreciation and amortization	$	—	$	3,552
Stock-based compensation expense		—		806
Total non-cash items	$	—	$	4,358

The Company relied on Allergan Sales, LLC (“Allergan”) to distribute RHOFADE on its behalf pursuant to the terms of a transition services agreement.  Accounts receivable, net as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 included $0 and $4,966, respectively, related to amounts invoiced by Allergan for sales of RHOFADE.  In addition, during the three months ended June 30, 2020, in accordance with the asset purchase agreement with EPI Health (see Note 13 for additional information), the Company received cash from Allergan related to sales of RHOFADE that occurred after the date the Company sold RHOFADE to EPI Health.  Accordingly, the Company had $4,950 payable to EPI Health, which is included in accrued expenses on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheet as of June 30, 2020.  

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Segment Information

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Segment Information

Segment Information

16. Segment Information

The Company has two reportable segments, therapeutics and contract research.  The therapeutics segment is focused on identifying and developing innovative therapies to address significant unmet needs for immuno-inflammatory diseases.  The contract research segment earns revenue from the provision of laboratory services to clients through Confluence, the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary.  Contract research revenue is generally evidenced by contracts with clients which are on an agreed upon fixed-price, fee-for-service basis.  Corporate and other includes general and administrative expenses as well as eliminations of intercompany transactions.  The Company does not report balance sheet information by segment since it is not reviewed by the chief operating decision maker, and all of the Company’s tangible assets are held in the United States.  

The Company’s results of operations by segment for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 are summarized in the tables below:

			Contract		Corporate		Total
Three Months Ended June 30, 2020	Therapeutics		Research		and Other		Company
Total revenue	$	193	$	3,657	$	(1,804)	$	2,046
Cost of revenue		—		3,082		(1,693)		1,389
Research and development		6,577		—		(111)		6,466
General and administrative		—		688		4,884		5,572
Loss from operations	$	(6,384)	$	(113)	$	(4,884)	$	(11,381)
Loss from discontinued operations	$	(27)	$	—	$	—	$	(27)
			Contract		Corporate		Total
Three Months Ended June 30, 2019	Therapeutics		Research		and Other		Company
Total revenue	$	—	$	3,807	$	(2,921)	$	886
Cost of revenue		—		3,819		(2,825)		994
Research and development		17,615		—		(96)		17,519
General and administrative		359		613		6,497		7,469
Goodwill impairment		18,504		—		—		18,504
Loss from operations	$	(36,478)	$	(625)	$	(6,497)	$	(43,600)
Loss from discontinued operations	$	(5,298)	$	—	$	(893)	$	(6,191)
			Contract		Corporate		Total
Six Months Ended June 30, 2020	Therapeutics		Research		and Other		Company
Total revenue	$	411	$	7,064	$	(4,022)	$	3,453
Cost of revenue		—		6,468		(3,810)		2,658
Research and development		16,121		—		(212)		15,909
General and administrative		—		1,440		10,333		11,773
Loss from operations	$	(15,710)	$	(844)	$	(10,333)	$	(26,887)
Loss from discontinued operations	$	(284)	$	—	$	(1)	$	(285)
			Contract		Corporate		Total
Six Months Ended June 30, 2019	Therapeutics		Research		and Other		Company
Total revenue	$	—	$	8,995	$	(6,846)	$	2,149
Cost of revenue		—		8,856		(6,655)		2,201
Research and development		37,352		—		(191)		37,161
General and administrative		477		1,145		13,304		14,926
Goodwill impairment		18,504		—		—		18,504
Loss from operations	$	(56,333)	$	(1,006)	$	(13,304)	$	(70,643)
Loss from discontinued operations	$	(14,720)	$	—	$	(1,763)	$	(16,483)

Intersegment Revenue

Revenue for the contract research segment included $4,022 and $6,846 for services performed on behalf of the therapeutics segment for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.  All intersegment revenue has been eliminated in the Company’s condensed consolidated statement of operations.  

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Legal Proceedings

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Legal Proceedings

Legal Proceedings

17. Legal Proceedings

Securities Class Action

On July 30, 2019, plaintiff Linda Rosi (“Rosi”) filed a putative class action complaint captioned Rosi v. Aclaris Therapeutics, Inc., et al. in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York against the Company and certain of its executive officers.  The complaint alleges that the defendants violated federal securities laws by, among other things, failing to disclose an alleged likelihood that regulators would scrutinize advertising materials related to ESKATA and find that the materials minimized the risks or overstated the efficacy of the product.  The complaint seeks unspecified compensatory damages on behalf of Rosi and all other persons and entities that purchased or otherwise acquired the Company’s securities between May 8, 2018 and June 20, 2019. 

On September 5, 2019, an additional plaintiff, Robert Fulcher (“Fulcher”), filed a substantially identical putative class action complaint captioned Fulcher v. Aclaris Therapeutics, Inc., et al. in the same court against the same defendants.

On November 6, 2019, the court consolidated the Rosi and Fulcher actions (together, the “Consolidated Securities Action”) and appointed Fulcher “lead plaintiff” for the putative class. 

On January 24, 2020, Fulcher filed a consolidated amended complaint in the Consolidated Securities Action, naming two additional executive officers as defendants, extending the putative class period to August 12, 2019, and adding allegations concerning, among other things, alleged statements and omissions throughout the putative class period concerning ESKATA’s risks, tolerability and effectiveness. The defendants filed a motion to dismiss the consolidated amended complaint on April 17, 2020. Fulcher filed an opposition to the defendants’ motion on June 15, 2020, and the defendants filed a reply to such opposition on August 4, 2020. The motion remains under judicial consideration.

The Company and the other defendants dispute plaintiffs’ claims in the Consolidated Securities Action and intend to defend the matter vigorously.

Stockholder Derivative Action

On November 15, 2019, plaintiff Keith Allred (“Allred”) filed a derivative stockholder complaint captioned Allred v. Walker et al. in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York against certain of the Company’s directors and executive officers.  The complaint alleges that the defendants, among other things, breached their fiduciary duties as directors and/or officers in connection with the claims alleged in the Consolidated Securities Action.  The complaint seeks, among other things, unspecified compensatory damages on behalf of the Company.  

On November 25, 2019, an additional plaintiff, Bruce Brown (“Brown”), filed a substantially identical complaint captioned Brown v. Walker et al. in the same court against the same defendants.

On December 12, 2019, the court consolidated the Allred and Brown actions under the caption In re Aclaris Therapeutics, Inc. Derivative Litigation (the “Consolidated Derivative Action”) and directed that future derivative cases filed in or transferred to the court arising out of substantially the same transactions or events be similarly consolidated.  Thereafter, on January 11, 2020, the court stayed – subject to certain conditions – all deadlines in the Consolidated Derivative Action pending resolution of the defendants’ anticipated motion to dismiss the Consolidated Securities Action.

The defendants dispute plaintiffs’ claims in the Consolidated Derivative Action and intend to defend the matter vigorously.

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”).  The condensed consolidated financial statements of the Company include the accounts of the operating parent company, Aclaris Therapeutics, Inc., and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, ATIL and Confluence.  All significant intercompany transactions have been eliminated.  Based upon the revenue from contract research services, the Company believes that gross profit does not provide a meaningful measure of profitability and, therefore, has not included a line item for gross profit on the condensed consolidated statement of operations.  

Discontinued Operations

Discontinued Operations

In September 2019, the Company announced the completion of a strategic review and its decision to refocus its resources on its immuno-inflammatory development programs and to actively seek partners for its commercial products.  

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been recast for all periods presented to reflect the assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses related to the Company’s commercial products as discontinued operations (see Note 15).  

Use of Estimates

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting periods.  Significant estimates and assumptions reflected in these financial statements include, but are not limited to, research and development expenses, contingent consideration and the valuation of stock-based awards.  Estimates are periodically reviewed in light of changes in circumstances, facts and experience.  The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a global slowdown of economic activity.  As of the date of issuance of these financial statements, the Company is not aware of any specific event

or circumstance that would require an update to its estimates, assumptions and judgments or revise the carrying value of its assets or liabilities.  Actual results could differ from the Company’s estimates.

Unaudited Interim Financial Information

Unaudited Interim Financial Information

The accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet as of June 30, 2020, the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, the condensed consolidated statement of stockholders’ equity for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, and the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 are unaudited. The unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the audited annual financial statements contained in the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on February 25, 2020 and, in the opinion of management, reflect all adjustments, which include only normal recurring adjustments necessary for the fair statement of the Company’s financial position as of June 30, 2020, the results of its operations and comprehensive loss for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, its changes in stockholders’ equity for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 and its cash flows for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019.  The condensed consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2019 was derived from audited financial statements but does not include all disclosures required by GAAP.  The financial data and other information disclosed in these notes related to the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 are unaudited. The results for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for the year ending December 31, 2020, any other interim periods, or any future year or period.  The unaudited interim financial statements of the Company included herein have been prepared, pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted from this report, as is permitted by such rules and regulations. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2019 included in the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 25, 2020.  

Significant Accounting Policies

Significant Accounting Policies

The Company’s significant accounting policies are disclosed in the audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2019 included in the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 25, 2020.

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

The Company considers all short-term, highly liquid investments with original maturities of 90 days or less at acquisition date to be cash equivalents.  Cash equivalents, which have consisted of money market accounts, commercial paper and corporate debt securities with original maturities of less than three months, are stated at fair value.  Restricted cash as of June 30, 2020 consisted of $1,753 placed in escrow pursuant to the asset purchase agreement with EPI Health, LLC (“EPI Health”) (see Note 13 for additional information).

Revenue Recognition

Revenue Recognition

The Company accounts for revenue in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers.  Under ASC Topic 606, revenue is recognized when a customer obtains control of promised goods or services in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services.  

To determine revenue recognition in accordance with ASC Topic 606, the Company performs the following five steps: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer, (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (iii) determine the transaction price, (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) performance obligations are satisfied.  At contract inception, the Company assesses the goods or services promised within a contract with a customer to identify the performance obligations, and to determine if they are distinct.  The Company recognizes the revenue that is allocated to each distinct performance obligation when (or as) that

performance obligation is satisfied.  The Company only recognizes revenue when collection of the consideration it is entitled to under a contract with a customer is probable.  

Contract Research

The Company earns contract research revenue from the provision of laboratory services to clients through Confluence, its wholly-owned subsidiary.  Contract research revenue is generally evidenced by contracts with clients which are on an agreed upon fixed-price, fee-for-service basis and are generally billed on a monthly basis in arrears for services rendered.  Revenue related to these contracts is generally recognized as the laboratory services are performed, based upon the rates specified in the contracts.  Under ASC Topic 606, the Company elected to apply the “right to invoice” practical expedient when recognizing contract research revenue.  The Company recognizes contract research revenue in the amount to which it has the right to invoice.  

Other Revenue

Licenses of Intellectual Property – The Company recognizes revenue received from non-refundable, upfront fees related to the licensing of intellectual property when the intellectual property is determined to be distinct from the other performance obligations identified in the arrangement, the license has been transferred to the customer, and the customer is able to use and benefit from the license.  

Milestone Payments – At the inception of each arrangement that includes milestone payments, the Company evaluates whether the milestones are considered probable of being reached and estimates the amount to be included in the transaction price using the most likely amount method.  If it is probable that a significant revenue reversal would not occur, the associated milestone value is included in the amount allocated to the license of intellectual property.  Milestone payments that are not within the control of the Company or the customer, such as regulatory approvals, are not considered probable of being achieved until those approvals are received.  

Intangible Assets

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets include both definite-lived and indefinite-lived assets.  Definite-lived intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful life based on the pattern over which the intangible assets are consumed or otherwise used up.  If that pattern cannot be reliably determined, the straight-line method of amortization is used.  Definite-lived intangible assets consist of a research technology platform the Company acquired through the acquisition of Confluence.  Indefinite-lived intangible assets consist of an in-process research and development (“IPR&D”) drug candidate acquired through the acquisition of Confluence.  IPR&D assets are considered indefinite-lived until the completion or abandonment of the associated research and development efforts.  The cost of IPR&D is either amortized over its estimated useful life beginning when the underlying drug candidate is approved and launched commercially, or expensed immediately if development of the drug candidate is abandoned.  

Definite-lived intangible assets are tested for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the asset may not be recoverable.  Indefinite-lived intangible assets are tested for impairment at least annually, which the Company performs during the fourth quarter, or when indicators of an impairment are present.  The Company recognizes impairment losses when and to the extent that the estimated fair value of an intangible asset is less than its carrying value.  

Leases

Leases

Leases represent a company’s right to use an underlying asset and a corresponding obligation to make payments to a lessor for the right to use those assets.  The Company evaluates leases at their inception to determine if they are an operating lease or a finance lease.  A lease is accounted for as a finance lease if it meets one of the following five criteria: the lease has a purchase option that is reasonably certain of being exercised, the present value of the future cash flows are substantially all of the fair market value of the underlying asset, the lease term is for a significant portion of the remaining economic life of the underlying asset, the title to the underlying asset transfers at the end of the lease term, or if the

underlying asset is of such a specialized nature that it is expected to have no alternative uses to the lessor at the end of the term.  Leases that do not meet the finance lease criteria are accounted for as an operating lease.  

The Company recognizes assets and liabilities for leases at their inception based upon the present value of all payments due under the lease.  The Company uses an implicit interest rate to determine the present value of finance leases, and its incremental borrowing rate to determine the present value of operating leases.  The Company determines incremental borrowing rates by referencing collateralized borrowing rates for debt instruments with terms similar to the respective lease.  The Company recognizes expense for operating and finance leases on a straight-line basis over the term of each lease, and interest expense related to finance leases is recognized over the lease term based on the effective interest method.  The Company includes estimates for any residual value guarantee obligations under its leases in lease liabilities recorded on its condensed consolidated balance sheet.  

Right-of-use assets are included in other assets and property and equipment, net on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheet for operating and finance leases, respectively.  Obligations for lease payments are included in current portion of lease liabilities and other liabilities on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheet for both operating and finance leases.  

Contingent Consideration

Contingent Consideration

The Company initially recorded a contingent consideration liability related to future potential payments based upon the achievement of certain development, regulatory and commercial milestones, as well as future projected sales performance, resulting from the acquisition of Confluence, at its estimated fair value on the date of acquisition.  The ultimate amount of future payments, if any, is based on criteria such as sales performance and the achievement of certain regulatory and sales milestones.  The Company estimates the fair value of the contingent consideration liability related to the achievement of regulatory milestones by assigning an achievement probability to each potential milestone and discounting the associated cash payment to its present value using a risk-adjusted rate of return.  The Company estimates the fair value of the contingent consideration liability associated with sales milestones and royalties by estimating future sales levels, assigning an achievement probability and discounting the associated cash payment amounts to their present values using a credit-risk-adjusted interest rate.  Significant assumptions used in the Company’s estimates include the probability of success of achieving regulatory and sales milestones, which are based upon an asset’s current stage of development and ranged between 4% and 15%.  The Company evaluates fair value estimates of contingent consideration liabilities on a periodic basis.  Any change in fair value reflects new information about the likelihood of the payment of the contingent consideration and the passage of time. For example, if the timing of the development of an acquired drug candidate, or the size of potential commercial opportunities related to an acquired drug, differ from the Company’s assumptions, then the fair value of contingent consideration would be adjusted accordingly. Future changes in the fair value of the contingent consideration, if any, will be recorded as income or expense in the Company’s condensed consolidated statement of operations.  

Concentration of Credit Risk and of Significant Suppliers

Concentration of Credit Risk and of Significant Suppliers

Financial instruments that potentially expose the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities. The Company holds all cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities balances at one accredited financial institution, in amounts that exceed federally insured limits. The Company does not believe that it is subject to unusual credit risk beyond the normal credit risk associated with commercial banking relationships.

The Company is dependent on third-party manufacturers to supply drug product, including all underlying components, for its research and development activities, including preclinical and clinical testing.  These activities could be adversely affected by a significant interruption in the supply of active pharmaceutical ingredients or other components.  

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU 2018-18, Collaborative Arrangements (Topic 808): Clarifying the Interaction Between Topic 808 and Topic 606, which, among other things, provides guidance on how to assess whether certain collaborative arrangement transactions should be accounted for under Topic 606.  The amendments in this ASU are effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019.  The Company adopted this standard as of January 1, 2020, the impact of which on its consolidated financial statements was not significant.  

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40).  ASU 2018-15 requires a customer in a cloud computing arrangement that is a service contract to follow the internal-use software guidance in ASC 350-40 to determine which implementation costs to capitalize as assets or expense as incurred.  The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within such fiscal years.  The Company adopted this standard as of January 1, 2020, the impact of which on its consolidated financial statements was not significant.  

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820).  The FASB developed the amendments to ASC 820 as part of its broader disclosure framework project, which aims to improve the effectiveness of disclosures in the notes to financial statements by focusing on requirements that clearly communicate the most important information to users of the financial statements.  This update eliminates certain disclosure requirements for fair value measurements for all entities, requires public entities to disclose certain new information and modifies some of the existing disclosure requirements.  The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within such fiscal years.  The Company adopted this standard as of January 1, 2020, the impact of which on its consolidated financial statements was not significant.  

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Fair Value of Financial Assets and Liabilities (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Fair Value of Financial Assets and Liabilities

Schedule of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis

	June 30, 2020
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets:
Cash equivalents	$	16,754	$	—	$	—	$	16,754
Marketable securities		—		35,528		—		35,528
Total assets	$	16,754	$	35,528	$	—	$	52,282
Liabilities:
Acquisition-related contingent consideration	$	—	$	—	$	3,435	$	3,435
Total liabilities	$	—	$	—	$	3,435	$	3,435

	December 31, 2019
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets:
Cash equivalents	$	21,277	$	—	$	—	$	21,277
Marketable securities		—		39,078		—		39,078
Total assets	$	21,277	$	39,078	$	—	$	60,355
Liabilities:
Acquisition-related contingent consideration	$	—	$	—	$	1,668	$	1,668
Total liabilities	$	—	$	—	$	1,668	$	1,668

Schedule of the fair value of available for sale marketable securities

	June 30, 2020
			Gross		Gross
	Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized		Fair
	Cost		Gain		Loss		Value
Marketable securities:
Corporate debt securities	$	5,688	$	2	$	—	$	5,690
Commercial paper		15,768		—		—		15,768
Asset-backed securities		1,408		—		(1)		1,407
U.S. government agency debt securities		12,637		26		—		12,663
Total marketable securities	$	35,501	$	28	$	(1)	$	35,528

	December 31, 2019
			Gross		Gross
	Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized		Fair
	Cost		Gain		Loss		Value
Marketable securities:
Corporate debt securities	$	7,815	$	2	$	—	$	7,817
Commercial paper		15,129		—		—		15,129
Asset-backed securities		8,004		4		—		8,008
U.S. government agency debt securities		8,126		1		(3)		8,124
Total marketable securities	$	39,074	$	7	$	(3)	$	39,078

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Property and Equipment, Net (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Property and Equipment, Net

Schedule of property and equipment, net

		June 30,		December 31,
	2020		2019
Computer equipment	$	1,317	$	1,315
Finance lease right-of-use assets		435		435
Lab equipment		1,292		1,250
Furniture and fixtures		647		647
Leasehold improvements		1,200		889
Property and equipment, gross		4,891		4,536
Accumulated depreciation		(2,661)		(2,066)
Property and equipment, net	$	2,230	$	2,470

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Intangible Assets (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Intangible Assets

Schedule of intangible assets

		Gross Cost				Accumulated Amortization
	Remaining		June 30,		December 31,		June 30,		December 31,
	Life (years)	2020		2019		2020		2019
Other intangible assets	7.1		751		751		219		181
Total definite-lived intangible assets			751		751		219		181
IPR&D	na		6,629		6,629		—		—
Total intangible assets		$	7,380	$	7,380	$	219	$	181

Schedule of estimated future amortization expenses

Year Ending December 31,
2020	$	37
2021		75
2022		75
2023		75
2024		75
Thereafter		195
Total	$	532

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Accrued Expenses (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Accrued Expenses

Schedule of accrued expenses

		June 30,		December 31,
	2020		2019
Employee compensation expenses	$	2,489	$	3,321
Research and development expenses		1,134		2,857
Professional fees		112		168
Payable to EPI Health		4,950		—
Other		659		1,375
Total accrued expenses	$	9,344	$	7,721

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Stock-Based Awards (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Stock-Based Awards

Assumptions used to determine fair value of stock options granted

	Six Months Ended
	June 30,
	2020		2019
Risk-free interest rate	0.87	%	2.53	%
Expected term (in years)	6.1		6.3
Expected volatility	85.19	%	101.70	%
Expected dividend yield	0	%	0	%

Summary of stock option activity

				Weighted
		Weighted		Average
		Average		Remaining	Aggregate
	Number	Exercise		Contractual	Intrinsic
	of Shares	Price		Term	Value
				(in years)
Outstanding as of December 31, 2019	3,102,221	$	20.33	6.55	$	148
Granted	734,800		1.30
Exercised	—		—
Forfeited and cancelled	(557,222)		21.33
Outstanding as of June 30, 2020	3,279,799	$	15.90	6.99	$	316
Options vested and expected to vest as of June 30, 2020	3,279,799	$	15.90	6.99	$	316
Options exercisable as of June 30, 2020	1,897,671	$	19.16	5.79	$	79

Summary of restricted stock units activity

		Weighted
		Average
		Grant Date
	Number	Fair Value
	of Shares	Per Share
Outstanding as of December 31, 2019	3,592,915	$	4.62
Granted	998,385		1.26
Vested	(1,618,634)		3.09
Forfeited and cancelled	(444,265)		4.12
Outstanding as of June 30, 2020	2,528,401	$	4.36

Stock-based compensation expense

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30,				June 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Cost of revenue	$	252	$	223	$	512	$	429
Research and development		939		1,721		1,755		3,315
General and administrative		2,118		2,654		4,495		5,126
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	3,309	$	4,598	$	6,762	$	8,870

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Net Loss per Share (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Net Loss per Share

Basic and diluted net loss per share

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30,				June 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Numerator:
Net loss	$	(11,597)	$	(49,876)	$	(27,183)	$	(87,441)
Denominator:
Weighted average shares of common stock outstanding		42,133,646		41,274,808		41,876,037		41,261,808
Net loss per share, basic and diluted	$	(0.28)	$	(1.21)	$	(0.65)	$	(2.12)

Potential common shares excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders

	June 30,
	2020	2019
Options to purchase common stock	3,279,799	4,010,423
Restricted stock unit awards	2,528,401	1,959,587
Warrants issued to SVB	460,251	—
Total potential shares of common stock	6,268,451	5,970,010

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Leases (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Leases

Schedule of supplemental balance sheet information related to operating leases

		June 30,		December 31,
Operating Leases:	2020		2019
Gross cost	$	5,213	$	5,213
Accumulated amortization		(789)		(480)
Other assets	$	4,424	$	4,733
Other current liabilities	$	567	$	526
Other liabilities		3,253		3,548
Total operating lease liabilities	$	3,820	$	4,074

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Discontinued Operations (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Discontinued Operations

Schedule of discontinued operations

The components of loss from discontinued operations as reported in the Company’s condensed consolidated statement of operations were as follows:

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30,				June 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Revenues:
Product sales, net	$	—	$	4,979	$	—	$	8,757
Total revenue, net		—		4,979		—		8,757
Costs and expenses:
Cost of revenue		—		1,709		—		3,279
Research and development		—		103		1		380
Sales and marketing		27		6,805		283		16,499
General and administrative		—		893		1		1,763
Amortization of definite-lived intangible		—		1,660		—		3,319
Total costs and expenses		27		11,170		285		25,240
Loss from discontinued operations	$	(27)	$	(6,191)	$	(285)	$	(16,483)
Net loss from discontinued operations per share, basic and diluted	$	(0.00)	$	(0.15)	$	(0.01)	$	(0.40)
Weighted average common shares outstanding, basic and diluted		42,133,646		41,274,808		41,876,037		41,261,808

The following table presents the details of product sales, net included in discontinued operations:

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30,				June 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
ESKATA	$	—	$	272	$	—	$	344
RHOFADE		—		4,707		—		8,413
Total product sales, net	$	—	$	4,979	$	—	$	8,757

The following table presents information related to assets and liabilities reported as discontinued operations in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheet:

	June 30,		December 31,
	2020		2019
Accounts receivable, net	$	—	$	4,966
Discontinued operations - current assets	$	—	$	4,966
Accounts payable	$	36	$	1,705
Accrued expenses		2,253		2,452
Discontinued operations - current liabilities	$	2,289	$	4,157

The following table presents certain non-cash items related to discontinued operations, which are included in the Company’s condensed consolidated statement of cash flows:

	Six Months Ended
	June 30,
	2020		2019
Depreciation and amortization	$	—	$	3,552
Stock-based compensation expense		—		806
Total non-cash items	$	—	$	4,358

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Segment Information (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Segment Information

Summary of results of operations by segment

			Contract		Corporate		Total
Three Months Ended June 30, 2020	Therapeutics		Research		and Other		Company
Total revenue	$	193	$	3,657	$	(1,804)	$	2,046
Cost of revenue		—		3,082		(1,693)		1,389
Research and development		6,577		—		(111)		6,466
General and administrative		—		688		4,884		5,572
Loss from operations	$	(6,384)	$	(113)	$	(4,884)	$	(11,381)
Loss from discontinued operations	$	(27)	$	—	$	—	$	(27)
			Contract		Corporate		Total
Three Months Ended June 30, 2019	Therapeutics		Research		and Other		Company
Total revenue	$	—	$	3,807	$	(2,921)	$	886
Cost of revenue		—		3,819		(2,825)		994
Research and development		17,615		—		(96)		17,519
General and administrative		359		613		6,497		7,469
Goodwill impairment		18,504		—		—		18,504
Loss from operations	$	(36,478)	$	(625)	$	(6,497)	$	(43,600)
Loss from discontinued operations	$	(5,298)	$	—	$	(893)	$	(6,191)
			Contract		Corporate		Total
Six Months Ended June 30, 2020	Therapeutics		Research		and Other		Company
Total revenue	$	411	$	7,064	$	(4,022)	$	3,453
Cost of revenue		—		6,468		(3,810)		2,658
Research and development		16,121		—		(212)		15,909
General and administrative		—		1,440		10,333		11,773
Loss from operations	$	(15,710)	$	(844)	$	(10,333)	$	(26,887)
Loss from discontinued operations	$	(284)	$	—	$	(1)	$	(285)
			Contract		Corporate		Total
Six Months Ended June 30, 2019	Therapeutics		Research		and Other		Company
Total revenue	$	—	$	8,995	$	(6,846)	$	2,149
Cost of revenue		—		8,856		(6,655)		2,201
Research and development		37,352		—		(191)		37,161
General and administrative		477		1,145		13,304		14,926
Goodwill impairment		18,504		—		—		18,504
Loss from operations	$	(56,333)	$	(1,006)	$	(13,304)	$	(70,643)
Loss from discontinued operations	$	(14,720)	$	—	$	(1,763)	$	(16,483)

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Organization and Nature of Business (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2020	Mar. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Production information
Cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities	$ 68,115
Accumulated deficit	$ 480,710		$ 453,527
Term Loan Facility
Production information
Loan borrowed		$ 11,000

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Details) $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2020 USD ($)
Maximum
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash
Probability of success of achieving regulatory and sales milestones	15.00%
Minimum
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash
Probability of success of achieving regulatory and sales milestones	4.00%
EPI Health, LLC
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash
Cash deposited in escrow	$ 1,753

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Goodwill (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2019
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Goodwill impairment charge	$ 18,504	$ 18,504

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Stock-Based Compensation (Details) - item	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2019
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Expected dividend yield (as a percent)	0.00%	0.00%
Number of financial institutions holding entity funds	1

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Recent Pronouncements (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Lease liability	$ 3,820	$ 4,074

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Fair Value of Financial Assets and Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2019
Assets:
Marketable securities	$ 35,528		$ 39,078
Liabilities:
Transfers from Level 1 to Level 2	0	$ 0
Transfers from Level 2 to Level 1	0	0
Transfers into or out of Level 3	0	0
Change in fair value of contingent consideration	1,767	$ 734
Confluence
Liabilities:
Change in fair value of contingent consideration	1,767
Recurring
Assets:
Cash equivalents	16,754		21,277
Marketable securities	35,528		39,078
Total assets measured at fair value	52,282		60,355
Liabilities:
Acquisition-related contingent consideration	3,435		1,668
Total liabilities measured at fair value	3,435		1,668
Recurring | Level 1
Assets:
Cash equivalents	16,754		21,277
Total assets measured at fair value	16,754		21,277
Recurring | Level 2
Assets:
Marketable securities	35,528		39,078
Total assets measured at fair value	35,528		39,078
Recurring | Level 3
Liabilities:
Acquisition-related contingent consideration	3,435		1,668
Total liabilities measured at fair value	$ 3,435		$ 1,668

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Fair Value of Financial Assets and Liabilities - By Type (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Marketable securities:
Amortized Cost	$ 35,501	$ 39,074
Gross Unrealized Gain	28	7
Gross Unrealized Loss	(1)	(3)
Fair Value	35,528	39,078
Corporate debt securities
Marketable securities:
Amortized Cost	5,688	7,815
Gross Unrealized Gain	2	2
Fair Value	5,690	7,817
Commercial paper
Marketable securities:
Amortized Cost	15,768	15,129
Fair Value	15,768	15,129
Asset-backed securities
Marketable securities:
Amortized Cost	1,408	8,004
Gross Unrealized Gain		4
Gross Unrealized Loss	(1)
Fair Value	1,407	8,008
U.S. government agency debt securities
Marketable securities:
Amortized Cost	12,637	8,126
Gross Unrealized Gain	26	1
Gross Unrealized Loss		(3)
Fair Value	$ 12,663	$ 8,124

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Property and Equipment, Net (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2019
Property and Equipment, Net
Finance lease right-of-use assets	$ 435		$ 435		$ 435
Property and equipment, gross	4,891		4,891		4,536
Accumulated depreciation	(2,661)		(2,661)		(2,066)
Property and equipment, net	2,230		2,230		2,470
Depreciation	297	$ 393	595	$ 795
Computer equipment
Property and Equipment, Net
Property and equipment, gross	1,317		1,317		1,315
Lab equipment
Property and Equipment, Net
Property and equipment, gross	1,292		1,292		1,250
Furniture and fixtures
Property and Equipment, Net
Property and equipment, gross	647		647		647
Leasehold improvements
Property and Equipment, Net
Property and equipment, gross	$ 1,200		$ 1,200		$ 889

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Intangible Assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Definite-lived intangible assets
Gross Cost	$ 751	$ 751
Accumulated Amortization	219	181
Intangible assets, net
Gross cost	7,380	7,380
IPR&D
Definite-lived intangible assets
Gross Cost	$ 6,629	6,629
Other intangible assets
Finite Lived And Indefinite Lived Intangible Assets By Major Class [Line Items]
Remaining life	7 years 1 month 6 days
Definite-lived intangible assets
Gross Cost	$ 751	751
Accumulated Amortization	$ 219	$ 181

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Intangible Assets - Future Amortization Expenses (Details) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2020 USD ($)
Future amortization expenses
2020	$ 37
2021	75
2022	75
2023	75
2024	75
Thereafter	195
Total	$ 532

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Accrued Expenses (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Accrued Expenses
Employee compensation expenses	$ 2,489	$ 3,321
Research and development expenses	1,134	2,857
Professional fees	112	168
Payable to EPI Health	4,950
Other	659	1,375
Total accrued expenses	$ 9,344	$ 7,721

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Debt (Details) $ in Thousands		1 Months Ended
	Mar. 30, 2020	Mar. 31, 2020 USD ($) installment shares
SVB
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Common stock warrants | shares		460,251
Term Loan Facility
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Loan borrowed | $		$ 11,000
Number of consecutive monthly installments | installment		24
Annual interest rate		6.75%
Final payment fee percentage		5.00%
Term Loan Facility | Prepayment prior to the first anniversary of the Funding Date
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Prepayment fee percentage	3.00%
Term Loan Facility | Prepayment between the first and second anniversaries of the Funding Date
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Prepayment fee percentage	2.00%
Term Loan Facility | Prepayment after the second anniversary of the Funding Date but before October 1, 2023
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Prepayment fee percentage	1.00%
Term Loan Facility | Prime Rate
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Basis spread over LIBOR		2.00%

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Stockholders' Equity (Details) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2020 USD ($) Vote $ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2019 $ / shares shares
Stockholders' Equity
Preferred stock, shares authorized	10,000,000	10,000,000
Preferred stock, shares outstanding	0	0
Common stock, shares authorized	100,000,000	100,000,000
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 0.00001	$ 0.00001
Dividend declared | $	$ 0
Initial exercise price | $ / shares	$ 0.956
Number of votes per share | Vote	1
Fair value of warrants | $	$ 378

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Stock-Based Awards (Details) - shares		6 Months Ended		44 Months Ended
	Jan. 01, 2020	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2019	Sep. 14, 2015	Dec. 31, 2019	Sep. 30, 2015
Stock-based awards
Options granted (in shares)		734,800
Options outstanding		3,279,799			3,102,221
Stock Option Valuation
Risk-free interest rate (as a percent)		0.87%	2.53%
Expected term (in years)		6 years 1 month 6 days	6 years 3 months 18 days
Expected volatility (as a percent)		85.19%	101.70%
Expected dividend yield (as a percent)		0.00%	0.00%
2017 Inducement Plan
Stock-based awards
Options outstanding		443,000
2017 Inducement Plan | Restricted stock unit awards
Stock-based awards
Number of shares outstanding		44,390
2015 Equity Incentive Plan
Stock-based awards
Number of shares authorized						1,643,872
Number of shares available for grant		1,922,147
Percentage increase to shares available for grant from common outstanding as of preceding December 31 (as a percent)		4.00%
Additional shares available	1,451,997
2012 Equity Compensation Plan
Stock-based awards
Number of shares available for grant		0
Options granted (in shares)				1,140,524
Options outstanding		609,628			745,735
Vesting period (in years)		4 years
Term of award (in years)		10 years

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Stock-Based Awards - Option Activity (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Options, Number of Shares
Number of Shares, beginning balance	3,102,221
Number of Shares, Granted	734,800
Number of Shares, Forfeited and cancelled	(557,222)
Number of Shares, ending balance	3,279,799	3,102,221
Number of Shares, Options vested and expected to vest	3,279,799
Number of Shares, Options exercisable	1,897,671
Options, Weighted Average Exercise Price
Weighted Average Exercise Price, beginning balance (in dollars per share)	$ 20.33
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Granted (in dollars per share)	1.30
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Forfeited and cancelled (in dollars per share)	21.33
Weighted Average Exercise Price, ending balance (in dollars per share)	15.90	$ 20.33
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Options vested and expected to vest (in dollars per share)	15.90
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Options exercisable (in dollars per share)	$ 19.16
Options, Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years)	6 years 11 months 26 days	6 years 6 months 18 days
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term, Options vested and expected to vest (in years)	6 years 11 months 26 days
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term, Options exercisable (in years)	5 years 9 months 14 days
Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Aggregate Intrinsic Value	$ 316	$ 148
Aggregate Intrinsic Value, Options vested and expected to vest	316
Aggregate Intrinsic Value, Options exercisable	$ 79
Weighted average grant-date fair value of stock options granted (in dollars per share)	$ 0.93

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Stock-Based Awards - RSUs (Details) - Restricted stock unit awards	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2020 $ / shares shares
RSU, Number of Units
Units outstanding, beginning of period | shares	3,592,915
Granted | shares	998,385
Vested | shares	(1,618,634)
Forfeited and cancelled | shares	(444,265)
Units outstanding, end of period | shares	2,528,401
RSU, Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Unit
Weighted average grant date fair value, beginning balance (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 4.62
Granted, estimated grant-date fair value (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	1.26
Weighted average grant date fair value, vested (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	3.09
Forfeited and cancelled, estimated grant date fair value (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	4.12
Weighted average grant date fair value, ending balance (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 4.36

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Stock-Based Awards - Compensation (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2019
Stock-based compensation expense
Stock-based compensation expense	$ 3,309	$ 4,598	$ 6,762	$ 8,870
Unrecognized stock-based compensation cost, options	8,195		8,195
Unrecognized compensation, RSUs	8,604		8,604
Cost of revenue.
Stock-based compensation expense
Stock-based compensation expense	252	223	512	429
Research and development
Stock-based compensation expense
Stock-based compensation expense	939	1,721	1,755	3,315
General and administrative
Stock-based compensation expense
Stock-based compensation expense	$ 2,118	$ 2,654	$ 4,495	$ 5,126
Options to purchase common stock
Stock-based compensation expense
Weighted average recognition period unrecognized stock-based compensation cost (in years)			1 year 6 months 7 days
Restricted stock unit awards
Stock-based compensation expense
Weighted average recognition period unrecognized stock-based compensation cost (in years)			2 years 1 month 17 days

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Net Loss per Share (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended				6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2020	Mar. 31, 2020	Jun. 30, 2019	Mar. 31, 2019	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2019
Numerator:
Net loss	$ (11,597)	$ (15,586)	$ (49,876)	$ (37,565)	$ (27,183)	$ (87,441)
Denominator:
Weighted average shares of common stock outstanding (in shares)	42,133,646		41,274,808		41,876,037	41,261,808
Net loss per share, basic and diluted	$ (0.28)		$ (1.21)		$ (0.65)	$ (2.12)

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Net Loss per Share - Anti-dilution (Details) - shares	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2019
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Potential common shares excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders	6,268,451	5,970,010
Options to purchase common stock
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Potential common shares excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders	3,279,799	4,010,423
Restricted stock unit awards
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Potential common shares excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders	2,528,401	1,959,587
Warrants issued to SVB
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Potential common shares excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders	460,251

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Leases (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2020 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2019 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2020 USD ($) item	Jun. 30, 2019 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2019 USD ($)	Feb. 28, 2019 ft²	Nov. 30, 2017 ft²
Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items]
Area leased, sublease agreement | ft²						21,056	33,019
Number of lease financing arrangements | item			2
Amortization expense	$ 253	$ 143	$ 510	$ 286
Operating Leases:
Gross cost	4,891		4,891		$ 4,536
Accumulated amortization	(2,661)		(2,661)		(2,066)
Property and equipment, net	2,230		2,230		2,470
Other current liabilities	567		567		526
Other liabilities	3,253		3,253		3,548
Total operating lease liabilities	3,820		3,820		4,074
Operating Leases
Operating Leases:
Gross cost	5,213		5,213		5,213
Accumulated amortization	(789)		(789)		(480)
Property and equipment, net	$ 4,424		$ 4,424		$ 4,733
Financial position	us-gaap:OtherLiabilitiesCurrent		us-gaap:OtherLiabilitiesCurrent
Financial position	us-gaap:OtherLiabilitiesNoncurrent		us-gaap:OtherLiabilitiesNoncurrent

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Related Party Transactions (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Mallinckrodt plc.
Related Party Transactions
Invoice amount	$ 292	$ 57

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Agreements Related to Intellectual Property (Details)	1 Months Ended				3 Months Ended			6 Months Ended
	Oct. 31, 2019 USD ($) installment	Nov. 30, 2018 USD ($) shares	Aug. 31, 2017 USD ($)	Aug. 31, 2015	Jun. 30, 2020 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2019 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2019 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2020 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2019 USD ($)
Agreements Related to Intellectual Property
Revenue, Net					$ 2,046,000		$ 886,000	$ 3,453,000	$ 2,149,000
EPI Health LLC
Agreements Related to Intellectual Property
Potential milestone payments					20,000			20,000
Percentage of upfront and license fees	25.00%
Term of agreement	10 years
EPI Health LLC | Royalty
Agreements Related to Intellectual Property
Revenue, Net								411,000	$ 0
Rigel
Agreements Related to Intellectual Property
Potential milestones payable	$ 10,500,000					$ 10,000,000
Milestone payment						$ 4,000,000
Aggregate milestone payments					$ 80,000,000			$ 80,000,000
Amendment fees payable	$ 1,500,000
Number of installments | installment	3
Amendment fees payable, per installment	$ 500,000
License and Collaboration Agreement
Agreements Related to Intellectual Property
Term of agreement				10 years
Agreement and Plan of Merger | Confluence
Agreements Related to Intellectual Property
Payment in cash		$ 2,500,000
Number of shares | shares		253,208
Fair value of common stock		$ 2,200,000
Additional contingent consideration based on milestones, maximum, per Agreement			$ 75,000,000
Royalty term			10 years

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Income Taxes - Rate Reconciliation (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2019
Income Taxes
Federal income tax benefit	$ 0	$ 0
State income tax benefit	$ 0	$ 0

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Discontinued Operations - Loss (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2019
Disposal Group, Including Discontinued Operation, Income Statement Disclosures [Abstract]
Total revenue, net		$ 4,979		$ 8,757
Cost of revenue (excludes amortization)		1,709		3,279
Research and development		103	$ 1	380
Sales and marketing	$ 27	6,805	283	16,499
General and administrative		893	1	1,763
Amortization of definite-lived intangible		1,660		3,319
Total costs and expenses	27	11,170	285	25,240
Loss from discontinued operations	(27)	(6,191)	(285)	(16,483)
Loss from discontinued operations	$ (27)	$ (6,191)	$ (285)	$ (16,483)
Net loss from discontinued operations per share, basic and diluted	$ 0.00	$ (0.15)	$ (0.01)	$ (0.40)
Weighted average common shares outstanding, basic and diluted (in shares)	42,133,646	41,274,808	41,876,037	41,261,808
Product sales, net
Disposal Group, Including Discontinued Operation, Income Statement Disclosures [Abstract]
Total revenue, net		$ 4,979		$ 8,757
ESKATA
Disposal Group, Including Discontinued Operation, Income Statement Disclosures [Abstract]
Total revenue, net		272		344
RHOFADE
Disposal Group, Including Discontinued Operation, Income Statement Disclosures [Abstract]
Total revenue, net		$ 4,707		$ 8,413

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Discontinued Operations - Assets and Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Disposal Group, Including Discontinued Operation, Balance Sheet Disclosures [Abstract]
Accounts receivable, net		$ 4,966
Discontinued operations - current assets		4,966
Accounts payable	$ 36	1,705
Accrued expenses	2,253	2,452
Discontinued operations - current liabilities	$ 2,289	$ 4,157

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Discontinued Operations - Cash Flow (Details) $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019 USD ($)
Net Cash Provided by (Used in) Discontinued Operations [Abstract]
Depreciation and amortization	$ 3,552
Stock-based compensation expense	806
Total non-cash items	$ 4,358

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Discontinued Operations (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Income Statement, Balance Sheet and Additional Disclosures by Disposal Groups, Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Accounts receivable, net		$ 4,966
Payable to EPI Health	$ 4,950
RHOFADE
Income Statement, Balance Sheet and Additional Disclosures by Disposal Groups, Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Accounts receivable, net	0	$ 4,966
Payable to EPI Health	$ 4,950

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Segment Information (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2020 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2019 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2020 USD ($) segment	Jun. 30, 2019 USD ($)
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Number of reportable segments | segment			2
Revenue, net	$ 2,046	$ 886	$ 3,453	$ 2,149
Cost of revenue	1,389	994	2,658	2,201
Research and development	6,466	17,519	15,909	37,161
General and administrative	5,572	7,469	11,773	14,926
Goodwill impairment		18,504		18,504
Loss from operations	(11,381)	(43,600)	(26,887)	(70,643)
Loss from discontinued operations	(27)	(6,191)	(285)	(16,483)
Dermatology Therapeutics Segment
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Revenue, net	193		411
Research and development	6,577	17,615	16,121	37,352
General and administrative		359		477
Goodwill impairment		18,504		18,504
Loss from operations	(6,384)	(36,478)	(15,710)	(56,333)
Loss from discontinued operations	(27)	(5,298)	(284)	(14,720)
Contract Research Segment
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Revenue, net	3,657	3,807	7,064	8,995
Cost of revenue	3,082	3,819	6,468	8,856
General and administrative	688	613	1,440	1,145
Loss from operations	(113)	(625)	(844)	(1,006)
Corporate and Other
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Revenue, net	(1,804)	(2,921)	(4,022)	(6,846)
Cost of revenue	(1,693)	(2,825)	(3,810)	(6,655)
Research and development	(111)	(96)	(212)	(191)
General and administrative	4,884	6,497	10,333	13,304
Loss from operations	$ (4,884)	(6,497)	(10,333)	(13,304)
Loss from discontinued operations		$ (893)	(1)	(1,763)
Intersegment Eliminations | Contract Research Segment
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Revenue, net			$ (4,022)	$ (6,846)

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Legal Proceedings (Details)	Jan. 24, 2020 item
Executive officer
Other Commitments [Line Items]
Number of defendants	2