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INCOME TAXES (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2019
Income Taxes [Abstract]  
Disclosure of deferred taxes
The components of net deferred tax liability are presented as follows:
(US$ Millions)
Dec. 31, 2019

Dec. 31, 2018

Deferred income tax assets:
 

 

Non-capital losses (Canada)
$
60

$
41

Capital losses (Canada)
33

34

Net operating losses (United States)
351

291

Non-capital losses (foreign)
107

94

Tax credit carryforwards
27

36

Foreign currency
10

4

Other
43

16

 
631

516

Deferred income tax (liabilities):
 

 

Properties
(3,146
)
(2,894
)
 
(3,146
)
(2,894
)
Net deferred tax (liability)
$
(2,515
)
$
(2,378
)
 
The changes in deferred tax balances are presented as follows:

 
 
Recognized in
 

(US$ Millions)
Dec. 31, 2018

Income

Equity

Acquisitions and Dispositions

OCI

Other Balance Sheet

Dec. 31, 2019

Deferred tax assets
$
516

$
117

$

$
(7
)
$
5

$

$
631

Deferred tax (liabilities)
(2,894
)
(149
)
(7
)

(35
)
(61
)
(3,146
)
Net deferred tax (liability)
$
(2,378
)
$
(32
)
$
(7
)
$
(7
)
$
(30
)
$
(61
)
$
(2,515
)
 
 
 
Recognized in
 
 
(US$ Millions)
Dec. 31, 2017

Income

 Equity

Acquisitions and Dispositions

OCI

Other Balance Sheet

Dec. 31, 2018

Deferred tax assets
$
342

$
(23
)
$

$
208

$
(11
)
$

$
516

Deferred tax (liabilities)
(3,230
)
240


(32
)
128


(2,894
)
Net deferred tax (liability)
$
(2,888
)
$
217

$

$
176

$
117

$

$
(2,378
)
Disclosure of deferred income taxes and deductible temporary differences
The gross deductible temporary differences, unused tax losses, and unused tax credits for which no deferred tax asset is recognized are as follows:

(US$ Millions)
Dec. 31, 2019

Dec. 31, 2018

Unused tax losses - gross
 

 

Net operating losses (United States)
$
287

$
74

Net operating losses (foreign)
428

351

Unrecognized deductible temporary differences, unused tax losses, and unused tax credits
$
715

$
425

Schedule of components of income tax expense benefit
The major components of income tax expense include the following:

(US$ Millions) Years ended Dec. 31,
2019

2018

2017

Current income tax expense
$
164

$
299

$
172

Deferred income tax expense (benefit)
32

(218
)
20

Income tax expense
$
196

$
81

$
192

Schedule of income tax rates
Years ended Dec. 31,
2019

2018

2017

Statutory income tax rate
26
 %
26
 %
26
 %
Increase (decrease) in rate resulting from:
 

 

 

International operations subject to different tax rates
(14
)%
(10
)%
(5
)%
Non-controlling interests in income of flow-through entities
(4
)%
(11
)%
(12
)%
Change in tax rates applicable to temporary differences in other jurisdictions
(3
)%
(5
)%
(5
)%
Other
 %
2
 %
3
 %
Effective income tax rate
5
 %
2
 %
7
 %