Equity

Shares and Units

An operating partnership unit ("OP Unit") and a share of our common stock have essentially the same economic characteristics as they receive the same per unit profit distributions of our operating partnership. On the one-year anniversary of issuance, an OP Unit may be tendered for redemption for cash; however, we have sole and absolute discretion and the authorized common stock to exchange OP Units for shares of common stock on a one-for-one basis.

Long-term incentive plan ("LTIP") units are a special class of partnership interests in our operating partnership. Each LTIP unit awarded will be deemed equivalent to an award of one share of stock under the Empire State Realty Trust, Inc. and Empire State OP, L.P. 2013 Equity Incentive Plan ("2013 Plan"), reducing the availability for other equity awards on a one-for-one basis. The vesting period for LTIP units, if any, will be determined at the time of issuance. Cash distributions on each LTIP unit, whether vested or not, will be the same as those made on the OP Units. Under the terms of the LTIP units, our operating partnership will revalue for tax purposes its assets upon the occurrence of certain specified events, and any increase in valuation from the time of grant until such event will be allocated first to the holders of LTIP units to equalize the capital accounts of such holders with the capital accounts of OP unitholders. Subject to any agreed upon exceptions, once vested and having achieved parity with OP unitholders, LTIP units are convertible into OP Units in our operating partnership on a one-for-one basis.

The following is net income attributable to common stockholders and the issuance of our class A shares in exchange for the conversion of OP units into common stock (amounts in thousands):



	Three Months Ended March 31, 2015
Net income attributable to common stockholders	$	3,138
Increase in additional paid-in capital for the conversion of OP units into common stock	19,493
Change from net income attributable to common stockholders and transfers from noncontrolling interests	$	22,631

As of March 31, 2015, there were 267,555,807 OP Units outstanding, of which 111,747,341, or 41.8%, were owned by us and 155,808,466, or 58.2%, were owned by other limited partners, including certain directors, officers and other members of executive management.

Dividends and Distributions

Total dividends paid to common stockholders were $9.4 million and $8.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Total distributions paid to OP unitholders, excluding inter-company distributions, were $13.3 million and $12.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Total distributions paid to preferred unitholders were $0.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2015.

Incentive and Share-Based Compensation

The 2013 Plan provides for grants to directors, employees and consultants consisting of stock options, restricted stock, dividend equivalents, stock payments, performance shares, LTIP units, stock appreciation rights and other incentive awards. An aggregate of 12.2 million shares of our common stock is authorized for issuance under awards granted pursuant to the 2013 Plan, and as of March 31, 2015, 10.2 million shares of common stock remain available for future issuance.

In January 2015, we made a grant of LTIP units to an employee under the 2013 Plan. We granted a total of 9,531 LTIP units with a fair market value of $0.2 million. The award is subject to time-based vesting, and all LTIP units vest on April 1, 2020, subject generally to the grantee's continued employment.

In February 2015, we made grants of LTIP units to executive officers under the 2013 Plan. At such time, we granted a total of 168,033 LTIP units that are subject to time-based vesting and 154,266 LTIP units that are subject to performance-based vesting, with fair market values of $2.9 million for the time-based vesting awards and $1.3 million for the performance-based vesting awards. The awards subject to time-based vesting vest ratably over four years from the date of the grant, subject generally to the grantee's continued employment. The first installment vests on the first-year anniversary date of the grant and the remainder will vest thereafter in three equal annual installments. The vesting of the LTIP units subject to performance-based vesting is based on the achievement of absolute and relative total stockholder return hurdles over a three-year performance period, commencing on January 1, 2015. Following the completion of the three-year performance period, our compensation committee will determine the number of shares to which the grantee is entitled based on our performance relative to the performance hurdles set forth in the LTIP unit award agreements the grantee entered into in connection with the initial award grant. These units then vest in two installments, with the first installment vesting on January 1, 2018 and the second installment vesting on January 1, 2019, subject generally to the grantee's continued employment on those dates.

In February 2015, we made grants of LTIP units and restricted stock to certain other employees under the 2013 Plan. At such time, we granted a total of 33,398 LTIP units and 14,315 shares of restricted stock that are subject to time-based vesting and 33,398 LTIP units and 14,315 shares of restricted stock that are subject to performance-based vesting, with fair market values of $0.8 million for the time-based vesting awards and $0.4 million for the performance-based vesting awards. The awards subject to time-based vesting vest ratably over four years from the date of the grant, subject generally to the grantee's continued employment. The first installment vests on the first-year anniversary date of the grant and the remainder will vest thereafter in three equal annual installments. The vesting of the LTIP units subject to performance-based vesting is based on the achievement of absolute and relative total stockholder return hurdles over a three-year performance period, commencing on January 1, 2015. Following the completion of the three-year performance period, our compensation committee will determine the number of shares to which the grantee is entitled based on our performance relative to the performance hurdles set forth in the LTIP unit award agreements the grantee entered into in connection with the initial award grant. These units then vest in two installments, with the first installment vesting on January 1, 2018 and the second installment vesting on January 1, 2019, subject generally to the grantee's continued employment on those dates.

In February 2015, we made a grant of LTIP units to an executive officer under the 2013 Plan. At such time, we granted a total of 13,736 LTIP units that are subject to time-based vesting and 13,736 LTIP units that are subject to performance-based vesting, with fair market values of $0.2 million for the time-based vesting awards and $0.1 million for the performance-based vesting awards. The awards subject to time-based vesting vest ratably over four years from the date of the grant, subject generally to the grantee's continued employment. The first installment vests on the first-year anniversary date of the grant and the remainder will vest thereafter in three equal annual installments. The vesting of the LTIP units subject to performance-based vesting is based on the achievement of absolute and relative total stockholder return hurdles over a three-year performance period, commencing on February 1, 2015. Following the completion of the three-year performance period, our compensation committee will determine the number of shares to which the grantee is entitled based on our performance relative to the performance hurdles set forth in the LTIP unit award agreements the grantee entered into in connection with the initial award grant. These units then vest in two installments, with the first installment vesting on February 1, 2018 and the second installment vesting on February 1, 2019, subject generally to the grantee's continued employment on those dates.

Share-based compensation is measured at the fair value of the award on the date of grant and recognized as an expense on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. For the performance-based LTIP units and restricted stock awards, the fair value of the awards was estimated using a Monte Carlo Simulation model. Our stock price, along with the prices of the comparative indexes, is assumed to follow the Geometric Brownian Motion Process. Geometric Brownian Motion is a common assumption when modeling in financial markets, as it allows the modeled quantity (in this case the stock price) to vary randomly from its current value and take any value greater than zero. The volatilities of the returns on our stock price and the comparative indexes were estimated based on implied volatilities and historical volatilities using a six-year look-back period. The expected growth rate of the stock prices over the performance period is determined with consideration of the risk free rate as of the grant date. For LTIP units and restricted stock grants that are time-vesting, we estimate the stock compensation expense based on the fair value of the stock at the grant date.

Share-based compensation expense has been adjusted by an amount of estimated forfeitures. Forfeitures are estimated based on historical experience at the time of grant and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates. Based on an analysis of historical data, we have calculated a 0% annual forfeiture rate for members of the Board of Directors, a 0% annual forfeiture rate for executive officers, and for all other employees a 5% annual forfeiture rate. We reevaluate this analysis periodically and adjust these estimated forfeiture rates as necessary. To the extent actual results or updated estimates differ from our current estimates, such amounts will be recorded as a cumulative adjustment in the period estimates are revised.

LTIP units and restricted stock issued during the three months ended March 31, 2015 were valued at $5.9 million. The weighted-average per unit or share fair value was $13.08 for grants issued in 2015. The per unit or share granted in 2015 was estimated on the respective dates of grant using the following assumptions: an expected life of 3.0 and 2.9 years, a dividend rate of 1.90%, a risk-free interest rate of 0.8% and 1.0%, and an expected price volatility between 24.0% and 29.0%.

No other stock options, dividend equivalents, or stock appreciation rights were issued or outstanding in 2015.

The following is a summary of restricted stock and LTIP unit activity for the three months ended March 31, 2015:



	Restricted Stock		LTIP Units		Weighted Average Grant Price
Unvested balance at December 31, 2014	102,296		1,194,660		$	13.78
Vested	(6,261	)	(50,932	)	14.76
Granted	28,630		426,098		18.14
Forfeited	(3,255	)	—		13.77
Unvested balance at March 31, 2015	121,410		1,569,826		$	14.92

The LTIP unit and restricted stock award agreements will immediately vest upon the later of (i) the date the grantee attains the age of 60 and (ii) the date on which grantee has first completed ten years of continuous service with our company or its affiliates. For award agreements that qualify, we recognize noncash compensation expense on the grant date for the time-based awards and ratably over the vesting period for the performance-based awards, and accordingly, we recognized $0.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2015 and $0.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2014. Unrecognized compensation expense was $0.3 million at March 31, 2015, which will be recognized over a period of 1.9 years.

For the remainder of the LTIP unit and restricted stock awards, we recognize noncash compensation expense ratably over the vesting period, and accordingly, we recognized noncash compensation expense of $1.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2015 and $0.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2014. Unrecognized compensation expense was $13.6 million at March 31, 2015, which will be recognized over a weighted average period of 3.0 years.

Earnings Per Share

Earnings per share for the three months ended March 31, 2015 and 2014 is computed as follows (amounts in thousands, except per share amounts):



	Three Months Ended
	March 31, 2015			March 31, 2014
Numerator - Basic:
Net income	$	7,888		$	11,231
Private perpetual preferred unit distributions	(234		)	—
Net income attributable to non-controlling interests	(4,516		)	(6,862		)
Earnings allocated to unvested shares	(7		)	(10		)
Net income attributable to common stockholders - basic	$	3,131		$	4,359

Numerator - Diluted:
Net income	$	7,888		$	11,231
Private perpetual preferred unit distributions	(234		)	—
Earnings allocated to unvested shares and LTIP units	(144		)	(122		)
Net income attributable to common stockholders - diluted	$	7,510		$	11,109

Denominator:
Weighted average shares outstanding - basic	109,400			95,466
Operating partnership units	156,410			148,959
Weighted average shares outstanding - diluted	265,810			244,425

Earnings per share:
Basic	$	0.03		$	0.05
Diluted	$	0.03		$	0.05

There were 630,843 and 505,138 antidilutive shares and LTIP units for the three months ended March 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively.