Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The Company utilizes fair value measurements to record fair value adjustments to certain assets and to determine fair value disclosures. Securities available for sale are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Additionally, from time to time, the Company may be required to record at fair value other assets on a nonrecurring basis, such as impaired loans. These nonrecurring fair value adjustments typically involve application of lower of cost or market accounting or write-downs of individual assets. The Company measures the fair value of loans receivable under the exit price notion. The fair value of nonperforming loans is based on the underlying value of the collateral.

Fair Value Hierarchy

The Company groups assets at fair value in three levels, based on the markets in which the assets are traded and the reliability of the assumptions used to determine fair value. These levels are:


Level 1:	Valuation is based upon quoted prices for identical instruments traded in active markets.


Level 2:	Valuation is based upon quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, and model-based valuation techniques for which all significant assumptions are observable in the market.


Level 3:	Valuation is generated from model-based techniques that use at least one significant assumption not observable in the market. These unobservable assumptions reflect estimates of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset. Valuation techniques include use of option pricing models, discounted cash flow models and similar techniques.

Following is a description of valuation methodologies used for assets recorded at fair value. The Company does not have any liabilities recorded at fair value.

Investment Securities Available for Sale

Securities available for sale are valued on a recurring basis at quoted market prices where available. If quoted market prices are not available, fair values are based on quoted prices of comparable securities. Level 1 securities include those traded on an active exchange, such as the New York Stock Exchange or U.S. Treasury securities that are traded by dealers or brokers in active over-the-counter markets and money market funds. Level 2 securities include MBS and debentures issued by GSEs, municipal bonds, and corporate debt securities. The Company has no Level 3 securities.

Impaired Loans

The Company does not record loans at fair value on a recurring basis. From time to time, however, a loan is considered impaired and an allowance for loan losses is established. Loans for which it is probable that payment of interest and principal will not be made in accordance with the contractual terms of the loan agreement are considered impaired. Once a loan is identified as individually impaired, the fair value is estimated using one of two ways, which include collateral value and discounted cash flows. The Company reviews all impaired loans each quarter to determine if an allowance is necessary. Those impaired loans not requiring an allowance represent loans for which the fair value of the expected repayments or collateral exceed the recorded investments in such loans.

Loans are considered collateral dependent if repayment is expected solely from the collateral. For these collateral dependent impaired loans, the Company obtains updated appraisals at least annually. These appraisals are reviewed for appropriateness and then discounted for estimated closing costs to determine if an allowance is necessary. As part of the quarterly review of impaired loans, the Company reviews these appraisals to determine if any additional discounts to the fair value are necessary. If a current appraisal is not obtained, the Company determines whether a discount is needed to the value from the original appraisal based on the decline in value of similar properties with recent appraisals. For loans that are not collateral dependent, estimated fair value is based on the present value of expected future cash flows using the interest rate implicit in the original agreement. Impaired loans where a charge-off has occurred or an allowance is established during the period being reported require classification in the fair value hierarchy. The Company records such impaired loans as a nonrecurring Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.

Loans Held for Sale

Loans held for sale are adjusted to lower of cost or fair value. Fair value is based on commitments on hand from investors or, if commitments have not yet been obtained, what investors are currently offering for loans with similar characteristics. The Company considers all loans held for sale carried at fair value as nonrecurring Level 3.

Real Estate Owned

REO is considered held for sale and is adjusted to fair value less estimated selling costs upon transfer of the loan to foreclosed assets. Fair value is based upon independent market prices, appraised value of the collateral or management’s estimation of the value of the collateral. The Company considers all REO that has been charged off or received an allowance during the period as nonrecurring Level 3.

Financial Assets Recorded at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The following table presents financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis at the dates indicated:



	June 30, 2020
Description	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
U.S government agencies	$	4,173	$	—	$	4,173	$	—
Residential MBS of U.S. government agencies and GSE	48,355		—		48,355		—
Municipal bonds	16,631		—		16,631		—
Corporate bonds	58,378		—		58,378		—
Total	$	127,537	$	—	$	127,537	$	—



	June 30, 2019
Description	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
U.S government agencies	$	15,210	$	—	$	15,210	$	—
Residential MBS of U.S. government agencies and GSE	75,180		—		75,180		—
Municipal bonds	25,312		—		25,312		—
Corporate bonds	6,084		—		6,084		—
Total	$	121,786	$	—	$	121,786	$	—

Financial Assets Recorded at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis

The following table presents financial assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis at the dates indicated:



	June 30, 2020
Description	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Impaired loans	$	9,168	$	—	$	—	$	9,168
REO	97		—		—		97
Total	$	9,265	$	—	$	—	$	9,265



	June 30, 2019
Description	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Impaired loans	$	9,071	$	—	$	—	$	9,071
REO	1,804		—		—		1,804
Total	$	10,875	$	—	$	—	$	10,875

Quantitative information about Level 3 fair value measurements during the period ended June 30, 2020 is shown in the table below:



	Fair Value at June 30, 2020		Valuation Techniques	Unobservable Input	Range	Weighted Average
Nonrecurring measurements:
Impaired loans, net	$	9,168	Discounted appraisals and discounted cash flows	Collateral discounts: Discount spread:	0% - 63% 2% - 3%	27%
REO	$	97	Discounted Appraisals	Collateral discounts	8%	8%

The stated carrying value and estimated fair value amounts of financial instruments as of June 30, 2020 and June 30, 2019, are summarized below:



	June 30, 2020
	Carrying Value		Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets:
Cash and interest-bearing deposits	$	121,622	$	121,622	$	121,622	$	—	$	—
Commercial paper	304,967		304,967		304,967		—		—
Certificates of deposit in other banks	55,689		55,689		—		55,689		—
Securities available for sale	127,537		127,537		—		127,537		—
Loans, net	2,741,047		2,692,265		—		—		2,692,265
Loans held for sale	77,177		78,129		—		—		78,129
FHLB stock	23,309		23,309		23,309		—		—
FRB stock	7,368		7,368		7,368		—		—
SBIC investments	8,269		8,269		—		—		8,269
Accrued interest receivable	12,312		12,312		208		744		11,360
Liabilities:
Noninterest-bearing and NOW deposits	1,012,200		1,012,200		—		1,012,200		—
Money market accounts	836,738		836,738		—		836,738		—
Savings accounts	197,676		197,676		—		197,676		—
Certificates of deposit	739,142		745,078		—		745,078		—
Borrowings	475,000		511,529		—		511,529		—
Accrued interest payable	1,087		1,087		—		1,087		—



	June 30, 2019
	Carrying Value		Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets:
Cash and interest-bearing deposits	$	71,043	$	71,043	$	71,043	$	—	$	—
Commercial paper	241,446		241,446		241,446		—		—
Certificates of deposit in other banks	52,005		52,005		—		52,005		—
Securities available for sale	121,786		121,786		—		121,786		—
Loans, net	2,683,761		2,604,827		—		—		2,604,827
Loans held for sale	18,175		18,591		—		—		18,591
FHLB stock	31,969		31,969		31,969		—		—
FRB stock	7,335		7,335		7,335		—		—
SBIC investments	6,074		6,074		—		—		6,074
Accrued interest receivable	10,533		10,533		350		750		9,433
Liabilities:
Noninterest-bearing and NOW deposits	746,617		746,617		—		746,617		—
Money market accounts	691,172		691,172		—		691,172		—
Savings accounts	177,278		177,278		—		177,278		—
Certificates of deposit	712,190		712,485		—		712,485		—
Borrowings	680,000		688,418		—		688,418		—
Accrued interest payable	2,252		2,252		—		2,252		—

The Company had off-balance sheet financial commitments, which include approximately $598,136 and $628,572 of commitments to originate loans, undisbursed portions of interim construction loans, and unused lines of credit at June 30, 2020 and June 30, 2019 (see Note 18). Since these commitments are based on current rates, the carrying amount approximates the fair value.

Estimated fair values were determined using the following methods and assumptions:

Cash and interest-bearing deposits – The stated amounts approximate fair values as maturities are less than 90 days.

Commercial paper – The stated amounts approximate fair value due to the short-term nature of these investments.

Certificates of deposit in other banks – The stated amounts approximate fair values.

Securities available for sale – Fair values are based on quoted market prices where available. If quoted market prices are not available, fair values are based on quoted market prices of comparable instruments.

Loans, net – Fair values for loans are estimated by segregating the portfolio by type of loan and discounting scheduled cash flows using current market interest rates for loans with similar terms and credit quality. A prepayment assumption is used as an estimate of the portion of loans that will be repaid prior to their scheduled maturity. A liquidity premium assumption is used as an estimate for the additional return required by an investor of assets that are potentially considered illiquid.

Loans held for sale – The fair value of mortgage loans held for sale is determined by outstanding commitments from investors on a "best efforts" basis or current investor yield requirements, calculated on the aggregate loan basis. The fair value of SBA loans and HELOCs held for sale is based on what investors are currently offering for loans with similar characteristics.

FHLB and FRB stock – No ready market exists for these stocks and they have no quoted market value. However, redemption of these stocks has historically been at par value. Accordingly, cost is deemed to be a reasonable estimate of fair value.

SBIC – No ready market exists for these investments and they have no quoted market value. SBIC investments are valued at cost, less any impairment, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions of identical or similar investments. Accordingly, cost is deemed to be a reasonable estimate of fair value.

Deposits – Fair values for demand deposits, money market accounts, and savings accounts are the amounts payable on demand as of June 30, 2020 and June 30, 2019. The fair value of certificates of deposit is estimated by discounting the contractual cash flows using current market interest rates for accounts with similar maturities.

Borrowings – The fair value of advances from the FHLB is estimated based on current rates for borrowings with similar terms.

Accrued interest receivable and payable – The stated amounts of accrued interest receivable and payable approximate the fair value.

Limitations – Fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time, based on relevant market information and information about the financial instrument. These estimates do not reflect any premium or discount that could result from offering for sale at one time the Company’s entire holdings of a particular financial instrument. Because no market exists for a significant portion of the Company’s financial instruments, fair value estimates are based on judgments regarding future expected loss experience, current economic conditions, risk characteristics of various financial instruments, and other factors. These estimates are subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment and therefore cannot be determined with precision. Changes in assumptions could significantly affect the estimates.

Fair value estimates are based on existing on-and-off balance sheet financial instruments without attempting to estimate the value of anticipated future business and the value of assets and liabilities that are not considered financial instruments. For example, a significant asset not considered a financial asset is premises and equipment. In addition, tax ramifications related to the realization of the unrealized gains and losses can have a significant effect on fair value estimates and have not been considered in any of the estimates.