12. Share-Based Compensation (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2015

Schedule of Share-Based Compensation Expense

	Year Ended December 31,
	2015		2014
Research and development expenses	$	229,964	$	952,829
General and administrative expenses		2,364,149		560,409
	$	2,594,113	$	1,513,238

Non-Vested Non-Employee Stock Options [Member]

Option activity

	Number of shares			Weighted-average grant date fair value
Balance as of January 1, 2015		511,856		$	0.21
Granted		1,000,000		$	0.40
Vested		(589,262	)	$	0.33
Balance as of December 31, 2015		922,594		$	0.36

Common Stock Awards [Member]

Option activity

	Number of shares
Balance as of January 1, 2014		460,116
Granted		3,432,190
Issued		(3,244,784	)
Balance as of December 31, 2014		647,522
Granted		1,135,280
Issued		(1,027,535	)
Balance as of December 31, 2015		755,267

Employee Stock Options [Member]

Assumptions used

	Year Ended December 31,
	2015		2014
Weighted-average expected dividend yield (%)		–		–
Weighted-average expected volatility (%)		124.17		103.36
Weighted-average risk-free interest rate (%)		0.44		1.48
Weighted-average expected life of option (years)		2.50		5.33
Weighted-average exercise price ($)		0.42		0.31
Model used		Black-Scholes		Black-Scholes

Option activity

	Number of shares			Weighted-average exercise price		Weighted-average remaining life (years)		Aggregate intrinsic value
Outstanding as of January 1, 2014		5,222,430			0.47
Granted		1,080,000			0.31
Exercised		(1,984,080	)		0.05			$	509,622
Expired		(132,422	)		0.93
Outstanding as of December 31, 2014		4,185,928			0.62		6.86	$	80,338
Granted		16,300,000			0.42
Expired		(51,072	)		0.47
Outstanding as of December 31, 2015		20,434,856			0.46		8.92	$	1,915,942
Vested or expected to vest as of December 31, 2015		20,434,856			0.46		8.92	$	1,915,942
Exercisable as of December 31, 2014		2,630,024		$	0.60		5.48	$	80,338
Exercisable as of December 31, 2015		7,913,567		$	0.52		7.78	$	688,343

Employee Stock Options [Member] | Non-Vested [Member]

Option activity

	Number of shares			Weighted-average grant date fair value
Balance as of January 1, 2015		1,555,904		$	0.15
Granted		16,300,000		$	0.28
Vested		(5,334,615	)	$	0.26
Balance as of December 31, 2015		12,521,289		$	0.28

Non Employee Stock Options [Member] | Non-Vested [Member]

Assumptions used

	Year Ended December 31,
	2015		2014
Weighted-average expected dividend yield (%)		–		–
Weighted-average expected volatility (%)		120.51		116.22
Weighted-average risk-free interest rate (%)		1.54		1.62
Weighted-average expected life of option (years)		10.00		7.60
Weighted-average exercise price ($)		0.42		0.39
Model used		Black-Scholes		Black-Scholes

Option activity

	Number of shares		Weighted-average exercise price		Weighted-average remaining life (years)		Aggregate intrinsic value
Outstanding as of January 1, 2014		415,520	$	0.52		5.90	$	49
Granted		480,000		0.25
Outstanding as of December 31, 2014		895,520		0.39		7.60	$	159
Granted		1,000,000		0.42
Outstanding as of December 31, 2015		1,895,520		0.41		8.23	$	220,764
Vested or expected to vest as of December 31, 2015		1,895,520		0.41		8.23	$	220,764
Exercisable as of December 31, 2014		383,664	$	0.42		6.40	$	159
Exercisable as of December 31, 2015		972,926	$	0.41		7.37	$	119,164