UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2022

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from __________to ___________

1-35573

(Commission file number)

TRONOX HOLDINGS PLC

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter) extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.

England and Wales	98-1467236
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

263 Tresser Boulevard, Suite 1100 Stamford, Connecticut 06901 Laporte Road, Stallingborough Grimsby, North East Lincolnshire, DN40 2PR United Kingdom 

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (203) 705-3800

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Name of each exchange on which registered
Ordinary Shares, par value $0.01 per share	New York Stock Exchange

Trading Symbol: TROX

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.:

Large accelerated filer	☒	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of October 20, 2022, the Registrant had 154,465,072 ordinary shares outstanding.

Table of Contents

		Page
PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.	Financial Statements (Unaudited)	3
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	30
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	43
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	44
PART II – OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	46
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	46
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	47
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	47
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	47
Item 5.	Other Information	47
Item 6.	Exhibits	48
SIGNATURES		49

2

Item 1.    Financial Statements (Unaudited)

	Page No.
Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022 and 2021	4
Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022 and 2021	5
Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021	6
Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022 and 2021	7
Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statement of Shareholders’ Equity for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022 and 2021	8
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	10

3

TRONOX HOLDINGS PLC

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

(Unaudited)

(Millions of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Net sales	$	895	$	870	$	2,805	$	2,688
Cost of goods sold	663		626		2,078		2,011
Gross profit	232		244		727		677
Selling, general and administrative expenses	69		76		220		234
Venator settlement	—		—		85		—
Income from operations	163		168		422		443
Interest expense	(32)		(37)		(92)		(123)
Interest income	2		1		6		4
Loss on extinguishment of debt	—		(3)		(21)		(60)
Other income, net	8		12		12		6
Income before income taxes	141		141		327		270
Income tax benefit (provision)	(18)		(28)		187		(54)
Net income	123		113		514		216
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest	2		2		2		13
Net income attributable to Tronox Holdings plc	$	121	$	111	$	512	$	203
Earnings per share:
Basic	$	0.78	$	0.72	$	3.30	$	1.34
Diluted	$	0.77	$	0.70	$	3.23	$	1.29
Weighted average shares outstanding, basic (in thousands)	154,548		153,762		155,027		151,472
Weighted average shares outstanding, diluted (in thousands)	156,948		159,020		158,201		157,148

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

4

TRONOX HOLDINGS PLC

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(Unaudited)

(Millions of U.S. dollars)

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Net income	$	123	$	113	$	514	$	216
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Foreign currency translation adjustments	(122)		(70)		(175)		(62)
Pension and postretirement plans:
Actuarial losses, (net of tax benefit of nil in both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and less than $1 million in both the three and nine months September 30, 2021)	—		1		—		(1)
Amortization of unrecognized actuarial losses, (net of tax benefit of less than $1 million in both the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and $1 million and less than $1 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively)	1		1		2		3
Total pension and postretirement gains	1		2		2		2
Realized (gains) losses on derivatives reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss to the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Income (net of tax expense of less than $1 million and nil in the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and net of tax expense of $1 million and nil in the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021)	(1)		(13)		(23)		(22)
Unrealized (losses) gains on derivative financial instruments, (net of tax benefit of $1 million and nil for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively and net of tax expense of $3 million and nil for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively) - See Note 12	7		—		50		12
Other comprehensive loss	(115)		(81)		(146)		(70)
Total comprehensive income	8		32		368		146
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest:
Net income	2		2		2		13
Foreign currency translation adjustments	(2)		(4)		1		(9)
Comprehensive (loss) income attributable to noncontrolling interest	—		(2)		3		4
Comprehensive income attributable to Tronox Holdings plc	$	8	$	34	$	365	$	142

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

5

TRONOX HOLDINGS PLC

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(Unaudited)

(Millions of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)

	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
ASSETS
Current Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	91	$	228
Restricted cash	—		4
Accounts receivable (net of allowance for credit losses of $4 million and $4 million as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively)	584		631
Inventories, net	1,132		1,048
Prepaid and other assets	155		132
Income taxes receivable	5		6
Total current assets	1,967		2,049
Noncurrent Assets
Property, plant and equipment, net	1,749		1,710
Mineral leaseholds, net	693		747
Intangible assets, net	251		217
Lease right of use assets, net	82		85
Deferred tax assets	1,216		985
Other long-term assets	201		194
Total assets	$	6,159	$	5,987
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
Current Liabilities
Accounts payable	$	426	$	438
Accrued liabilities	262		328
Short-term lease liabilities	18		26
Short-term debt	84		—
Long-term debt due within one year	22		18
Income taxes payable	26		12
Total current liabilities	838		822
Noncurrent Liabilities
Long-term debt, net	2,463		2,558
Pension and postretirement healthcare benefits	108		116
Asset retirement obligations	136		139
Environmental liabilities	64		66
Long-term lease liabilities	55		55
Deferred tax liabilities	143		157
Other long-term liabilities	30		32
Total liabilities	3,837		3,945
Commitments and Contingencies - Note 15
Shareholders’ Equity
Tronox Holdings plc ordinary shares, par value $0.01 — 154,460,592 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2022 and 153,934,677 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2021	2		2
Capital in excess of par value	2,038		2,067
Retained earnings	1,116		663
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(885)		(738)
Total Tronox Holdings plc shareholders’ equity	2,271		1,994
Noncontrolling interest	51		48
Total equity	2,322		2,042
Total liabilities and equity	$	6,159	$	5,987

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

6

TRONOX HOLDINGS PLC

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Unaudited)

(Millions of U.S. dollars)

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021
Cash Flows from Operating Activities:
Net income	$	514	$	216
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation, depletion and amortization	201		227
Deferred income taxes	(241)		13
Share-based compensation expense	21		23
Amortization of deferred debt issuance costs and discount on debt	6		8
Loss on extinguishment of debt	21		60
Other non-cash items affecting net income	51		23
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Decrease (increase) in accounts receivable, net of allowance for credit losses	7		(95)
(Increase) decrease in inventories, net	(151)		104
Decrease in prepaid and other assets	16		36
(Decrease) Increase in accounts payable and accrued liabilities	(55)		26
Net changes in income tax payables and receivables	17		14
Changes in other non-current assets and liabilities	(49)		(54)
Cash provided by operating activities	358		601
Cash Flows from Investing Activities:
Capital expenditures	(314)		(183)
Insurance proceeds	—		1
Proceeds from sale of assets	3		1
Cash used in investing activities	(311)		(181)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities:
Repayments of short-term debt	(24)		—
Repayments of long-term debt	(511)		(3,008)
Proceeds from long-term debt	396		2,375
Proceeds from short-term debt	87		—
Repurchase of common stock	(50)		—
Call premiums paid	(18)		(40)
Debt issuance costs	(4)		(36)
Proceeds from the exercise of options	—		6
Dividends paid	(60)		(46)
Restricted stock and performance-based shares settled in cash for withholding taxes	—		(3)
Cash used in financing activities	(184)		(752)
Effects of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash	(4)		(3)
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(141)		(335)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period	232		648
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period	$	91	$	313
Supplemental cash flow information:
Interest paid, net	$	99	$	113
Income taxes paid	$	37	$	25

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

7

TRONOX HOLDINGS PLC

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(Unaudited)

(Millions of U.S. dollars, except for shares)

For the nine months ended September 30, 2022

	Tronox Holdings plc Ordinary Shares (in thousands)	Tronox Holdings plc Ordinary Shares (Amount)		Capital in Excess of par Value		Retained Earnings		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss		Total Tronox Holdings plc Shareholders’ Equity		Non- controlling Interest		Total Equity
Balance at December 31, 2021	153,935	$	2	$	2,067	$	663	$	(738)	$	1,994	$	48	$	2,042
Net income	—	—		—		16		—		16		—		16
Other comprehensive income	—	—		—		—		101		101		8		109
Share-based compensation	3,254	—		7		—		—		7		—		7
Shares cancelled	(9)	—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Options exercised	3	—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Shares repurchased and cancelled	(1,386)	—		(25)		—				(25)				(25)
Ordinary share dividends ($0.125 per share)	—	—		—		(20)		—		(20)		—		(20)
Balance at March 31, 2022	155,797	$	2	$	2,049	$	659	$	(637)	$	2,073	$	56	$	2,129
Net income	—	—		—		375		—		375		—		375
Other comprehensive loss	—	—		—		—		(135)		(135)		(5)		(140)
Share-based compensation	91	—		7		—		—		7		—		7
Shares cancelled	(8)	—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Options exercised	11	—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Shares repurchased and cancelled	(1,458)	—		(25)		—		—		(25)		—		(25)
Ordinary share dividends ($0.125 per share)	—	—		—		(20)		—		(20)		—		(20)
Balance at June 30, 2022	154,433	$	2	$	2,031	$	1,014	$	(772)	$	2,275	$	51	$	2,326
Net income	—	—		—		121		—		121		2		123
Other comprehensive (loss) income	—	—		—		—		(113)		(113)		(2)		(115)
Share-based compensation	28	—		7		—		—		7		—		7
Ordinary share dividends ($0.125 per share)	—	—		—		(19)		—		(19)		—		(19)
Balance at September 30, 2022	154,461	$	2	$	2,038	$	1,116	$	(885)	$	2,271	$	51	$	2,322

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

8

TRONOX HOLDINGS PLC

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (Continued)

(Unaudited)

(Millions of U.S. dollars, except for shares)

For the nine months ended September 30, 2021

	Tronox Holdings plc Ordinary Shares (in thousands)	Tronox Holdings plc Ordinary Shares (Amount)		Capital in Excess of par Value		Retained Earnings		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss		Total Tronox Holdings plc Shareholders’ Equity		Non- controlling Interest		Total Equity
Balance at December 31, 2020	143,557	$	1	$	1,873	$	434	$	(610)	$	1,698	$	173	$	1,871
Net income	—	—		—		19		—		19		7		26
Other comprehensive loss	—	—		—		—		(24)		(24)		(10)		(34)
Share-based compensation	2,545	—		9		—		—		9		—		9
Shares cancelled	(101)	—		(2)		—		—		(2)		—		(2)
Options exercised	11	—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Acquisition of noncontrolling interest	7,246	1		158		—		(34)		125		(125)		—
Ordinary share dividends ($0.08 per share)	—	—		—		(13)		—		(13)		—		(13)
Balance at March 31, 2021	153,258	$	2	$	2,038	$	440	$	(668)	$	1,812	$	45	$	1,857
Net loss	—	—		—		73		—		73		4		77
Other comprehensive income	—	—		—		—		40		40		5		45
Share-based compensation	225	—		7		—		—		7		—		7
Shares cancelled	(31)	—		(1)		—		—		(1)		—		(1)
Options exercised	137	—		3		—		—		3		—		3
Ordinary share dividends ($0.08 per share)	—	—		—		(12)		—		(12)		—		(12)
Balance at June 30, 2021	153,589	$	2	$	2,047	$	501	$	(628)	$	1,922	$	54	$	1,976
Net income	—	—		—		111		—		111		2		113
Other comprehensive loss	—	—		—		—		(77)		(77)		(4)		(81)
Share-based compensation	69	—		7		—		—		7		—		7
Shares cancelled	(4)	—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Options exercised	171	—		3		—		—		3		—		3
Ordinary share dividends ($0.10 per share)	—	—		—		(16)		—		(16)		(3)		(19)
Balance at September 30, 2021	153,825	$	2	$	2,057	$	596	$	(705)	$	1,950	$	49	$	1,999

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

9

TRONOX HOLDINGS PLC

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Unaudited)

(Millions of U.S. dollars, except share, per share and metric tons data or unless otherwise noted)

1.    The Company

Tronox Holdings plc (referred to herein as "Tronox", the "Company", "we", "us", or "our") operates titanium-bearing mineral sand mines and beneficiation operations in Australia, South Africa and Brazil to produce feedstock materials that can be processed into TiO2 for pigment, high purity titanium chemicals, including titanium tetrachloride, and Ultrafine© titanium dioxide used in certain specialty applications. It is our long-term strategic goal to be vertically integrated and consume all of our feedstock materials in our own nine TiO2 pigment facilities which we operate in the United States, Australia, Brazil, UK, France, the Netherlands, China and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (“KSA”). We believe that vertical integration is the best way to achieve our ultimate goal of delivering low cost, high-quality pigment to our coatings and other TiO2 customers throughout the world. The mining, beneficiation and smelting of titanium bearing mineral sands creates meaningful quantities of Zircon and pig iron, which we also supply to customers around the world.

We are a public limited company listed on the New York Stock Exchange and are registered under the laws of England and Wales.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements are unaudited and have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission regarding interim financial reporting. Accordingly, they do not include all the information and footnotes required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) for complete financial statements and should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.

In management’s opinion, the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments, which are of a normal recurring nature, considered necessary for a fair statement of its financial position as of September 30, 2022, and its results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021. Our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of all majority-owned subsidiary companies. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the manner and presentation in the current period.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. It is at least reasonably possible that the effect on the financial statements of a change in estimate due to one or more future confirming events could have a material effect on the financial statements, including, among other things, any potential impacts on the economy as a result of macroeconomic conditions, inflationary pressures, political instability, and supply chain disruptions.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform Financial Reporting.” This amendment is elective in nature. Amongst other aspects, this standard provides for practical expedients and exceptions to current accounting standards that reference a rate which is expected to be dissolved (e.g., London Interbank Offered Rate “LIBOR”) as it relates to hedge accounting, contract modifications and other transactions that reference this rate, subject to meeting certain criteria. The standard is effective for all entities as of March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022. We have conducted an internal assessment to identify items that would be impacted as a result of the dissolution of LIBOR. Based upon this assessment, we have determined that this change will be most impactful to our intercompany debt agreements and interest rate swap agreements. Upon conversion of these benchmark rates, we intend to elect the practical expedients allowed under this standard which is expected to result in an immaterial impact to the financial statements.

10

2.    Revenue

We recognize revenue at a point in time when the customer obtains control of the promised products. For most transactions this occurs when products are shipped from our manufacturing facilities or at a later point when control of the products transfers to the customer at a specified destination or time.

Contract assets represent our rights to consideration in exchange for products that have transferred to a customer when the right is conditional on situations other than the passage of time. For products that we have transferred to our customers, our rights to the consideration are typically unconditional and only the passage of time is required before payments become due. These unconditional rights are recorded as "Accounts receivable" in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of September 30, 2022, and December 31, 2021, we did not have material contract asset balances.

Contract liabilities represent our obligations to transfer products to a customer for which we have received consideration from the customer. From time to time, we may receive advance payment from our customers that is accounted for as deferred revenue. Deferred revenue is earned when control of the product transfers to the customer, which is typically within a short period of time from when we received the advanced payment. Contract liability balances as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 were approximately $1 million and $2 million, respectively. Contract liability balances were reported as “Accounts payable” in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.  All material contract liabilities as of December 31, 2021 were recognized as revenue in “Net sales” in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income during the first quarter of 2022.

Disaggregation of Revenue

We operate under one operating and reportable segment, Tronox. We disaggregate our revenue from contracts with customers by product type and geographic area. We believe this level of disaggregation appropriately depicts how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of our revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors and reflects how our business is managed.

Net sales to external customers by geographic areas where our customers are located were as follows:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
North America	$	228	$	183	$	628	$	546
South and Central America	73		63		213		194
Europe, Middle-East and Africa	331		345		1,069		1,059
Asia Pacific	263		279		895		889
Total net sales	$	895	$	870	$	2,805	$	2,688

Net sales from external customers for each similar type of product were as follows:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
TiO2	$	673	$	682	$	2,215	$	2,118
Zircon	128		116		346		360
Feedstock and other products	94		72		244		210
Total net sales	$	895	$	870	$	2,805	$	2,688

Feedstock and other products mainly include pig iron, TiCl4 and other mining products.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, our ten largest third-party customers represented 30% and 28%, respectively, of our consolidated net sales. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, no single customer accounted for 10% of our consolidated net sales.

11

3.    Income Taxes

Our operations are conducted through various subsidiaries in a number of countries throughout the world. We have provided for income taxes based upon the tax laws and rates in the countries in which operations are conducted and income is earned.

Income before income taxes is comprised of the following:

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022			2021			2022			2021
Income tax (provision) benefit	$	(18)		$	(28)		$	187		$	(54)
Income before income taxes	$	141		$	141		$	327		$	270
Effective tax rate	13		%	20		%	(57)		%	20		%

Tronox Holdings plc, a U.K. public limited company is the parent company for the business group, and the statutory tax rate in the U.K. at both September 30, 2022 and 2021 was 19%. The effective tax rates for both the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 are impacted by a variety of factors, primarily income and losses in jurisdictions with valuation allowances, disallowable expenditures, prior year accruals, and our jurisdictional mix of income at tax rates different than the U.K. statutory rate. The effective tax rate for the three months and the nine months ended September 30, 2022 was significantly impacted by the release of a portion of the valuation allowance in Australia. In addition to that, the effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 was significantly impacted by the non-deductible Venator settlement and the related interest expense from the Venator settlement in a jurisdiction with a full valuation allowance as well as a $7 million deferred tax benefit from statutory tax rate changes in two foreign jurisdictions.

At each reporting date, we perform an analysis to determine the likelihood of realizing our deferred tax assets and whether any valuation allowances are required. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income (including the reversals of deferred tax liabilities) during the periods in which those deferred tax assets will become deductible. Our analysis takes into consideration all available positive and negative evidence, including prior operating results, the nature and reason for any losses, our forecast of future taxable income, utilization of tax planning strategies, and the dates on which any deferred tax assets are expected to expire. These assumptions and estimates require a significant amount of judgment and are made based on current and projected circumstances and conditions.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, we determined that sufficient positive evidence existed to reverse a portion of the valuation allowance attributable to the deferred tax assets associated with our operations in Australia. This reversal resulted in non-cash deferred tax benefits of $16 million and $278 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively. Our analysis considered all positive and negative evidence, including (i) three years of cumulative income for our Australian subsidiaries, (ii) our continuing and improved profitability over the last twelve months, (iii) estimates of continued profitability based on updates to our latest forecasts, (iv) changes in the factors that drove losses in the past, and (v) an evaluation of specific deferred tax assets for limitations under certain Australian tax provisions. Based on this analysis, we concluded that it is more likely than not that our Australian subsidiaries will be able to utilize all of their deferred tax assets except for those which are classified as Capital Gains Tax (CGT) assets. These CGT assets represent losses which can only be utilized against CGT gains, and because the company has no foreseeable source of CGT gains, we will continue to carry an Australian valuation allowance with a current estimated value of $475 million.

We continue to maintain full valuation allowances related to the total net deferred tax assets in Switzerland and the United Kingdom, as we cannot objectively assert that these deferred tax assets are more likely than not to be realized. Until these valuation allowances are eliminated, future provisions for income taxes for these jurisdictions will include no tax benefits with respect to losses incurred and tax expense only to the extent of current tax payments. Additionally, we have valuation allowances against specific tax assets in Australia, South Africa and the United States.

The Company currently has no uncertain tax positions recorded. We believe that we have made adequate provision for income taxes that may be payable with respect to years open for examination; however, the ultimate outcome is not presently known and, accordingly, adjustments to our provisions may be necessary and/or reclassifications of noncurrent tax liabilities to current may occur in the future.

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4.    Income Per Share

The computation of basic and diluted income per share for the periods indicated is as follows:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Numerator - Basic and Diluted:
Net income	$	123	$	113	$	514	$	216
Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest	2		2		2		13
Net income available to ordinary shares	$	121	$	111	$	512	$	203
Denominator - Basic and Diluted:
Weighted-average ordinary shares, basic (in thousands)	154,548		153,762		155,027		151,472
Weighted-average ordinary shares, diluted (in thousands)	156,948		159,020		158,201		157,148
Basic net income per ordinary share	$	0.78	$	0.72	$	3.30	$	1.34
Diluted net income per ordinary share	$	0.77	$	0.70	$	3.23	$	1.29

Net income per ordinary share amounts were calculated from exact, not rounded net income and share information.  Anti-dilutive shares not recognized in the diluted net income per share calculation for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 were as follows:

	Shares
	Three Months Ended September 30,		Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022	2021	2022	2021
Options	518,934	495,314	518,934	495,314
Restricted share units	1,333,723	16,488	1,330,971	29,787

5.    Accounts Receivable Securitization Program

On March 15, 2022, the Company entered into an accounts receivable securitization arrangement (“Securitization Facility”) with a financial institution, through our wholly owned special purpose bankruptcy-remote subsidiary Tronox Securitization LLC (“ SPE”). The purpose of this arrangement is to enhance the Company's financial flexibility by providing additional liquidity. The Securitization Facility permits the SPE to sell accounts receivable up to $75 million (the “Facility Limit”). Under the Securitization Facility, our wholly owned U.S. operating subsidiary, Tronox LLC (“Originator”), sells its entire accounts receivable on a periodic basis to the SPE. The SPE in turn sells undivided interests in the portion of the receivables that meet certain eligibility criteria, pursuant to the terms of a receivable purchase agreement, to the administrative agent (acting on behalf of the purchaser) in exchange for cash, not to exceed the Facility Limit. The SPE retains the remaining receivables as unsold receivables which are pledged as a collateral for the sold receivables to which the purchaser is granted a first priority security interest.

Following the sale of the receivables by the Originator to the SPE, the receivables are legally isolated from Tronox and its affiliated entities, and upon the subsequent sale and transfer of the receivables from the SPE to the administrative agent, effective control of the receivables is passed to the purchaser, which has all rights, including the right to pledge or sell the receivables. Any new receivables that are not sold to the purchaser by the SPE are added to the unsold receivables held as collateral.

During March 2022, the Company sold accounts receivable having an aggregate face value of $75 million to the purchaser in exchange for cash proceeds of $75 million. At September 30, 2022, we also retained approximately $34 million of unsold receivables which we pledged as collateral for the sold receivables. As this transaction represents a true sale, we

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derecognized the sold receivables from our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of September 30, 2022 and classified the cash proceeds as source of cash provided by operating activities in our Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. This transaction has a one year term which ends on March 14, 2023.

6.    Inventories, Net

Inventories, net consisted of the following:

	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Raw materials	$	244	$	265
Work-in-process	127		117
Finished goods, net	519		461
Materials and supplies, net	242		205
Inventories, net – current	$	1,132	$	1,048

Materials and supplies, net consists of processing chemicals, maintenance supplies and spare parts, which will be consumed directly and indirectly in the production of our products.

At September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, inventory obsolescence reserves primarily for materials and supplies were $42 million and $43 million, respectively. Reserves for lower of cost or market and net realizable value were $20 million and $11 million at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

7.    Property, Plant and Equipment, Net

Property, plant and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation, consisted of the following:

	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Land and land improvements	$	178	$	188
Buildings	359		365
Machinery and equipment	2,231		2,234
Construction-in-progress	398		263
Other	61		73
Subtotal	3,227		3,123
Less: accumulated depreciation	(1,478)		(1,413)
Property, plant and equipment, net	$	1,749	$	1,710

Substantially all of the property, plant and equipment, net is pledged as collateral for our debt. See Note 11.

The table below summarizes depreciation expense related to property, plant and equipment for the periods presented, recorded in the specific line items in our unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Cost of goods sold	$	50	$	54	$	152	$	171
Selling, general and administrative expenses	1		1		3		4
Total	$	51	$	55	$	155	$	175

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8.    Mineral Leaseholds, Net

Mineral leaseholds, net of accumulated depletion, consisted of the following:

	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Mineral leaseholds	$	1,263	$	1,306
Less: accumulated depletion	(570)		(559)
Mineral leaseholds, net	$	693	$	747

Depletion expense relating to mineral leaseholds recorded in “Cost of goods sold” in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income was $8 million and $9 million during the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Depletion expense relating to mineral leaseholds recorded in "Cost of goods sold" in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income was $23 million and $28 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

9.    Intangible Assets, Net

Intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization, consisted of the following:

	September 30, 2022						December 31, 2021
	Gross Cost		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Amount		Gross Cost		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Amount
Customer relationships	$	291	$	(226)	$	65	$	291	$	(211)	$	80
TiO2 technology	93		(36)		57		93		(31)		62
Internal-use software and other	172		(43)		129		120		(45)		75
Intangible assets, net	$	556	$	(305)	$	251	$	504	$	(287)	$	217

As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, internal-use software included approximately $103 million and $68 million, respectively, of capitalized software costs which are not being amortized as the software is not ready for its intended use.

The table below summarizes amortization expense related to intangible assets for the periods presented, recorded in the specific line items in our unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Cost of goods sold	$	1	$	—	$	1	$	1
Selling, general and administrative expenses	6		8		22		23
Total	$	7	$	8	$	23	$	24

Estimated future amortization expense related to intangible assets is $9 million for the remainder of 2022, $47 million for 2023, $29 million for 2024, $33 million for 2025, $14 million for 2026 and $119 million thereafter.

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10.    Balance Sheet and Cash Flow Supplemental Information

Accrued liabilities consisted of the following:

	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Employee-related costs and benefits	$	104	$	155
Related party payables	6		1
Interest	2		20
Sales rebates	32		36
Taxes other than income taxes	13		18
Asset retirement obligations	7		10
Interest rate swaps	—		25
Other accrued liabilities	98		63
Accrued liabilities	$	262	$	328

Additional supplemental cash flow information for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 and as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 is as follows: 

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
Supplemental non cash information:	2022		2021
Financing activities - Acquisition of noncontrolling interest	$	—	$	125
Financing activities - Initial commercial insurance premium financing agreement	$	21	$	—
	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Capital expenditures acquired but not yet paid	$	78	$	75

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11.    Debt

Long-Term Debt

Long-term debt, net of an unamortized discount and debt issuance costs, consisted of the following:

	Original Principal	Annual Interest Rate		Maturity Date	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Term Loan Facility, net of unamortized discount (1)	1,300	Variable		3/11/2028	897		897
2022 Term Loan Facility, net of unamortized discount(1)	400	Variable		4/4/2029	394		—
Senior Notes due 2029	1,075	4.625	%	3/15/2029	1,075		1,075
6.5% Senior Secured Notes due 2025	500	6.50	%	5/1/2025	—		500
Standard Bank Term Loan Facility (1)	98	Variable		11/11/2026	75		92
Australian Government Loan, net of unamortized discount	N/A	N/A		12/31/2036	1		1
MGT Loan(2)	36	Variable		Variable	31		33
Finance leases					46		14
Long-term debt					2,519		2,612
Less: Long-term debt due within one year					(22)		(18)
Debt issuance costs					(34)		(36)
Long-term debt, net					$	2,463	$	2,558

_______________

(1)The average effective interest rate on the Term Loan Facility, the 2022 Term Loan Facility and the Standard Bank Term Loan Facility was 4.7%, 5.1% and 6.8%, respectively, during the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The average effective interest rate on the Term Loan Facility and Standard Bank Term Loan Facility was 4.9% and 6.4%, respectively, during the nine months ended September 30, 2021.

(2)The MGT loan is a related party debt facility. The average effective interest rate on the MGT loan was 4.0% and 3.1% during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and September 30, 2021, respectively.

Emirates Revolver

During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company entered into an amendment to extend the maturity date of the Emirates Revolver from March 31, 2022 to March 31, 2023.

Standard Bank Revolving Credit Facility

In July 2022, we drew down 400 million South African rand (approximately $22 million at the September 30, 2022 exchange rate) for general corporate purposes and fully repaid the outstanding amount as of September 30, 2022. In October 2022, we drew down 280 million South African rand (approximately $15 million at the September 30, 2022 exchange rate) for general corporate purposes which is expected to be repaid in the fourth quarter of 2022.

Term Loan Facility and Cash Flow Revolver

During the nine months ended September 30, 2021, we amended and restated our prior term loan facility with a new seven-year first lien credit facility (the "Term Loan Facility") and a new five-year cash flow revolving facility ("Cash Flow Revolver"). As a result of this transaction and in accordance with ASC 470, we recognized approximately $4 million in "Loss on extinguishment of debt" recorded in the unaudited condensed Consolidated Statement of Income for the nine months ended September 30, 2021. Additionally, during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, we made total voluntary prepayments on the Term Loan Facility of $135 million and $196 million, respectively, and as a result, we recorded approximately $3 million and $4 million, respectively, in "Loss on extinguishment of debt" in the unaudited condensed Consolidated Statement of Income.

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The Term Loan Facility bears interest at either the base rate or an adjusted LIBOR rate, in each case plus an applicable margin. Based on our first lien net leverage ratio pursuant to the Term Loan Facility agreement, the applicable margin under the Term Loan Facility as of September 30, 2022 was 2.25%.

In April 2022, the Company drew down $85 million on its Cash Flow Revolver which was utilized to make the payment on the Venator settlement. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, we made total repayments of $20 million and the remaining outstanding balance as of September 30, 2022 was $65 million.

Senior Notes due 2029

During the nine months ended September 30, 2021, Tronox Incorporated closed an offering of $1,075 million aggregate principal amount of its 4.625% senior notes due 2029 (the "Senior Notes due 2029"). As a result of this transaction, the Company repaid the outstanding principal balance of $615 million on its Senior Notes due 2026 and recorded $30 million of debt extinguishment costs, including a call premium of $21 million, in "Loss on extinguishment of debt" on the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Income for the nine months ended September 30, 2021. On April 1, 2021, the Company repaid the outstanding principal balance of $450 million on its Senior Notes due 2025. As a result of this transaction, we recorded $22 million of debt extinguishment costs, including a call premium of $19 million, in "Loss on extinguishment of debt" on the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Income for the nine months ended September 30, 2021.

2022 Term Loan Facility

On April 4, 2022, Tronox Finance LLC (the "Borrower"), the Borrower's indirect parent company, Tronox Holdings plc (the "Company"), certain of the Company's subsidiaries, the incremental term lender party thereto, and HSBC Bank USA. National Association, as Administrative Agent and Collateral Agent, entered into Amendment No. 1 to the Amended and Restated First Lien Credit Agreement (the "Amendment"). The Amendment provides the Borrower with a new seven-year incremental term loan facility (the "2022 Term Loan Facility" and, the loans thereunder, the "2022 Incremental Term Loans") under its credit agreement in an aggregate initial principal amount of $400 million.

The obligations of the Borrower under the 2022 Term Loan Facility are guaranteed and secured by the same guarantees and liens under the existing credit agreement of the Term Loan Facility (as discussed above). The 2022 Incremental Term Loans are a separate class of loans under the credit agreement, and if the Borrower elects to make an optional prepayment under the credit agreement or is required to make a mandatory prepayment under the credit agreement, the Borrower, may, in each case, select which class or classes of loans to prepay.

The 2022 Incremental Term Loans will amortize in equal quarterly installments in an aggregate annual amount equal to 1.0% of the original principal amount of the 2022 Incremental Term Loans commencing with the second full fiscal quarter after the effective date of the 2022 Incremental Term Loan Facility. The final maturity of the 2022 Incremental Term Loans will occur on the seventh anniversary of the effective date of the 2022 Incremental Term Loan Facility. The 2022 Incremental Term Loan Facility permits amendments thereto whereby individual lenders may extend the maturity date of their outstanding loans upon the Borrower's request without the consent of any other lender, so long as certain conditions are met.

The 2022 Incremental Term Loans shall bear interest, at the Borrower's option, at either the base or the SOFR rate, in each case plus an applicable margin. The applicable margin in respect of the 2022 Incremental Loans is 2.25% per annum, for base rate loans, or 3.25% per annum, for SOFR rate loans. The 2022 Incremental Term Loans have an interest rate floor of 0.50%. As of September 30, 2022, the applicable margin under the 2022 Term Loan Facility was 3.25%.

The 2022 Incremental Term Loan Facility contains the same negative covenants applicable to the term loans outstanding under the Existing Credit Agreement immediately prior to the effectiveness of the Amendment, which covenants, subject to certain limitations, thresholds and exceptions, limit the Company and its restricted subsidiaries to (among other restrictions): incur indebtedness; grant liens; pay dividends and make subsidiary and certain other distributions; sell assets; make investments; enter into transactions with affiliates; and make certain modifications to material documents (including organizational documents).

The proceeds of the 2022 Incremental Term Loans were used on April 4, 2022, along with cash on hand, to redeem all outstanding 6.5% Senior Secured Notes due 2025 issued by Tronox Incorporated under the Indenture dated as of May 1, 2020 with Wilmington Trust, National Association, as Trustee and Collateral Agent and to pay transaction related costs and

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expenses. In connection with such redemption, all security interests and liens granted to Wilmington Trust, National Association, were automatically terminated and discharged.

As a result of this transaction, we recognized approximately $21 million, including a call premium of $18 million, in "Loss on extinguishment of debt" on the unaudited Consolidated Statement of Income for the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

Insurance premium financing

In August 2022, the Company entered into a $21 million insurance premium financing agreement with a third-party financing company. The balance will be repaid in monthly installments over 10 months at a 5% fixed annual interest rate. As of September 30, 2022, the financing balance was $17 million and is recorded in "Short-term debt" in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.

Debt Covenants

As of September 30, 2022, we are in compliance with all financial covenants in our debt facilities.

12.    Derivative Financial Instruments

Derivatives recorded on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet:

The following table is a summary of the fair value of derivatives outstanding at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021:

	Fair Value
	September 30, 2022				December 31, 2021
	Assets(a)		Accrued Liabilities		Assets(a)		Accrued Liabilities
Derivatives Designated as Cash Flow Hedges
Currency Contracts	$	—	$	10	$	3	$	1
Interest Rate Swaps	$	29	$	—	$	—	$	25
Natural Gas Hedges	$	2	$	—	$	1	$	—
Total Hedges	$	31	$	10	$	4	$	26
Derivatives Not Designated as Cash Flow Hedges
Currency Contracts	$	—	$	10	$	—	$	—
Total Derivatives	$	31	$	20	$	4	$	26

(a) At September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, current assets of $31 million and $4 million, respectively, are recorded in prepaid and other current assets on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Derivatives' Impact on the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Income:

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The following table summarizes the impact of the Company's derivatives on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statement of Income:

	Amount of Pre-Tax Gain (Loss) Recognized in Earnings						Amount of Pre-Tax Gain (Loss) Recognized in Earnings
	Revenue		Cost of Goods Sold		Other Income (Expense), net		Revenue		Cost of Goods Sold		Other Income (Expense), net
	Three Months Ended September 30, 2022						Three Months Ended September 30, 2021
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments
Currency Contracts	$	—	$	—	$	(13)	$	—	$	—	$	—
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments
Currency Contracts	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	13	$	—
Natural Gas Hedges	$	—	$	2	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Total Derivatives	$	—	$	2	$	(13)	$	—	$	13	$	—

	Amount of Pre-Tax Gain (Loss) Recognized in Earnings						Amount of Pre-Tax Gain (Loss) Recognized in Earnings
	Revenue		Cost of Goods Sold		Other Income (Expense), net		Revenue		Cost of Goods Sold		Other Income (Expense), net
	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022						Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments
Currency Contracts	$	—	$	—	$	(18)	$	—	$	—	$	3
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments
Currency Contracts	$	5	$	14	$	—	$	—	$	22	$	—
Natural Gas Hedges	$	—	$	4	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Total Derivatives	$	5	$	18	$	(18)	$	—	$	22	$	3

Interest Rate Risk

During the second quarter of 2019, we entered into interest-rate swap agreements with an aggregate notional value of $750 million, representing a portion of our previous Term Loan Facility, which effectively converts the variable rate to a fixed rate for that portion of the loan. The agreements expire in September 2024. The Company’s objectives in using the interest-rate swap agreements are to add stability to interest expense and to manage its exposure to interest rate movements. These interest rate swaps have been designated as cash flow hedges and involve the receipt of variable amounts from a counterparty in exchange for the Company making fixed-rate payments over the life of the agreements without exchange of the underlying notional amount. There was no impact associated with the new Term Loan Facility as the hedge remained highly effective.

Fair value gains or losses on these cash flow hedges are recorded in other comprehensive (loss) income and are subsequently reclassified into interest expense in the same periods during which the hedged transactions affect earnings. At September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the net unrealized gain of $29 million and the unrealized loss of $25 million, respectively, was recorded in "Accumulated other comprehensive loss" on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, the amounts recorded in interest expense related to the interest-rate swap agreements were less than $1 million and $7 million, respectively. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, the net amounts recorded in interest expense related to the interest-rate swap agreements were $4 million and $12 million, respectively.

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Foreign Currency Risk

From time to time, we enter into foreign currency contracts used to hedge forecasted third party non-functional currency sales for our South African subsidiaries and forecasted non-functional currency cost of goods sold for our Australian subsidiaries. Historically, we have used a combination of zero-cost collars or forward contracts to reduce the exposure.  These foreign currency contracts are designated as cash flow hedges. Changes to the fair value of these foreign currency contracts are recorded as a component of other comprehensive (loss) income, if these contracts remain highly effective, and are recognized in net sales or costs of goods sold in the period in which the forecasted transaction affects earnings or are recognized in other income (expense) when the transactions are no longer probable of occurring.

As of September 30, 2022, we had notional amounts of 174 million Australian dollars (or approximately $112 million at September 30, 2022 the exchange rate) that expire between October 28, 2022 and December 29, 2022 to reduce the exposure of our Australian subsidiaries’ cost of sales to fluctuations in currency rates. As of September 30, 2022, we had notional amounts of 1.5 billion South African Rand (approximately $84 million at the September 30, 2022 exchange rate) that expire between October 27, 2022 and December 30, 2022 to reduce the exposure of our South African subsidiaries' third party sales to fluctuations in currency rates. At September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, there was an unrealized net loss of $11 million and an unrealized net gain of $15 million, respectively, recorded in "Accumulated other comprehensive loss" on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet, of which $11 million is expected to be recognized in earnings over the next twelve months. Of the $11 million, $4 million is expected to be recognized in earnings during the remainder of 2022.

We enter into foreign currency contracts for the South African Rand, Australian Dollar, Euro and Pound Sterling to reduce exposure of our subsidiaries’ balance sheet accounts not denominated in our subsidiaries’ functional currency to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. Historically, we have used forward contracts to reduce the exposure.  For accounting purposes, these foreign currency contracts are not considered hedges. The change in fair value associated with these contracts is recorded in “Other expense, net” within the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statement of Income and partially offsets the change in value of third party and intercompany-related receivables not denominated in the functional currency of the subsidiary. At September 30, 2022, there was (i) 786 million South African Rand (or approximately $43 million at September 30, 2022 exchange rate), (ii) 189 million Australian dollars (or approximately $122 million at the September 30, 2022 exchange rate), (iii) 15 million Pound Sterling (or approximately $16 million at the September 30, 2022 exchange rate), and (iv) 8 million Euro (or approximately $8 million at the September 30, 2022 exchange rate) of notional amounts of outstanding foreign currency contracts. At December 31, 2021, there was (i) 510 million South African Rand (or approximately $28 million at the September 30, 2022 exchange rate) and (ii) 172 million Australian dollars (or approximately $111 million at the September 30, 2022 exchange rate) of notional amounts outstanding foreign currency contracts.

13.    Fair Value

Accounting standards define fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The accounting standards also have established a fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used in measuring fair value into three broad levels as follows:

Level 1 -Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities

Level 2 -Inputs, other than the quoted prices in active markets, that are observable either directly or indirectly

Level 3 -Unobservable inputs based on the Company’s own assumptions

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Our debt is recorded at historical amounts. The following table presents the fair value of our debt and derivative contracts at both September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021:

	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
	Asset	Liability	Asset	Liability
Term Loan Facility	—	859	—	895
2022 Term Loan Facility	—	381	—	—
Standard Bank Term Loan Facility	—	75	—	92
Senior Notes due 2029	—	795	—	1,071
6.5% Senior Secured Notes due 2025	—	—	—	526
Australian Government Loan	—	1	—	1
MGT Loan	—	31	—	33
Interest rate swaps	29	—	—	25
Natural gas hedges	2	—	1	—
Foreign currency contracts	—	20	3	1

We determined the fair value of the Term Loan Facility, the 2022 Term Loan Facility, the Senior Notes due 2029 and the 6.5% Senior Secured Notes due 2025 using quoted market prices, which under the fair value hierarchy is a Level 1 input. We determined the fair value of the Standard Bank Term Loan Facility utilizing transactions in the listed markets for identical or similar liabilities, which under the fair value hierarchy is a Level 2 input. The fair value of the Australian Government Loan and MGT Loan is based on the contracted amount which is a Level 2 input.

We determined the fair value of the foreign currency contracts, natural gas hedges and the interest rate swaps using inputs other than quoted prices in active markets that are observable either directly or indirectly. The fair value hierarchy for the foreign currency contracts, natural gas hedges and interest rate swaps is a Level 2 input.

The carrying value of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable, accrued liabilities and short-term debt approximate fair value due to the short-term nature of these items.

14.    Asset Retirement Obligations

Asset retirement obligations consist primarily of rehabilitation and restoration costs, landfill capping costs, decommissioning costs, and closure and post-closure costs. Activities related to asset retirement obligations were as follows:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Beginning balance	$	147	$	169	$	149	$	166
Additions	1		—		1		4
Accretion expense	3		3		10		9
Remeasurement/translation	(9)		(6)		(14)		(9)
Other, including change in estimates	4		3		4		3
Settlements/payments	(3)		(3)		(7)		(7)
Balance, September 30,	$	143	$	166	$	143	$	166

	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Current portion included in “Accrued liabilities”	$	7	$	10
Noncurrent portion included in “Asset retirement obligations”	136		139
Asset retirement obligations	$	143	$	149

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15.    Commitments and Contingencies

Purchase and Capital Commitments—Includes obligations for purchase requirements of process chemicals, supplies, utilities and services entered into in the ordinary course of business. At September 30, 2022, purchase commitments were $121 million for the remainder of 2022, $181 million for 2023, $161 million for 2024, $140 million for 2025, $145 million for 2026, and $1,655 million thereafter.

Letters of Credit—At September 30, 2022, we had outstanding letters of credit and bank guarantees of $54 million, of which $20 million were letters of credit and $34 million were bank guarantees. Amounts for performance bonds were not material.

Environmental Matters—It is our policy to record appropriate liabilities for environmental matters when remedial efforts are probable and the costs can be reasonably estimated. Such liabilities are based on our best estimate of the undiscounted future costs required to complete the remedial work. The recorded liabilities are adjusted periodically as remediation efforts progress or as additional technical, regulatory or legal information becomes available. Given the uncertainties regarding the status of laws, regulations, enforcement policies, the impact of other potentially responsible parties, technology and information related to individual sites, we do not believe it is possible to develop an estimate of the range of reasonably possible environmental loss in excess of our recorded liabilities. We expect to fund expenditures for these matters from operating cash flows. The timing of cash expenditures depends principally on the timing of remedial investigations and feasibility studies, regulatory approval of cleanup projects, remedial techniques to be utilized and agreements with other parties.  Included in these environmental matters is the following:

Hawkins Point Plant.  Residual waste mud, known as Batch Attack Mud, and a spent sulfuric waste stream were deposited in an onsite repository (the “Batch Attack Lagoon”) at a former TiO2 manufacturing site, Hawkins Point Plant in Baltimore, Maryland, operated by Cristal USA, Inc. from 1954 until 2011.  We assumed responsibility for remediation of the Hawkins Point Plant when we acquired the TiO2 business of Cristal in April 2019.  On August 11, 2022, we entered into a Purchase and Sale Agreement with the Maryland Port Administration ("MPA"), a state agency controlled by the Maryland Department of Transportation, pursuant to which MPA will purchase the Hawkins Point Plant and become the lead party in developing and implementing appropriate measures to address, treat, control, and mitigate the environmental conditions at the property under the regulatory oversight of the Maryland Department of the Environment ("MDE"). Under MPA ownership, the Hawkins Point Plant will be utilized for storage and beneficial reuse of dredged material from the Port of Baltimore. In exchange for transferring ownership of the site to MPA, Tronox has agreed to make scheduled, annual payments to MPA which together with scheduled, annual contributions from MPA will be used to remediate the property. On October 26, 2022, the Maryland Board of Public Works approved the transaction which was the most material condition to closing. The parties anticipate that closing will occur in the fourth quarter of 2022. As of September 30, 2022, we have a provision of $56 million in our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet for the Hawkins Point Plant consistent with the accounting policy described above. If the transaction with MPA were to be consummated, we do not expect it to have a material impact to the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Income.

Other Matters—We are subject to a number of other lawsuits, investigations and disputes (some of which involve substantial amounts claimed) arising out of the conduct of our business, including matters relating to commercial transactions, prior acquisitions and divestitures, including our acquisition of Cristal, employee benefit plans, intellectual property, and environmental, health and safety matters. We recognize a liability for any contingency that is probable of occurrence and reasonably estimable. We continually assess the likelihood of adverse judgments of outcomes in these matters, as well as potential ranges of possible losses (taking into consideration any insurance recoveries), based on a careful analysis of each matter with the assistance of outside legal counsel and, if applicable, other experts. Included in these other matters are the following:

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Venator Materials plc v. Tronox Limited.  In May 2019, Venator Materials plc (“Venator”) filed an action in the Superior Court of the State of Delaware alleging among other things that we owed Venator a $75 million “Break Fee” pursuant to the terms of a preliminary agreement dated July 14, 2018 (the “Exclusivity Agreement”). The Exclusivity Agreement required, among other things, Tronox and Venator to use their respective best efforts to negotiate a definitive agreement to sell the entirety of the National Titanium Dioxide Company Limited’s (“Cristal’s”) North American operations to Venator if a divestiture of all or a substantial part of these operations were required to secure the approval of the Federal Trade Commission for us to complete our acquisition of Cristal’s TiO2 business. In June 2019, we denied Venator's claims and counterclaimed against Venator seeking to recover $400 million in damages from Venator that we suffered as a result of Venator’s breaches of the Exclusivity Agreement. Specifically, we alleged, among other things, that Venator’s failure to use best efforts constituted a material breach of the Exclusivity Agreement and directly resulted in and caused us to sell Cristal’s North American operations to an alternative buyer for $701 million, $400 million less than the price Venator had agreed to in the Exclusivity Agreement. On April 6, 2022, the Judge presiding over the case in the Superior Court of the State of Delaware delivered a directed verdict in favor of Venator without allowing the jury to deliberate. The Company determined not to appeal the Judge's verdict, and as such, on April 18, 2022, the Company and Venator entered into a settlement agreement whereby the Company paid $85 million, inclusive of interest, on April 25, 2022. As a result, we recorded the charge within "Venator settlement" on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statement of Income for the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

Western Australia Stamp Duty Matter. In May 2018, we lodged a pre-transaction determination request for a stamp duty exemption with the Western Australia Office of State Revenue (the “WA OSR”) in connection with our re-domicile transaction (the “Re-Domicile Transaction”). The WA OSR subsequently granted our request for an exemption in June 2018 on a preliminary basis. Immediately following the consummation of the Re-Domicile Transaction, we filed a confirmation request for the stamp duty exemption with the WA OSR. Following this confirmation request, we exchanged numerous communications with the WA OSR addressing questions raised and stating our position. In July 2021, the WA OSR informed us that they have reviewed their technical position on the applicability of the stamp duty exemption and have determined that such an exemption is disallowed. On April 8, 2022, the Company lodged an appeal of the WA OSR's decision with the Western Australia State Administrative Tribunal. While the Company believes it complied with the rules relevant to obtaining an exemption from stamp duties in connection with the Re-Domicile Transaction, if an unfavorable ruling is received from the Western Australia State Administrative Tribunal and Tronox is not able to successfully appeal such ruling, the stamp duty payable on the Re-Domicile Transaction could result in a material charge to our financial statements.

16.    Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss Attributable to Tronox Holdings plc and Other Equity Items

The tables below present changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss by component for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021.

	Cumulative Translation Adjustment		Pension Liability Adjustment		Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Hedges		Total
Balance, July 1, 2022	$	(684)	$	(99)	$	11	$	(772)
Other comprehensive (loss) income	(120)		—		7		(113)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss	—		1		(1)		—
Balance, September 30, 2022	$	(804)	$	(98)	$	17	$	(885)

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	Cumulative Translation Adjustment		Pension Liability Adjustment		Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Hedges		Total
Balance, July 1, 2021	$	(512)	$	(120)	$	4	$	(628)
Other comprehensive (loss) income	(66)		1		—		(65)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss	—		1		(13)		(12)
Balance, September 30, 2021	$	(578)	$	(118)	$	(9)	$	(705)

The tables below present changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss by component for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021.

	Cumulative Translation Adjustment		Pension Liability Adjustment		Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Hedges		Total
Balance, January 1, 2022	$	(628)	$	(100)	$	(10)	$	(738)
Other comprehensive (loss) income	(176)		—		50		(126)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss	—		2		(23)		(21)
Balance, September 30, 2022	$	(804)	$	(98)	$	17	$	(885)

	Cumulative Translation Adjustment		Pension Liability Adjustment		Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Hedges		Total
Balance, January 1, 2021	$	(491)	$	(120)	$	1	$	(610)
Other comprehensive (loss) income	(53)		(1)		12		(42)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss	—		3		(22)		(19)
Acquisition of noncontrolling interest	(34)		—		—		(34)
Balance, September 30, 2021	$	(578)	$	(118)	$	(9)	$	(705)

Repurchase of Common Stock

As previously announced, on November 9, 2021, the Company's Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $300 million of the Company's stock through February 2024. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, we purchased a total of 2,843,789 shares on the open market at an average price of $17.38 per share and at an aggregate cost of approximately $50 million, including sales commissions, transfer taxes and fees. Upon repurchase of the shares by the Company, the shares were cancelled. Under the authorization from our Board of Directors, we have approximately $251 million available for additional repurchases through February 2024.

17.    Share-Based Compensation

Restricted Share Units (“RSUs”)

2022 Grant - During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company granted both time-based and performance-based awards to certain members of management. A total of 579,551 of time-based awards were granted to management which will vest ratably over a three-year period ending March 5, 2025. A total of 68,296 of time-based awards were granted to non-employee members of the Board which will vest in May 2023. A total of 530,832 of performance-based awards were granted, of which 265,416 of the awards vest based on a relative Total Shareholder Return ("TSR") calculation and 265,416

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of the awards vest based on certain performance metrics of the Company. The non-TSR performance-based awards vest on March 5, 2025 based on the achievement against the target average company performance of three separate performance periods, commencing on January 1 of each 2022, 2023, and 2024 and ending on December 31 of each 2022, 2023 and 2024, for which, for each performance period, the performance metric is an average annual return on invested capital (ROIC) improvement versus 2021 ROIC. Similar to the Company's historical TSR awards granted in prior years, the TSR awards vest based on the Company's three-year TSR versus the peer group performance levels. Given these terms, the TSR metric is considered a market condition for which we used a Monte Carlo simulation to determine the weighted average grant date fair value of $34.49. The following weighted average assumptions were utilized to value the TSR grants:

	2022
Dividend yield	3.22	%
Expected historical volatility	68.0	%
Risk free interest rate	3.06	%
Expected life (in years)	3

The unrecognized compensation cost associated with all unvested awards at September 30, 2022 was $33 million, adjusted for estimated forfeitures, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 1.8 years.

During both the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, we recorded $7 million of stock compensation expense. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, we recorded $21 million and $23 million of stock compensation expense, respectively. The nine months ended September 30, 2021 includes the acceleration of approximately $2 million of stock compensation expense associated with the retirement agreement entered into with the former CEO on March 18, 2021.

There were 13,881 options exercised during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 with an intrinsic value of less than $1 million. Cash proceeds from the exercise of stock options was less than $1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

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18.    Pension and Other Postretirement Healthcare Benefits

The components of net periodic cost associated with our U.S. and foreign pension plans recognized in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income were as follows:

	Pensions				Pensions
	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Net periodic cost:
Service cost	$	1	$	1	$	3	$	3
Interest cost	4		3		11		10
Expected return on plan assets	(6)		(6)		(18)		(19)
Net amortization of actuarial loss and prior service credit	1		1		3		3
Total net periodic cost	$	—	$	(1)	$	(1)	$	(3)

The components of net periodic cost associated with our postretirement healthcare plans recognized in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income were as follows:

	Other Postretirement Benefit Plans				Other Postretirement Benefit Plans
	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Net periodic cost:
Service cost	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Interest cost	1		1		2		2
Expected return on plan assets	—		—		—		—
Net amortization of actuarial loss and prior service credit	—		—		—		1
Total net periodic cost	$	1	$	1	$	2	$	3

During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company made contributions to its pension plans of $5 million. The Company expects to make less than $1 million of pension contributions for the remainder of 2022.

For the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, we contributed $1 million and $1 million, respectively, to the Netherlands Multiemployer Plan, which was primarily recognized in “Cost of goods sold” in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statement of Income. For the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, we contributed $4 million and $4 million, respectively, to the Netherlands Multiemployer Plan, which was primarily recognized in “Cost of goods sold” in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statement of Income.

In October 2022, the Company entered into an irrevocable arrangement with an insurance provider to settle certain lower dollar valued accounts within its frozen U.S Qualified Plan to reduce PBGC premiums. As a result of this arrangement, the Company is expecting to record an estimated pension settlement charge of approximately $20 million during the fourth quarter of 2022. The ultimate charge will be calculated at the time of settlement.

19.    Related Parties

Tasnee / Cristal

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At September 30, 2022, Cristal International Holdings B.V. (formerly known as Cristal Inorganic Chemical Netherlands Cooperatief W.A.), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Tasnee, continues to own 37,580,000 shares of Tronox, or a 24% ownership interest.

On May 9, 2018, we entered into an Option Agreement with AMIC which is owned equally by Tasnee and Cristal. Under the terms of the Option Agreement, AMIC granted us an option (the “Option”) to acquire 90% of a special purpose vehicle (the “SPV”), to which AMIC’s ownership in a titanium slag smelter facility (the “Slagger”) in The Jazan City for Primary and Downstream Industries in KSA will be contributed together with $322 million of AMIC indebtedness (the “AMIC Debt”). The AMIC Debt would remain outstanding debt of the SPV upon exercise of the Option. The Option may be exercised if the Slagger achieves certain production criteria related to sustained quality and tonnage of slag produced (the “Option Criteria”). Likewise, AMIC may require us to acquire the Slagger on the same terms if the Option Criteria are satisfied. Furthermore, pursuant to the Option Agreement and during its term, we agreed to lend AMIC and, upon the creation of the SPV, the SPV, up to $125 million for capital expenditures and operational expenses intended to facilitate the start-up of the Slagger (the “Tronox Loans”). At September 30, 2022, we have lent AMIC the Tronox Loans maximum amount of $125 million. At both September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, we have recorded the $125 million of total principal loan payments as well as the related interest of $11 million and $9 million, respectively, within “Other long-term assets” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. The Option did not have a significant impact on the financial statements as of nor for the period ended September 30, 2022. For the three months ended September 30, 2022 and September 30, 2021, Tronox recorded $20 million and nil, respectively, for purchases of feedstock material produced by the Slagger. For the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and September 30, 2021, the corresponding Slagger feedstock purchases were $43 million and nil, respectively. Such sales are recorded in "Cost of goods sold" on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statement of Income. At September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, amounts due related to Slagger feedstock purchases were $5 million and nil, respectively, which are recorded within “Accrued liabilities” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.

On May 13, 2020 we amended the Option Agreement (the "First Amendment") with AMIC to address circumstances in which the Option Criteria cannot be satisfied. Pursuant to the First Amendment, Tronox has the right to acquire the SPV in exchange for (i) our forgiveness of the Tronox Loans principal and accrued interest thereon, and (ii) the SPV's assumption of $36 million of indebtedness plus accrued interest thereon lent by AMIC to the SPV. Under the First Amendment, the SPV would not assume any of the AMIC Debt.

Additionally, on May 13, 2020, we amended a Technical Services Agreement that we had entered with AMIC on March 15, 2018, to add project management support services. Under this amended arrangement, AMIC and its consultants are still responsible for engineering and construction of the Slagger while we provide technical advice and project management services including supervision and management of third party consultants intended to satisfy the Option Criteria. As compensation for these services, Tronox receives a management fee, which is subject to certain success incentives if and when the Slagger achieves the Option Criteria. Tronox recorded management fees of $2 million in "Other income (expense), net" within the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statement of Income for both the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021. For both the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, the corresponding management fees were $6 million. Tronox recorded other technical support fees received under the Technical Services Agreement of nil for both the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, in "Selling, general and administrative expenses" on the unaudited Consolidated Statement of Income. Corresponding amounts for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and September 30, 2021, were $1 million and nil, respectively. At September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, Tronox had a receivable due from AMIC related to the management and technical support fees of $2 million and $1 million, respectively, that is recorded within “Prepaid and other assets” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.

At September 30, 2022, Tronox had a receivable due from Tasnee of $3 million recorded within “Prepaid and other assets” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet related primarily to pre-acquisition period tax matters in process with certain tax authorities which are reimbursable from Tasnee. At December 31, 2021, Tronox had a receivable due from Tasnee of $8 million primarily related to reimbursable stamp duty taxes and pre-acquisition period tax settlements in process with certain tax authorities.

On December 29, 2019, we entered into an agreement with Cristal to acquire certain assets co-located at our Yanbu facility which produces metal grade TiCl4 ("MGT"). Consideration for the acquisition is the assumption by Tronox of a $36 million note payable to Cristal (the "MGT Loan"). MGT is used at a titanium "sponge" plant facility, 65% of the ownership interests of which are held by Advanced Metal Industries Cluster and Toho Titanium Metal Co. Ltd ("ATTM"), a joint venture

28

between AMIC and Toho Titanium Company Ltd. ATTM uses the TiCl4, which we supply by pipeline, for the production of titanium sponge, a precursor material used in the production of titanium metal.

On December 17, 2020 we completed the MGT transaction. Repayment of the $36 million note payable is based on a fixed U.S. dollar amount per metric ton quantity of MGT delivered by us to ATTM over time and therefore the ultimate maturity date is variable in nature. If ATTM fails to purchase MGT from us under certain contractually agreed upon conditions, then at our election we may terminate the MGT supply agreement with ATTM and we will no longer owe any amount under the loan agreement with Cristal. We currently estimate the ultimate maturity to be between approximately five and six years, subject to actual future MGT production levels. The interest rate on the note payable is based on the SAIBOR plus a premium. At September 30, 2022, the outstanding balance of the note payable was $31 million, of which $6 million is expected to be paid within the next twelve months. During both the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, Tronox recorded $1 million for MGT Loan repayments to Cristal which are recorded within "Net sales" on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statement of Income. Corresponding MGT loan repayments during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and September 30, 2021 were $2 million and $3 million, respectively.

As a result of these transactions that we entered into related to the MGT assets, Tronox recorded $1 million and $2 million for purchase of chlorine gas from ATTM for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and such amounts are recorded in "Cost of goods sold" on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statement of Income. Corresponding amounts purchased for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, were $3 million and $6 million, respectively. The amount due to ATTM at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, for the purchase of chlorine gas was less than $1 million and $1 million, respectively, which is recorded within “Accrued liabilities” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. During the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, Tronox recorded $8 million and $7 million, respectively, for MGT sales made to ATTM. Corresponding amounts for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 were $19 million and $24 million, respectively. The MGT sales are recorded in “Net sales” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statement of Income. At September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, Tronox had a receivable from ATTM of $5 million and $6 million, respectively, from MGT sales that is recorded within “Prepaid and other assets” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.

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Item 2.    Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with Tronox Holdings plc’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, as well as Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021. This discussion and other sections in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contain forward-looking statements, within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, that involve risks and uncertainties, and actual results could differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements as a result of numerous factors. Forward-looking statements provide current expectations of future events based on certain assumptions and include any statement that does not directly relate to any historical or current fact. Forward-looking statements also can be identified by words such as “future”, “anticipates”, “believes”, “estimates”, “expects”, “intends”, “plans”, “predicts”, “will”, “would”, “could”, “can”, “may”, and similar terms.

This Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations contains certain financial measures, in particular the presentation of earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (“EBITDA”) and Adjusted EBITDA, which are not presented in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”). We are presenting these non-U.S. GAAP financial measures because we believe they provide us and readers of this Form 10-Q with additional insight into our operational performance relative to earlier periods and relative to our competitors. We do not intend for these non-U.S. GAAP financial measures to be a substitute for any U.S. GAAP financial information. Readers of these statements should use these non-U.S. GAAP financial measures only in conjunction with the comparable U.S. GAAP financial measures. A reconciliation of net income to EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA is also provided herein.

Overview

Tronox Holdings plc (referred to herein as "Tronox", the "Company", "we", "us", or "our") operates titanium-bearing mineral sand mines and beneficiation operations in Australia, South Africa and Brazil to produce feedstock materials that can be processed into TiO2 for pigment, high purity titanium chemicals, including titanium tetrachloride, and Ultrafine© titanium dioxide used in certain specialty applications. It is our long-term strategic goal to be vertically integrated and consume all of our feedstock materials in our own nine TiO2 pigment facilities which we operate in the United States, Australia, Brazil, UK, France, the Netherlands, China and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (“KSA”). We believe that vertical integration is the best way to achieve our ultimate goal of delivering low cost, high-quality pigment to our coatings and other TiO2 customers throughout the world. The mining, beneficiation and smelting of titanium bearing mineral sands creates meaningful quantities of Zircon and pig iron, which we also supply to customers around the world.

We are a public limited company listed on the New York Stock Exchange and are registered under the laws of England and Wales.

Business Environment

The following discussion includes trends and factors that may affect future operating results:

Third quarter revenue increased 3% compared to the prior year, driven by higher TiO2, Zircon and pig iron prices and higher pig iron volumes. Compared to the prior year, TiO2 average selling prices increased 15% on a local currency basis and 11% on a US dollar basis and Zircon average selling prices increased 33%. TiO2 volumes declined 12% versus the prior year driven primarily by Europe, Middle East / Africa, Latin America, and Asia Pacific. Zircon volumes declined 23% year-over-year driven by higher sales from inventory in the year ago quarter. Revenue from feedstock and other products increased 31% compared to the prior year, primarily due to higher pig iron average selling prices and sales volumes and higher revenue from rare earths elements.

Sequentially, revenue decreased 5% in the third quarter of 2022 compared to the second quarter of 2022 primarily due to lower revenue from TiO2, partially offset by higher Zircon and pig iron revenues. TiO2 volumes decreased 13% sequentially partially offset by average selling prices which increased 3% sequentially on a local currency basis and 1% on a US dollar basis. Revenue from Zircon increased 15% sequentially, primarily driven by an increase of 8% in sales volumes and 7% higher average selling prices. Feedstock and other product revenues increased 45% sequentially mainly due to higher pig iron volumes and average selling prices as well as higher revenue from rare earths elements.

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Third quarter gross profit decreased year over year due to headwinds from lower sales volumes of TiO2 as well as higher production costs due to inflationary cost pressures and increased freight rates partially offset by the favorable impacts of average selling prices and favorable exchange rates.

As of September 30, 2022, our total available liquidity was $486 million, including $91 million in cash and cash equivalents and $395 million available under revolving credit agreements. As of September 30, 2022, our total debt was $2.6 billion and net debt to trailing-twelve month Adjusted EBITDA was 2.5x. The Company has no financial covenants on its term loan or bonds and only one springing financial covenant on its Cash Flow Revolver, which we do not expect to be triggered based on our current scenario planning.

Condensed Consolidated Results of Operations

Three Months Ended September 30, 2022 compared to the Three Months Ended September 30, 2021

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2022			2021			Variance
Net sales	$	895		$	870		$	25
Cost of goods sold	663			626			37
Gross profit	232			244			(12)
Gross Margin	25.9		%	28.0		%	(2.1) pts
Selling, general and administrative expenses	69			76			(7)
Income from operations	163			168			(5)
Interest expense	(32)			(37)			5
Interest income	2			1			1
Loss on extinguishment of debt	—			(3)			3
Other income, net	8			12			(4)
Income before income taxes	141			141			—
Income tax provision	(18)			(28)			10
Net income	$	123		$	113		$	10
Effective tax rate	13		%	20		%
EBITDA (1)	$	237		$	249		$	(12)
Adjusted EBITDA (1)	$	247		$	252		$	(5)
Adjusted EBITDA as % of Net Sales	27.6		%	29.0		%	(1.4) pts

_______________

(1)EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA are Non-U.S. GAAP financial measures. Please refer to the “Non-U.S. GAAP Financial Measures” section of this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations for a discussion of these measures and a reconciliation of these measures to Net income from operations.

Net sales of $895 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022 increased by 3%, compared to $870 million for the same period in 2021. The increase is primarily due to higher average selling prices of TiO2, Zircon and pig iron.

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Net sales by type of product for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 were as follows:

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021		Variance		Percentage
TiO2	$	673	$	682	$	(9)	(1)	%
Zircon	128		116		12		10	%
Feedstock and other products	94		72		22		31	%
Total net sales	$	895	$	870	$	25	3	%

For the three months ended September 30, 2022, TiO2 revenue was lower by 1% or $9 million compared to the prior year quarter primarily due to a decrease of $83 million in sales volumes offset by $104 million increase in average selling prices. Foreign currency negatively impacted TiO2 revenue by $30 million primarily due to the weakening of the Euro. Zircon revenue increased $12 million primarily due to a 33% increase in average selling prices partially offset by a 23% decrease in sales volumes. Feedstock and other products revenues increased $22 million from the year-ago quarter primarily due to an increase in both average selling prices and sales volumes of pig iron.

Gross profit of $232 million was 25.9% of net sales compared to 28.0% of net sales in the year-ago quarter. The decrease in gross margin is primarily due to:

•the unfavorable impact of 19 points due to product mix and higher production and commodity costs and increased freight rates which were offset by favorable overhead absorption and cost savings, partially offset by

•the favorable impact of 14 points primarily due to an increase in TiO2, Zircon and pig iron selling prices, and

•the net favorable impact of 3 points due to changes in foreign exchange rates, primarily as a result of the South African Rand and Australian dollar.

Selling, general and administrative expenses decreased by $7 million or 9% during the three months ended September 30, 2022 compared to the same period of the prior year. The decrease is mainly due to lower employee costs of $9 million. These decreases were partially offset by higher travel and entertainment expenses of $2 million.

Income from operations for the three months ended September 30, 2022 was $163 million compared to $168 million in the prior year period. The decrease of $5 million was primarily due to the higher production costs and unfavorable product mix partially offset by higher TiO2, Zircon and pig iron selling prices and lower SG&A expenses discussed above.

Adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of net sales was 27.6% for the three months ended September 30, 2022 as compared to 29.0% from the prior year primarily due to the lower gross margin as a result of higher production costs and unfavorable product mix partially offset by improved pricing and lower SG&A expenses as discussed above.

Interest expense for the three months ended September 30, 2022 decreased by $5 million compared to the same period of 2021 primarily due to lower average debt outstanding balances primarily on the Term Loan Facility as well as lower average interest rates mainly on the 2022 Term Loan Facility as compared to the 6.5% Senior Secured Notes due 2025 in the prior year quarter.

Other income, net for the three months ended September 30, 2022 primarily consisted of approximately $5 million of net realized and unrealized foreign currency gains, $2 million associated with the monthly technical service fee relating to the Jazan slagger we receive from AMIC and $1 million of pension income primarily due to expected return on plan assets offset by pension related interest costs and amortization of actuarial gains/losses.

We continue to maintain full valuation allowances related to the total net deferred tax assets in Switzerland and the United Kingdom.  The provisions for income taxes associated with these jurisdictions include no tax benefits with respect to losses incurred and tax expense only to the extent of current tax payments. Additionally, we have valuation allowances against other specific tax assets.

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On a reported basis, the effective tax rate was 13% and 20% for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The effective tax rates for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 are impacted by a variety of factors, primarily income and losses in jurisdictions with valuation allowances, disallowable expenditures, prior year accruals, and our jurisdictional mix of income at tax rates different than the U.K. statutory rate. The effective tax rate for the three months ended September 30, 2022 was significantly impacted by the $16 million deferred tax benefit from the changes in estimate about the realizability of the related Australian deferred tax assets in future years.

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022 compared to the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022			2021			Variance
Net sales	$	2,805		$	2,688		$	117
Cost of goods sold	2,078			2,011			67
Gross profit	727			677			50
Gross Margin	25.9		%	25.2		%	0.7 pt
Selling, general and administrative expenses	220			234			(14)
Venator settlement	85			—			85
Income from operations	422			443			(21)
Interest expense	(92)			(123)			(31)
Interest income	6			4			2
Loss on extinguishment of debt	(21)			(60)			(39)
Other income, net	12			6			6
Income before income taxes	327			270			57
Income tax benefit (provision)	187			(54)			(241)
Net income	$	514		$	216		$	298
Effective tax rate	(57)		%	20		%
EBITDA (1)	$	614		$	616		$	(2)
Adjusted EBITDA (1)	$	762		$	714		$	48
Adjusted EBITDA as % of Net Sales	27.2		%	26.6		%	0.6 pt

_______________

(1)EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA are Non-U.S. GAAP financial measures. Please refer to the “Non-U.S. GAAP Financial Measures” section of this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations for a discussion of these measures and a reconciliation of these measures to Net income from operations.

Net sales of $2,805 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 increased by 4% compared to $2,688 million for the same period in 2021. The increase is primarily due to increases in average selling prices of TiO2, Zircon and pig iron.

Net sales by type of product for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 were as follows:

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	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021		Variance		Percentage
TiO2	$	2,215	$	2,118	$	97	5	%
Zircon	346		360		(14)		(4)	%
Feedstock and other products	244		210		34		16	%
Total net sales	$	2,805	$	2,688	$	117	4	%

For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, TiO2 revenue was higher by 5% or $97 million compared to the prior year period. TiO2 revenue increased primarily due to a $397 million increase in average selling prices partially offset by a $190 million decrease in sales volumes. Foreign currency negatively impacted TiO2 revenue by $110 million due to the weakening of the Euro. Zircon revenues decreased $14 million primarily due to a 35% decrease in sales volumes partially offset by a 31% increase in average selling prices. Feedstock and other products revenues increased $34 million primarily due to higher average selling prices of pig iron partially offset by decreases in pig iron sales volumes.

Gross margin of $727 million was 25.9% of net sales compared to 25.2% of net sales in the year-ago period. The increase in gross margin is primarily due to:

•the favorable impact of 14 points primarily due to an increase in TiO2, Zircon and pig iron selling prices, and

•the net favorable impact of 3 points due to changes in foreign exchange rates, primarily due to the South African Rand and Australian dollar, partially offset by

•the unfavorable impact of 16 points due to product mix and higher production and commodity costs and increased freight rates which were offset by favorable overhead absorption and cost savings.

Selling, general and administrative expenses decreased by $14 million or 6% during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 compared to the same period of the prior year primarily driven by a $21 million decrease in employee costs offset by higher travel and entertainment expenses of $6 million. The remaining balance was driven by individually immaterial amounts.

The outcome of the Venator settlement resulted in a $85 million payment to Venator which includes $10 million of interest accrued since May 13, 2019 (refer to Note 15 in notes to condensed consolidated financial statements for further details).

Income from operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 was $422 million compared to income from operations of $443 million in the prior year period. The decrease of $21 million was primarily due to the Venator settlement of $85 million (discussed above) partially offset by higher TiO2, Zircon and pig iron selling prices and lower SG&A expenses as discussed above.

Adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of net sales was 27.2% for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, an increase of 0.6 point from 26.6% in the prior year. The higher gross margin and lower SG&A expenses as discussed above were the primary drivers of the year-over-year increase in Adjusted EBITDA percentage.

Interest expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 decreased by $31 million compared to the same period of 2021 primarily due to the lower average debt outstanding balances primarily on the Term Loan Facility and the lower average interest on the 2022 Term Loan Facility as compared to the 6.5% Senior Secured Notes due 2025 in the prior year period.

Loss on extinguishment of debt was $21 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 which is primarily comprised of a $18 million call premium paid in relation to the redemption of the 6.5% Senior Secured Notes and related write-off of certain debt issuance costs associated with the issuance of a new term loan which closed in April 2022.

Other income, net for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 primarily consisted of approximately $6 million associated with the monthly technical service fee relating to the Jazan slagger we receive from AMIC and $3 million of pension income primarily due to expected return on plan assets offset by pension related interest costs and amortization of actuarial gains/losses and $1 million of net realized and unrealized foreign currency gains. The remaining balance was driven by individually immaterial amounts.

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We continue to maintain full valuation allowances related to the total net deferred tax assets in Switzerland and the United Kingdom.  The provisions for income taxes associated with these jurisdictions include no tax benefits with respect to losses incurred and tax expense only to the extent of current tax payments. Additionally, we have valuation allowances against other specific tax assets.

On a reported basis, the effective tax rate was (57)% and 20% for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The effective tax rates for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 are impacted by a variety of factors, primarily income and losses in jurisdictions with valuation allowances, disallowable expenditures, prior year accruals, and our jurisdictional mix of income at tax rates different than the U.K. statutory rate. The effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 was significantly impacted by the $278 million deferred tax benefit from the release of a portion of the valuation allowance in Australia, the non-deductible Venator settlement and the related interest expense in a jurisdiction with a full valuation allowance, and a $7 million deferred tax benefit from statutory tax rate changes in two foreign jurisdictions.

Other Comprehensive Income

Other comprehensive loss was $115 million in the three months ended September 30, 2022 as compared to other comprehensive loss of $81 million in the three months ended September 30, 2021. The change is primarily due to the unfavorable foreign currency translation adjustments of $122 million in the three months ended September 30, 2022 as compared to unfavorable foreign currency translation adjustments of $70 million in the prior year period. In addition, we recognized a net gain on derivative instruments of $6 million in the three months ended September 30, 2022 as compared to a net loss on derivative instruments of $13 million in the prior year period.

Other comprehensive loss was $146 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2022 as compared to other comprehensive loss of $70 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2021. The change is primarily due to the unfavorable foreign currency translation adjustments of $175 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2022 as compared to the unfavorable foreign currency translation adjustments of $62 million in the prior year period. In addition, we recognized a net gain on derivative instruments of $27 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2022 as compared to a net loss on derivative instruments of $10 million in the prior year period.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

The following table presents our liquidity as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021:

	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
	(Millions of U.S. dollars)
Cash and cash equivalents	$	91	$	228
Available under the new Cash Flow Revolver	265		329
Available under the Standard Credit Facility	55		63
Available under the Emirates Revolver	56		38
Available under the SABB Facility	19		19
Total	$	486	$	677

Historically, we have funded our operations and met our commitments through cash generated by operations, issuance of unsecured notes, bank financings and borrowings under lines of credit. In the next twelve months, we expect that our operations will provide sufficient cash for our operating expenses, capital expenditures, interest payments and debt repayments, however, if necessary, we have the ability to borrow under our debt and revolving credit agreements (see Note 11 of notes to consolidated financial statements). This is predicated on our achieving our forecast which could be negatively impacted by items outside of our control, including, among other things, macroeconomic conditions, inflationary pressures, political instability including the ongoing Russia and Ukraine conflict and any expansion of such conflict, and supply chain disruptions. If negative events occur in the future, we may need to reduce our capital spend, cut back on operating costs and other items within our control to maintain adequate liquidity.

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In April 2022, the Company drew down $85 million on its Cash Flow Revolver which was utilized to make the payment on the Venator settlement. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, we made total repayments of $20 million and the remaining outstanding balance as of September 30, 2022 was $65 million.

In July 2022, we drew down 400 million South African rand (approximately $22 million at the September 30, 2022 exchange rate) for general corporate purposes and fully repaid the outstanding amount as of September 30, 2022. In October 2022, we drew down 280 million South African rand (approximately $15 million at the September 30, 2022 exchange rate) for general corporate purposes which is expected to be repaid in the fourth quarter of 2022.

Working capital (calculated as current assets less current liabilities) was $1.1 billion at September 30, 2022 compared to $1.2 billion at December 31, 2021.

As of September 30, 2022, the non-guarantor subsidiaries of our Senior Notes due 2029 represented approximately 19% of our total consolidated liabilities and approximately 35% of our total consolidated assets. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, the non-guarantor subsidiaries of our Senior Notes due 2029 represented approximately 44% and 43%, respectively, of our total consolidated net sales and approximately 48% and 45%, respectively, of our consolidated EBITDA (as such term is defined in the 2029 Indenture). In addition, as of September 30, 2022, our non-guarantor subsidiaries had $736 million of total consolidated liabilities (including trade payables but excluding intercompany liabilities), all of which would have been structurally senior to the 2029 Notes. See Note 11 of notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

At September 30, 2022, we had outstanding letters of credit and bank guarantees of $54 million. See Note 15 of notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

Principal factors that could affect our ability to obtain cash from external sources include (i) debt covenants that limit our total borrowing capacity; (ii) increasing interest rates applicable to our floating rate debt; (iii) increasing demands from third parties for financial assurance or credit enhancement; (iv) credit rating downgrades, which could limit our access to additional debt; (v) a decrease in the market price of our common stock and debt obligations; and (vi) volatility in public debt and equity markets.

During the three months ended September 30, 2022, our credit rating with Moody’s remained unchanged at Ba3 stable outlook, positively upgraded from B1 stable outlook at December 31, 2021. During the three months ended September 30, 2022, our credit rating with Standard & Poor's remained unchanged at B positive outlook, positively upgraded from B stable outlook at December 31, 2021. See Note 11 of notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

We consider all investments with original maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents. As of September 30, 2022, our cash and cash equivalents were invested in money market funds and we also receive earnings credits for some balances left in our bank operating accounts. We maintain cash and cash equivalents in bank deposit and money market accounts that may exceed federally insured limits. The financial institutions where our cash and cash equivalents are held are highly rated and geographically dispersed, and we have a policy to limit the amount of credit exposure with any one institution. We have not experienced any losses in such accounts and believe we are not exposed to significant credit risk.

The use of our cash includes payment of our operating expenses, capital expenditures, servicing our interest and debt repayment obligations, cash taxes, making pension contributions and making quarterly dividend payments. Going forward, we expect to continue to invest in our businesses through cost reduction, as well as growth and vertical integration-related capital expenditures including projects such as newTRON and various mine development projects, continued reductions in our debt, continued annual dividends and share repurchases.

Repatriation of Cash

At September 30, 2022, we held $91 million in cash and cash equivalents in these respective jurisdictions: $3 million in the United States, $14 million in Europe, $21 million in Australia, $29 million in Brazil, $2 million in South Africa, $5 million in Saudi Arabia, and $17 million in China. Our credit facilities limit transfers of funds from subsidiaries in the United States to certain foreign subsidiaries.

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Tronox Holdings plc has foreign subsidiaries with undistributed earnings at September 30, 2022. We have made no provision for deferred taxes related to these undistributed earnings because they are considered indefinitely reinvested in the foreign jurisdictions.

Stock Repurchases

As previously announced, on November 9, 2021, the Company's Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $300 million of the Company's stock through February 2024. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, we purchased a total of 2,843,789 shares on the open market at an average price of $17.38 per share and at an aggregate cost of approximately $50 million, including sales commissions, transfer taxes and fees. Upon repurchase of the shares by the Company, the shares were cancelled. Under the authorization from our Board of Directors, we have approximately $251 million available for additional repurchases through February 2024.

Cash Dividends on Ordinary Shares

On August 3, 2022, the Board declared a quarterly dividend of $0.125 per share to holders of our ordinary shares at the close of business on August 15, 2022, which was paid on September 16, 2022.

Debt Obligations

2022 Term Loan Facility

On April 4, 2022, Tronox Finance LLC (the "Borrower"), the Borrower's indirect parent company, Tronox Holdings plc (the "Company"), certain of the Company's subsidiaries, the incremental term lender party thereto, and HSBC Bank USA. National Association, as Administrative Agent and Collateral Agent, entered into Amendment No. 1 to the Amended and Restated First Lien Credit Agreement (the "Amendment"). The Amendment provides the Borrower with a new seven-year incremental term loan facility (the "2022 Term Loan Facility" and, the loans thereunder, the "2022 Incremental Term Loans") under its credit agreement in an aggregate initial principal amount of $400 million.

The proceeds of the 2022 Incremental Term Loans were used on April 4, 2022, along with cash on hand, to redeem all of the outstanding 6.5% Senior Secured Notes due 2025 issued by Tronox Incorporated under the Indenture dated as of May 1, 2020 with Wilmington Trust, National Association, as Trustee and Collateral Agent and to pay transaction related costs and expenses. In connection with such redemption, all security interests and liens granted to Wilmington Trust, National Association, were automatically terminated and discharged.

As a result of this transaction, we recognized approximately $21 million, including a call premium of $18 million, in "Loss on Extinguishment of Debt" on the unaudited Consolidated Statement of Income for the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

At September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, our long-term debt, net of unamortized discount and debt issuance costs was $2.5 billion and $2.6 billion, respectively. At September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, our net debt (the excess of our debt over cash and cash equivalents) was $2.5 billion and $2.3 billion, respectively. See Note 11 of notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

On March 15, 2022, the Company entered into an accounts receivable securitization arrangement (“Securitization Facility”) with a financial institution, through our wholly owned special purpose bankruptcy-remote subsidiary, Tronox Securitization LLC (“SPE”). The Securitization Facility permits the SPE to sell accounts receivable up to $75 million.

See “Note 5 – Accounts Receivable Securitization Program” in notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for further details regarding this off-balance sheet arrangement.

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Cash Flows

The following table presents cash flow for the periods indicated:

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021
	(Millions of U.S. dollars)
Cash provided by operating activities	$	358	$	601
Cash used in investing activities	(311)		(181)
Cash used in financing activities	(184)		(752)
Effects of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash	(4)		(3)
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	(141)	$	(335)

Cash Flows provided by Operating Activities — Cash provided by operating activities of $358 million is primarily driven by $573 million of net income adjusted for non-cash items offset by a net cash outflow of $215 million related to changes in assets and liabilities. The following table provides our net cash provided by operating activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021:

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021
	(Millions of U.S. dollars)
Net income	$	514	$	216
Adjustments for non-cash items	59		354
Income related cash generation	573		570
Net change in assets and liabilities	(215)		31
Cash provided by operating activities	$	358	$	601

Net cash provided by operating activities decreased by $243 million year-over-year from net cash provided by operations of $601 million in the prior year to net cash provided by operating activities of $358 million during the current year. This decrease was generated primarily due to a use of cash for working capital items of $166 million in the current year as compared to cash generated from working capital items of $85 million in the prior year, which is primarily driven by the $255 million change in inventory as we replenish inventory levels to normalized levels.

Cash Flows used in Investing Activities — Net cash used in investing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 was $311 million as compared to $181 million for the same period in 2021 primarily due to increased capital expenditures of $314 million during the current year as compared to $183 million in the prior year as a result of Project newTRON and the development of the Atlas Campaspe mine.

Cash Flows used in Financing Activities —Net cash used in financing activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 was $184 million as compared to cash used in financing activities of $752 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021. The nine months ended September 30, 2022 was primarily comprised of the early redemption of the 6.5% Senior Secured Notes due 2025 of $500 million and a related call premium paid of $18 million. These repayments were offset by proceeds from the new 2022 Term Loan Facility of $396 million. We also drew down $85 million on our Cash Flow Revolver and subsequently repaid $20 million in the current year. Additionally, during the current year, $50 million was used in the repurchase of the Company's stock as part of our previously announced share repurchase program and $60 million was used to pay dividends.

The nine months ended September 30, 2021 was primarily comprised of $2,375 million from the proceeds from the issuance of our Senior Notes due 2029 and the Term Loan Facility offset by repayments of long-term debt of $3,008 million primarily related to the repayment of the prior term loan facility and early redemption of our senior notes originally due 2025 and 2026 as well as associated call premiums of $40 million and debt issuance costs of $36 million. During the prior year, the Company also paid dividends of $46 million.

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Contractual Obligations

The following table sets forth information relating to our contractual obligations as of September 30, 2022:

	Contractual Obligation Payments Due by Year (3)(4)
	Total		Less than 1 year	1-3 years	3-5 years	More than 5 years
	(Millions of U.S. dollars)
Long-term debt, net and lease financing (including interest) (1)	$	3,324	231	279	319	2,495
Purchase obligations (2)	2,403		257	311	293	1,542
Operating leases	215		29	44	28	114
Asset retirement obligations and environmental liabilities(5)	420		17	29	22	352
Total	$	6,362	534	663	662	4,503

__________________

(1)We calculated the Term Loan Facility interest at a LIBOR plus a margin of 2.25% and the 2022 Term Loan Facility at a SOFR plus a margin of 3.25%. See Note 11 of notes to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

(2)Includes obligations for purchase requirements of process chemicals, supplies, utilities and services. We have various purchase commitments for materials, supplies, and services entered into in the ordinary course of business. Included in the purchase commitments table above are contracts, which require minimum volume purchases that extend beyond one year or are renewable annually and have been renewed for 2022. Certain contracts allow for changes in minimum required purchase volumes in the event of a temporary or permanent shutdown of a facility. We believe that all of our purchase obligations will be utilized in our normal operations.

(3)The table excludes contingent obligations, as well as any possible payments for uncertain tax positions given the inability to estimate the possible amounts and timing of any such payments.

(4)The table excludes commitments pertaining to our pension and other postretirement obligations.

(5)Asset retirement obligations and environmental liabilities are shown at the undiscounted and uninflated values.

Non-U.S. GAAP Financial Measures

EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA, which are used by management to measure performance, are not presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP. We define EBITDA as net income excluding the impact of income taxes, interest expense, interest income and depreciation, depletion and amortization. We define Adjusted EBITDA as EBITDA excluding the impact of nonrecurring items such as restructuring charges, gain or loss on debt extinguishments, impairment charges, gains or losses on sale of assets, acquisition-related transaction costs, integration costs, purchase accounting adjustments and pension settlements and curtailment gains or losses. Adjusted EBITDA also excludes non-cash items such as share-based compensation costs and pension and postretirement costs. Additionally, we exclude from Adjusted EBITDA, realized and unrealized foreign currency remeasurement gains and losses.

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Management believes that EBITDA is useful to investors, as it is commonly used in the industry as a means of evaluating operating performance. We do not intend for these non-U.S. GAAP financial measures to be a substitute for any U.S. GAAP financial information. Readers of these statements should use these non-U.S. GAAP financial measures only in conjunction with the comparable U.S. GAAP financial measures. Since other companies may calculate EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA differently than we do, EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA, as presented herein, may not be comparable to similarly titled measures reported by other companies. Management believes these non-U.S. GAAP financial measures:

•reflect our ongoing business in a manner that allows for meaningful period-to-period comparison and analysis of trends in our business, as they exclude income and expense that are not reflective of ongoing operating results;

•provide useful information in understanding and evaluating our operating results and comparing financial results across periods; and

•provide a normalized view of our operating performance by excluding items that are either noncash or infrequently occurring.

Adjusted EBITDA is one of the primary measures management uses for planning and budgeting processes, and to monitor and evaluate financial and operating results. In addition, Adjusted EBITDA is a factor in evaluating management’s performance when determining incentive compensation.

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The following table reconciles net income to EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA for the periods presented:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
	(Millions of U.S. dollars)
Net income (U.S. GAAP)	$	123	$	113	$	514	$	216
Interest expense	32		37		92		123
Interest income	(2)		(1)		(6)		(4)
Income tax provision (benefit)	18		28		(187)		54
Depreciation, depletion and amortization expense	66		72		201		227
EBITDA (non-U.S. GAAP)	237		249		614		616
Share-based compensation (a)	7		7		21		23
Transaction costs (b)	—		—		—		18
Venator settlement (c)	—		—		85		—
Loss on extinguishment of debt (d)	—		3		21		60
Costs associated with former CEO retirement (e)	—		—		—		1
Gain on asset sale (f)	—		—		—		(2)
Foreign currency remeasurement (g)	(5)		(10)		(1)		(14)
Costs associated with Exxaro deal (h)	—		—		—		1
Severance charges and related costs (i)	1		—		4		—
Other items (j)	7		3		18		11
Adjusted EBITDA (non-U.S. GAAP)	$	247	$	252	$	762	$	714
(a) Represents non-cash share-based compensation. See Note 17 of notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
(b) Represents breakage fee and other costs associated with the termination of the TTI Transaction which were primarily recorded in “Other income, net” in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income.
(c) Represents breakage fee including interest associated with the Venator settlement which were recorded in "Venator settlement" in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income.
(d) 2022 amount represents the loss in connection with the redemption of the 6.5% Senior Secured Notes and the issuance of a new term loan which closed in April 2022. 2021 amount represents the loss in connection with the following: 1) termination of its Wells Fargo Revolver, 2) amendment and restatement of its term loan facility including the new revolving credit facility, 3) termination of its Senior Notes due 2026 and its Senior Notes due 2025, 4) issuance of its Senior Notes due 2029 and 5) voluntary prepayments made on the new Term Loan Facility.
(e) Represents costs, excluding share-based compensation, associated with the retirement agreement of the former CEO which were recorded in "Selling, general and administrative expenses" in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income. The $2 million of share based compensation expense associated with the former CEO is included in the total share-based compensation amount of $23 million in the table above.
(f) Represents the gain on European Union carbon credits sold in March 2021 which were recorded in "Cost of goods sold" in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statement of Income.
(g) Represents realized and unrealized gains and losses associated with foreign currency remeasurement related to third-party and intercompany receivables and liabilities denominated in a currency other than the functional currency of the entity holding them, which are included in “Other income, net” in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income.
(h) Represents costs associated with the Exxaro flip-in transaction which are included in "Selling, general and administrative expenses" in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income.
(i) Represents severance charges for employees whose position was eliminated from the Company which were recorded in "Selling, general and administrative expenses" in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income.
(j) Includes noncash pension and postretirement costs, asset retirement obligation remeasurements, asset write-offs, accretion expense and other items included in “Selling general and administrative expenses”, “Cost of goods sold” and “Other income, net” in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income.

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Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 1 of notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for recently issued accounting pronouncements.

Environmental Matters

We are subject to a broad array of international, federal, state, and local laws and regulations relating to safety, pollution, protection of the environment, and the generation, storage, handling, transportation, treatment, disposal, and remediation of hazardous substances and waste materials. In the ordinary course of business, we are subject to frequent environmental inspections and monitoring, and occasional investigations by governmental enforcement authorities. Under these laws, we are or may be required to obtain or maintain permits or licenses in connection with our operations. In addition, under these laws, we are or may be required to remove or mitigate the effects on the environment of the disposal or release of chemical, petroleum, low-level radioactive and other substances at our facilities. We may incur future costs for capital improvements and general compliance under environmental, health, and safety laws, including costs to acquire, maintain, and repair pollution control equipment. Environmental laws and regulations are becoming increasingly stringent, and compliance costs are significant and will continue to be significant in the foreseeable future. There can be no assurance that such laws and regulations or any environmental law or regulation enacted in the future is not likely to have a material effect on our business. We believe we are in compliance with applicable environmental rules and regulations in all material respects.

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Item 3.    Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

We are exposed to various market, credit, operational, and liquidity risks in the normal course of business, which are discussed below. We manage these risks through normal operating and financing activities and, when appropriate, with derivative instruments. We do not invest in derivative instruments for speculative purposes, but historically have entered into, and may enter into, derivative instruments for hedging purposes in order to reduce the exposure to fluctuations in interest rates, natural gas prices and exchange rates.

Market Risk

A substantial portion of our products and raw materials are commodities that reprice as market supply and demand fundamentals change. Accordingly, product margins and the level of our profitability tend to vary with changes in the business cycle. Our TiO2 prices may do so in the near term as ore prices and pigment prices are expected to fluctuate over the next few years. We try to protect against such instability through various business strategies. These include provisions in sales contracts allowing us to pass on higher raw material costs through timely price increases and formula price contracts to transfer or share commodity price risk, enter into fixed purchase commitments to eliminate volatility in commodity purchases, as well as using varying contract term lengths and selling to a diverse mix of customers by geography and industry to reap the benefits of a diverse portfolio.

Credit Risk

Credit risk is the risk that a borrower or a counterparty will fail to meet their obligations. A significant portion of our liquidity is concentrated in trade accounts receivable that arise from sales of our products to customers. In the case of TiO2, the high level of industry concentration has the potential to impact our overall exposure to credit risk, either positively or negatively, in that our customers may be similarly affected by changes in economic, industry or other conditions. We have significant exposure to credit risk in industries that are affected by cyclical economic fluctuations. We perform ongoing credit evaluations of our customers from time to time, as deemed appropriate, to mitigate credit risk but generally do not require collateral. Our contracts typically enable us to tighten credit terms if we perceive additional credit risk; however, historic losses due to write offs of bad debt have been insignificant. In addition, due to our international operations, we are subject to potential trade restrictions and sovereign risk in certain countries in which we operate. We maintain allowances for potential credit losses based on specific customer review and current financial conditions. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, our ten largest third-party customers represented 30% and 28%, respectively, of our consolidated net sales. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, no single customer accounted for 10% of our consolidated net sales.

Interest Rate Risk

Interest rate risk arises from the possibility that changes in interest rates will impact our financial results. We are exposed to interest rate risk on our floating rate debt, the Term Loan Facility, the 2022 Term Loan Facility, Standard Bank Term Loan Facility, and Cash Flow Revolver, Standard Bank Revolver, Emirates Revolver and SABB Credit Facility balances. Using a sensitivity analysis as of September 30, 2022, a hypothetical 1% increase in interest rates would result in a net decrease to pre-tax income of approximately $7 million on an annualized basis. This is due to the fact that earnings on our floating rate financial assets of $23 million at September 30, 2022 would increase by the full 1%, offsetting the impact of a 1% increase in interest expense on our floating rate debt of approximately $724 million.

During 2019, we entered into interest-rate swap agreements for a portion of our previous Term Loan Facility, which effectively converts the variable rate to a fixed rate for a portion of the loan. The agreements expire in September 2024. The Company’s objectives in using the interest-rate swap agreements are to add stability to interest expense and to manage its exposure to interest rate movements. There was no impact associated with the new Term Loan Facility as the hedge remained highly effective.

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Currency Risk

Currency risk arises from the possibility that fluctuations in foreign exchange rates will impact our balance sheets due to the translation of our assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies, as well as our earnings due to the translation of certain of our subsidiaries’ statements of income from local currencies to U.S. dollars, as well as due to remeasurement of assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than a subsidiary’s functional currency. We manufacture and market our products in a number of countries throughout the world and, as a result, are exposed to changes in foreign currency exchange rates, particularly in Australia, Brazil, China, South Africa, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. The exposure is most prevalent in South Africa and Australia as the majority of revenues are earned in U.S. dollars while expenses are primarily incurred in local currencies. Since we are exposed to movements in the South African Rand, the Australian Dollar, the Euro and the Pound Sterling versus the U.S. dollar, we may enter into forward contracts to buy and sell foreign currencies as “economic hedges” for these foreign currency transactions.

We periodically enter into foreign currency contracts used to hedge non-functional currency sales for our South African subsidiaries and forecasted non-functional currency cost of goods sold for our Australian subsidiaries. These foreign currency contracts are designated as cash flow hedges. Changes to the fair value of these foreign currency contracts are recorded as a component of other comprehensive (loss) income to the extent such contracts are effective, and are recognized in net sales or costs of goods sold in the period in which the forecasted transaction affects earnings or the transactions are no longer probable of occurring. As of September 30, 2022, we had notional amounts of 174 million Australian dollars (or approximately $112 million at September 30, 2022 exchange rate) that expire between October 28, 2022 and December 29, 2022 to reduce the exposure of our Australian subsidiaries’ cost of sales to fluctuations in currency rates. As of September 30, 2022, we had notional amounts of 1.5 billion South African Rand (approximately $84 million at September 30, 2022 exchange rate) that expire between October 27, 2022 and December 30, 2022 to reduce the exposure of our South African subsidiaries' third party sales to fluctuations in currency rates. Refer to Note 12 in notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

From time to time, we enter into foreign currency contracts for the South African Rand, Australian dollar, Euro and Pound Sterling to reduce exposure of our subsidiaries’ balance sheet accounts not denominated in our subsidiaries' functional currency to fluctuations in foreign currency rates. At September 30, 2022, there was (i) 786 million South African Rand (or approximately $43 million at September 30, 2022 exchange rate), (ii) 189 million Australian dollars (or approximately $122 million at the September 30, 2022 exchange rate), (iii) 15 million Pound Sterling (or approximately $16 million at the September 30, 2022 exchange rate), and (iv) 8 million Euro (or approximately $8 million at the September 30, 2022 exchange rate) of notional amounts of outstanding foreign currency contracts. At December 31, 2021, there was (i) 510 million South African Rand (or approximately $28 million at the September 30, 2022 exchange rate) and (ii) 172 million Australian dollars (or approximately $111 million at the September 30, 2022 exchange rate) of notional amounts outstanding foreign currency contracts. Refer to Note 12 in notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

Item 4.    Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Under the supervision of and with the participation of Tronox’s management, including our co-CEOs and CFO, we evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) (the “Exchange Act”), as of September 30, 2022, the end of the period covered by this report. Based on that evaluation, we have concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of that date. Tronox’s disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by Tronox in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to Tronox’s management, including Tronox’s principal executive and principal financial officers, or other persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.  Based on that evaluation, we have concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of that date. 

An evaluation of our internal control over financial reporting was also performed to determine whether any changes have occurred during the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We are currently undergoing a multi-year IT-enabled transformation program that includes increased automation of both operational and financial systems, including the global enterprise risk management program, through new and upgraded systems, technology and processes. As part of such transformation program, during the third quarter of 2022, we implemented upgrades to our financial systems and platforms in certain regions. The full implementation is expected to occur in phases over a number of years. As the phased implementation of this system occurs, we expect certain changes to our processes and procedures which, in turn, will result in changes to our internal control over financial reporting.

While we expect this transformation program to strengthen our internal financial controls, management will continue to evaluate and monitor our internal controls as processes and procedures in each of the affected areas evolve.

Other than as discussed above, during the quarter ended September 30, 2022, there were no other changes in our internal control over financial reporting that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II – OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1.    Legal Proceedings

Information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the section captioned “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 15 - Commitments and Contingencies” of this Form 10-Q.

SEC regulations require us to disclose certain information about administrative or judicial proceedings to which a governmental authority is party arising under federal, state or local environmental provisions if we reasonably believe that such proceedings may result in monetary sanctions above a stated threshold. Pursuant to the SEC regulations, the Company uses a threshold of $1 million or more for purposes of determining whether disclosure of any such proceedings is required.

Item 1A.    Risk Factors

In addition to the other information set forth in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, you should carefully consider the factors discussed under “Risk Factors” included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K and any subsequent filings thereto with the SEC. The risks described herein or in the Form 10-K and any subsequent filings thereto with the SEC are not the only risks facing us. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial also may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and/or operating results. There have been no material changes from the risk factors disclosed under the heading “Risk Factors” in our Form 10-K.

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Item 2.    Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

The table provides information with respect to purchases of our shares of common stock, $0.01 par value per share, during the three months ended September 30, 2022.

Period	Total Number of Shares Purchased	Average Price Paid Per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publically Announced Plans or Programs (1)	Approximate Dollar Value That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Program (2)
					$	250,536,235
July 1, 2022 through July 31, 2022	—	$	—	—	$	250,536,235
August 1, 2022 through August 31, 2022	—	$	—	—	$	250,536,235
September 1, 2022 through September 30, 2022	—	$	—	—	$	250,536,235
Totals	—	$	—	—	$	250,536,235

(1) On November 9, 2021, the Company announced that the Company's Board of Directors had authorized the repurchase of up to $300 million of the Company's ordinary shares, $0.01 par value per share (the "ordinary shares"), through February 2024.

(2) Amounts reflect the remaining dollar value of shares that may be purchased under the stock repurchase program described above.

Item 3.    Defaults Upon Senior Securities

None.

Item 4.    Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Item 5.    Other Information

None.

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Item 6.    Exhibits

Exhibit No.
31.1	Rule 13a-14(a) Certification of John Romano. (furnished herewith)
31.2	Rule 13a-14(a) Certification of Jean-Francois Turgeon. (furnished herewith)
31.3	Rule 13a-14(a) Certification of Timothy Carlson. (furnished herewith)
32.1	Section 1350 Certification for John Romano. (furnished herewith)
32.2	Section 1350 Certification for Jean-Francois Turgeon. (furnished herewith)
32.3	Section 1350 Certification for Timothy Carlson. (furnished herewith)
101	The following financial statements from Tronox Holdings plc. Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2022, formatted in iXBRL (Inline eXtensible Business Reporting Language): (i) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income, (ii) Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, (iii) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iv) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity, (v) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and (vi) the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
101.INS	Inline XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document. (furnished herewith)
101.SCH	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document. (furnished herewith)
101.CAL	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document. (furnished herewith)
101.DEF	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document. (furnished herewith)
101.LAB	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document. (furnished herewith)
101.PRE	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document. (furnished herewith)
104	The cover page from the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2022, which has been formatted in Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

Date:

October 27, 2022

TRONOX HOLDINGS PLC (Registrant)
By:	/s/ Timothy Carlson
Name:	Timothy Carlson
Title:	Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
By:	/s/ Jonathan P. Flood
Name:	Jonathan P. Flood
Title:	Vice President, Controller and Principal Accounting Officer

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