For assets and liabilities required to be reported at fair value, GAAP provides a hierarchy that prioritizes inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels:

Level 1—Valuations are based on quoted market prices for identical assets and liabilities in active markets.

Level 2—Valuations are based on observable inputs other than quoted market prices included in Level 1, such as quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.

Level 3—Valuations are based on unobservable inputs reflecting our own assumptions, consistent with reasonably available assumptions made by other market participants. These valuations require significant judgment.

As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we had approximately $1.2 billion and $1.1 billion of cash and cash equivalents, respectively, which consisted of available on demand bank deposits and money market funds, with maturities of 90 days or less at the date of purchase, in each case, with major global financial institutions. We had no outstanding investments classified as either short-term or long-term marketable securities as of June 30, 2024 or December 31, 2023, and there were no purchases or sales of any marketable securities during and for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023.

The following table shows our cash and cash equivalents that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis and are categorized using the fair value hierarchy, as well as their classification on our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:


	June 30, 2024						December 31, 2023
	Amortized Cost		Fair Value (1)		Cash and Cash Equivalents		Amortized Cost		Fair Value (1)		Cash and Cash Equivalents
	(in millions)
Cash	$	861	$	861	$	861	$	685	$	685	$	685
Level 1:
Money market funds		315		315		315		382		382		382
Total	$	1,176	$	1,176	$	1,176	$	1,067	$	1,067	$	1,067

(1)

We did not have any unrealized gains and losses related to our cash equivalents.

We generally classify cash equivalents and marketable securities, if any, within Level 1 and Level 2 as we value these financial instruments using quoted market prices (Level 1) or alternative pricing sources (Level 2). The valuation technique we use to measure the fair value of money market funds is derived from quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Fair values for Level 2 investments are considered “Level 2” valuations because they are obtained from independent pricing sources for identical or comparable instruments, rather than direct observations of quoted prices in active markets. Our procedures include controls to ensure that appropriate fair values are recorded, including comparing the fair values obtained from our independent pricing services against fair values obtained from another independent source.

We generally use forward contracts to reduce the effects of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations on our cash flows for the Euro versus the U.S. Dollar. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, our forward contracts were not designated as hedges and generally had maturities of less than 90 days. Our outstanding or unsettled forward contracts are carried at fair value on our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets as of both June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023. We measure the fair value of outstanding or unsettled derivatives using Level 2 fair value inputs, as we use a pricing model that takes into account the contract terms as well as current foreign currency exchange rates in active markets. We recognize any gain or loss resulting from the change in fair value of foreign currency forward contracts in other income (expense), net on our unaudited condensed consolidated statement of operations, which was not material during any of the periods presented.

The following table shows the notional principal amounts of our outstanding derivative instruments for the periods presented:


	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
	(in millions)
Foreign currency exchange-forward contracts (1) (2)	$	33	$	9

(1)

Derivative contracts address foreign currency exchange fluctuations for the Euro versus the U.S. dollar. These outstanding derivatives are not designated as hedging instruments and have an original maturity period of 90 days or less.

(2)

The fair value of our outstanding derivatives as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, was not material. The notional amount of a forward contract is the contracted amount of foreign currency to be exchanged and is not recorded on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Counterparties to our outstanding forward contracts consist of major global financial institutions. We monitor our positions and the credit ratings of the counterparties involved and, by policy limits, the amount of credit exposure to any one party. We do not use derivatives for trading or speculative purposes. We did not enter into any cash flow, fair value or net investment hedges as of June 30, 2024 or December 31, 2023.

As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, financial instruments not measured at fair value on a recurring basis including accounts payable, accrued expenses and other current liabilities, and deferred merchant payables, were carried at cost on our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets, which approximates their fair values because of the short-term nature of these items. Accounts receivable, including contract assets as described below, as well as certain other financial assets, are measured at amortized cost and are carried at cost less an allowance for expected credit losses on our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets to present the net amount expected to be collected.

The following table provides information about the opening and closing balances of accounts receivable, including contract assets, net of allowance for expected credit losses, from contracts with customers as of the dates presented:


	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
	(in millions)
Accounts receivable	$	227	$	177
Contract assets		26		15
Total	$	253	$	192

Accounts receivable are recognized when the right to consideration becomes unconditional, and are recorded net of an allowance for expected credit losses. We record accounts receivable at the invoiced amount. Our customer invoices are generally due from customers 30 days from the time of invoicing. Contract assets are rights to consideration in exchange for services that we have transferred to a customer when that right is conditional on something other than the passage of time, such as commission payments that are contingent upon the completion of the service by the principal in the transaction. The difference between the opening and closing balances of our contract assets primarily results from the timing difference between when we satisfy our performance obligations and the time when the principal completes the service in the transaction. During the periods ended June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, there were no significant changes in contract assets related to business combinations, impairments, cumulative catch-ups or other material adjustments.

The following table shows the aggregate principal and fair value amount of the 2025 Senior Notes and 2026 Senior Notes as of the dates presented, which are classified as long-term debt on our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets and are considered Level 2 fair value measurements. Refer to “Note 6: Debt” for additional information on the 2025 Senior Notes and 2026 Senior Notes.


	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
	(in millions)
2025 Senior Notes
Aggregate principal amount	$	500	$	500
Carrying value amount (1)		498		497
Fair value amount (2)		502		502

2026 Senior Notes
Aggregate principal amount	$	345	$	345
Carrying value amount (1)		343		342
Fair value amount (2)		314		304

(1)

Net of $2 million and $3 million of unamortized debt issuance costs as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

(2)

We estimate the fair value of the 2025 Senior Notes and 2026 Senior Notes based on recently reported market transactions and/or prices for identical or similar financial instruments obtained from a third-party pricing source.

The Company did not have any assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using Level 3 unobservable inputs as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Our business is subject to certain financial risks and concentrations, including concentration related to dependence on our relationships with our customers. For the year ended December 31, 2023, our two most significant travel partners, Expedia Group, Inc. (and its subsidiaries) and Booking Holdings, Inc. (and its subsidiaries), each accounted for 10% or more of our consolidated revenue and together accounted for approximately 25% of our consolidated revenue, with nearly all of this revenue concentrated in our Brand Tripadvisor segment.

Financial instruments, which potentially subject us to concentration of credit risk, generally consist, at any point in time, of cash and cash equivalents, corporate debt securities, forward contracts, capped calls, and accounts receivable. We maintain cash balances with financial institutions that are in excess of Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insurance limits in the U.S. and similar government programs outside the U.S. Our cash and cash equivalents are generally composed of available on demand bank deposits or term deposits with several major global financial institutions, as well as money market funds, primarily denominated in U.S. dollars, and to a lesser extent Euros, British pounds, and Australian dollars. We may invest in highly-rated corporate debt securities, and our investment policy limits the amount of credit exposure to any one issuer, industry group and currency. Our credit risk related to corporate debt securities is also mitigated by the relatively short maturity period required by our investment policy. Forward contracts and capped calls are transacted with major international financial institutions with high credit standings. Forward contracts, which, to date, have typically had maturities of less than 90 days, also mitigate risk. Our overall credit risk related to accounts receivable is mitigated by the relatively short collection period.

The Company owns a 40% equity investment in Chelsea Investment Holding Company PTE Ltd., which is majority owned by Ctrip Investment Holding Ltd, a majority-owned subsidiary of Trip.com Group Limited. The Company accounts for this minority investment under the equity method, given it has the ability to exercise significant influence, but not control, over the investee. The carrying value of this minority investment was $29 million and $30 million as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, and is included in non-marketable investments on our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. During both the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, we recognized $1 million, representing our share of the investee’s net loss in other income (expenses), net within the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations. The Company evaluates this investment for impairment when factors indicate that a decline in the value of its investment has occurred and the carrying amount of its investment may not be recoverable. An impairment loss, based on the excess of the carrying value over the estimated fair value of the investment based on Level 3 inputs, is recognized in earnings when an impairment is deemed to be other than temporary. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, we did not record any impairment loss on this equity investment.

The Company maintains various commercial agreements with Chelsea Investment Holding Company PTE Ltd. and/or its subsidiaries. Transactions under these agreements are considered related-party transactions, and were not material during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023.

The Company holds collateralized notes (the “Notes Receivable”) issued by a privately held company with a total principal amount of $20 million. The Company has classified the Notes Receivable as held-to-maturity, as the Company has concluded it has the positive intent and ability to hold the Notes Receivable until maturity, with 50% due in eight years and the remaining 50% due 10 years from the issuance date of June 2020, or the date on which there is a change in control, whichever is earlier. As of both June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the carrying value of the Notes Receivable was $9 million, net of accumulated allowance for credit losses, and is classified in other long-term assets, net on our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets at amortized cost. On a quarterly basis, we perform a qualitative assessment considering impairment indicators to evaluate whether the Notes Receivable are impaired and monitor for changes to our allowance for credit losses.