XML 31 R44.htm IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT v3.6.0.2
iShares Interest Rate Hedged Emerging Markets Bond ETF
iSHARES® INTEREST RATE HEDGED EMERGING MARKETS BOND ETF
Ticker: EMBH            Stock Exchange: NYSE Arca
Investment Objective
The iShares Interest Rate Hedged Emerging Markets Bond ETF (the “Fund”) seeks to mitigate the interest rate risk of a portfolio composed of U.S. dollar-denominated, emerging market bonds.
Fees and Expenses
The following table describes the fees and expenses that you will incur if you own shares of the Fund. The investment advisory agreement between iShares U.S. ETF Trust (the “Trust”) and BlackRock Fund Advisors (“BFA”) (the “Investment Advisory Agreement”) provides that BFA will pay all operating expenses of the Fund, except interest expenses, taxes, brokerage expenses, distribution fees or expenses, and extraordinary expenses. The Fund may also incur “Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses.” Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses reflect the Fund's pro rata share of the fees and expenses incurred by investing in other investment companies. The impact of Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses is included in the total returns of the Fund. Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses are not included in the calculation of the ratio of expenses to average net assets shown in the Financial Highlights section of the Fund's prospectus (the “Prospectus”). BFA, the investment adviser to the Fund, has contractually agreed to reduce the management fee so that the management fee is equal to the Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses that would have been experienced by the Fund related to its investment in the iShares J.P. Morgan USD Emerging Markets Bond ETF (“EMB” or the “Underlying Fund”), after taking into account any fee waivers by EMB, plus 0.10% through February 28, 2022. The contractual waiver may be terminated prior to February 28, 2022 only upon written agreement of the Trust and BFA.

You may also incur usual and customary brokerage commissions and other charges when buying or selling shares of the Fund, which are not reflected in the Example that follows:
Annual Fund Operating Expenses
(ongoing expenses that you pay each year as a
percentage of the value of your investments)
Annual Fund Operating Expenses
Management Fees
Distribution and Service (12b-1) Fees
Other Expenses
Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses
Fee Waiver
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Fee Waiver
iShares Interest Rate Hedged Emerging Markets Bond ETF | iShares Interest Rate Hedged Emerging Markets Bond ETF 0.75% none none 0.38% 1.13% (0.65%) 0.48%
Example.
This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of owning shares of the Fund with the cost of investing in other funds. The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then sell all of your shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Fund’s operating expenses remain the same. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions, your costs would be:
Expense Example
1 Year
3 Years
5 Years
10 Years
iShares Interest Rate Hedged Emerging Markets Bond ETF | iShares Interest Rate Hedged Emerging Markets Bond ETF | USD ($) 49 154 269 1,045
Portfolio Turnover.
The Fund and the Underlying Fund may pay transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate for the Fund or the Underlying Fund may indicate higher transaction costs and may cause the Fund or the Underlying Fund to incur increased expenses. These expenses, which are not reflected in the Annual Fund Operating Expenses or in the Example (except costs to the Underlying Fund included as part of Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses), affect the Fund's performance. During the most recent fiscal year, the Fund's portfolio turnover rate was 3% of the average value of its portfolio. To the extent the Underlying Fund incurs costs from high portfolio turnover, such costs may have a negative effect on the performance of the Fund.
Principal Investment Strategies
The Fund seeks to achieve its investment objective by investing, under normal circumstances, at least 80% of its net assets in U.S. dollar-denominated emerging market bonds, in one or more underlying funds that principally invest in emerging market bonds, and in U.S. Treasury securities (or cash equivalents). The Fund intends to invest a substantial portion of its assets in one underlying fund, the Underlying Fund. The Fund attempts to mitigate the interest rate risk of the underlying securities and/or the Underlying Fund (as determined by BFA) primarily through the use of short positions in both U.S. Treasury futures contracts and interest rate swaps (i.e., enter into a contract or contracts in which the Fund will make fixed-rate payments while receiving floating-rate payments based on a reference rate). The bonds in which the Fund and/or the Underlying Fund invest may include both investment-grade and non-investment-grade bonds and generally have at least two years until maturity at the time of investment. The Fund may also invest in other interest rate futures contracts, including but not limited to, Eurodollar and Federal Funds futures. The Fund's short positions are not intended to mitigate credit risk or other factors influencing the price of emerging market bonds, which may have a greater impact than interest rates.

The Fund is an actively managed exchange-traded fund ("ETF") that does not seek to replicate the performance of a specified index.

The Fund may also invest in other ETFs (including other iShares funds), U.S. government securities, options and swap contracts, short-term paper, cash and cash equivalents, including shares of money market funds advised by BFA or its affiliates.

The Fund may have a higher degree of portfolio turnover than funds that seek to replicate the performance of an index.

The Fund may lend securities representing up to one-third of the value of the Fund's total assets (including the value of any collateral received).
Summary of Principal Risks
As with any investment, you could lose all or part of your investment in the Fund, and the Fund's performance could trail that of other investments. The Fund is subject to certain risks, including the principal risks noted below (either directly or through its investments in the Underlying Fund), any of which may adversely affect the Fund's NAV, trading price, yield, total return and ability to meet its investment objective. Unlike many ETFs, the Fund is not an index-based ETF.

Agency Debt Risk. The Fund or the Underlying Fund invests in unsecured bonds or debentures issued by government agencies, including the Federal National Mortgage Association ("Fannie Mae") and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation ("Freddie Mac"). Bonds or debentures issued by government agencies, government-sponsored entities, or government corporations, including, among others, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, are generally backed only by the general creditworthiness and reputation of the government agency, government-sponsored entity, or government corporation issuing the bond or debenture and are not guaranteed by the U.S. Department of the Treasury ("U.S. Treasury") or backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government. As a result, there is uncertainty as to the current status of many obligations of Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and other agencies that are placed under conservatorship of the federal government. Government National Mortgage Association ("Ginnie Mae") securities are generally backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government.

Asset Class Risk. Securities and other assets in the Fund's or the Underlying Fund's portfolio may underperform in comparison to the general financial markets, a particular financial market or other asset classes.

Assets Under Management (AUM) Risk. From time to time, an Authorized Participant (as defined in the Creations and Redemptions section of this prospectus ("the Prospectus")), a third party investor, the Fund's adviser or an affiliate of the Fund's adviser, or a fund may invest in the Fund and hold its investment for a specific period of time in order to facilitate commencement of the Fund's operations or for the Fund to achieve size or scale. There can be no assurance that any such entity would not redeem its investment or that the size of the Fund would be maintained at such levels, which could negatively impact the Fund.

Authorized Participant Concentration Risk. Only an Authorized Participant may engage in creation or redemption transactions directly with the Fund. The Fund has a limited number of institutions that may act as Authorized Participants on an agency basis (i.e., on behalf of other market participants). To the extent that Authorized Participants exit the business or are unable to proceed with creation and/or redemption orders with respect to the Fund and no other Authorized Participant is able to step forward to create or redeem Creation Units (as defined in the Purchase and Sale of Fund Shares section of the Prospectus), Fund shares may be more likely to trade at a premium or discount to NAV and possibly face trading halts and/or delisting. Authorized Participant concentration risk may be heightened for ETFs, such as the Fund, that invest in non-U.S. securities or other securities or instruments that are less widely traded.

Call Risk. During periods of falling interest rates, an issuer of a callable bond held by the Fund or the Underlying Fund may "call" or repay the security before its stated maturity, and the Fund or the Underlying Fund may have to reinvest the proceeds in securities with lower yields, which would result in a decline in the Fund's or Underlying Fund's income, or in securities with greater risks or with other less favorable features.

Concentration Risk. The Fund may be susceptible to an increased risk of loss, including losses due to adverse events that affect the Fund's investments more than the market as a whole, to the extent that the Fund's or the Underlying Fund's investments are concentrated in the securities of a particular issuer or issuers, country, group of countries, region, market, industry, group of industries, sector or asset class.

Credit Risk. Debt issuers and other counterparties may be unable or unwilling to make timely interest and/or principal payments when due or otherwise honor their obligations. Changes in an issuer's credit rating or the market's perception of an issuer's creditworthiness may also adversely affect the value of the Fund's or Underlying Fund's investment in that issuer. The degree of credit risk depends on the issuer's financial condition and on the terms of the securities.

Custody Risk. Less developed securities markets are more likely to experience problems with the clearing and settling of trades, as well as the holding of securities by local banks, agents and depositories.

Cyber Security Risk. Failures or breaches of the electronic systems of the Fund or the Underlying Fund, the Fund's or the Underlying Fund's adviser, distributor, or other service providers, market makers, Authorized Participants, hedging counterparties to the Fund or the issuers of securities in which the Fund or the Underlying Fund invests have the ability to cause disruptions and negatively impact the Fund's business operations, potentially resulting in financial losses to the Fund and its shareholders. While the Fund has established business continuity plans and risk management systems seeking to address system breaches or failures, there are inherent limitations in such plans and systems. Furthermore, the Fund cannot control the cyber security plans and systems of the Fund's service providers, market makers, Authorized Participants, hedging counterparties to the Fund or issuers of securities in which the Fund or the Underlying Fund invests.

Derivatives Risk. The Fund's or Underlying Fund's use of derivatives may reduce the Fund's or Underlying Fund's returns, increase volatility and/or result in losses due to credit risk or ineffective hedging strategies. Volatility is defined as the characteristic of a security, a currency, an index or a market, to fluctuate significantly in price within a defined time period. Derivatives may also be subject to counterparty risk, which is the risk that the other party in the transaction will not fulfill its contractual obligation. A risk of the Fund's or Underlying Fund's use of derivatives is that the fluctuations in their values may not correlate perfectly with the value of the underlying asset, the performance of the asset class to which the Fund or Underlying Fund seeks exposure or to the performance of the overall securities markets. The possible lack of a liquid secondary market for derivatives and the resulting inability of the Fund or Underlying Fund to sell or otherwise close a derivatives position could expose the Fund or Underlying Fund to losses and could make derivatives more difficult for the Fund or Underlying Fund to value accurately. The Fund or Underlying Fund could also suffer losses related to its derivatives positions as a result of unanticipated market movements, which losses are potentially unlimited. BFA's use of derivatives is not intended to predict the direction of securities prices, currency exchange rates, interest rates and other economic factors, which could cause the Fund's or Underlying Fund's derivatives positions to lose value. Derivatives may give rise to a form of leverage and may expose the Fund or Underlying Fund to greater risk and increase its costs. The U.S. and certain other countries have adopted or are in the process of adopting regulatory reforms affecting the derivatives markets. These regulations may make derivatives more costly, may limit the availability of derivatives, and may otherwise adversely affect the value and performance of derivatives.

Extension Risk. During periods of rising interest rates, certain debt obligations may be paid off substantially more slowly than originally anticipated and the value of those securities may fall sharply, resulting in a decline in the Fund's or the Underlying Fund's income and potentially in the value of the Fund's or an Underlying Fund's investments.

Geographic Risk. A natural or other disaster could occur in a geographic region in which the Fund or the Underlying Fund invests, which could affect the economy or particular business operations of companies in the specific geographic region, causing an adverse impact on the Fund's or the Underlying Fund's investments in the affected region.

Hedging Risk. The Fund seeks to mitigate the potential impact of interest rates on the performance of emerging market bonds by entering into short positions in U.S. Treasury futures and interest rate swaps. The Fund's short positions are not intended to mitigate credit risk or other factors influencing the price of emerging market bonds, which may have a greater impact than interest rates. There is no guarantee that the Fund's short positions will completely eliminate the interest rate risk of the long positions in emerging market bonds. In addition, when interest rates fall, long–only emerging market bond investments will perform better than the Fund's investments. In certain falling interest rate environments, the Fund's hedging strategy could result in disproportionately larger losses in the short positions as compared to gains in the long emerging market bond positions attributable to interest rate changes. There is no guarantee the Fund will have positive returns, even in environments of sharply rising interest rates in which the Fund's short positions might be expected to mitigate the effects of such rises. The Fund will incur expenses when entering into short positions.

High Yield Securities Risk. Securities that are rated below investment-grade (commonly referred to as "junk bonds," including those bonds rated lower than "BBB-" by S&P Global Ratings and Fitch Ratings, Inc. ("Fitch") or "Baa3" by Moody's Investors Service, Inc. ("Moody's")), or are unrated, may be deemed speculative, involve greater levels of risk than higher-rated securities of similar maturity and are more likely to default.

Income Risk. The Fund's income may decline when yields fall. This decline can occur because the Fund or the Underlying Fund may subsequently invest in lower-yielding bonds as bonds in its portfolio mature, are near maturity or are called, bonds in the Underlying Fund's index are substituted, or the Fund or the Underlying Fund otherwise needs to purchase additional bonds.

Interest Rate Risk. An increase in interest rates may cause the value of securities held by the Fund or the Underlying Fund to decline, may lead to heightened volatility in the fixed-income markets and may adversely affect the liquidity of certain fixed-income investments. The current historically low interest rate environment increases the risks associated with rising interest rates. The Fund will take short positions in Treasury Futures and interest rate swaps. As a result, when interest rates decline, the Fund will underperform funds with long-only investments in the same emerging market bonds as the Fund. There is no guarantee that the Fund or Underlying Fund will have positive performance even in environments of sharply rising interest rates. There is no guarantee that the Fund or Underlying Fund will be able to successfully mitigate interest rate risk.

Investment in the Underlying Fund Risk. The Fund expects to invest a substantial portion of its assets in the Underlying Fund, so the Fund's investment performance is likely to be directly related to the performance of the Underlying Fund. The Fund's NAV will change with changes in the value of the Underlying Fund and other securities and instruments in which the Fund invests based on their market valuations. An investment in the Fund will entail more costs and expenses than a direct investment in the Underlying Fund.

As the Fund's allocations to the Underlying Fund change from time to time, or to the extent that the expense ratio of the Underlying Fund changes, the weighted average operating expenses borne by the Fund may increase or decrease.

Through its investment in the Underlying Fund, the Fund is exposed to Management Risk, Market Risk, and Market Trading Risk, among other risks.

Issuer Risk. The performance of the Fund depends on the performance of individual instruments to which the Fund or the Underlying Fund has exposure. Changes in the financial condition or credit rating of an issuer of those securities or counterparty on other instruments may cause the value of the securities or instruments to decline.

Liquidity Risk. Liquidity risk exists when particular investments are difficult to purchase or sell. This can reduce the Fund's returns because the Fund or the Underlying Fund may be unable to transact at advantageous times or prices.

Long/Short Strategy Risk. The Fund seeks long exposure to emerging market bonds, long exposure to U.S. Treasury securities and short exposure to U.S. Treasury futures and interest rate swaps, with a goal of mitigating the potential impact of rising interest rates on the performance of the Underlying Fund and the emerging market bonds. There is no guarantee that such interest rate risk will be eliminated, or that the returns on the Fund's long or short positions will produce high, or even positive, returns and the Fund could lose money if either or both the Fund's long and short positions produce negative returns. For example, if emerging market bonds enter into a period of declining credit quality at the same time that interest rates fall, the Fund may experience greater losses than if the Fund pursued a long-only strategy.

Management Risk. The Fund is subject to management risk, which is the risk that the investment process, techniques and risk analyses applied by BFA will not produce the desired results, and that securities selected by BFA may underperform the market or any relevant benchmark. In addition, legislative, regulatory, or tax developments may affect the investment techniques available to BFA in connection with managing the Fund and may also adversely affect the ability of the Fund to achieve its investment objective.

Market Risk. The Fund and the Underlying Fund could lose money over short periods due to short-term market movements and over longer periods during more prolonged market downturns.

Market Trading Risk. The Fund and the Underlying Fund face numerous market trading risks, including the potential lack of an active market for their shares, losses from trading in secondary markets, periods of high volatility and disruptions in the creation/redemption process. Unlike some ETFs that track specific indexes, the Fund does not seek to replicate the performance of a specified index. Index-based ETFs have generally traded at prices that closely correspond to NAV. However, ETFs that do not seek to replicate the performance of a specified index have a limited trading history and, therefore, there can be no assurance as to whether, and/or the extent to which, the Fund's or Underlying Fund's shares will trade at premiums or discounts to NAV. ANY OF THESE FACTORS, AMONG OTHERS, MAY LEAD TO THE FUND'S SHARES TRADING AT A PREMIUM OR DISCOUNT TO NAV.

Non-Diversification Risk. The Fund or the Underlying Fund may invest a large percentage of their respective assets in securities issued by or representing a small number of issuers. As a result, the Fund's performance may depend on the performance of a small number of issuers.

Non-U.S. Agency Debt Risk. The Fund invests in uncollateralized bonds issued by agencies, subdivisions or instrumentalities of foreign governments. Bonds issued by government agencies, subdivisions or instrumentalities are generally backed only by the general creditworthiness and reputation of the entity issuing the bonds and may not be backed by the full faith and credit of the foreign government. Moreover, a foreign government that explicitly provides its full faith and credit to a particular entity may be, due to changed circumstances, unable or unwilling to provide that support. A non-U.S. agency's operations and financial condition are influenced by the foreign government's economic and other policies.

Non-U.S. Issuers Risk. Securities issued by non-U.S. issuers carry different risks from securities issued by U.S. issuers. These risks include differences in accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards, the possibility of expropriation or confiscatory taxation, adverse changes in investment or exchange control regulations, political instability, regulatory and economic differences, and potential restrictions on the flow of international capital. The Fund is specifically exposed to Asian Economic Risk, Central and South American Economic Risk, Eastern European Economic Risk and Middle Eastern Economic Risk.

Operational Risk. The Fund or the Underlying Fund are exposed to operational risks arising from a number of factors, including, but not limited to, human error, processing and communication errors, errors of the Fund's or the Underlying Fund's service providers, counterparties or other third-parties, failed or inadequate processes and technology or systems failures. The Fund, the Underlying Fund and BFA seek to reduce these operational risks through controls and procedures. However, these measures do not address every possible risk and may be inadequate to address these risks.

Prepayment Risk. During periods of falling interest rates, an issuer of mortgages and other fixed-income securities may repay principal prior to the security's maturity, which may cause the Fund or the Underlying Fund to have to reinvest in securities with lower yields or higher risk of default, resulting in a decline in the Fund's income or return potential.

Privately-Issued Securities Risk. The Fund or the Underlying Fund will invest in privately-issued securities, including those that are normally purchased pursuant to Rule 144A or Regulation S promulgated under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "1933 Act"). Privately-issued securities are securities that have not been registered under the 1933 Act and as a result are subject to legal restrictions on resale. Privately-issued securities are not traded on established markets and may be illiquid, difficult to value and subject to wide fluctuations in value. Delay or difficulty in selling such securities may result in a loss to the Fund.

Privatization Risk. Some countries in which the Fund or an Underlying Fund invests have privatized, or have begun the process of privatizing, certain entities and industries. Privatized entities may lose money or be re-nationalized.

Reliance on Trading Partners Risk. The Fund or the Underlying Fund invests in countries or regions whose economies are heavily dependent upon trading with key partners. Any reduction in this trading may have an adverse impact on the Fund's investments. Through its portfolio companies' trading partners, the Fund is specifically exposed to Asian Economic Risk, Central and South American Economic Risk, European Economic Risk and U.S. Economic Risk.

Risk of Investing in Emerging Markets. Investments in emerging market issuers may be subject to a greater risk of loss than investments in issuers located or operating in more developed markets. Emerging markets may be more likely to experience inflation, political turmoil and rapid changes in economic conditions than more developed markets. Emerging markets often have less uniformity in accounting and reporting requirements, less reliable securities valuations and greater risk associated with custody of securities than developed markets.

Risk of Investing in Frontier Markets. Frontier markets are those emerging markets that are considered to be among the smallest, least mature and least liquid, and as a result, may be more likely to experience inflation, political turmoil and rapid changes in economic conditions than more developed and traditional emerging markets. Investments in frontier markets may be subject to a greater risk of loss than investments in more developed and traditional emerging markets. Frontier markets often have less uniformity in accounting and reporting requirements, unreliable securities valuations and greater risk associated with custody of securities. Economic, political, liquidity and currency risks may be more pronounced with respect to investments in frontier markets than in emerging markets.

Risk of Swap Agreements. A swap is a two-party contract that generally obligates the parties to exchange periodic payments based on a pre-determined underlying investment or notional amount. Swaps may be leveraged and are subject to counterparty risk, credit risk and pricing risk. Swaps may also be considered illiquid. It may not be possible for the Fund to liquidate a swap position at an advantageous time or price, which may result in significant losses.

Securities Lending Risk. The Fund or the Underlying Fund may engage in securities lending. Securities lending involves the risk that the Fund or the Underlying Fund may lose money because the borrower of the loaned securities fails to return the securities in a timely manner or at all. The Fund or the Underlying Fund could also lose money in the event of a decline in the value of collateral provided for loaned securities or a decline in the value of any investments made with cash collateral. These events could also trigger adverse tax consequences for the Fund or Underlying Fund.

Sovereign and Quasi-Sovereign Obligations Risk. The Fund or the Underlying Fund may invest in securities issued by or guaranteed by sovereign governments and by entities affiliated with or backed by non-U.S. sovereign governments, which may be unable or unwilling to repay principal or interest when due. In times of economic uncertainty, the prices of these securities may be more volatile than those of corporate debt obligations or of other government debt obligations.

Tax Risk. Because the Fund is expected to invest in the Underlying Fund, the Fund's realized losses on sales of shares of the Underlying Fund may be indefinitely or permanently deferred as "wash sales." Distributions of short-term capital gains by the Underlying Fund will be recognized as ordinary income by the Fund and would not be offset by the Fund's capital loss carryforwards, if any. Capital loss carryforwards of the Underlying Fund, if any, would not offset net capital gains of the Fund. Each of these effects is caused by the Fund's investment in the Underlying Fund and may result in distributions to Fund shareholders being of higher magnitude and less likely to qualify for lower capital gain tax rates than if the Fund were to invest directly in the securities and other instruments comprising its portfolio.

U.S. Treasury Obligations Risk. U.S. Treasury obligations may differ from other securities in their interest rates, maturities, times of issuance and other characteristics and may provide relatively lower returns than those of other securities. Similar to other issuers, changes to the financial condition or credit rating of the U.S. government may cause the value of the Fund's or the Underlying Fund's U.S. Treasury obligations to decline.
Performance Information
The bar chart and table that follow show how the Fund has performed on a calendar year basis and provide an indication of the risks of investing in the Fund. Both assume that all dividends and distributions have been reinvested in the Fund. Past performance (before and after taxes) does not necessarily indicate how the Fund will perform in the future. Supplemental information about the Fund’s performance is shown under the heading Total Return Information in the Supplemental Information section of the Prospectus. If BFA had not waived certain Fund fees during certain periods, the Fund's returns would have been lower.
Year by Year Returns (Year Ended December 31)
Bar Chart
The best calendar quarter return during the period shown above was 3.58% in the 3rd quarter of 2016; the worst was 0.96% in the 4th quarter of 2016.

Updated performance information is available at www.iShares.com or by calling 1-800-iShares (1-800-474-2737) (toll free).
Average Annual Total Returns
(for the periods ended December 31, 2016)
Average Annual Total Returns - iShares Interest Rate Hedged Emerging Markets Bond ETF
One Year
Since Fund Inception
Inception Date
iShares Interest Rate Hedged Emerging Markets Bond ETF 9.37% 4.27% Jul. 22, 2015
iShares Interest Rate Hedged Emerging Markets Bond ETF | Return After Taxes on Distributions [1] 7.62% 2.51%  
iShares Interest Rate Hedged Emerging Markets Bond ETF | Return After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares [1] 5.26% 2.42%  
J.P. Morgan EMBI Global Core Swap Hedged Index (Index returns do not reflect deductions for fees, expenses, or taxes) 9.91% 4.35%  
[1] After-tax returns in the table above are calculated using the historical highest individual U.S. federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state or local taxes. Actual after-tax returns depend on an investor's tax situation and may differ from those shown, and after-tax returns shown are not relevant to tax-exempt investors or investors who hold shares through tax-deferred arrangements, such as 401(k) plans or individual retirement accounts ("IRAs"). Fund returns after taxes on distributions and sales of Fund shares are calculated assuming that an investor has sufficient capital gains of the same character from other investments to offset any capital losses from the sale of Fund shares. As a result, Fund returns after taxes on distributions and sales of Fund shares may exceed Fund returns before taxes and/or returns after taxes on distributions.