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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2019

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles ("U.S. GAAP").

Certain changes in presentation have been made to conform the prior period presentation to the current period reporting. We have reclassified a portion of sales from marketable securities to maturities of marketable securities line item in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. We have also reclassified a portion of purchases of property and equipment to the capitalized internal-use software line item of the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. We have also reclassified a portion of the proceeds from borrowings under notes payable to the payments of debt issuance costs line item of the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. In addition, as a result of the adoption of ASU 2016-18 (Topic 230), we have shown the changes in the total of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. We have also reclassified a portion of other accrued liabilities to the accrued colocation and bandwidth costs line in the Accrued Expenses section of Footnote 5, "Balance Sheet Information".

Principles of Consolidation and Unaudited Interim Financial Statements

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of our consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates, judgments, and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, costs and expenses, and related disclosures. Actual results and outcomes could differ significantly from our estimates, judgments, and assumptions. Significant estimates, judgments, and assumptions used in these financial statements include, but are not limited to, those related to revenue, accounts receivable and related reserves, useful lives and realizability of long-lived assets, income tax reserves, and accounting for stock-based

compensation. Estimates are periodically reviewed in light of changes in circumstances, facts, and experience. The effects of material revisions in estimates are reflected in the consolidated financial statements in the period of change and prospectively from the date of the change in estimate.

Marketable Securities

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Marketable Securities

We invest our excess cash primarily in short-term fixed income securities, including government and investment-grade debt securities and money market funds. We classify all liquid investments with stated maturities of three months or less from date of purchase as cash equivalents. Marketable securities with original maturities greater than three months from purchase date and remaining maturities less than one year are classified as short-term marketable securities. Marketable securities with remaining maturities greater than one year as of the balance sheet date and which we intend to hold for greater than one year, are classified as long-term marketable securities. The fair market value of cash equivalents at December 31, 2019 and 2018 approximated their carrying value. Marketable securities are carried at fair market value, with unrealized gains and losses considered to be temporary in nature reported in accumulated other comprehensive loss. Cost of securities sold is based on specific identification. We determine the appropriate classification of our investments in marketable securities at the time of purchase and reevaluate such designation at each balance sheet date. We have classified and accounted for our marketable securities as available-for-sale. After considering our capital preservation objectives, as well as our liquidity requirements, we may sell securities prior to their stated maturities. We carry our available-for-sale securities at fair value, and report the unrealized gains and losses as a component of other comprehensive loss, except for unrealized losses determined to be other-than-temporary which are recorded as other expense, net. We determine any realized gains or losses on the sale of marketable securities on a specific identification method and record such gains and losses as a component of other expense, net. Interest earned on cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities was approximately $3.1 million and $0.9 million during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. These balances are recorded in interest income in the accompanying Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.

We evaluate the investments periodically for possible other-than-temporary impairment. A decline in fair value below the amortized costs of debt securities is considered an other-than-temporary impairment if we have the intent to sell the security or it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security before recovery of the entire amortized cost basis. In those instances, an impairment charge equal to the difference between the fair value and the amortized cost basis is recognized in other expense. Regardless of our intent or requirement to sell a debt security, impairment is considered other-than-temporary if we do not expect to recover the entire amortized cost basis.

Cash, Cash Equivalents

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Marketable Securities

Restricted Cash

As of December 31, 2019, we had recorded a restricted cash balance of approximately $70.1 million on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheet. This restricted cash balance primarily consists of cash deposited and held in money market funds as collateral underlying the Cash Collateralized Revolving Credit Agreement ("Credit Agreement") entered into on November 4, 2019. See Note 7, "Debt Instruments" for further details on the Credit Agreement. Interest income earned on restricted cash was approximately $0.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2019. These balances are recorded in interest income in the accompanying Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Loss. There was no restricted cash as of December 31, 2018.

Accounts Receivable, net

Accounts receivable are recorded and carried at the original invoiced amount less an allowance for any potential uncollectible amounts. We record allowances based upon its assessment of various factors, such as: historical experience, credit quality of our customers, age of the accounts receivable balances, geographic related risks, economic conditions, and other factors that may affect a customer's ability to pay. Increases and decreases in the allowance for doubtful accounts are included as a component of General and administrative expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss. We do not have any off-balance sheet credit exposure related to our customers.

Incremental Costs to Obtain a Contract with a Customer and Revenue Recognition

Incremental Costs to Obtain a Contract with a Customer

We capitalize incremental costs associated with obtaining customer contracts, specifically certain commission payments. We pay commissions based on contract value upon signing a new arrangement with a customer and upon renewal and upgrades of existing contracts with customers only if the renewal and upgrades result in an incremental increase in contract value. To the

extent that renewals and upgrades do not result in an increase in contract value, no additional commissions are paid. We also incur commission expense on an ongoing basis based upon revenue recognized. In these cases, no incremental costs are deferred, as the commissions are earned and expensed in the same period for which the associated revenue is recognized. Based on the nature of our unique technology and services, and the rate at which we continually enhances and updates our technology, the expected life of the customer arrangement is determined to be approximately five years. Commissions for new arrangements and renewals are both amortized over five years. Amortization is primarily included in sales and marketing

expense in the consolidated statements of income. The current portion of deferred commission and incentive payments is included in prepaid expenses and other current assets, and the long-term portion is included in other assets on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Adoption of ASC Topic 606, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers"

On January 1, 2019, we adopted ASU 2014-09, ("Topic 606"), Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which replaced the existing revenue recognition guidance, ("ASC 605"), and outlines a single set of comprehensive principles for recognizing revenue under U.S. GAAP. Under Topic 606, revenue is recognized when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to our customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. We determine revenue recognition through the following five-step approach:


•	identification of the contract, or contracts, with a customer;


•	identification of the performance obligations in the contract;


•	determination of the transaction price;


•	allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and


•	recognition of revenue when, or as, we satisfy a performance obligation.

We adopted ASU 2014-09 using the modified retrospective method applied to those contracts which were not completed as of January 1, 2019. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2019 are presented under Topic 606, while prior period amounts are not adjusted, and continue to be reported in accordance with our historical accounting under Topic 605. With the adoption of Topic 606, we also adopted ASC Topic 340-40, "Other Assets and Deferred Costs". Prior to the adoption of Topic 340, we previously recognized sales commissions related to obtaining customer contracts in the sales and marketing line item of the Consolidated Statement of Operations. Under Topic 340-40, we capitalize sales commissions as contract costs when they are incremental, directly incurred to obtain a contract with a customer, and expected to be recoverable. These costs are amortized over the expected period of benefit on a straight-line basis. We recorded a cumulative catch-up adjustment to the opening retained earnings of $5.7 million, as of January 1, 2019, due to the cumulative impact of adopting Topic 606 and Topic 340-40.

Revenue recognition

Revenue is recognized upon transfer of control of promised products or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to receive in exchange for those products or services. We enter into contracts that can include various combinations of products and services, each of which are distinct and accounted for as separate performance obligations. Revenue is recognized net of any taxes collected from customers, which are subsequently remitted to governmental authorities.

A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer and is the unit of account in Topic 606. Our contracts with customers often include promises to transfer multiple products and services to a customer. Determining whether products and services are considered distinct performance obligations that should be accounted for separately versus together may require significant judgment. For contracts with multiple performance obligations, we allocate the contract transaction price to each performance obligation using our estimate of the standalone selling price ("SSP") of each distinct good or service in the contract.

Judgment is required to determine the SSP for each distinct performance obligation. We analyze separate sales of our products and services as a basis for estimating the SSP of our products and services. We then use that SSP as the basis for allocating the transaction price when our product and services are sold together in a contract with multiple performance obligations. In instances where SSP is not directly observable, such as when we do not sell the product or service separately, we determine the SSP using information that may include market conditions and other observable inputs. We typically have more than one SSP for individual products and services due to the stratification of those products and services by customers and circumstances. In these instances, we may use information, such geographic region and distribution channel, in determining the SSP.

The transaction price in a contract is typically equal to the minimum commit price in the contract less any discounts provided. Because our typical contracts represent distinct services delivered over time with the same pattern of transfer to the customer, usage-based consideration primarily related to actual consumption over the minimum commit levels is allocated to the period to which it relates. The amount of consideration recognized for usage above the minimum commit price is limited to the amount we expect to be entitled to receive in exchange for providing services. We have elected to apply the practical expedient for estimating and disclosing the variable consideration when variable consideration is allocated entirely to a wholly unsatisfied performance obligation or to a wholly unsatisfied promise to transfer a distinct good or service that forms part of a single performance obligation from our remaining performance obligations under these contracts.

Performance obligations represent stand-ready obligations that are satisfied over time as the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits provided by us. These obligations can be content delivery, security, professional services, support, edge cloud platform services, and others. Accordingly, our revenue is recognized over time, consistent with the pattern of benefit provided to the customer over the term of the agreement.

At times, customers may request changes that either amend, replace, or cancel existing contracts. Judgment is required to determine whether the specific facts and circumstances within the contracts should be accounted for as a separate contract or as a modification.

In contracts where there are timing differences between when we transfer a promised good or service to the customer and when the customer pays for that good or service, we have determined our contracts do not include a significant financing component. We have also elected the practical expedient to not measure financing components for any contract where the timing difference is less than one year.

From time to time we enter into arrangements to establish and run private POPs for customers. These arrangements include content delivery services as well as professional services and the provision of hardware. For accounting purposes, we have determined that the provisioning of hardware is an operating lease. We recognize the revenue from these leases monthly on a straight-line basis over the term of the relevant customer agreements.

Concentrations of Credit Risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject us to significant concentration of credit risk consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities, and accounts receivable. The primary focus of our investment strategy is to preserve capital and meet liquidity requirements. Our investment policy addresses the level of credit exposure by limiting the concentration in any one corporate issuer or sector and establishing a minimum allowable credit rating. To manage the risk exposure, we invest cash equivalents and marketable securities in a variety of fixed income securities, including government and investment-grade debt securities and money market funds. We place our cash primarily in checking and money market accounts with reputable financial institutions. Deposits held with these financial institutions may exceed the amount of insurance provided on such deposits, if any.

Concentrations of credit risk with respect to accounts receivable are primarily limited to certain customers to which we make substantial sales. Our customer base consists of a large number of geographically dispersed customers diversified across several industries. To reduce risk, we routinely assess the financial strength of our customers. Based on such assessments, we believe that our accounts receivable credit risk exposure is limited.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Our financial instruments consist of cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities, accounts receivable, accounts payable, accrued expenses, debt and convertible preferred stock warrant liabilities. Cash equivalents, marketable securities, and convertible preferred stock warrant liabilities are carried at fair value. Accounts receivable, accounts payable, and accrued expenses are stated at their carrying value, which approximates fair value due to the short time to the expected receipt or payment date. The carrying amount of our debt approximates fair value as the stated interest rate approximates market rates currently available to us.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization are computed on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets. The estimated useful life of each asset category is as follows:



Computer and networking equipment	3-5 years
Leasehold improvements	Shorter of lease term or 5 years
Furniture and fixtures	3 years
Office equipment	3 years
Internal-use software	3 years

We periodically review the estimated useful lives of property and equipment and any changes to the estimated useful lives are recorded prospectively from the date of the change.

Upon retirement or sale, the cost of the assets disposed of and the related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts, and any resulting gain or loss is included in other expense, net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss. Repairs and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred.

Internal-Use Software Development Costs

Labor and related costs associated with internal-use software during the application development stage are capitalized. Capitalization of costs begins when the preliminary project stage is completed, management has committed to funding the project, and it is probable that the project will be completed and the software will be used to perform the function intended. Capitalization ceases at the point when the project is fully tested and substantially complete and is ready for its intended purpose. The capitalized amounts are included in property and equipment, net on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. We amortize such costs over the estimated useful life of the software; completed internal-use software that is used on our network is amortized to cost of revenue over its estimated useful life. Costs incurred during the planning, training, and post-implementation stages of the software development life-cycle are expensed as incurred.

Goodwill, Intangible Assets, and Long-lived Assets

Goodwill is the amount by which the cost of acquired net assets in a business combination exceeds the fair value of the net identifiable assets on the date of purchase and is carried at its historical cost. We test goodwill for impairment on an annual basis or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired. We perform our annual impairment test of goodwill as of October 31 and whenever events or circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired. Prior to September 30, 2019, we performed our annual impairment test of goodwill as of December 31 and whenever events or circumstances indicated that the asset might be impaired. We did not have any impairments to goodwill during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017.

Intangible assets consist of internet protocol addresses and domain names and are amortized over their estimated useful lives based upon the estimated economic value derived from the related intangible asset.

Long-lived assets, including property and equipment and intangible assets, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances, such as service discontinuance, technological obsolescence, significant decreases in our market capitalization, facility closures, or work-force reductions indicate that the carrying amount of the long-lived asset or asset group may not be recoverable. When such events occur, we compare the carrying amount of the asset or asset group to the undiscounted expected future cash flows related to the asset or asset group. If this comparison indicates that an impairment is present, the amount of the impairment is calculated as the difference between the carrying amount and the fair value of the asset or asset group. We did not have any impairments during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018.

Deferred Offering Costs

As of December 31, 2018, there was $0.3 million of deferred offering costs that had been capitalized, and recorded in other non-current assets. Upon completion of the IPO, these deferred offering costs were reclassified to stockholders' equity and recorded against the proceeds of the offering.

Deferred Rent and Lease Accounting

We lease most of our data center facilities and office space under non-cancelable operating lease agreements. Total rent payments, inclusive of rent increases, rent holidays, rent concessions, leasehold incentives, or any other unusual provisions or conditions, are expensed on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The difference between the straight-line expense and the cash payment is recorded as deferred rent.

Convertible Preferred Stock Warranty Liabilities

Convertible Preferred Stock Warrant Liabilities

We recorded our warrants to purchase convertible preferred stock as a liability on the Consolidated Balance Sheets at fair value upon issuance because the warrants were exercisable for contingently redeemable preferred stock which was classified outside of stockholders' deficit. The liability associated with these warrants was subject to remeasurement at each balance sheet date, with changes in fair value recorded in the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Loss as other expense, net. Immediately upon closing of the IPO, our warrants to purchase convertible preferred stock were automatically converted to warrants to purchase an equal number of shares of our Class B common stock. As a result, the warrant was remeasured a final time, immediately prior to the closing of the IPO, and reclassified to additional paid-in capital within stockholders' equity. Changes in the fair value were recorded within other expense, net on the Consolidated Statement of Operations.

Cost of Revenue

Cost of revenue consists primarily of fees paid to network providers for bandwidth and to third-party network data centers for housing servers, also known as colocation costs. Cost of revenue also includes employee costs for network operation, build-out and support and services delivery, network storage costs, cost of managed services and software-as-a-service, depreciation of network equipment used to deliver our services, and amortization of network-related internal-use software. The Company enters into contracts for bandwidth with third-party network providers with terms of typically one year. These contracts generally commit us to pay minimum monthly fees plus additional fees for bandwidth usage above the committed level. We enter into contracts for colocation services with third-party providers with terms of typically three years.

Research and Development Costs

Research and development costs consist of primarily payroll and related personnel costs for the design, development, deployment, testing, and enhancement of our edge cloud platform. Costs incurred in the development of our edge cloud platform are expensed as incurred, excluding those expenses which met the criteria for development of internal-use software.

Advertising Expense

We recognize advertising expense as incurred.

Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation

We account for stock-based employee compensation plans under the fair value recognition and measurement provisions, which require all stock-based payments, including grants of stock options, restricted stock units ("RSUs"), and shares issued under our Employee Stock Purchase Plan ("ESPP") to be measured based on the grant-date fair value of the award and recognized as expense over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period of the respective award. We account for forfeitures as they occur.

The fair value of RSUs granted to our employees and directors is based on the grant date fair value. The fair value of stock options granted to our employees and directors, and of the shares to be issued under our ESPP are based on the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The determination of the fair value of a stock-based award is affected by the deemed fair value of the underlying stock price on the grant date, as well as assumptions regarding a number of other complex and subjective variables. These variables include the fair value of our common stock, the expected stock price volatility over the expected term of the options, stock option exercise and cancellation behaviors, risk-free interest rates, and expected dividends:

These assumptions and estimates are as follows:

•

Fair Value of Common Stock. Because our common stock was not publicly traded until the completion of the IPO, the Board considered numerous objective and subjective factors to determine the fair value of our Common Stock at each meeting at which awards were approved. These factors included, but were not limited to (i) contemporaneous third-party valuations of Common Stock; (ii) the rights and preferences of Series Preferred relative to Common Stock; (iii) the lack of marketability of Common Stock; (iv) developments in the business; and (v) the likelihood of achieving a liquidity event, such as an IPO or sale of the Company, given prevailing market conditions.


•	Expected Term. The expected term represents the period that our stock-based awards are expected to be outstanding. The expected term assumptions were determined based on the vesting terms, exercise terms, and contractual lives of the options. The expected term was estimated using the simplified method allowed under Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) guidance.


•	Volatility. Since we do not have a long trading history of our common stock, the expected volatility is determined based on the historical stock volatilities of its comparable companies. Comparable companies consist of public

companies in the Company’s industry, which are similar in size, stage of life cycle, and financial leverage. We intend to continue to apply this process using the same or similar public companies until a sufficient amount of historical information regarding the volatility of its share price becomes available, or unless circumstances change such that the identified companies are no longer similar to us, in which case, more suitable companies whose share prices are publicly available would be used in the calculation.


•	Risk-free Interest Rate. The risk-free interest rate used in the Black-Scholes option pricing model is the implied yield available on U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issues with a remaining term equivalent to that of the options for each expected term.

•

Dividend Yield. The expected dividend assumption is based on our current expectations of our anticipated dividend policy. We have no history of paying any dividends and therefore used an expected dividend yield of zero.

Foreign Currency Translation

Local currencies of foreign subsidiaries are the functional currencies for financial reporting purposes. Our non-U.S. subsidiaries have either the British pound or the Japanese yen as the functional currency. For operations outside the United States that have functional currencies other than the U.S. dollar, the assets and liabilities of our subsidiaries are translated at the applicable exchange rate as of the balance sheet date, and revenue and expenses are translated at an average rate over the period. Resulting currency translation adjustments are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss, a separate component of stockholders’ equity (deficit). Gains and losses on intercompany and other non-functional currency transactions are recorded in other income (expense), net.

Income Taxes

We account for income taxes under the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements. Under this method, we determine deferred tax assets and liabilities on the basis of the differences between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities by using enacted tax rates for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.

We recognize deferred tax assets to the extent that it believes that these assets are more likely than not to be realized. In making such a determination, we consider all available positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, tax-planning strategies, and results of recent operations. If we determine that it would be able to realize its deferred tax assets in the future in excess of their net recorded amount, we would make an adjustment to the deferred tax asset valuation allowance, which would reduce the provision for income taxes.

We record uncertain tax positions in accordance with ASC 740 on the basis of a two-step process in which (1) it determines whether it is more likely than not that the tax positions will be sustained on the basis of the technical merits of the position and (2) for those tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold, we recognize the largest amount of tax benefit that is more than 50 percent likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement with the related tax authority.

We recognize interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits on the income tax expense line in the accompanying Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Loss. Accrued interest and penalties are included in accrued expenses on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

Comprehensive Loss

Comprehensive loss consists of two components: net loss and other comprehensive income (loss). Other comprehensive income (loss) refers to gains and losses that are recorded as an element of stockholders' equity (deficit) and are excluded from net loss. Our other comprehensive income (loss) is comprised of foreign currency translation adjustments and gain (loss) on investments in available-for-sale securities.

Net Loss Per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders

Basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is presented in conformity with the two-class method required for multiple classes of common stock and participating securities. Under the two-class method, net income is attributed to common stockholders and participating securities based on their participation rights. Under the two-class method, basic net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is computed by dividing the net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Prior to the IPO, our participating securities also included convertible preferred stock. The holders of convertible preferred stock did not have a contractual obligation to share in our losses, as a result net losses were not allocated to these participating securities. Diluted earnings per share attributable to common stockholders adjusts basic earnings per share for the potentially dilutive impact of stock options and redeemable convertible preferred stock. As we have reported losses for the all period presented, all potentially dilutive securities are antidilutive and accordingly, basic net loss per share equals diluted net loss per share.

Recently Adopted and Issued Accounting Pronouncements

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers ("Topic 606") ("ASU 2014-09"), which amends the existing accounting standards for revenue recognition, Topic 605, and outlines a single set of comprehensive principles for recognizing revenue under U.S. GAAP. Among other things ASU 2014-09 requires entities to assess the products or services promised in contracts with customers at contract inception to determine the appropriate unit at which to record revenue, which is referred to as a performance obligation. Revenue is recognized when or as control of the promised products or services is transferred to customers at an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled to in exchange for those products or services. We have adopted ASU 2014-09 as of January 1, 2019 using the modified retrospective method applied to those contracts which were not completed as of January 1, 2019. Revenues and contract assets or liabilities for contracts completed prior to January 1, 2019 are presented under Topic 605, and revenues and contract assets and liabilities from contracts which were not completed or started after December 31, 2018 are presented under Topic 606. We recorded a net increase in stockholders’ equity (retained earnings) of $5.7 million as of January 1, 2019 due to the cumulative impact of adopting Topic 606 and Topic 340, Other Assets and Deferred Costs. Refer to Note 3, "Revenue", in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information.

In January 2016, FASB issued new guidance, ASU 2016-01, Financial Instruments-Overall (Subtopic 825-10) Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities, which addresses certain aspects of recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure of financial instruments, and requires equity securities to be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized through net income. The guidance is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. We adopted this guidance effective January 1, 2019, using the prospective approach. The adoption of ASU 2016-01 did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In August 2016, FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230) Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments ("ASU 2016-15"), which clarifies how entities should classify cash receipts and cash payments related to eight specific cash flow matters on the statement of cash flows, with the objective of reducing existing diversity in practice. ASU 2016-15 designates the appropriate class flow classification, including requirements to allocate certain components of these cash receipts and payments among operating, investing, and financing activities. The guidance is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. We adopted this guidance effective January 1, 2019 using the retrospective transition approach for all periods presented. The adoption of ASU 2016-15 did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In November 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230) ("ASU 2016-18"), which requires companies to include amounts generally described as restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents in cash and cash equivalents when reconciling beginning-of-period and end-of-period total amounts shown on the statement of cash flows. We adopted this guidance effective January 1, 2019, using the retrospective transition approach for all periods presented. The adoption of ASU 2016-18 did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In January 2017, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2017-01, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business ("ASU 2017-01"), which changes the definition of a business to assist entities with evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as transfers of assets or business combinations. The guidance is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. We adopted this guidance effective

January 1, 2019, using the prospective approach. The adoption of ASU 2017-01 did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In January 2017, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2017-04, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment ("ASU 2017-04"), which eliminates step two from the goodwill impairment test. Under this guidance, an entity should recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value up to the amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. The guidance is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, although early adoption is permitted for annual and interim goodwill impairment testing dates following January 1, 2017. We have elected to early adopt this guidance beginning in the second quarter of 2019 using the prospective method. The adoption of ASU 2017-04 did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In June 2018, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2018-07, Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting ("ASU 2018-07"), which simplifies the accounting for share-based payments granted to nonemployees for goods and services. Under ASU 2018-07, certain guidance such as payments to nonemployees would be aligned with the requirements for share-based payments granted to employees. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within that fiscal year, although early adoption is permitted. We have elected to early adopt the guidance beginning January 1, 2019. The adoption of ASU 2018-07 did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

We qualify as an "emerging growth company" as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 ("JOBS Act") and therefore have elected to continue to take advantage of certain exemptions from various public company reporting requirements, including delaying adoption of new or revised accounting standards until those standards apply to private companies. We have elected to use this extended transition period under the JOBS Act. The effective dates shown below reflect the election to use the extended transition period.

In February 2016, the FASB issued new guidance, Accounting Standard Update No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) ("ASU 2016-02"), which establishes the principles to report transparent and economically neutral information about the assets and liabilities that arise from leases. Accordingly, this new standard introduces a lessee model that brings most operating leases on the balance sheet and also aligns certain of the underlying principles of the new lessor model with those in the new revenue recognition standard. The guidance is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020 using the modified retrospective method, although the optional transition method can also be applied. We are currently evaluating the appropriate transition method and impact of this guidance on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In June 2016, FASB issued new guidance, ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which introduces a new methodology for accounting for credit losses on financial instruments, including available-for-sale debt securities. The guidance establishes a new “expected loss model” that requires entities to estimate current expected credit losses on financial instruments by using all practical and relevant information. Any expected credit losses are to be reflected as allowances rather than reductions in the amortized cost of available-for-sale debt securities. The guidance is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020. The Company does not expect the adoption of this standard to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In August 2018, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2018-15, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Internal-Use Software (ASC 350-40): Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement ("ASU 2018-15"). This guidance provides that implementation costs be evaluated for capitalization using the same criteria as that used for internal-use software development costs, with amortization expense being recorded in the same income statement expense line as the hosted service costs and over the expected term of the hosting arrangement. The guidance is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, and interim periods within annual periods beginning after December 15, 2021, using the prospective method. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in any interim period. We are currently evaluating the potential impact of this guidance on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

On December 18, 2019, the FASB released ASU 2019-12 which affects general principles within Topic 740, Income Taxes. The amendments of ASU 2019-12 are meant to simplify and reduce the cost of accounting for income taxes. The FASB has stated that the ASU is being issued as part of its Simplification Initiative, which is meant to reduce complexity in accounting standards by improving certain areas of generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) without compromising information provided to users of financial statements. The standard is effective for public companies on the first interim period within the annual period beginning after December 15, 2020. As we are an emerging growth company, and have elected to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards, the amendments are effective for us for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022. We are currently evaluating the potential impact of this guidance on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.