<?xml version="1.0"?>
<ownershipDocument>

    <schemaVersion>X0306</schemaVersion>

    <documentType>4/A</documentType>

    <periodOfReport>2014-11-03</periodOfReport>

    <dateOfOriginalSubmission>2014-11-04</dateOfOriginalSubmission>

    <issuer>
        <issuerCik>0001321646</issuerCik>
        <issuerName>Kraton Performance Polymers, Inc.</issuerName>
        <issuerTradingSymbol>KRA</issuerTradingSymbol>
    </issuer>

    <reportingOwner>
        <reportingOwnerId>
            <rptOwnerCik>0001515321</rptOwnerCik>
            <rptOwnerName>Jung Holger R.</rptOwnerName>
        </reportingOwnerId>
        <reportingOwnerAddress>
            <rptOwnerStreet1>C/O KRATON PERFORMANCE POLYMERS</rptOwnerStreet1>
            <rptOwnerStreet2>15710 JOHN F. KENNEDY BLVD. SUITE 300</rptOwnerStreet2>
            <rptOwnerCity>HOUSTON</rptOwnerCity>
            <rptOwnerState>TX</rptOwnerState>
            <rptOwnerZipCode>77032</rptOwnerZipCode>
            <rptOwnerStateDescription></rptOwnerStateDescription>
        </reportingOwnerAddress>
        <reportingOwnerRelationship>
            <isOfficer>1</isOfficer>
            <officerTitle>VP of Sales and Marketing</officerTitle>
        </reportingOwnerRelationship>
    </reportingOwner>

    <nonDerivativeTable>
        <nonDerivativeTransaction>
            <securityTitle>
                <value>Common Stock</value>
            </securityTitle>
            <transactionDate>
                <value>2014-11-03</value>
            </transactionDate>
            <transactionCoding>
                <transactionFormType>4</transactionFormType>
                <transactionCode>P</transactionCode>
                <equitySwapInvolved>0</equitySwapInvolved>
            </transactionCoding>
            <transactionTimeliness></transactionTimeliness>
            <transactionAmounts>
                <transactionShares>
                    <value>1500</value>
                </transactionShares>
                <transactionPricePerShare>
                    <value>17.8996</value>
                </transactionPricePerShare>
                <transactionAcquiredDisposedCode>
                    <value>A</value>
                </transactionAcquiredDisposedCode>
            </transactionAmounts>
            <postTransactionAmounts>
                <sharesOwnedFollowingTransaction>
                    <value>20350</value>
                    <footnoteId id="F1"/>
                </sharesOwnedFollowingTransaction>
            </postTransactionAmounts>
            <ownershipNature>
                <directOrIndirectOwnership>
                    <value>D</value>
                </directOrIndirectOwnership>
            </ownershipNature>
        </nonDerivativeTransaction>
    </nonDerivativeTable>

    <footnotes>
        <footnote id="F1">On August 12, 2014, the reporting person mistakenly filed a Form 4 reporting the disposition of common stock that did not in fact occur.  This amendment is being filed to correct the amount of securities beneficially owned in light of the erroneous August 12, 2014 filing.</footnote>
    </footnotes>

    <ownerSignature>
        <signatureName>/s/ James L. Simmons as Attorney-in-Fact for Holger R. Jung</signatureName>
        <signatureDate>2014-12-16</signatureDate>
    </ownerSignature>
</ownershipDocument>
