Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2021

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

NOTE 2 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared by the Company in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”), the instructions to Form 10-K, and the rules and regulations of the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) for financial information. The Company’s consolidated financial statements include financial statements for Silo Pharma, Inc and its inactive wholly-owned subsidiary with the same name as the parent entity, Silo Pharma, Inc, as of December 31, 2021 and during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated.

In accordance with, ASC 205-20 “Discontinued Operations” establishes that the disposal or abandonment of a component of an entity or a group of components of an entity should be reported in discontinued operations if the disposal represents a strategic shift that has (or will have) a major effect on an entity’s operations and financial results. As a result, the NFID, LLC component’s results of operations have been classified as discontinued operations on a retrospective basis for all periods presented. Accordingly, the results of operations of this component, for all periods, are separately reported as “discontinued operations” on the consolidated statements of operations.

Liquidity

As reflected in the accompanying consolidated financial statements, the Company generated a net income of $3,903,741 and used cash in operations of $2,278,016, for the year ended December 31, 2021. Additionally, the Company has an accumulated deficit of $3,262,577 at December 31, 2021. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company has received gross proceeds of $7,020,526 from the sale of equity investments. As of December 31, 2021, the Company had working capital of $9,912,281.

These events served to mitigate the conditions that historically raised substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. The Company believes the proceeds received during the year ended December 31, 2021 will provide sufficient cash flows to meet its obligations for a minimum of twelve months from the date of this filing.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Making estimates requires management to exercise significant judgment. It is at least reasonably possible that the estimate of the effect of a condition, situation or set of circumstances that existed at the date of the financial statements, which management considered in formulating its estimate could change in the near term due to one or more future events. Accordingly, the actual results could differ significantly from estimates. Significant estimates during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 include the collectability of notes receivable, the valuation of equity investments, estimates for obsolete and slow-moving inventory, estimates of the deemed dividend, valuation allowances for deferred tax assets, the fair value of warrants issued with debt and for services, and the fair value of shares issued for services and in settlements.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with a maturity of three months or less when acquired to be cash equivalents. The Company places its cash with high credit quality financial institutions. The Company’s accounts at these institutions are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) up to $250,000 and by the Securities Investor Protection Corporation (“SIPC”) up to $250,000. To reduce its risk associated with the failure of such financial institutions, the Company evaluates, at least annually, the rating of the financial institutions in which it holds deposits. At December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company had cash in excess of FDIC and SIPC limits of approximately $9,100,000 and $880,000, respectively.

Notes Receivable

The Company recognizes an allowance for losses on notes receivable in an amount equal to the estimated probable losses net of recoveries. The allowance is based on an analysis of historical bad debt experience, current note receivable aging, and expected future write-offs, as well as an assessment of specific identifiable accounts considered at risk or uncollectible. The expense associated with the allowance for doubtful accounts is recognized as general and administrative expense.

Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets

Prepaid expenses and other current assets - current of $145,324 and $241,091 at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, consist primarily of costs paid for future services which will occur within a year. Prepaid expenses and other current assets – non-current of $26,659 and $0 at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, consist primarily of costs paid for license fees and future services which will occur after a year. Prepaid expenses may include prepayments in cash and equity instruments for consulting, business advisory, legal services, license fees, research and development fees, and insurance which are being amortized over the terms of their respective agreements.

Equity Investments, at Fair Value

Realized gain or loss is recognized when an investment is disposed of and is computed as the difference between the Company’s carrying value and the net proceeds received from such disposition.  Realized gains and losses on investment transactions are determined by specific identification. Net unrealized appreciation or depreciation is computed as the difference between the fair value of the investment and the cost basis of such investment. Net unrealized gains or losses for equity investments are recognized in operations as the difference between the carrying value at the beginning of the period and the fair value at the end of the period.

Equity Investments, at Cost

Equity investments, at cost are comprised mainly of non-marketable capital stock and stock warrants, are recorded at cost, as adjusted for other than temporary impairment write-downs and are evaluated for impairment periodically.

Revenue Recognition

The Company applies ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”). ASC 606 establishes a single comprehensive model for entities to use in accounting for revenue arising from contracts with customers and supersedes most of the existing revenue recognition guidance. This standard requires an entity to recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services and also requires certain additional disclosures.

The Company records interest and dividend income on an accrual basis to the extent that the Company expects to collect such amounts.

For the license and royalty income, revenue is recognized when the Company satisfies the performance obligation based on the related license agreement. Payments received from the licensee that are related to future periods are recorded as deferred revenue to be recognized as revenues over the term of the related license agreement (see Note 10).

Product sales were recognized when the NFID products were shipped to the customer and title was transferred and were recorded net of any discounts or allowances which are separately reported as “discontinued operations” on the consolidated statements of operations.

Cost of Revenues

The primary components of cost of revenues on license fees included the cost of the license fees. Payments made to the licensor that are related to future periods are recorded as prepaid expense to be amortized over the term of the related license agreement (see Note 10).

The primary components of cost of revenues on NFID apparel include the cost of the product, production costs, warehouse storage costs and shipping fees which are separately reported as “discontinued operations” on the consolidated statements of operations.

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-based compensation is accounted for based on the requirements of ASC 718 – “Compensation – Stock Compensation”, which requires recognition in the financial statements of the cost of employee, director, and non-employee services received in exchange for an award of equity instruments over the period the employee, director, or non-employee is required to perform the services in exchange for the award (presumptively, the vesting period). The ASC also requires measurement of the cost of employee, director, and non-employee services received in exchange for an award based on the grant-date fair value of the award. The Company has elected to recognize forfeitures as they occur as permitted under Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-09 Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment.

Income Taxes

Deferred income tax assets and liabilities arise from temporary differences between the financial statements and tax basis of assets and liabilities, as measured by the enacted tax rates, which are expected to be in effect when these differences reverse. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are classified as current or non-current, depending upon the classification of the asset or liabilities to which they relate. Deferred tax assets and liabilities not related to an asset or liability are classified as current or non-current depending on the periods in which the temporary differences are expected to reverse. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized.

The Company follows the provisions of Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) ASC 740-10, “Uncertainty in Income Taxes”. Certain recognition thresholds must be met before a tax position is recognized in the financial statements. An entity may only recognize or continue to recognize tax positions that meet a “more-likely-than-not” threshold. The Company does not believe it has any uncertain tax positions as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 that would require either recognition or disclosure in the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

The Company recognized income tax expense of $24,876 and $0 for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 (see Note 8).

Research and Development

In accordance with ASC 730-10, “Research and Development-Overall,” research and development costs are expensed when incurred. During the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, research and development costs were $693,910 and $26,250, respectively.

Net Income (Loss) per Common Share

Basic net income (loss) per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) allocable to common shareholders by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during each period. Diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of shares of common stock, common stock equivalents and potentially dilutive securities outstanding during the period using the as-if converted method. Potentially dilutive securities which include convertible preferred shares and stock options are excluded from the computation of diluted shares outstanding if they would have an anti-dilutive impact on the Company’s net income or (loss). The following are the potentially dilutive shares for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020:

	December 31, 2021		December 31, 2020
Series C convertible preferred stock		756,667		—
Stock options		300,000		300,000
Warrants		17,353,987		—
		18,410,654		300,000

The following table presents a reconciliation of basic and diluted net loss per share:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2021			2020
Income (loss) per common share — basic:
Income (loss) from continuing operations	$	4,157,108		$	(2,666,269	)
Loss from discontinued operations		(253,367	)		(371,248	)
Net income (loss)	$	3,903,741		$	(3,037,517	)
Weighted average common shares outstanding — basic		94,865,761			65,954,691
Net income (loss) per common share – basic:
From continuing operations	$	0.04		$	(0.05	)
From discontinued operations	$	(0.00	)	$	(0.01	)
Income (loss) per common share — diluted:
Income (loss) from continuing operations	$	4,157,108		$	(2,666,269	)
Add: interest expense, net		(3,036	)		—
Numerator for loss from continuing operations per common share — diluted		4,154,072			(2,666,269	)
Numerator for loss from discontinuing operations per common share — diluted		(253,367	)		(371,248	)
Net loss per common share – diluted	$	3,900,705		$	(3,037,517	)
Weighted average common shares outstanding — basic		94,865,761			65,954,691
Effect of dilutive securities:
Options		299,790			—
Preferred shares		756,667			—
Weighted average common shares outstanding – diluted		95,922,218			65,954,691
Net loss per common share – diluted:
From continuing operations	$	0.04		$	(0.05	)
From discontinued operations	$	(0.00	)	$	(0.01	)

Leases

The Company accounts for its leases using the method prescribed by ASC 842 – Lease Accounting. The Company assess whether the contract is, or contains, a lease at the inception of a contract which is based on (i) whether the contract involves the use of a distinct identified asset, (ii) whether the Company obtain the right to substantially all the economic benefit from the use of the asset throughout the period, and (iii) whether the Company has the right to direct the use of the asset. The Company allocates the consideration in the contract to each lease component based on its relative stand-alone price to determine the lease payments. The Company has elected not to recognize right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and lease liabilities for short-term leases that have a term of 12 months or less.

Operating lease ROU assets represents the right to use the leased asset for the lease term. Operating lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term at commencement date. As most leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses an incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the adoption date in determining the present value of future payments. Lease expense for minimum lease payments is amortized on a straight-line basis over the lease term and is included in general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-06—Debt—Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and edging—Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40): Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity (“ASU 2020-06”) to simplify the accounting for convertible instruments by removing certain separation models in Subtopic 470- 20, Debt with Conversion and Other Options, for convertible instruments. Under the amendments in ASU 2020-06, the embedded conversion features no longer are separated from the host contract for convertible instruments with conversion features that are not required to be accounted for as derivatives under Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging, or that do not result in substantial premiums accounted for as paid-in capital. Consequently, a convertible debt instrument will be accounted for as a single liability measured at its amortized cost and a convertible preferred stock will be accounted for as a single equity instrument measured at its historical cost, as long as no other features require bifurcation and recognition as derivatives. By removing those separation models, the interest rate of convertible debt instruments typically will be closer to the coupon interest rate when applying the guidance in Topic 835, Interest. The amendments in ASU 2020-06 provide financial statement users with a simpler and more consistent starting point to perform analyses across entities. The amendments also improve the operability of the guidance and reduce, to a large extent, the complexities in the accounting for convertible instruments and the difficulties with the interpretation and application of the relevant guidance. To further improve the decision usefulness and relevance of the information being provided to users of financial statements, amendments in ASU 2020-06 increased information transparency by making the following amendments to the disclosure for convertible instruments:

1.	Add a disclosure objective
2.	Add information about events or conditions that occur during the reporting period that cause conversion contingencies to be met or conversion terms to be significantly changed
3.	Add information on which party controls the conversion rights
4.	Align disclosure requirements for contingently convertible instruments with disclosure requirements for other convertible instruments
5.	Require that existing fair value disclosures in Topic 825, Financial Instruments, be provided at the individual convertible instrument level rather than in the aggregate.

Additionally, for convertible debt instruments with substantial premiums accounted for as paid-in capital, amendments in ASU 2020-06 added disclosures about (1) the fair value amount and the level of fair value hierarchy of the entire instrument for public business entities and (2) the premium amount recorded as paid-in capital.

The amendments in ASU 2020-06 are effective for public business entities, excluding entities eligible to be smaller reporting companies as defined by the SEC, for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021, including interim periods within those fiscal years. For all other entities, the amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted, but no earlier than fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Entities should adopt the guidance as of the beginning of its annual fiscal year and are allowed to adopt the guidance through either a modified retrospective method of transition or a fully retrospective method of transition. In applying the modified retrospective method, entities should apply the guidance to transactions outstanding as of the beginning of the fiscal year in which the amendments are adopted. Transactions that were settled (or expired) during prior reporting periods are unaffected. The cumulative effect of the change should be recognized as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings at the date of adoption. If an entity elects the fully retrospective method of transition, the cumulative effect of the change should be recognized as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings in the first comparative period presented. The Company is evaluating the impact of the revised guidance and believes that it will not have a significant impact on its consolidated financial statements. 

In May 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-04, Earnings Per Share (Topic 260), Debt-Modifications and Extinguishments (Subtopic 470-50), Compensation-Stock Compensation (Topic 718), and Derivatives and Hedging-Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40). The new ASU addresses issuer’s accounting for certain modifications or exchanges of freestanding equity-classified written call options. This amendment is effective for all entities, for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is evaluating the impact of the revised guidance and believes that it will not have a significant impact on its consolidated financial statements.

Management does not believe that any other recently issued, but not yet effective accounting pronouncements, if adopted, would have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.