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Note 2 - Significant Accounting Policies
12 Months Ended
May 31, 2019
Notes to Financial Statements  
Significant Accounting Policies [Text Block]
2.
SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
 
Basis of presentation
 
These consolidated financial statements are presented in Canadian dollars and have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“US GAAP”).
 
Basis of consolidation
 
These consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries (collectively, the “Group”), Corvus Gold (USA) Inc. (“Corvus USA”) (a Nevada corporation), Corvus Gold Nevada Inc. (“Corvus Nevada”) (a Nevada corporation), Raven Gold Alaska Inc. (“Raven Gold”) (an Alaska corporation), SoN Land and Water LLC (“SoN”) (a Nevada limited liability company) and Mother Lode Mining Company LLC (a Nevada limited liability company). All intercompany transactions and balances were eliminated upon consolidation.
 
Significant judgments, estimates and assumptions
 
The preparation of these financial statements in accordance with US GAAP requires management to make certain estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and reported amounts of expenses during the reporting year. Actual outcomes could differ from these estimates. These financial statements include estimates which, by their nature, are uncertain. The impacts of such estimates are pervasive throughout the financial statements, and
may
require accounting adjustments based on future occurrences. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognized in the year in which the estimate is revised and future periods if the revision affects both current and future years. These estimates are based on historical experience, current and future economic conditions and other factors, including expectations of future events that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances.
 
Significant estimates
 
Significant assumptions about the future and other sources of estimation uncertainty that management has made at the end of the reporting year, that could result in a material adjustment to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities, in the event that actual results differ from assumptions made, relate to, but are
not
limited to, the carrying value and the recoverability of the capitalized acquisition costs, the assumptions used to determine the fair value of stock-based compensation, and the estimated amounts of reclamation and environmental obligations.
 
Significant judgments
 
Critical accounting judgments are accounting policies that have been identified as being complex or involving subjective judgments or assessments. The Company made the following critical accounting judgments:
 
·
The determination of deferred tax assets and liabilities.
·
The analysis of resource calculations, drill results, laboratory work, etc., which can impact the Company’s assessment of impairments, and provisions, if any, for environmental rehabilitation and restorations.
·
The determination of functional currency. using the currency of the primary economic environment in which each of the parent company and its subsidiaries operates.
·
The assessment of the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern.
 
Cash and cash equivalents
 
Cash equivalents include highly liquid investments in term deposits that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash with original maturities of
three
months or less, and term deposits with original term of maturities greater than
three
months but are cashable after
30
days with
no
penalties, and are subject to an insignificant risk of change in value.
 
Foreign currency translation
 
The presentation currency of the Company is the Canadian dollar.
 
 
The functional currency of each of the parent company and its subsidiaries is measured using the currency of the primary economic environment in which that entity operates. The functional currency of Corvus USA, Corvus Nevada, Raven Gold, SoN, and Mother Lode Mining Company LLC is US dollars, and for the Company the functional currency is Canadian dollars.
 
Transactions and balances
 
Foreign currency transactions are translated into the functional currency using the exchange rates prevailing at the date of the transaction. Foreign currency monetary items are translated at the year-end exchange rate. Non-monetary items measured at historical cost continue to be carried at the exchange rate at the date of the transaction. Non-monetary items measured at fair value are reported at the exchange rate at the date when fair values were determined.
 
Exchange differences arising on the translation of monetary items or on settlement of monetary items are recognized in profit or loss in the Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Loss in the year in which they arise.
 
Exchange differences arising on the translation of non-monetary items are recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) in the Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Loss to the extent that gains and losses arising on those non-monetary items are also recognized in other comprehensive income (loss). Where the non-monetary gain or loss is recognized in profit or loss, the exchange component is also recognized in profit or loss.
 
Parent and Subsidiary Companies
 
The financial results and position of foreign operations whose functional currency is different from the presentation currency are translated as follows:
 
·
Assets and liabilities are translated at year-end exchange rates prevailing at that reporting date; and
·
Income and expenses are translated at monthly average exchange rates during the year.
 
Exchange differences arising on translation of foreign operations are transferred directly to the Group’s exchange difference on translating foreign operations in the Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Loss and are reported as a separate component of shareholders’ equity titled “Cumulative Translation Differences”. These differences are recognized in profit or loss in the year in which the operation is disposed of.
 
Property and equipment
 
a) Recognition and measurement
 
On initial recognition, property and equipment are valued at cost, being the purchase price and directly attributable costs of acquisition or construction required to bring the asset to the location and condition necessary to be capable of operating in the manner intended by the Company, including appropriate borrowing costs and the estimated present value of any future unavoidable costs of dismantling and removing items.
 
Property and equipment is subsequently measured at cost less accumulated depreciation, less any accumulated impairment losses, with the exception of land which is
not
depreciated.
 
When parts of an item of property and equipment have different useful lives, they are accounted for as separate items (major components) of property and equipment.
 
b) Subsequent costs
 
The cost of replacing part of an item of property and equipment is recognized in the carrying amount of the item if it is probable that the future economic benefit embodied within the part will flow to the Company and its cost can be measured reliably. The carrying amount of the replaced part is derecognized. The costs of the day-to-day servicing of property and equipment are recognized in profit or loss as incurred.
 
c) Major maintenance and repairs
 
Subsequent costs are included in the asset’s carrying amount or recognized as a separate asset, as appropriate, only when it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the Company and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. All other repairs and maintenance expenditures are charged to profit or loss during the financial year in which they are incurred.
 
 
d) Gains and losses
 
Gains and losses on disposal of an item of property and equipment are determined by comparing the proceeds from disposal with the carrying amount, and are recognized net within other items in profit or loss.
 
e) Depreciation
 
Depreciation is recognized in profit or loss on a declining-balance basis at the following annual rates:
 
Computer equipment -
30%
declining balance
Vehicles -
30%
declining balance
Tent -
20%
declining balance
 
Additions during the year are depreciated at
one
-half the annual rates.
 
Depreciation methods, useful lives and residual values are reviewed at each financial year-end and adjusted if appropriate.
 
Mineral properties and exploration and evaluation expenditures
 
The Company’s mineral projects are currently in the exploration and evaluation phase. All direct costs related to the acquisition of mineral property interests are capitalized. Mineral property exploration costs are expensed as incurred. At such time that the Company determines that a mineral property can be economically developed, subsequent mineral property expenses will be capitalized during the development of such property.
 
Impairment of long-lived assets
 
The Company assesses long-lived assets for impairment or when facts and circumstances suggest that the carrying amount of an asset
may
exceed its recoverable amount. Impairment analysis includes assessment of the following circumstances: a significant decrease in the market price of a long-lived asset or asset group; a significant adverse change in the extent or manner in which a long-lived asset or asset group is being used or in its physical condition; a significant adverse change in legal factors or in the business climate that could affect the value of a long-lived asset or asset group, including an adverse action or assessment by a regulator; an accumulation of costs significantly in excess of the amount originally expected for the acquisition or construction of a long-lived asset or asset group; a current-period operating or cash flow loss combined with a history of operating or cash flow losses or a projection or forecast that demonstrates continuing losses associated with the use of a long-lived asset or asset group; a current expectation that, more likely than
not,
a long-lived asset or asset group will be sold or otherwise disposed of significantly before the end of its previously estimated useful life. The term more likely than
not
refers to a level of likelihood that is more than
50%.
 
Asset retirement obligations
 
The Company records a liability based on the best estimate of costs for site closure and reclamation activities that the Company is legally or contractually required to remediate at the time environmental disturbance occurs. The provision for closure and reclamation liabilities is estimated using expected cash flows based on engineering and environmental reports and accreted to full value over time through periodic charges to profit or loss. As at
May 31, 2019,
the Company recorded a provision of
$419,286
(USD
309,000
) (
2018
-
$366,641
(USD
283,000
)) for environmental rehabilitation.
 
Income taxes
 
The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. Under the asset and liability method, the effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. A valuation allowance is recognized if it is more likely than
not
that some portion or the entire deferred tax asset will
not
be realized.
 
 
Share capital
 
The proceeds from the exercise of stock options, warrants and escrow shares are recorded as share capital in the amount for which the option, warrant or escrow share enabled the holder to purchase a share in the Company.
 
Commissions paid to agents, and other related share issuance costs, such as legal, auditing, and printing, on the issue of the Company’s shares are charged directly to share capital.
 
Valuation of equity units issued in private placements
 
The Company has adopted a residual value method with respect to the measurement of shares and warrants issued as private placement units. The residual value method
first
allocates value to the more easily measurable component based on fair value and then the residual value, if any, to the less easily measurable component.
 
The fair value of the common shares issued in the private placements was determined to be the more easily measurable component and were valued at their fair value, as determined by the closing quoted bid price on the announcement date. The balance, if any, is allocated to the attached warrants. Any fair value attributed to the warrants is recorded as contributed surplus. Upon exercise of the warrants, the related fair value is reallocated to share capital.
 
Earnings (loss) per share
 
Basic loss per share is calculated using the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the year. The Company uses the treasury stock method to compute the dilutive effect of options, warrants and similar instruments. Under this method, the dilutive effect on earnings (loss) per share is calculated presuming the exercise of outstanding options, warrants and similar instruments. It assumes that the proceeds of such exercise would be used to repurchase common shares at the average market price during the year. However, the calculation of diluted loss per share excludes the effects of various conversions and exercise of options and warrants that would be anti-dilutive. For the year ended
May 31, 2019,
10,000,000
outstanding stock options (
2018
9,861,900
) were
not
included in the calculation of diluted earnings (loss) per share as their inclusion was anti-dilutive.
 
Stock-based compensation
 
The Company follows the provisions of Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification Section
718
“Compensation - Stock Compensation”, which establishes accounting for equity based compensation awards to be accounted for using the fair value method. The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the grant date fair value of the awards. Compensation expense is measured at the grant date and recognized over the requisite service period, on a straight line basis, which is generally the vesting period. Upon exercise of stock options, the related fair value is reallocated to share capital.
 
Non-monetary transactions
 
All non-monetary transactions are measured at the fair value of the asset surrendered or the asset received, whichever is more reliable, unless the transaction lacks commercial substance or the fair value cannot be reliably established. The commercial substance requirement is met when the future cash flows are expected to change significantly as a result of the transaction. When the fair value of a non-monetary transaction cannot be reliably measured, it is recorded at the carrying amount (after reduction, when appropriate, for impairment) of the asset given up adjusted by the fair value of any monetary consideration received or given. When the asset received or the consideration given up is shares in an actively traded market, the value of those shares will be considered fair value.
 
Joint venture accounting
 
Where the Company’s exploration and development activities are conducted with others, the accounts reflect only the Company’s proportionate interest in such activities. The Company currently is
not
a party to any joint venture arrangements.
 
Recently Issued Accounting Standards Updates
 
A
ccounting Standards Update
No.
2018
-
13
Fair Value Measurement (Topic
820
)
. In
August 2018,
the FASB issued amendments to achieve common fair value measurement and disclosure requirements in U.S. GAAP and IFRSs. The amendments on changes in unrealized gains and losses, the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level
3
fair value measurements, and the narrative description of measurement uncertainty should be applied prospectively for only the most recent interim or annual period presented in the initial fiscal year of adoption. All entities are required to adopt the new standard for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after
December 15, 2019.
For calendar year-end public companies, this means an adoption date of
January 1, 2020.
Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of the guidance has
no
material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and disclosures.
 
 
A
ccounting Standards Update
No.
2018
-
07
Compensation – Stock Compensation (Topic
718
)
. In
June 2018,
the FASB issued amendments to improve nonemployee share-based payment accounting. The amendments expand the scope of Topic
718
to include share-based payment transactions for acquiring goods and services from nonemployees. An entity should apply the requirements of Topic
718
to nonemployee awards except for specific guidance on inputs to an option pricing model and the attribution of cost. Public business entities are required to adopt the new standard for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after
December 15, 2018.
For calendar year-end public companies, this means an adoption date of
January 1, 2019.
Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of the guidance has
no
material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and disclosures.
 
A
ccounting Standards Update
No.
2018
-
02
Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic
220
)
. In
February 2018,
the FASB issued amendments to reclassify certain tax effects from accumulated other comprehensive income. The amendments allow a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. The amendments in this Update also require certain disclosure about stranded tax effects. All entities are required to adopt the new standard for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after
December 15, 2018.
For calendar year-end public companies, this means an adoption date of
January 1, 2019.
Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of the guidance has
no
material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and disclosures.
 
A
ccounting Standards Update
No.
2016
-
02
Leases (Topic
842
)
. In
February 2016,
the FASB issued amendments on accounting of leases. These are elements of the new standard that could impact almost all entities to some extent, although lessees will likely see the most significant changes. Lessees will need to recognize virtually all of their leases on the balance sheet, by recording a right-of-use asset and a lease liability. Public business entities are required to adopt the new leasing standard for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after
December 15, 2018.
For calendar year-end public companies, this means an adoption date of
January 1, 2019.
Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of the guidance will have an immaterial impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and disclosures.