UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

ýANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018

or

o TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number: 000-55190

NORTHSTAR HEALTHCARE INCOME, INC.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

Maryland	27-3663988
(State or Other Jurisdiction of	(IRS Employer
Incorporation or Organization)	Identification No.)

590 Madison Avenue, 34th Floor, New York, NY 10022

(Address of Principal Executive Offices, Including Zip Code)

(212) 547-2600

(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934: None

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934:Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes o No ý

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes o No ý

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ý No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ý   No o

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K or any amendment to this Annual Report on Form 10-K. o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer o Accelerated filer o Non-accelerated filer ý Smaller reporting company o Emerging growth company o

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o    No ý

There is no established trading market for the registrant’s common stock and therefore the aggregate market value of the registrant’s common stock held by non-affiliates cannot be determined.

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the registrant’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date: 

The Company has one class of common stock, $0.01 par value per share, 189,138,283 shares outstanding as of March 21, 2019.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE 

Certain portions of the definitive proxy statement related to the registrant’s 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed hereafter are incorporated by reference into Part III (Items 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14) of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

NORTHSTAR HEALTHCARE INCOME, INC.

FORM 10-K

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Index		Page
	PART I
Item 1.	Business	5
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	19
Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	46
Item 2.	Properties	46
Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	48
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	48
	PART II
Item 5.	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	49
Item 6.	Selected Financial Data	52
Item 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	53
Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	77
Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	79
Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	126
Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	126
Item 9B.	Other Information	127
	PART III
Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	128
Item 11.	Executive Compensation	128
Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	128
Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Director Independence	128
Item 14.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	128
	PART IV
Item 15.	Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules	129
Item 16.	Form 10-K Summary	130

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FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains certain “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or Exchange Act. Forward-looking statements are generally identifiable by use of forward-looking terminology such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “potential,” “intend,” “expect,” “seek,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “believe,” “could,” “project,” “predict,” “continue,” “future” or other similar words or expressions. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of performance and are based on certain assumptions, discuss future expectations, describe plans and strategies, contain projections of results of operations or of financial condition or state other forward-looking information. Such statements include, but are not limited to, those relating to our ability to make distributions to our stockholders, our reliance on our advisor and our sponsor, the operating performance of our investments, our financing needs, the effects of our current strategies and investment activities and our ability to effectively deploy capital. Our ability to predict results or the actual effect of plans or strategies is inherently uncertain. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in such forward-looking statements are based on reasonable assumptions, our actual results and performance could differ materially from those set forth in the forward-looking statements and you should not unduly rely on these statements. These forward-looking statements involve risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results in future periods to differ materially from those forward-looking statements. These factors include, but are not limited to:

• adverse economic conditions and the impact on the real estate industry, including healthcare real estate;

• the impact of economic conditions on the operators/tenants of the real property that we own as well as on borrowers of the debt we originate and acquire;

• the ability of our tenants, operators and managers to conduct their respective businesses in a manner sufficient to maintain or increase their revenues and to generate sufficient income to make rent payments to us and, in turn, our ability to satisfy our obligations under our borrowings;

• the impact of increased operating costs on our liquidity, financial condition and results of operations or that of our tenants, operators and managers and our ability and the ability of our tenants, operators and managers to accurately estimate the magnitude of those costs;

• the nature and extent of future competition, including new construction in the markets in which our assets are located;

• the ability of our tenants, operators and managers, as applicable, to comply with laws, rules and regulations in the operation of our properties, to deliver high-quality services, to attract and retain qualified personnel and to attract residents and patients;

• the ability and willingness of our tenants, operators, managers and other third parties to satisfy their respective obligations to us, including in some cases their obligation to indemnify us from and against various claims and liabilities;

• the financial weakness of our tenants and operators, including potential bankruptcies and downturns in their businesses, and their legal and regulatory proceedings, which results in uncertainties regarding our ability to continue to realize the full benefit of such tenants’ and operators’ leases and/or expose us to additional liabilities and expenses;

• risks associated with our joint ventures and unconsolidated entities, including our reliance on joint venture partners, lack of decision making authority and the financial condition of our joint venture partners;

• the impact of market and other conditions influencing the performance of our investments relative to our expectations and the impact on our actual return on invested equity, as well as the cash provided by these investments;

• our liquidity and access to capital;

• our use of leverage;

• our ability to make distributions to our stockholders;

• the lack of a public trading market for our shares;

• the effect of economic conditions on the valuation of our investments;

• the effect of paying distributions to our stockholders from sources other than cash flow provided by operations;

• our dependence on the resources and personnel of our advisor, our sponsor and their affiliates, including our advisor’s ability to manage our portfolio on our behalf;

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• the performance of our advisor, our sponsor and their affiliates;

• the impact of continued business uncertainties following our sponsor’s merger with NorthStar Realty Finance Corp. and Colony Capital, Inc., as well as adverse changes in the financial health and public perception of our sponsor;

• our advisor’s and its affiliates’ ability to attract and retain qualified personnel to support our operations and potential changes to key personnel providing management services to us;

• our reliance on our advisor and its affiliates and sub-advisors/co-venturers in providing management services to us, the payment of substantial fees to our advisor, and various potential conflicts of interest in our relationship with our sponsor;

• changes in our business or investment strategy;

• changes in the value of our portfolio;

• the impact of fluctuations in interest rates;

• our ability to realize current and expected returns over the life of our investments;

• illiquidity of properties or debt investments in our portfolio;

• environmental compliance costs and liabilities;

• the effectiveness of our risk and portfolio management systems;

• the potential failure to maintain effective internal controls and disclosure controls and procedures;

• regulatory requirements with respect to our business and the healthcare industry generally, as well as the related cost of compliance;

• the extent and timing of future healthcare reform and regulation, including changes in reimbursement policies, procedures and rates;

• legislative and regulatory changes, including changes to laws governing the taxation of real estate investment trusts, or REITs;

• our ability to maintain our qualification as a REIT for federal income tax purposes and limitations imposed on our business by our status as a REIT;

• the loss of our exemption from registration under the Investment Company Act of 1940, or the Investment Company Act, as amended;

• general volatility in capital markets;

• the adequacy of our cash reserves and working capital; and

• other risks associated with investing in our targeted investments, including changes in our industry, interest rates, the securities markets, the general economy or the capital markets and real estate markets specifically.

The foregoing list of factors is not exhaustive. All forward-looking statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are based on information available to us on the date hereof and we are under no duty to update any of the forward-looking statements after the date of this report to conform these statements to actual results.

Factors that could have a material adverse effect on our operations and future prospects are set forth in our filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, including the “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K within Item 1A. The risk factors set forth in our filings with the SEC could cause our actual results to differ significantly from those contained in any forward-looking statement contained in this report.

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PART I

Item 1. Business

References to “we,” “us” or “our” refer to NorthStar Healthcare Income, Inc. and its subsidiaries, in all cases acting through its external advisor, unless context specifically requires otherwise.

Overview

We were formed to acquire, originate and asset manage a diversified portfolio of equity, debt and securities investments in healthcare real estate, directly or through joint ventures, with a focus on the mid-acuity senior housing sector, which we define as assisted living, memory care, skilled nursing and independent living facilities and continuing care retirement communities. We also invest in other healthcare property types, including medical office buildings, hospitals, rehabilitation facilities and ancillary healthcare services businesses. Our investments are predominantly in the United States, but we also selectively make international investments.

We were formed in October 2010 as a Maryland corporation and commenced operations in February 2013. We elected to be taxed as a real estate investment trust, or REIT, under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Internal Revenue Code, commencing with the taxable year ended December 31, 2013. We conduct our operations so as to continue to qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

We completed our initial public offering, or our Initial Offering, on February 2, 2015 by raising gross proceeds of $1.1 billion, including 108.6 million shares issued in our initial primary offering, or our Initial Primary Offering, and 2.0 million shares issued pursuant to our distribution reinvestment plan, or our DRP. In addition, we completed our follow-on offering, or our Follow-On Offering, on January 19, 2016 by raising gross proceeds of $700.0 million, including 64.9 million shares issued in our follow-on primary offering, or our Follow-on Primary Offering, and 4.2 million shares issued pursuant to our DRP. We refer to our Initial Primary Offering and our Follow-on Primary Offering collectively as our Primary Offering and our Initial Offering and Follow-On Offering collectively as our Offering. In December 2015, we registered an additional 30.0 million shares to be offered pursuant to our DRP and continue to offer such shares, although we suspended payment of monthly distributions to stockholders on February 1, 2019. From inception through March 21, 2019, we raised total gross proceeds of $2.0 billion, including $232.6 million in DRP proceeds.

We are externally managed and have no employees. We are sponsored by Colony Capital, Inc. (NYSE: CLNY), or Colony Capital or our Sponsor, which was formed as a result of the mergers of NorthStar Asset Management Group Inc., or NSAM, our prior sponsor, with Colony Capital, Inc., or Colony, and NorthStar Realty Finance Corp., or NorthStar Realty, in January 2017. Effective June 25, 2018, the Sponsor changed its name from Colony NorthStar, Inc. to Colony Capital, Inc. and its ticker symbol from “CLNS” to “CLNY.” Following the mergers, our Sponsor became an internally-managed equity REIT, with a diversified real estate and investment management platform.

Colony Capital manages capital on behalf of its stockholders, as well as institutional and retail investors in private funds, non-traded and traded REITs and registered investment companies, which we refer to collectively as the Managed Companies. As of December 31, 2018, our Sponsor had $43.0 billion of assets under management, including Colony Capital’s balance sheet investments and third-party managed investments. Our advisor, CNI NSHC Advisors, LLC, or our Advisor, is a subsidiary of Colony Capital and manages our day-to-day operations pursuant to an advisory agreement.

Our Strategy

Our primary objective is to invest and manage our portfolio to maximize shareholder value by generating attractive risk-adjusted returns, while maintaining stable cash flow for distributions. The key elements of our strategy include:

• Grow the Operating Income Generated by Our Portfolio. Through active portfolio management, we will continue to review and implement operating strategies and initiatives in order to enhance the performance of our existing investment portfolio.

• Pursue Strategic Capital Expenditures and Development Opportunities. We will continue to invest capital into our operating portfolio in order to maintain market position as well as functional and operating standards. In addition, we will continue to execute on and identify strategic development opportunities for our existing investments that may involve replacing, converting or renovating facilities in our portfolio which, in turn, would allow us to provide an optimal mix of services and enhance the overall value of our assets.

• Consider Selective Dispositions and Opportunities for Asset Repositioning. We will consider selective dispositions of assets in connection with strategic repositioning of assets or otherwise where we believe the disposition will achieve a desired return or opportunities exist to enhance overall returns. As the healthcare industry evolves, we will continue to

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assess the need for strategic asset repositioning, including evaluating assets, operators and markets to position our portfolio for optimal performance.

• Maintain a Diversified Portfolio. We believe that mid-acuity senior housing facilities provide an opportunity to generate risk-adjusted returns and benefit from positive future demographic trends. In addition, we believe that maintaining a balanced portfolio of assets diversified by investment type, geographic location, asset type, revenue source and operating model may mitigate the risk that any single factor or event could materially harm our business. Portfolio diversification also enhances the reliability of our cash flows by reducing our exposure to single-state regulatory or reimbursement changes, regional climate events and local economic downturns.

• Financing Strategy. We use asset-level financing as part of our investment strategy to leverage our investments while managing refinancing and interest rate risk. We typically finance our investments with medium to long-term, non-recourse mortgage loans, though our borrowing levels and terms vary depending upon the nature of the assets and the related financing. In addition, we have a revolving line of credit to provide additional short-term liquidity as needed. Refer to “Liquidity and Capital Resources” in Part II, Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” for additional information.

Our Investments

We have invested in independent living facilities, or ILF, assisted living facilities, or ALF, memory care facilities, or MCF, continuing care retirement communities, or CCRC, which we collectively refer to as senior housing facilities, skilled nursing facilities, or SNF, medical office buildings, or MOB, and hospitals.

Our primary investment segments are as follows:

• Direct Investments - Net Lease - Healthcare properties operated under net leases with a tenant operator.

• Direct Investments - Operating - Healthcare properties operated pursuant to management agreements with healthcare operators.

• Unconsolidated Investments - Healthcare joint ventures, including properties operated under net leases or pursuant to management agreements with healthcare operators, in which we own a minority interest.

• Debt and Securities Investments- Mortgage loans or mezzanine loans to owners of healthcare real estate and commercial mortgage backed securities, or CMBS, backed primarily by loans secured by healthcare properties. As of December 31, 2018, we had one mezzanine loan.

For financial information regarding our reportable segments, refer to Note 14, “Segment Reporting” in our accompanying consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

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The following table presents a summary of investments as of December 31, 2018 (dollars in thousands):

			Properties(1)(2)
Investment Type / Portfolio	Amount(3)		Senior Housing	MOB	SNF	Hospitals	Total	Primary Locations	Ownership Interest
Direct Investments - Net Lease
Watermark Fountains(4)	$	288,836	6	—	—	—	6	Various	100.0%
Arbors	126,825		4	—	—	—	4	Northeast	100.0%
Peregrine(5)	25,500		3	—	—	—	3	Northeast/Southeast	100.0%
Subtotal	441,161		13	—	—	—	13
Direct Investments - Operating
Winterfell	904,985		32	—	—	—	32	Various	100.0%
Watermark Fountains(4)	356,915		9	—	—	—	9	Various	97.0%
Rochester	219,518		10	—	—	—	10	Northeast	97.0%
Watermark Aqua	116,215		5	—	—	—	5	West/Southwest/Midwest	97.0%
Avamere	99,438		5	—	—	—	5	Northwest	100.0%
Oak Cottage	19,427		1	—	—	—	1	West	100.0%
Kansas City	15,000		2	—	—	—	2	Midwest	100.0%
Subtotal	1,731,498		64	—	—	—	64
Unconsolidated Investments
Griffin-American	475,861		92	108	41	14	255	Various	14.3%
Trilogy(6)	351,255		9	—	70	—	79	Various	23.2%
Espresso	320,373		6	—	150	—	156	Various	36.7%
Eclipse	56,540		44	—	32	—	76	Various	5.6%
Solstice(7)	—		—	—	—	—	—	Various	20.0%
Envoy(8)	—		—	—	—	—	—	Mid - Atlantic/Northeast	11.4%
Subtotal	1,204,029		151	108	293	14	566
Debt and Securities Investments
Mezzanine Loan(9)	75,000		—	—	—	—	—
Total Investments	$	3,451,688	228	108	293	14	643

_______________________________________

(1) Classification based on predominant services provided, but may include other services.

(2) Excludes properties held for sale.

(3) Based on cost for real estate equity investments, which includes purchase price allocations related to net intangibles, deferred costs, other assets, if any, and adjusted for subsequent capital expenditures. Does not include cost of properties held for sale. For real estate debt, based on principal amount. For real estate equity investments, includes cost associated with purchased land parcels that are not included in the count.

(4) Watermark Fountains portfolio consists of six wholly-owned net lease properties totaling $288.8 million and nine operating facilities totaling $356.9 million, in which we own a 97.0% interest. One of the operating facilities consists of 11 condominium units in which we hold future interests, or the Remainder Interests.

(5) Properties within Peregrine portfolio are leased to two tenants, affiliates of Peregrine Senior Living and Senior Lifestyle Corporation.

(6) Includes institutional pharmacy, therapy businesses and lease purchase buy-out options in connection with the Trilogy investment, which are not subject to property count.

(7) In November 2017, we began the transition of operations of the Winterfell portfolio, from the former manager, an affiliate of Holiday Retirement, to a new manager, Solstice. Solstice is a joint venture between affiliates of Integral Senior Living, LLC, a leading management company of ILF, ALF and MCF founded in 2000, which owns 80.0%, and us, who owns 20.0%.

(8) The remaining 11 properties owned by the Envoy joint venture have been reclassified as held for sale. In March 2019, the Envoy joint venture completed the sale of the 11 properties, for a sales price of $118.0 million.

(9) Our mezzanine loan was originated to a subsidiary of our joint venture with Formation and Safanad Management Limited, which we refer to as Espresso.

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The following presents our real estate equity portfolio diversity across property type and geographic location based on cost:

Real Estate Equity by Property Type(1)	Real Estate Equity by Geographic Location

_______________________________________

(1) Classification based on predominant services provided, but may include other services.

Our investments include the following types of healthcare facilities as of December 31, 2018:

• Senior Housing. We define senior housing to include ILFs, ALFs, MCFs and CCRCs, as described in further detail below. Revenues generated by senior housing facilities typically come from private pay sources, including private insurance, and to a much lesser extent government reimbursement programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid.

◦ Assisted living facilities. ALFs provide services that include minimal assistance for activities in daily living and permit residents to maintain some of their privacy and independence as they do not require constant supervision and assistance. Services bundled within one regular monthly fee usually include three meals per day in a central dining room, daily housekeeping, laundry, medical reminders and 24-hour availability of assistance with the activities of daily living, such as eating, dressing and bathing. Professional nursing and healthcare services are usually available at the facility on call or at regularly scheduled times. ALFs typically are comprised of one and two bedroom suites equipped with private bathrooms and efficiency kitchens.

◦ Independent living facilities. ILFs are age-restricted multi-family properties with central dining facilities that provide services that include security, housekeeping, nutrition and limited laundry services. ILFs are designed specifically for independent seniors who are able to live on their own, but desire the security and conveniences of community living. ILFs typically offer several services covered under a regular monthly fee.

◦ Memory care facilities. MCFs offer specialized options for seniors with Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia. Purpose built, free-standing memory care facilities offer an attractive alternative for private-pay residents affected by memory loss in comparison to other accommodations that typically have been provided within a secured unit of an ALF or SNF. These facilities offer dedicated care and specialized programming for various conditions relating to memory loss in a secured environment that is typically smaller in scale and more residential in nature than traditional assisted living facilities. Residents require a higher level of care and more assistance with activities of daily living than in assisted living facilities. Therefore, these facilities have staff available 24 hours a day to respond to the unique needs of their residents.

◦ Continuing care retirement community. CCRCs provide, as a continuum of care, the services described for ILFs, ALFs and SNFs in an integrated campus. CCRCs can be structured to offer services covered under a regular monthly rental fee or under a one-time upfront entrance fee, which is partially refundable in certain circumstances. Residents under entrance fee agreements may also pay a monthly service fee, which entitles them to the use of certain amenities and services, however, the monthly fees are generally less than fees at a comparable rental community. The refundable portion of a resident's entrance fee is generally refundable within a certain period following contract termination or upon the resale of the unit, or in some agreements, upon the resale of a comparable unit or after the resident vacates the unit. Some entrance fee agreements entitle the resident to a refund of the original entrance fee paid plus a percentage of the appreciation of the unit upon resale.

• Skilled Nursing Facilities. SNFs provide services that include daily nursing, therapeutic rehabilitation, social services, housekeeping, nutrition and administrative services for individuals requiring certain assistance for activities in daily

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living. A typical SNF includes mostly one and two bed units, each equipped with a private or shared bathroom and community dining facilities. Revenues generated from SNFs typically come from government reimbursement programs, including Medicare and Medicaid, as well as private pay sources, including private insurance.

• Medical Office Buildings. MOBs are typically either single-tenant properties associated with a specialty group or multi-tenant properties leased to several unrelated medical practices. Tenants include physicians, dentists, psychologists, therapists and other healthcare providers, who require space devoted to patient examination and treatment, diagnostic imaging, outpatient surgery and other outpatient services. MOBs are similar to commercial office buildings, although they require greater plumbing, electrical and mechanical systems to accommodate physicians’ requirements such as sinks in every room, brighter lights and specialized medical equipment.

• Hospitals. Services provided by operators and tenants in hospitals are paid for by private sources, third-party payers (e.g., insurance and Health Maintenance Organizations), or through the Medicare and Medicaid programs. Our hospital properties typically will include acute care, long-term acute care, specialty and rehabilitation hospitals and generally are leased to single tenants or operators under triple-net lease structures.

Direct Investments - Operating

For our operating properties, we enter in management agreements that generally provide for the payment of a fee to a manager, typically 4-5% of gross revenues with the potential for certain incentive compensation, and have direct exposure to the revenues and operating expenses of a property. As a result, our operating properties allow us to participate in the risks and rewards of the operations of healthcare facilities. Revenue derived from ILFs within our direct operating investments is classified as rental income on our consolidated statements of operations. Revenue derived from ALFs, MCFs and CCRCs within our direct operating investments is classified as resident fee income on our consolidated statements of operations.

The weighted average resident occupancy of our operating properties was 81.6% as of December 31, 2018.

Direct Investments - Net Lease

For our net lease properties, we enter into net leases that generally provide for fixed rental payments, subject to periodic increases based on certain percentages or the consumer price index, and obligate the tenant to pay all property-related expenses, including maintenance, utilities, repairs, taxes, insurance and capital expenditures. Revenue derived from our net lease properties is classified as rental income on our consolidated statements of operations.

Our net lease properties are leased to four operators, with a remaining weighted average lease term of 7.9 years as of December 31, 2018.

Operators and Tenants

The following table presents the operators and tenants of our direct investments as of December 31, 2018 (dollars in thousands):

				Year Ended December 31, 2018
Operator / Tenant		Properties Under Management	Units Under Management(1)	Property and Other Revenues		% of Total Property and Other Revenues
Watermark Retirement Communities		30	5,265	$	152,875	52.0	%
Solstice Senior Living	(2)	32	4,000	105,617		35.9	%
Avamere Health Services	(3)	5	453	16,735		5.7	%
Arcadia Management		4	572	10,615		3.6	%
Integral Senior Living	(2)	3	162	5,695		1.9	%
Peregrine Senior Living		2	114	1,467		0.5	%
Senior Lifestyle Corporation	(4)	1	63	51		—	%
Other	(5)	—	—	1,216		0.4	%
Total		77	10,629	$	294,271	100.0	%

_______________________________________

(1) Represents rooms for ALF and ILF and beds for MCF and SNF, based on predominant type.

(2) Solstice Senior Living, LLC is a joint venture of which affiliates of Integral Senior Living own 80%.

(3) Effective February 2018, properties under the management of Bonaventure were transitioned to Avamere Health Services.

(4) As a result of the tenant failing to remit rental payments, we accelerated the amortization of capitalized lease inducements. Properties and unit counts exclude one property held for sale.

(5) Consists primarily of interest income earned on corporate-level cash accounts.

We have been in the process of transitioning several of our portfolios to new operators or managers. In certain instances, we transitioned portfolios as part of our overall business plan, or as a result of a decision that a seller does not want to continue

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managing the portfolio following the acquisition. For example, in November 2017, we began the transition of operations of the Winterfell portfolio from the former manager, an affiliate of Holiday Retirement, to a new manager, Solstice. Solstice is a joint venture between affiliates of Integral Senior Living, or ISL, a leading management company of senior independent living, assisted living and memory care properties founded in 2000, which owns 80%, and us, who owns 20%. We have also transitioned operations of the newly acquired Rochester, Avamere and Oak Cottage portfolios, which were planned in connection with the acquisitions.

In other instances, the transition was the result of the failure of an operator to meet certain of its lease obligations, such as the Kansas City portfolio, for which we entered into a new management agreement with a third party manager, ISL, in June 2017, and the Peregrine portfolio, for which we entered into a new lease with an affiliate of Senior Lifestyle Corporation, or SLC, and transitioned two of the four properties to SLC in the third quarter of 2016.

While several of our portfolios have completed the process of transitioning operators and managers, the ongoing impact of the completed transitions and new transitions continued through 2018.

Watermark Retirement Communities and Solstice, together with their affiliates, manage substantially all of our operating properties. As a result, we are dependent upon their personnel, expertise, technical resources and information systems, proprietary information, good faith and judgment to manage our properties efficiently and effectively. Through our 20.0% ownership of Solstice, we are entitled to certain rights and minority protections.

Unconsolidated Investments

As of December 31, 2018, our unconsolidated investments included the following:

• Griffin-American. We own a 14.3% interest in a $3.3 billion portfolio, based on cost, of SNFs, ALFs, MOBs and hospitals across the United States and care homes in the United Kingdom. Our Sponsor and other minority partners own the remaining 85.7% of this portfolio.

• Trilogy. We own a 23.2% interest in a $1.5 billion portfolio, based on cost, of predominantly SNFs located in the Midwest and operated pursuant to management agreements with Trilogy Health Services, as well as ancillary services businesses, including a therapy business and a pharmacy business. The joint venture continues to be active in the development of new facilities as part of its business plan and has grown, in both property count and net operating income, year-over-year. Griffin-American Healthcare REIT III, Inc., or GAHR3, Griffin-American Healthcare REIT IV, Inc., or GAHR4, and management of Trilogy own the remaining 76.8% of this portfolio.

• Espresso. We own a 36.7% interest in a $0.9 billion portfolio, based on cost, of predominantly SNFs, located in various regions across the United States, and organized in six sub-portfolios and currently leased to nine different operators under net leases. Three of the sub-portfolios within the Espresso joint venture have executed operator transitions plans. An affiliate of Formation Capital, or Formation, acts as the general partner and manager of this investment. We also have a mezzanine loan relating to this portfolio. Refer to “—Real Estate Debt and Securities Investments Overview” below.

• Eclipse. We own a 5.6% interest in a $1.0 billion portfolio, based on cost, of SNFs and ALFs leased to, or managed by, a variety of different operators across the United States. Our Sponsor and other minority partners and Formation own 86.4% and 8.0% of this portfolio, respectively.

• Solstice. We own a 20.0% interest in an operator platform joint venture established to manage the operations of the Winterfell portfolio. An affiliate of Integral Senior Living, LLC, a leading management company of ILF, ALF and MCF founded in 2000, owns the remaining 80.0%.

• Envoy. We own an 11.4% interest in a $0.1 billion portfolio, based on cost, of SNFs located in the Mid-Atlantic region and operated by a single operator. Formation acts as the general partner and manager of this investment. All remaining properties within the Envoy portfolio have been reclassified as held for sale as of December 31, 2018. In March 2019, the Envoy joint venture completed the sale of the 11 properties, for a sales price of $118.0 million.

Real Estate Debt and Securities Investments Overview

As of December 31, 2018, our investments in real estate debt secured by healthcare facilities consisted of one mezzanine loan, which matures on January 30, 2021. Our mezzanine loan relates to the Espresso portfolio, in which we also have an equity investment. Refer to “—Unconsolidated Investments” above.

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The following table presents a summary of our debt investment as of December 31, 2018 (dollars in thousands):

Investment Type:	Count	Principal Amount		Carrying Value(2)		Fixed Rate		Unleveraged Current Yield
Espresso Mezzanine loan(1)	1	$	75,000	$	58,600	10.0	%	10.3	%

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(1) Property types underlying the mezzanine loan predominately include SNFs, which are located primarily in the Midwest, Northeast and Southeast regions of the United States.

(2) As a result of impairments and other non-cash reserves recorded by the joint venture, the carrying value of our Espresso unconsolidated investment was reduced to zero as of December 31, 2018. We have recorded the excess equity in losses related to our unconsolidated investment as a reduction to the carrying value of our mezzanine loan, which was originated to a subsidiary of the Espresso joint venture.

As of December 31, 2018, our debt investment was not performing in accordance with the contractual terms of its governing documents.  The Espresso mezzanine loan is secured by a joint venture that has several sub-portfolios, three of which have experienced tenant lease defaults and operator transitions.  The underlying tenant defaults resulted in defaults under the senior loans with respect to the applicable sub-portfolios, which in turn resulted in defaults under our mezzanine loan as of December 31, 2018.  We are actively monitoring the actions of the senior lenders of each sub-portfolio and assessing our rights and remedies.  We are also actively monitoring the operator transitions and continue to assess the collectability of principal and interest. As of March 21, 2019, contractual debt service on the Espresso mezzanine loan has been paid in accordance with contractual terms. 

Portfolio Management

Our Advisor and its affiliates, directly or together with third party sub-advisors, maintain a comprehensive portfolio management process that generally includes oversight by an asset management team, regular management meetings and an exhaustive quarterly credit and operating results review process. These processes are designed to enable management to evaluate and proactively identify asset-specific credit issues and trends on a portfolio-wide, sub-portfolio or by asset type basis. Nevertheless, we cannot be certain that our Advisor’s review, or any third parties acting on our or our Advisor’s behalf, will identify all issues within our portfolio due to, among other things, adverse economic conditions or events adversely affecting specific assets; therefore, potential future losses may also stem from issues that are not identified during these portfolio reviews or the asset and portfolio management process.

Formation provides asset management services to us in connection with the Eclipse, Espresso and Envoy joint ventures. Our Advisor, under the direction of its investment committee, supervises Formation and retains ultimate oversight and responsibility for the management of our portfolio.

Our Advisor, together with Formation (referred to herein as our Advisor’s asset management team), are experienced and use many methods to actively manage our asset base to enhance or preserve our income, value and capital and mitigate risk. Our Advisor’s asset management team seeks to identify strategic development opportunities for our existing and future investments that may involve replacing, converting or renovating facilities in our portfolio which, in turn, would allow us to provide optimal mix of services and enhance the overall value of our assets. To manage risk, our Advisor’s asset management team engages in frequent review and dialogue with operators/managers/borrowers/third party advisors and periodic inspections of our owned properties and collateral. In addition, our Advisor’s asset management team considers the impact of regulatory changes on the performance of our portfolio. During the quarterly credit and operating results review, or more frequently as necessary, investments are put on highly-monitored status, as appropriate, based upon several factors, including missed or late contractual payments, significant declines in performance and other data which may indicate a potential issue in our ability to recover our invested capital from an investment. Each situation depends on many factors, including the number of properties, the type of property, macro and local market conditions impacting supply/demand, cash flow and the financial condition of our operators/managers/borrowers.

We will continue to monitor the performance of, and actively manage, all of our investments. However, there can be no assurance that our investments will continue to perform in accordance with the contractual terms of the governing documents or underwriting and we may, in the future, record impairment, as appropriate, if required.

Independent Directors’ Review of Our Policies

As required by our charter, our independent directors have reviewed our policies, including but not limited to our policies regarding investments, leverage, conflicts of interest and investment allocation and determined that they are in the best interests of our stockholders. Our key policies that provide the basis for such determination are summarized herein.

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Regulation

We are subject, in certain circumstances, to supervision and regulation by state and federal governmental authorities and are subject to various laws and judicial and administrative decisions imposing various requirements and restrictions, which, among other things:

• regulate our public disclosures, reporting obligations and capital raising activity;

• require compliance with applicable REIT rules;

• regulate healthcare operators, including those in the senior housing sector that may be our operators, with respect to licensure, certification for participation in government programs and relationships with patients, physicians, tenants and other referral sources;

• establish loan servicing standards;

• regulate credit granting activities;

• require disclosures to customers;

• govern secured transactions;

• set collection, taking title to collateral, repossession and claims-handling procedures and other trade practices;

• regulate land use and zoning;

• regulate the foreign ownership or management of real property or mortgages;

• regulate the ability of foreign persons or corporations to remove profits earned from activities within the country to the person’s or corporation’s country of origin;

• regulate tax treatment and accounting standards; and

• regulate use of derivative instruments and our ability to hedge our risks related to fluctuations in interest rates and exchange rates.

In the judgment of management, while we do incur significant expense complying with the various regulations to which we are subject, existing statutes and regulations have not had a material adverse effect on our business. However, it is not possible to forecast the nature of future legislation, regulations, judicial decisions, orders or interpretations, nor their impact upon our future business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects.

For additional information regarding regulations applicable to us, refer to below and Item 1A. “Risk Factors.”

Tax Regulation

We elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code, commencing with our taxable year ended December 31, 2013. If we maintain our qualification as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, we will generally not be subject to federal income tax on our taxable income that we distribute as dividends to our stockholders. If we fail to maintain our qualification as a REIT in any taxable year after electing REIT status, we will be subject to federal income tax on our taxable income at regular corporate income tax rates and will generally not be permitted to qualify for treatment as a REIT for federal income tax purposes for four years following the year in which our qualification is denied. Such an event could materially and adversely affect our net income. However, we believe that we are organized and operate in a manner that enables us to qualify for treatment as a REIT for federal income tax purposes and we intend to continue to operate so as to remain qualified as a REIT for federal income tax purposes thereafter. In addition, we operate certain healthcare properties through structures permitted under the REIT Investment Diversification and Empowerment Act of 2007, or RIDEA, which permit the Company, through taxable REIT subsidiaries, or TRSs, to have direct exposure to resident fee income and incur related operating expenses.

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The Protecting Americans from Tax Hikes Act of 2015

On December 18, 2015, President Obama signed into law the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016, an omnibus spending bill, with a provision referred to as the Protecting Americans from Tax Hikes Act of 2015, or the PATH Act. On June 7, 2016, the Internal Revenue Service, or the IRS, issued temporary Treasury Regulations under the PATH Act, finalized in part in Treasury Regulations issued on January 17, 2017. The PATH Act and the accompanying Treasury Regulations changed certain of the rules affecting REIT qualification and taxation of REITs and REIT stockholders described under the heading “U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations” in our prospectus included in our Registration Statement on Form S‑3 filed December 7, 2015. These changes are briefly summarized as follows:

• For taxable years beginning after 2017, the percentage of a REIT’s total assets that may be represented by securities of one or more TRSs is reduced from 25% to 20%.

• For distributions in taxable years beginning after 2014, the preferential dividend rules no longer apply to us as a “publicly offered REIT,” as defined in Internal Revenue Code Section 562(c)(2).

• For taxable years beginning after 2015, debt instruments issued by publicly offered REITs are treated as real estate assets for purposes of the 75% asset test, but interest on debt of a publicly offered REIT will not be qualifying income under the 75% gross income test unless the debt is secured by real property. Under a new asset test, not more than 25% of the value of a REIT’s assets may consist of debt instruments that are issued by publicly offered REITs and would not otherwise be treated as qualifying real estate assets.

• For taxable years beginning after 2015, to the extent rent attributable to personal property is treated as rents from real property (because rent attributable to the personal property for the taxable year does not exceed 15% of the total rent for the taxable year for such real and personal property), the personal property will be treated as a real estate asset for purposes of the 75% asset test. Similarly, a debt obligation secured by a mortgage on both real and personal property will be treated as a real estate asset for purposes of the 75% asset test, and interest thereon will be treated as interest on an obligation secured by real property, if the fair market value of the personal property does not exceed 15% of the fair market value of all property securing the debt.

• For taxable years beginning after 2015, a 100% excise tax will apply to “redetermined services income,” i.e., non-arm’s-length income of a REIT’s TRS attributable to services provided to, or on behalf of, the REIT (other than services provided to REIT tenants, which are potentially taxed as redetermined rents).

• For taxable years beginning after 2014, the period during which dispositions of properties with net built-in gains acquired from C corporations in carry-over basis transactions will trigger the built-in gains tax was reduced from ten years to five years.

• REITs are subject to a 100% tax on net income from “prohibited transactions,” i.e., sales of dealer property (other than “foreclosure property”). These rules also contain safe harbors under which certain sales of real estate assets will not be treated as prohibited transactions. One of the requirements for the current safe harbors is that (I) the REIT does not make more than seven sales of property (subject to specified exceptions) during the taxable year at issue, or (II) the aggregate adjusted bases (as determined for purposes of computing earnings and profits) of property (other than excepted property) sold during the taxable year does not exceed 10% of the aggregate bases in the REIT’s assets as of the beginning of the taxable year, or (III) the fair market value of property (other than excepted property) sold during the taxable year does not exceed 10% of the fair market value of the REIT’s total assets as of the beginning of the taxable year. If a REIT relies on clause (II) or (III), substantially all of the marketing and certain development expenditures with respect to the properties sold must be made through an independent contractor. For taxable years beginning after December 18, 2015, clauses (II) and (III) were liberalized to permit the REIT to sell properties with an aggregate adjusted basis (or fair market value) of up to 20% of the aggregate bases in (or fair market value of) the REIT’s assets as long as the 10% standard is satisfied on average over the three-year period comprised of the taxable year at issue and the two immediately preceding taxable years. In addition, for taxable years beginning after 2015, for REITs that rely on clauses (II) or (III), a TRS may make the marketing and development expenditures that previously had to be made by independent contractors.

• A number of changes applicable to REITs were made to the Foreign Investment in Real Property Tax Act of 1980, or FIRPTA, rules for taxing non-U.S. persons on gains from sales of U.S. real property interests, or USRPIs:

• For dispositions and distributions on or after December 18, 2015, the stock ownership thresholds for exemption from FIRPTA taxation on sale of stock of a publicly traded REIT and for recharacterizing capital gain dividends as ordinary dividends were increased from not more than 5% to not more than 10%.

• Effective December 18, 2015, new rules simplified the determination of whether we are a “domestically controlled qualified investment entity.”

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• For dispositions and distributions after December 18, 2015, “qualified foreign pension funds” as defined in new Internal Revenue Code Section 897(l)(2) and entities that are wholly owned by a qualified foreign pension fund are exempted from FIRPTA and FIRPTA withholding. New FIRPTA rules also apply to “qualified shareholders” as defined in Internal Revenue Code Section 897(k)(3).

• For sales of USRPIs occurring after February 16, 2016, the FIRPTA withholding rate for sales of USRPIs and certain distributions generally increased from 10% to 15%.

The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act

On December 22, 2017, President Trump signed into law H.R. 1, informally titled the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, or the TCJA. The TCJA made major changes to the Internal Revenue Code including several provisions of the Internal Revenue Code that may affect the taxation of REITs and their securityholders described under the heading “U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations” in our prospectus included in our Registration Statement on Form S-3 filed December 7, 2015. The individual and collective impact of these changes on REITs and their securityholders remains uncertain in some respects, and may not become evident for some period. The most significant of these provisions are briefly summarized as follows:

• With respect to individuals, the TCJA made significant changes to individual tax rates and deductions:

• The TCJA created seven income tax brackets for individuals ranging from 10% to 37% that generally apply at higher thresholds than current law. For example, the highest 37% rate applies to joint return filer incomes above $600,000, instead of the highest 39.6% rate that applied to incomes above $470,700 under pre-TCJA law.

• The maximum 20% rate that applies to long-term capital gains and qualified dividend income is unchanged, as is the 3.8% Medicare tax on net investment income remained unchanged.

• The TCJA eliminated personal exemptions, but nearly doubled the standard deduction for most individuals (for example, the standard deduction for joint return filers rose from $12,700 in 2017 to $24,000 in 2018).

• The TCJA eliminated many itemized deductions, limited individual deductions for state and local income, property and sales taxes (other than those paid in a trade or business) to $10,000 collectively for joint return filers (with a special provision to prevent 2017 deductions for prepayment of 2018 taxes), and limited the amount of new acquisition indebtedness on principal or second residences for which mortgage interest deductions are available to $750,000. Interest deductions for new home equity debt were eliminated.

• Charitable deductions were generally preserved. The phaseout of itemized deductions based on income was eliminated.

• The TCJA did not eliminate the individual alternative minimum tax, but it raised the exemption and exemption phaseout threshold for application of the tax.

• These individual income tax changes were generally effective beginning in 2018, but without further legislation, they will sunset after 2025.

• Under the TCJA, individuals, trusts, and estates generally may deduct 20% of “qualified business income” (generally, domestic trade or business income other than certain investment items) of certain pass-through entities. In addition, “qualified REIT dividends” (i.e., REIT dividends other than capital gain dividends and portions of REIT dividends designated as qualified dividend income, which in each case are already eligible for capital gain tax rates) and certain other income items are eligible for the deduction by the taxpayer. The overall deduction is limited to 20% of the sum of the taxpayer’s taxable income (less net capital gain) and certain cooperative dividends, subject to further limitations based on taxable income. In addition, for taxpayers with income above a certain threshold (e.g., $315,000 for joint return filers), the deduction for each trade or business is generally limited to no more than the greater of (i) 50% of the taxpayer’s proportionate share of total wages from the pass-through entity, or (ii) 25% of the taxpayer’s proportionate share of such total wages plus 2.5% of the unadjusted basis of acquired tangible depreciable property that is used to produce qualified business income and satisfies certain other requirements. The deduction for qualified REIT dividends is not subject to these wage and property basis limits. Consequently, the deduction equates to a maximum 29.6% tax rate on ordinary REIT dividends. As with the other individual income tax changes, the deduction provisions were effective beginning in 2018. Without further legislation, the deduction would sunset after 2025.

• Net operating loss, or NOL, provisions were modified by the TCJA. The TCJA limits the NOL deduction to 80% of taxable income (before the deduction). It also generally eliminates NOL carrybacks for individuals and non-REIT corporations (NOL carrybacks did not apply to REITs under prior law), but allows indefinite NOL carryforwards. The new NOL rules apply to losses arising in taxable years beginning in 2018.

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• The TCJA reduced the 35% maximum corporate income tax rate to a maximum 21% corporate rate, and reduced the dividends-received deduction for certain corporate subsidiaries. The reduction of the corporate tax rate to 21% also results in the reduction of the maximum rate of withholding with respect to our distributions to non-U.S. stockholders that are treated as attributable to gains from the sale or exchange of USRPIs from 35% to 21%. The TCJA also permanently eliminated the corporate alternative minimum tax. These provisions were effective beginning in 2018.

• The TCJA limits a taxpayer’s net interest expense deduction to 30% of the sum of adjusted taxable income, business interest, and certain other amounts. Adjusted taxable income does not include items of income or expense not allocable to a trade or business, business interest or expense, the new deduction for qualified business income, NOLs, and for years prior to 2022, deductions for depreciation, amortization, or depletion. For partnerships, the interest deduction limit is applied at the partnership level, subject to certain adjustments to the partners for unused deduction limitation at the partnership level. The TCJA allows a real property trade or business to elect out of this interest limit so long as it uses a 40-year recovery period for nonresidential real property, a 30-year recovery period for residential rental property, and a 20-year recovery period for related improvements described below. For this purpose, a real property trade or business is any real property development, redevelopment, construction, reconstruction, acquisition, conversion, rental, operating, management, leasing, or brokerage trade or business. We believe this definition encompasses our business and thus will allow us the option of electing out of the limits on interest deductibility should we determine it is prudent to do so. Nonetheless, if a domestic TRS borrows funds either from us or a third party, it may be unable to deduct all or a portion of the interest paid, resulting in a higher corporate-level tax liability. Disallowed interest expense is carried forward indefinitely (subject to special rules for partnerships). The interest deduction limit applied beginning in 2018.

• For taxpayers that do not use the TCJA’s real property trade or business exception to the business interest deduction limits, the TCJA maintains the current 39-year and 27.5-year straight line recovery periods for nonresidential real property and residential rental property, respectively, and provides that tenant improvements for such taxpayers are subject to a general 15-year recovery period. Also, the TCJA temporarily allows 100% expensing of certain new or used tangible property through 2022, phasing out at 20% for each following year (with an election available for 50% expensing of such property if placed in service during the first taxable year ending after September 27, 2017). The changes apply, generally, to property acquired after September 27, 2017 and placed in service after September 27, 2017.

• The TCJA continues the deferral of gain from the like kind exchange of real property, but provides that foreign real property is no longer “like kind” to domestic real property. Furthermore, the TCJA eliminated like-kind exchanges for most personal property. These changes were effective generally for exchanges completed after December 31, 2017, with a transition rule allowing such exchanges where one part of the exchange was completed prior to December 31, 2017.

• The TCJA moves the United States from a worldwide to a modified territorial tax system, with provisions included to prevent corporate base erosion. These provisions could affect the taxation of foreign subsidiaries and/or properties.

• The TCJA made other significant changes to the Internal Revenue Code. These changes include provisions limiting the ability to offset dividend and interest income with partnership or S corporation net active business losses. These provisions were effective beginning in 2018, but without further legislation, will sunset after 2025.

U.S. Healthcare Regulation

Overview

Assisted living, independent living, memory care, hospitals, skilled nursing facilities and other healthcare providers that operate healthcare properties in our portfolio are subject to extensive federal, state and local laws, regulations and industry standards governing their operations. Failure to comply with any of these, and other, laws could result in loss of licensure, loss of certification or accreditation, denial of reimbursement, imposition of civil and/or criminal penalties and fines, suspension or exclusion from federal and state healthcare programs, or closure of the facility. Although the properties within our portfolio may be subject to varying levels of governmental scrutiny, we expect that the healthcare industry, in general, will continue to face increased regulation and pressure in the areas of fraud and abuse and privacy and security, among others. We also expect that efforts by third-party payors, such as the federal Medicare program, state Medicaid programs and private insurers, to impose greater and more stringent cost controls upon operators will intensify and continue. Changes in laws, regulations, reimbursement, and enforcement activity can all have a significant effect on the operations and financial condition of our tenants, operators and managers, which in turn may adversely impact us, as set forth below and under Item 1A. “Risk Factors.”

Fraud and Abuse Enforcement

Healthcare providers are subject to federal and state laws and regulations that govern their operations and, in some cases, arrangements with referral sources. These laws include those that require providers to furnish only medically necessary services and submit to third-party payors valid and accurate statements for each service, Medicare and Medicaid laws and regulations, privacy and security laws, as well as kickback laws, self-referral laws and false claims acts. In particular, enforcement of the

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federal False Claims Act has resulted in increased enforcement activity for healthcare providers and can involve significant monetary damages and awards to private plaintiffs who successfully bring “whistleblower” lawsuits. Sanctions for violations of these laws, regulations and other applicable guidance may include, but are not limited to, loss of licensure, loss of certification or accreditation, denial of reimbursement, imposition of civil and/or criminal penalties and fines, suspension or exclusion from federal and state healthcare programs or closure of the facility, any of which could have a material adverse effect on the operations and financial condition of our tenants, operators and managers, which, in turn may adversely impact us.

Healthcare Reform

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010, or ACA, impacted the healthcare marketplace by decreasing the number of uninsured individuals in the United States through the establishment of health insurance exchanges to facilitate the purchase of health insurance, expanded Medicaid eligibility, subsidized insurance premiums and included requirements and incentives for businesses to provide healthcare benefits. The ACA remains subject to legislative, administrative, and judicial scrutiny. In 2017, Congress enacted legislation eliminating the tax penalty for individuals who do not purchase insurance after it unsuccessfully sought to replace substantial parts of the ACA with different mechanisms for facilitating insurance coverage in the commercial and Medicaid markets. Additionally, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, or CMS, discontinued payment of cost-sharing reduction subsidies to insurance providers. In 2018, the average annual premium for employer-based family coverage rose 5 percent and 3 percent for single coverage. Further, CMS has begun approving waivers permitting states to alter state Medicaid programs by, among other things, requiring individuals to meet certain requirements, like work requirements, in order to maintain eligibility for Medicaid (although some of these waivers have subsequently been challenged in court). These and other actions may impact the insurance markets and reduce the number of individuals purchasing insurance or qualifying for Medicaid and may negatively impact the operations and financial condition of our tenants, operators and managers, which in turn may adversely impact us. Congress may revisit ACA or Medicaid reform legislation in 2019. If the ACA is repealed or further substantially modified, or if implementation of certain aspects of the ACA are suspended, slowed, or subject to reduced funding, such actions could negatively impact the operations and financial condition of our tenants and operators, which in turn may adversely impact us.

On December 14, 2018, a U.S. District Court in Texas ruled the ACA unconstitutional in its entirety. This decision has been appealed, and will not take effect while that appeal is pending. Nonetheless, should this ruling be upheld upon appeal, it could dramatically change U.S. healthcare regulation in numerous ways and may potentially spur congressional action, making the ultimate consequences of the ruling difficult to predict. Should the ruling be upheld and implemented, the immediate effects would include reduced access to health coverage through: (1) reduced Medicaid eligibility, (2) the disestablishment of health insurance exchanges and accompanying subsidized premiums, and (3) no requirement for businesses to provide health insurance. Amendments, including certain waivers, to healthcare fraud and abuse laws made by the ACA would also be void, which could change the enforcement posture of federal regulators. Current healthcare reimbursement standards, including those discussed below, are predicated on changes made by the ACA and implementation of this ruling would create significant uncertainty regarding the legality of such standards and what standards are in effect absent the ACA. The effects of this ruling could adversely affect the operations and financial condition of our tenants and operators, which in turn may adversely impact us.

Reimbursement Generally

Federal, state and private payor reimbursement methodologies applied to healthcare providers continue to evolve.  Federal and state healthcare financing authorities are continuing to implement new or modified reimbursement methodologies that shift risk to healthcare providers and generally reduce payments for services, which may negatively impact healthcare property operations. Additionally, Congress and the current presidential administration could substantially change the health insurance industry and payment systems. The impact of any such changes, if implemented, may result in an adverse effect on our tenants, managers and operators, which in turn may adversely impact us.

SNFs and hospitals typically receive most of their revenues from the Medicare and Medicaid programs, with the balance representing reimbursement payments from private payors, including private insurers and self-pay patients. Senior housing facilities (ALFs, ILFs and MCFs) typically receive most of their revenues from private pay sources and a small portion of their revenue from the Medicaid program. Providers that contract with government and private payors may be subject to periodic pre- and post-payment reviews and other audits. Payors are increasing their scrutiny of payments for items and services, and are increasingly decreasing or denying payments to providers. A review or audit of a property operator’s claims could result in recoupments, denials or delay of payments in the future, each of which could have a significant negative financial impact on such property. Additionally, there can be no guarantee that a third-party payor will continue to reimburse for services at current levels or continue to be available to residents of our facilities. Rates generated at facilities will vary by payor mix, market conditions and resident acuity. Rates paid by self-pay residents are set by the facilities and are determined by local market conditions and operating costs.

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Medicare Reimbursement

Medicare is a significant payor source for our SNFs and hospitals. SNFs are reimbursed under the Medicare Skilled Nursing Facility Prospective Payment System, while hospitals are reimbursed by Medicare under prospective payment systems that vary based upon the type of hospital, geographic location and service furnished. Under these payment systems, providers typically receive fixed fees for defined services, which creates a risk that payments will not cover the costs of delivering care. In addition, CMS continues to focus on linking payment to performance relative to quality and other metrics and bundling payments for multiple items and services in a way that shifts more financial risk to providers. These changes, and a facility’s ability to conform to them, could reduce payments and patient volumes for some facilities, including our tenants and operators, which may in turn impact us. Furthermore, while CMS has previously tested some of these new payment principles through optional “models,” CMS could adopt rules making certain detrimental payment policies mandatory. The current presidential administration could propose additional changes to the amount and manner in which healthcare providers are paid, and these changes also could have a material adverse effect on payments and patient volumes for some facilities. Lastly, Congress is contemplating substantial reforms to the Medicare program as a whole that, if enacted, could negatively impact the operations and financial condition of our tenants and operators, which in turn may adversely impact us.

Skilled Nursing Conditions for Participation - On October 4, 2016, CMS published a final rule to make major changes to improve the care and safety of residents in long-term care facilities that participate in the Medicare and Medicaid programs. The policies in this final rule were targeted at reducing unnecessary hospital readmissions and infections, improving the quality of care, and strengthening safety measures for residents in these facilities.The regulations were effective on November 28, 2016, but CMS has been implementing the regulations using a phased approach, with Phase 1 of the regulations implemented on November 28, 2016, Phase 2 of the regulations implemented on November 28, 2017 and Phase 3 of the regulations to be implemented on November 28, 2019.Failure of our tenants and operators to comply with the new regulations could have an adverse impact the operations and financial condition of our tenants and operators, which in turn may adversely impact us.

Skilled Nursing - In August 2018, CMS adopted a revised methodology used to compensate skilled nursing facilities for therapy services, which changes the core basis of reimbursement from duration of services provided to reimbursement based on anticipated patient needs; these changes will take effect on October 1, 2019. A tenant or operator of a SNF’s ability to conform to these changes could positively or negatively impact the facility’s revenue, which in turn may adversely impact us.

Medicaid Reimbursement

Medicaid is also a significant payor source for our SNFs and hospitals. The federal and state governments share responsibility for financing Medicaid. Within certain federal guidelines, states have a fairly wide range of discretion to determine Medicaid eligibility and reimbursement methodology. CMS, in part as a result of the change in leadership in the executive branch, has embraced a more flexible approach to state amendments and waivers that allow states even more latitude to determine eligibility and reimbursement. Certain states are attempting to slow the rate of growth in Medicaid expenditures by freezing rates or restricting eligibility and benefits; some states have elected not to expand their Medicaid eligibility criteria pursuant to the ACA. Some states are transitioning their Medicaid programs to managed care models, which rely on networks of contracted providers to provide services at reduced negotiated rates to a higher volume of patients than they might see absent the contract. Such changes may reduce the volume of Medicaid patients at facilities that do not participate in the managed care plan’s network. Facilities that do participate may not receive a sufficient increase in patient volume to offset their lowered reimbursement rates. States and the federal government are also examining ways to further align Medicare reimbursement with quality metrics and other value-based payment models that might shift risk to or place additional compliance costs on facilities. Congress and the current presidential administration have sought to repeal and alter the ACA and substantially reform the Medicaid program. If successful, Congress may repeal the provisions of the ACA that encouraged states to expand Medicaid eligibility to more adults, including additional federal matching funds that enabled states to do so. Congress also might impose strict limits on the federal role in subsidizing the costs of state Medicaid programs. These actions, if enacted, could result in states reducing or eliminating eligibility for certain individuals and/or offsetting the cost by further reducing payments to providers of services. Congress is also considering enacting substantial reforms to Medicaid to grant states more autonomy and discretion to design Medicaid programs. These changes, if enacted, could also reduce or eliminate eligibility for certain individuals and/or allow states to further reduce payments to providers of services. In some states, our tenants and operators could experience delayed or reduced payment for services furnished to Medicaid enrollees, which in turn may adversely impact us. As noted above, ongoing litigation regarding the ACA and Medicaid waivers may also affect Medicaid coverage and reimbursement.

Licensure, CON, Certification and Accreditation

Hospitals, SNFs, senior housing facilities and other healthcare providers that operate healthcare properties in our portfolio may be subject to extensive state licensing and certificate of need, or CON, laws and regulations, which may restrict the ability of our

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tenants and operators to add new properties, expand an existing facility’s size or services, or transfer responsibility for operating a particular facility to a new tenant, operator or manager. The failure of our tenants and operators to obtain, maintain or comply with any required license, CON or other certification, accreditation or regulatory approval (which could be required as a condition of third-party payor reimbursement) could result in loss of licensure, loss of certification or accreditation, denial of reimbursement, imposition of civil and/or criminal penalties and fines, suspension or exclusion from federal and state healthcare programs or closure of the facility, any of which could have an adverse effect on the operations and financial condition of our tenants, operators and managers, which in turn may adversely impact us.

Health Information Privacy and Security

Healthcare providers, including those in our portfolio, are subject to numerous state and federal laws that protect the privacy and security of patient health information. The federal government, in particular, has significantly increased its enforcement of these laws. The failure of our tenants, operators and managers to maintain compliance with privacy and security laws could result in the imposition of penalties and fines, which in turn may adversely impact us.

Investment Company Act

We believe that we are not, and intend to conduct our operations so as not to become, regulated as an investment company under the Investment Company Act. We have relied, and intend to continue to rely, on current interpretations of the staff of the SEC in an effort to continue to qualify for an exemption from registration under the Investment Company Act. For more information on the exemptions that we use refer to Item 1A. “Risk Factors—Maintenance of our Investment Company Act exemption imposes limits on our operations.”

Environmental Matters

A wide variety of federal, state and local environmental and occupational health and safety laws and regulations affect our properties. These complex federal and state statutes, and their enforcement, involve a myriad of regulations, many of which involve strict liability on the part of the potential offender. Some of these federal and state statutes may directly impact us. Under various federal, state and local environmental laws, ordinances and regulations, an owner of real property, such as us, may be liable for the costs of removal or remediation of hazardous or toxic substances at, under or disposed of in connection with such property, as well as other potential costs relating to hazardous or toxic substances (including government fines and damages for injuries to persons and adjacent property). The cost of any required remediation, removal, fines or personal or property damages and the owner’s liability therefore could exceed or impair the value of the property and/or the assets of the owner. In addition, the presence of such substances, or the failure to properly dispose of or remediate such substances, may adversely affect the owner’s ability to sell or rent such property or to borrow using such property as collateral which, in turn, could reduce our revenues.

ADA

Our properties must comply with the ADA and any similar state or local laws to the extent that such properties are “public accommodations” as defined in those statutes. The ADA may require removal of barriers to access by persons with disabilities in certain public areas of our properties where such removal is readily achievable. To date, we have not received any notices of noncompliance with the ADA that have caused us to incur substantial capital expenditures to address ADA concerns. Should barriers to access by persons with disabilities be discovered at any of our properties, we may be directly or indirectly responsible for additional costs that may be required to make facilities ADA-compliant. Noncompliance with the ADA could result in the imposition of fines or an award of damages to private litigants. The obligation to make readily achievable accommodations pursuant to the ADA is an ongoing one and we continue to assess our properties and make modifications as appropriate in this respect.

Competition

Our healthcare investments will experience local and regional market competition for residents, operators and staff. Competition will be based on quality of care, reputation, physical appearance of properties, services offered, family preference, physicians, staff and price. Competition will come from independent operators as well as companies managing multiple properties, some of which may be larger and have greater resources than our operators. Some of these properties are operated for profit while others are owned by governmental agencies or tax-exempt, non-profit organizations. Competitive disadvantages at our healthcare investments may result in vacancies at facilities, reductions in net operating income and ultimately a reduction in shareholder value.

Seasonality

Our revenues, and our operators’ revenues, are dependent on occupancy. It is difficult to predict seasonal trends and the related potential impact of the cold and flu season, occurrence of epidemics or any other widespread illnesses on the occupancy of our

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facilities. A decrease in occupancy could affect the operating income of our operating properties as well as the ability of our net lease operators to make payments to us.

Employees

As of December 31, 2018, we had no employees. Our Advisor or its affiliates provide management, acquisition, advisory, marketing, investor relations and certain administrative services for us.

Corporate Governance and Internet Address

We emphasize the importance of professional business conduct and ethics through our corporate governance initiatives. Our board of directors consists of a majority of independent directors. The audit committee of our board of directors is composed exclusively of independent directors. We have adopted corporate governance guidelines and a code of ethics, which delineate our standards for our officers and directors.

Our internet address is www.northstarhealthcarereit.com. The information on our website is not incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We make available, free of charge through a link on our website, our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to such reports, if any, as filed or furnished with the SEC, as soon as reasonably practicable after such filing or furnishing. Our site also contains our code of ethics, corporate governance guidelines and our audit committee charter. Within the time period required by the rules of the SEC, we will post on our website any amendment to our code of ethics or any waiver applicable to any of our directors, executive officers or senior financial officers.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

The following risk factors and other information included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K should be carefully considered. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us, or that we currently deem immaterial or that generally apply to all businesses also may adversely impact our business. If any of the following risks occur, our business, financial condition, operating results, cash flow and liquidity could be materially adversely affected.

Risks Related to Our Business

All of our investments are concentrated in healthcare properties, which exposes us to greater economic risk than if our portfolio were to include multiple industries or asset classes.

As a result of our concentration of healthcare real estate investments, our exposure to the risks inherent in investments in the healthcare sector is increased, making us more vulnerable to a downturn or slowdown in the healthcare sector. The healthcare industry is highly regulated, and changes in government regulation and reimbursement can have material adverse consequences on its participants, some of which may be unintended. The healthcare industry is also highly competitive, and our operators and managers may encounter increased competition for residents and patients, including with respect to the scope and quality of care and services provided, reputation and financial condition, physical appearance of the properties, price and location. Our tenants, operators and managers compete for labor, making their results sensitive to changes in the labor market and/or wages and benefits offered to their employees. If our tenants, operators and managers are unable to successfully compete with other operators and managers by maintaining profitable occupancy and rate levels or controlling labor costs, their ability to meet their respective obligations to us may be materially adversely affected. We cannot assure you that future changes in government regulation will not adversely affect the healthcare industry, including our senior housing operations, tenants and operators, nor can we be certain that our tenants, operators and managers will achieve and maintain occupancy and rate levels or labor costs levels that will enable them to satisfy their obligations to us. Any adverse changes in the regulation of the healthcare industry, or the competitiveness of our tenants, operators and managers, or costs of labor, could have a more pronounced effect on us than if we had investments outside the senior housing and healthcare industries.

We do not control the operations of our healthcare properties and are therefore dependent on the tenants/operators/managers of our healthcare properties to successfully operate their businesses.

Our properties are typically operated by healthcare operators pursuant to net leases or by an independent third party manager pursuant to management agreements. As a result, we are unable to directly implement strategic business decisions with respect to the daily operation and marketing of our healthcare properties. While we have various rights as the property owner under our leases or management agreements and monitor the tenants/operators/managers’ performance, we may have limited recourse under our leases or management agreements if we believe that the tenants/operators/managers are not performing adequately. Failure by the tenants/operators/managers to adequately manage the risks associated with operations of healthcare properties could result in defaults under our borrowings and otherwise affect adversely our results of operations. Furthermore, if our tenants/operators/

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managers experience any significant financial, legal, accounting or regulatory difficulties, such difficulties could have a material adverse effect on us.

We depend on two operators, Watermark Retirement Communities, or Watermark, and Solstice, for a significant majority of our revenues and net operating income. Adverse developments in Watermark’s or Solstice’s business and affairs or financial condition could have a material adverse effect on us.

As of December 31, 2018, Watermark and Solstice or their respective affiliates collectively managed 59 of our senior housing facilities pursuant to management agreements. In addition, Watermark operated an additional six of our senior housing facilities pursuant to a net lease as of December 31, 2018. For the year endedDecember 31, 2018, Watermark and Solstice represented 52.0% and 37.8% of our total revenues attributable to direct investments, respectively, and 47.6% and 39.9% of our total assets, respectively.

Although we have rights under our management agreements and leases, we rely on Watermark and Solstice’s personnel, expertise, technical resources and information systems, proprietary information, good faith and judgment to manage our senior housing facilities efficiently and effectively. We also rely on our managers to set appropriate resident fees, to provide accurate property-level financial results for our properties in a timely manner and to otherwise operate our senior housing facilities in compliance with the terms of our management agreements and leases and all applicable laws and regulations. For example, we depend upon our managers’ abilities to attract and retain skilled management personnel who are responsible for the day-to-day operations of our senior housing facilities. A shortage of nurses or other trained personnel or general inflationary pressures may force our managers to enhance their pay and benefits packages to compete effectively for such personnel, but they may not be able to effectively offset these increased costs by increasing rates to residents. Any increase in labor costs or other property operating expenses, any failure to attract and retain qualified personnel, or any significant changes in our managers’ senior management or equity ownership or any adverse developments in their businesses and affairs or financial condition could have a material adverse effect on us.

Any adverse developments in Watermark’s or Solstice’s business and affairs or financial condition could impair their respective ability to manage our properties efficiently and effectively and could have a materially adverse effect on us. If Watermark or Solstice experience any significant financial, legal, accounting or regulatory difficulties due to a weak economy or otherwise, such difficulties could result in, among other adverse events, acceleration of their respective indebtedness, impairment of their respective continued access to capital, the enforcement of default remedies by their respective counterparties or the commencement of insolvency proceedings by or against them, any one or a combination of which indirectly could have a materially adverse effect on us.

We are directly exposed to operational risks at certain of our healthcare properties, which could adversely affect our revenue and operations.

As of December 31, 2018, we operated 64 properties pursuant to management agreements, excluding our unconsolidated ventures, or 78.5% of our assets, whereby we are directly exposed to various operational risks with respect to these healthcare properties that may increase our costs or adversely affect our ability to generate revenues. These risks include: (i) fluctuations in occupancy; (ii) fluctuations in government reimbursement and private pay rates, including the inability to achieve economic resident fees; (iii) increases in the cost of food, materials, energy, labor (as a result of unionization or otherwise) or other services; (iv) rent control regulations; (v) national and regional economic conditions; (vi) the imposition of new or increased taxes; (vii) capital expenditure requirements; (viii) federal, state, local licensure, certification and inspection, fraud and abuse, and privacy and security laws, regulations and standards; (ix) professional and general liability claims; and (x) the availability and increases in cost of general and professional liability insurance coverage. Any one or a combination of these factors may adversely affect our revenue and operations and our ability to make distributions to stockholders.

Decreases in our tenants’ and operators’ revenues or increases in our tenants and operators’ expenses could negatively affect our financial results.

Our tenants’ and operators’ revenues are primarily driven by occupancy, private pay rates and Medicare and Medicaid reimbursement, if applicable. Expenses for these facilities are primarily driven by the costs of labor, food, utilities, taxes, insurance and rent or debt service. Revenues from government reimbursement may continue to be subject to reimbursement cuts, disruptions in payment, audit and recovery actions and state budget shortfalls. In addition, revenues may be affected by a severe flu season, an epidemic or other widespread illness that impacts occupancy and length of stay, which our tenants and operators cannot control. Operating costs, including labor costs, continue to increase for our tenants and operators. To the extent that any decrease in revenues and/or any increase in operating expenses result in a property not generating sufficient cash, our tenants and operators may not be able to make payments to us. For our properties operated pursuant to management agreements, we may be directly exposed to operating shortfalls. Failure of our tenants, operators or managers to perform could result in defaults under our borrowings and adversely impact our liquidity as well as our ability to make distributions to stockholders. During the year endedDecember 31, 2018, within our consolidated portfolio of investments, two of our tenants and operators failed to satisfy minimum lease coverage ratios under their leases, two of our tenants and operators failed to timely pay their full rent to us, which in turn

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resulted in defaults under the borrowings for certain portfolios. Further, seven of our properties operated under management agreements generated operating losses. As a result, we may need to negotiate new leases or management agreements with our tenants, operators or managers or replace such tenants, operators or managers, which may subject us to significant liabilities and expense. Under these circumstances, we have recorded and may need to further record impairment for such assets. Furthermore, if we determine to dispose of an underperforming property, such sale may result in a loss. Any such impairment or loss on sale would negatively affect our financial results.

If we must replace any of our tenants, operators or managers, we might be unable to reposition the properties on as favorable terms, or at all, and we could be subject to delays, limitations and expenses, which could have a material adverse effect on us.

Following expiration of a lease term or if we exercise our right to replace a tenant, operator or manager in default, we will attempt to reposition properties. However, rental payments on the related properties could decline or cease altogether while we reposition the properties with a suitable replacement tenant, operator or manager. We also may not be successful in identifying suitable replacements or enter into new leases or management agreements on a timely basis or on terms as favorable to us as our current leases and management agreements, if at all, and we may be required to fund certain expenses and obligations (e.g., real estate taxes, debt costs and maintenance expenses) to preserve the value of, and avoid the imposition of liens on, our properties while they are being repositioned. In addition, we may incur certain obligations and liabilities, including obligations to indemnify the replacement tenant, operator or manager. Once a suitable replacement tenant/operator/manager has taken over operation of the properties, it may still take an extended period of time before the properties are fully repositioned and value restored, if at all. Any of these results could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations and our ability to make distributions to stockholders.

The bankruptcy, insolvency or financial deterioration of any of our tenants/operators may materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We are exposed to the risk that our tenants/operators may not be able to meet their obligations to us or other third parties, which may result in their bankruptcy or insolvency. Although our leases and loans permit us to evict a tenant/operator, demand immediate repayment and pursue other remedies, bankruptcy laws afford certain rights to a party that has filed for bankruptcy or reorganization. Additionally, state licensing laws and regulations limit the ability of a non-licensed entity to assume responsibility for operations of, or exercise control over, a licensed healthcare facility. A tenant/operator in bankruptcy may be able to restrict our ability to collect unpaid rents during the bankruptcy proceeding. In addition, we would likely be required to fund certain expenses and obligations (e.g., real estate taxes, insurance, debt costs and maintenance expenses) to preserve the value of our properties, avoid the imposition of liens on our properties or transition our properties to a new tenant, operator or manager.

Furthermore, bankruptcy or insolvency proceedings typically also result in increased costs to the operator, significant management distraction and performance declines. If we are unable to transition affected properties, they would likely experience prolonged operational disruption, leading to lower occupancy rates and further depressed revenues. Publicity about the operator’s financial condition and insolvency proceedings may also negatively impact their and our reputations, decreasing customer demand and revenues. Any or all of these risks could have a material adverse effect on our revenues, results of operations and cash flows. These risks would be magnified where we lease multiple properties to a single operator under a master lease, as an operator failure or default under a master lease would expose us to these risks across multiple properties.

Increased competition could adversely affect future occupancy rates, operating margins and profitability at our properties.

The healthcare industry is highly competitive, and our tenants, operators and managers may encounter increased competition for residents and patients, including with respect to the scope and quality of care and services provided, reputation and financial condition, physical appearance of the properties, price and location. If development outpaces demand in the markets in which our properties are located, those markets may become saturated and our tenants, operators and managers could experience decreased occupancy, reduced operating margins and lower profitability, which could have a material adverse effect on us.

We are subject to risks associated with capital expenditure obligations, such as declining real estate values and operating performance.

We are required to fund capital expenditures and other significant expenses for our real estate property investments. Future funding obligations subject us to significant risks, such as a decline in value of the property, cost overruns and, where applicable, the tenant/operator being unable to generate enough cash flow and execute its business plan in order to pay its obligations to us. We may determine that we need to fund more money than we originally anticipated in order to maximize the value of our investment even though there is no assurance additional funding would be the best course of action. Further, future funding obligations may require us to maintain higher liquidity than we might otherwise maintain and this could reduce the overall return on our investments. We could also find ourselves in a position with insufficient liquidity to fund future obligations.

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We are responsible for certain capital improvements. To the extent such capital improvements are not undertaken, the ability of our tenants/operators to manage our properties effectively and on favorable terms may be affected, which in turn could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and our ability to make distributions to stockholders.

We are responsible for certain capital improvements. To the extent capital improvements are not undertaken or are deferred, occupancy rates and the amount of rental and reimbursement income generated by the facility may decline, which would negatively impact the overall value of the affected facility. This risk may be heightened during periods of economic distress. We may be forced to incur unexpected significant expense to maintain our properties, even those that are net leased. Any of these results could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations and our ability to make distributions to stockholders.

We may face additional risks associated with property development and redevelopment that can render a project less profitable or not profitable at all and, under certain circumstances, prevent completion of development activities once undertaken.

Property development is a component of certain of our investments, including certain of our unconsolidated joint ventures. As a result, large-scale development of healthcare properties presents additional risks for us, including risks that:

• the development and construction costs of a project may exceed original estimates due to increased interest rates and higher materials, transportation, labor, leasing or other costs, which could make the completion of the development project less profitable;

• the project may not be completed on schedule as a result of a variety of factors that are beyond our control, including natural disasters, labor conditions, material shortages, regulatory hurdles, which can result in increases in construction costs; and

• occupancy rates and rents at a newly completed property may not meet expected levels and could be insufficient to make the property profitable.

Any of the foregoing risks could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our joint venture partners could take actions that decrease the value of an investment to us and lower our overall return.

We have made significant investments through joint ventures with third parties. For example, we currently have joint ventures with Colony Capital, our sponsor, with respect to the Griffin-American and Eclipse portfolios, Formation, with respect to the Eclipse, Envoy and Espresso portfolios, GAHR3 and GAHR4 with respect to the Trilogy portfolio and Watermark with respect to portions of the Fountains, Aqua and Rochester portfolios. As of December 31, 2018, unconsolidated joint ventures represented 35.7% of our total real estate equity investments and joint ventures with respect to our direct investments represented an additional 20.5% of our total real estate equity investments. Such investments may involve risks not otherwise present with other methods of investment, including, for example, the following risks:

• our joint venture partner in an investment could become insolvent or bankrupt;

• fraud or other misconduct by our joint venture partners;

• we may share decision-making authority with our joint venture partner regarding certain major decisions affecting the ownership of the joint venture and the joint venture property, such as the sale of the property or the making of additional capital contributions for the benefit of the property, which may prevent us from taking actions that are opposed by our joint venture partner;

• such joint venture partner may at any time have economic or business interests or goals that are or that become in conflict with our business interests or goals, including for example the operation of the properties;

• such joint venture partner may be in a position to take action contrary to our instructions or requests or contrary to our policies or objectives;

• our joint venture partners may be structured differently than us for tax purposes and this could create conflicts of interest and risk to our REIT status;

• we may rely upon our joint venture partners to manage the day-to-day operations of the joint venture and underlying assets, as well as to prepare financial information for the joint venture and any failure to perform these obligations may have a negative impact on our performance and results of operations;

• our joint venture partner may experience a change of control, which could result in new management of our joint venture partner with less experience or conflicting interests to ours and be disruptive to our business;

• we may not be able to control distributions from our joint ventures; and

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• the terms of our joint ventures could restrict our ability to sell or transfer our interest to a third party when we desire on advantageous terms, which could result in reduced liquidity.

Any of the above might subject us to liabilities and thus reduce our returns on our investment with that joint venture partner. In addition, disagreements or disputes between us and our joint venture partner could result in litigation, which could increase our expenses and potentially limit the time and effort our officers and directors are able to devote to our business.

Further, in some instances, we and/or our partner may have the right to trigger a buy-sell arrangement, which could cause us to sell our interest, or acquire our partner’s interest, at a time when we otherwise would not have initiated such a transaction. Our ability to acquire our partner’s interest may be limited if we do not have sufficient cash, available borrowing capacity or other capital resources. In such event, we may be forced to sell our interest in the joint venture when we would otherwise prefer to retain it.

Failure to comply with certain healthcare laws and regulations could adversely affect the operations of our tenants/operators/managers, which could jeopardize our tenants/operators/managers’ abilities to meet their obligations to us.

Our tenants, operators and managers generally are subject to varying levels of federal, state, local, and industry-regulated laws, regulations and standards. Our tenants/operators/managers’ failure to comply with any of these laws, regulations or standards could result in denial of reimbursement, imposition of fines, penalties or damages, suspension, decertification or exclusion from federal and state healthcare programs, loss of license, loss of accreditation or certification, or closure of the facility. Such actions may have an effect on our tenants/operators/managers’ ability to meet all of their obligations to us, including obligations to make lease payments, and, therefore, adversely impact us. Refer to “U.S. Healthcare Regulation” included in Item 1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further discussion.

Efforts by Congress, states, and the current presidential administration to repeal and replace the ACA in total or in part and reform Medicare and Medicaid could negatively impact the operations and financial condition of our tenants and operators, which in turn may adversely impact us.

The ACA remains subject to continuing and increasing legislative, administrative and judicial scrutiny, including continued efforts by the current presidential administration and parties in ongoing court cases to repeal and replace the ACA in total or in part. If certain key provisions of the ACA are repealed or substantially modified, or if implementation of certain aspects of the ACA are suspended, such action could negatively impact the operations and financial condition of our tenants and operators, which in turn may adversely impact us. Additionally, Congress is contemplating substantial reforms to the Medicare and Medicaid programs. Refer to “U.S. Healthcare Regulation” included in Item 1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further discussion. Some states are also considering and already implementing changes that will affect patient eligibility for Medicaid, such as work requirements. More generally, and because of the dynamic nature of the legislative and regulatory environment for healthcare products and services, and in light of the current legislative environment, existing federal deficit and budgetary concerns, we cannot predict the impact that broad-based, far-reaching legislative or regulatory changes could have on the U.S. economy, our business or that of our tenants and operators. Additionally, on December 14, 2018, a U.S. District Court in Texas ruled the ACA unconstitutional in its entirety. This decision has been appealed, and will not take effect while that appeal is pending. Refer to “U.S. Healthcare Regulation” included in Item 1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further discussion.

Changes in the reimbursement rates or methods of payment from third-party payors, including the Medicare and Medicaid programs, could have a material adverse effect on certain of our tenants and operators and on us.

Certain of our tenants and operators rely on reimbursement from third party payors, including payments received through the Medicare and Medicaid programs, for substantially all of their revenues. Federal and state legislators and healthcare financing authorities have adopted or proposed various cost-containment measures that would limit payments to healthcare providers and have considered Medicaid rate freezes or cuts. Additionally, some states are considering changes that would affect patient eligibility for Medicaid. See “U.S. Healthcare Regulation” included in Item 1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Private third party payors also have continued their efforts to control healthcare costs. We cannot assure you that our tenants and operators who currently depend on governmental or private payor reimbursement will be adequately reimbursed for the services they provide. Significant limits by governmental and private third party payors on the scope of services reimbursed or on reimbursement rates and fees, whether from legislation, administrative actions or private payor efforts, could have a material adverse effect on the liquidity, financial condition and results of operations of certain of our tenants and operators, which could affect adversely their ability to comply with the terms of our leases and have a material adverse effect on us.

The healthcare industry trend away from a traditional fee for service reimbursement model towards value-based payment approaches may negatively impact certain of our tenants’ revenues and profitability.

Certain of our tenants, specifically those providers in the post-acute and general acute care hospital space, are subject to the broad trend in the healthcare industry toward value-based purchasing of healthcare services. These value-based purchasing programs include both public reporting of quality data and preventable adverse events tied to the quality and efficiency of care provided by facilities. Medicare and Medicaid require healthcare facilities, including hospitals and skilled nursing facilities, to

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report certain quality data to receive full reimbursement updates. In addition, Medicare does not reimburse for care related to certain preventable adverse events. Many large commercial payors currently require healthcare facilities to report quality data, and several commercial payors do not reimburse hospitals for certain preventable adverse events.

While the current presidential administration’s and some members of Congress’ desire to repeal the ACA creates unpredictability, we expect value-based purchasing programs, including programs that condition reimbursement on patient outcome measures, to become more common and to involve a higher percentage of reimbursement amounts. We are unable at this time to predict how this trend will affect the revenues and profitability of those of our tenants who are providers of healthcare services; however, if this trend significantly and adversely affects their profitability, it could in turn have a material adverse effect on us.

Controls imposed on certain of our tenants who provide healthcare services that are reimbursed by Medicare, Medicaid and other third-party payors to reduce admissions and length of stay may affect inpatient volumes at our healthcare facilities and adversely affect the financial condition or results of operations of those tenants.

Controls imposed by Medicare, Medicaid and commercial third-party payors designed to reduce admissions and lengths of stay have affected and are expected to continue to affect certain of our healthcare facilities, specifically our skilled nursing facilities. Inpatient utilization, average lengths of stay and occupancy rates continue to be negatively affected by payor-required pre-admission authorization and utilization review and by payor pressures to maximize outpatient and alternative healthcare delivery services for less acutely ill patients. Efforts to impose more stringent cost controls and reductions are expected to continue, which could negatively impact the financial condition of our tenants who provide healthcare services in our skilled nursing facilities. If so, this could have a material adverse effect on us.

Events that adversely affect the ability of seniors and their families to afford resident fees at our senior housing facilities could cause our occupancy rates, resident fee revenues and results of operations to decline.

Costs to seniors associated with independent and assisted living services are generally not reimbursable under government reimbursement programs such as Medicare and Medicaid. Only seniors with income or assets meeting or exceeding the comparable median in the regions where our facilities are located typically will be able to afford to pay the entrance fees and monthly resident fees, and a weak economy, depressed housing market or changes in demographics could adversely affect their continued ability to do so. If our tenants and operators are unable to retain and attract seniors with sufficient income, assets or other resources required to pay the fees associated with independent and assisted living services and other services provided by our tenants and operators at our healthcare facilities, our occupancy rates and resident fee revenues could decline, which could, in turn, materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition and our ability to make distributions to stockholders.

The hospitals on or near whose campuses many of our MOBs are located and their affiliated health systems could fail to remain competitive or financially viable, which could adversely impact their ability to attract physicians and physician groups to our MOBs.

Our MOB operations depend on the competitiveness and financial viability of the hospitals on or near whose campuses our MOBs are located and their ability to attract physicians and other healthcare-related clients to our MOBs. The viability of these hospitals, in turn, depends on factors such as the quality and mix of healthcare services provided, competition for patients, physicians and physician groups, demographic trends in the surrounding community, market position and growth potential.  Because we rely on proximity to and affiliations with hospitals to create leasing demand in our MOBs, a hospital’s inability to remain competitive or financially viable, or to attract physicians and physician groups, could materially adversely affect our MOB operations and have a material adverse effect on us.

Significant legal actions or regulatory proceedings could subject us or our tenants, operators and managers to increased operating costs and substantial uninsured liabilities, which could materially adversely affect our or their liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.

From time to time, we may be subject to claims brought against us in lawsuits and other legal or regulatory proceedings arising out of our alleged actions or the alleged actions of our tenants, operators and managers for which such tenants, operators and managers may have agreed to indemnify, defend and hold us harmless. An unfavorable resolution of any such litigation or proceeding could materially adversely affect our or their liquidity, financial condition and results of operations and have a material adverse effect on us.

In certain cases, we and our tenants, operators and managers may be subject to professional liability claims brought by plaintiffs’ attorneys seeking significant punitive damages and attorneys’ fees. Due to the historically high frequency and severity of professional liability claims against senior housing and healthcare providers, the availability of professional liability insurance has decreased and the premiums on such insurance coverage remain costly. As a result, insurance protection against such claims may not be sufficient to cover all claims against us or our tenants, operators or managers, and may not be available at a reasonable cost. If we or our tenants, operators and managers are unable to maintain adequate insurance coverage or are required to pay punitive damages, we or they may be exposed to substantial liabilities.

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Our tenants, operators and managers may be sued under a state or federal whistleblower statute.

Our operators, tenants and managers who engage in business with the state or federal government may be sued under a state or federal whistleblower statute designed to combat fraud and abuse in the healthcare industry. See “Regulation–U.S. Healthcare Regulation” included in Item 1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. These lawsuits can involve significant monetary damages and award bounties to private plaintiffs who successfully bring these suits. If any of these lawsuits were brought against our operators, tenants or managers, such suits combined with increased operating costs and substantial uninsured liabilities could have a material adverse effect on our operators’, tenants’ and managers’ liquidity, financial condition and results of operations and on their ability to satisfy their obligations under our leases and management agreements, which, in turn, could have a material adverse effect on us.

Our investments are subject to the risks typically associated with real estate.

In addition to risks related to the healthcare industry, our investments are subject to the risks typically associated with real estate, including:

• local, state, national or international economic conditions, including market disruptions caused by regional concerns, political upheaval and other factors;

• property operating costs, including insurance premiums, real estate taxes and maintenance costs;

• changes in interest rates and in the availability, cost and terms of mortgage financing;

• adverse changes in state and local laws, including zoning laws; and

• other factors which are beyond our control.

Because real estate investments are relatively illiquid, we may not be able to vary our portfolio in response to changes in economic and other conditions, which may result in losses to us.

Real estate investments are relatively illiquid, and our ability to quickly sell or exchange our properties in response to changes in economic or other conditions is limited. In the event we market any of our properties for sale, the value of those properties and our ability to sell at prices or on terms acceptable to us could be adversely affected by a downturn in the real estate industry or any economic weakness in the healthcare industry. In addition, transfers of healthcare properties may be subject to regulatory approvals that are not required for transfers of other types of commercial properties. We cannot assure you that we will recognize the full value of any property that we sell for liquidity or other reasons, and the inability to respond quickly to changes in the performance of our investments could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our debt investment is a mezzanine loan subordinated to loans held by third parties.

Our debt investment is a mezzanine loan that is subordinated to senior secured loans held by other investors that encumber the same real estate. If a senior secured loan is foreclosed, that foreclosure would extinguish our rights in the collateral for our mezzanine loan. In order to protect our economic interest in that collateral, we would need to be prepared, on an expedited basis, to advance funds to the senior lenders in order to cure defaults under the senior secured loans and prevent such a foreclosure. If a senior secured loan has matured or has been accelerated, then in order to protect our economic interest in the collateral, we may need to be prepared, on an expedited basis, to purchase or pay off that senior secured loan, which could require significant new capital. Our ability to sell or syndicate a mezzanine loan could be limited by transfer restrictions in the intercreditor agreements with the senior secured lenders. Our ability to negotiate modifications to the mezzanine loan documents with our borrowers could be limited by restrictions on modifications in the intercreditor agreement, as well as our rights as an equity holder in the collateral underlying our mezzanine loan. Since mezzanine loans are typically secured by pledges of equity rather than direct liens on real estate, our mezzanine loan investment is more vulnerable than mortgage loan investments to losses caused by competing creditor claims, unauthorized transfers or bankruptcies.

We are subject to additional risks due to our international investments.

We have acquired real estate assets located outside of the United States through our investment in the Griffin-American portfolio, which includes properties in the United Kingdom. Our international investments may be affected by factors peculiar to the laws of the jurisdiction in which the property is located and these laws may expose us to risks that are different from those commonly found in the United States. These risks include, but are not limited to:

• governmental laws, rules and policies, including laws relating to the foreign ownership of real property and laws relating to the ability of foreign persons or corporations to remove profits earned from activities within the country to the person’s or corporation’s country of origin;

• translation and transaction risks relating to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates;

• adverse market conditions caused by inflation or other changes in national or local political and economic conditions;

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• challenges of complying with a wide variety of foreign laws;

• changes in the availability, cost and terms of borrowings resulting from varying national economic policies;

• changes in applicable laws and regulations in the United States that affect foreign operations; and

• legal and logistical barriers to enforcing our contractual rights in other countries, including insolvency regimes, landlord/tenant rights and ability to take possession of the collateral. 

In addition, increased uncertainty persists in the wake of the “Brexit” referendum in the United Kingdom in June 2016, in which the majority of voters voted in favor of an exit from the European Union. Any impact of the Brexit vote depends on the terms of the United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the European Union, which still needs to be determined despite the upcoming March 29, 2019 deadline. The announcement of Brexit caused significant volatility in global stock markets and currency exchange rate fluctuations that resulted in the strengthening of the U.S. dollar against the U.K. Pound Sterling. Uncertainty about global or regional economic conditions poses a risk as consumers and businesses may postpone spending in response to tighter credit, negative financial news, and declines in income or asset values, which could adversely affect the availability of financing, our business and our results of operations.

Insurance may not cover all potential losses on commercial real estate investments, which may impair the value of our assets.

We generally maintain or require that our tenants/operators obtain comprehensive insurance covering our properties and their operations. While we believe all of our properties are adequately insured, we cannot assure you that we or our tenants/operators will continue to be able to maintain adequate levels of insurance or that the policies maintained will fully cover all losses on our properties. We may not obtain, or require tenants/operators to obtain, certain types of insurance if it is deemed commercially unreasonable. We cannot assure you that material uninsured losses, or losses in excess of insurance proceeds, will not occur in the future.

Compliance with the ADA, Fair Housing Act and fire, safety and other regulations may require us or our operators to make unanticipated expenditures which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and our ability to make distributions to stockholders.

Our properties are required to comply with the ADA, which generally requires that buildings be made accessible to people with disabilities. We must also comply with the Fair Housing Act, which prohibits us and our operators from discriminating against individuals on certain bases in any of our practices if it would cause such individuals to face barriers in gaining residency in any of our facilities. In addition, our properties are required to operate in compliance with applicable fire and safety regulations, building codes and other land use regulations and licensing or certification requirements adopted by governmental agencies and bodies from time-to-time. We may be required to incur substantial costs to comply with those requirements. Changes in labor and other laws could also negatively impact us and our operators. For instance, changes to labor-related statutes or regulations could significantly impact the cost of labor in the workforce, which would increase the costs faced by our operators and increase their likelihood of default.

Environmental compliance costs and liabilities associated with our properties or our real estate-related investments may materially impair the value of our investments and expose us to liability.

Under various federal, state and local environmental laws, ordinances and regulations, a current or previous owner of real property, such as us and our operators, may be liable in certain circumstances for the costs of investigation, removal or remediation of, or related releases of, certain hazardous or toxic substances, including materials containing asbestos, at, under or disposed of in connection with such property, as well as certain other potential costs relating to hazardous or toxic substances, including government fines and damages for injuries to persons and adjacent property. In addition, some environmental laws create a lien on the contaminated site in favor of the government for damages and the costs it incurs in connection with the contamination. These laws often impose liability without regard to whether the owner knew of, or was responsible for, the presence or disposal of such substances and liability may be imposed on the owner in connection with the activities of a tenant at the property. The presence of contamination or the failure to remediate contamination may adversely affect our ability to sell or lease real estate, or to borrow using the real estate as collateral, which, in turn, could reduce our revenues. We, as owner of a site, including if we take ownership through foreclosure, may be liable under common law or otherwise to third parties for damages and injuries resulting from environmental contamination emanating from the site. The cost of any required investigation, remediation, removal, fines or personal or property damages and our or our operators’ liability could significantly exceed the value of the property without any limits.

The scope of the indemnification our operators have agreed to provide us may be limited. For instance, some of our agreements with our operators do not require them to indemnify us for environmental liabilities arising before the tenant took possession of the premises. Further, we cannot assure stockholders that any such tenant would be able to fulfill its indemnification obligations. If we were deemed liable for any such environmental liabilities and were unable to seek recovery against our tenant, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

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Risks Related to Our Capital Structure

We require capital in order to operate our business, and the failure to obtain such capital would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and ability to make distributions to stockholders.

We may not be able to fund all future capital needs, including capital expenditures, distributions to stockholders, debt maturities and other commitments, from cash flows generated from operations. As a result, we may need to rely on external sources of capital to fund future capital needs. If we are unable to obtain needed capital at all or only on unfavorable terms, we might not be able to make the investments needed to grow our business, to meet our obligations and commitments as they mature, or to fund distributions to our stockholders, which could have a material adverse impact on us. Our access to capital depends upon a number of factors over which we have little or no control, including, among others, the performance of the national and global economies generally, competition in the healthcare industry, issues facing the healthcare industry, including regulations and government reimbursement policies, our operators’ operating costs and the market value of our properties. Although we believe that we have sufficient access to capital and other sources of funding to meet our expected liquidity needs after suspending monthly distributions to stockholders, we cannot assure you that our access to capital and other sources of funding will not become constrained, which could adversely affect the availability and terms of future borrowings, renewals or refinancings and our results of operation and financial condition. If we do not generate sufficient cash flow from operations and cannot access capital at an acceptable cost or at all, we may be required to liquidate one or more investments in properties at times that may not permit us to maximize the return on those investments or that could result in adverse tax consequences to us.

We use significant leverage in connection with our investments, which increases the risk of loss associated with our investments and restricts our ability to engage in certain activities.

As of December 31, 2018, we had $2.3 billion of borrowings outstanding, including both our borrowings and our proportionate interest of the borrowings of our unconsolidated joint ventures. We may also incur additional borrowings in the future to satisfy our capital and liquidity needs, including recourse borrowings under our credit facility. Although the use of leverage may enhance returns and increase the number of investments that we can make, it increases our risk of loss, impacts our liquidity and restricts our ability to engage in certain activities. Our substantial borrowings, among other things, may:

• require us to dedicate a large portion of our cash flow to pay principal and interest on our borrowings, which will reduce the availability of cash flow to fund working capital, capital expenditures and other business activities;

• require us to maintain minimum cash balances;

• increase our vulnerability to general adverse economic and industry conditions, as well as operational failures by our tenants, operators and managers;

• require us to post additional reserves and other additional collateral to support our financing arrangements, which could reduce our liquidity and limit our ability to leverage our assets;

• subject us to maintaining various debt, operating income, net worth, cash flow and other covenants and financial ratios;

• limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and the industry in which we operate;

• restrict our operating policies and ability to make strategic acquisitions, dispositions or exploit business opportunities;

• require us to maintain a borrowing base of assets;

• place us at a competitive disadvantage compared to our competitors that have fewer borrowings;

• put us in a position that necessitates raising equity capital at a time that is unfavorable to us and dilutive to our stockholders;

• limit our ability to borrow additional funds (even when necessary to maintain adequate liquidity), dispose of assets or make distributions to stockholders; and

• increase our cost of capital.

If we fail to comply with the covenants in the instruments governing our borrowings or do not generate sufficient cash flow to service our borrowings, our liquidity may be materially and adversely affected. As of December 31, 2018, $85.6 million in aggregate principal amount of our non-recourse borrowings, including both our borrowings and our proportionate interest of the borrowings of our unconsolidated joint ventures, were in default as a result of the failure of our tenants, operators or managers to satisfy certain performance thresholds or other covenants. As a result of these defaults or if we default on additional borrowings, we may be required to repay outstanding obligations, including penalties, prior to the stated maturity, be subject to cash flow sweeps or potentially have assets foreclosed upon. In addition, as of the date hereof, we have approximately $354.8 million of borrowings maturing in 2019, including both our borrowings and our proportionate interest of the borrowings of our unconsolidated joint ventures, and we or our joint venture partners may be unable to refinance these borrowings when they become due on favorable terms, or at all, which could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations.

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We may not be able to generate sufficient cash flow to meet all of our existing or potential future debt service obligations.

Our ability to meet all of our existing or potential future debt service obligations, to refinance our existing or potential future indebtedness, and to fund our operations, working capital, capital expenditures or other important business uses, depends on our ability to generate sufficient cash flow. Our future cash flow is subject to, among other factors, general economic, industry, financial, competitive, operating, legislative and regulatory conditions, many of which are beyond our control.

We cannot assure you that our business will generate sufficient cash flow from operations or that future sources of cash will be available to us on favorable terms, or at all, in amounts sufficient to enable us to meet all of our existing or potential future debt service obligations, or to fund our other important business uses or liquidity needs. Furthermore, if we incur additional indebtedness, our existing or potential future debt service obligations could increase significantly and our ability to meet those obligations could depend, in large part, on the returns from the use of such capital, as to which no assurance can be given.

If we do not generate sufficient cash flow from operations and additional borrowings or refinancings are not available to us, we may be unable to meet all of our existing or potential future debt service obligations. As a result, we would be forced to take other actions to meet those obligations, such as selling properties or delaying capital expenditures, any of which could have a material adverse effect on us. Furthermore, we cannot assure you that we will be able to effect any of these actions on favorable terms, or at all.

Our distribution policy is subject to change. We may not be able to make distributions in the future.

Our board of directors determines an appropriate common stock distribution based upon numerous factors, including our targeted distribution rate, REIT qualification requirements, the amount of cash flow generated from operations, availability of existing cash balances, borrowing capacity under existing credit agreements, access to cash in the capital markets and other financing sources, our view of our ability to realize gains in the future through appreciation in the value of our assets, general economic conditions and economic conditions that more specifically impact our business or prospects. Future distribution levels are subject to adjustment based upon any one or more of the risk factors set forth in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, as well as other factors that our board of directors may, from time-to-time, deem relevant to consider when determining an appropriate common stock distribution. After considering all of these factors, on February 1, 2019, our board of directors determined to suspend the monthly distribution payments to stockholders, effective immediately. The board of directors will continue to assess our distribution policy in light of our operating performance and capital needs; however, we may not be able to make distributions in the future at all or at any particular rate.

If we pay distributions from sources other than our cash flow provided by operations, we will have less cash available for investments and your overall return may be reduced.

Our organizational documents permit us to pay distributions from any source, including offering proceeds, borrowings, our Advisor’s agreement to defer, reduce or waive fees (or accept, in lieu of cash, shares of our common stock) or sales of assets or we may make distributions in the form of taxable stock dividends. We have not established a limit on the amount of proceeds we may use to fund distributions. We have funded distributions in excess of our cash flow from operations. For the year endedDecember 31, 2018, we declared distributions of $63.3 million compared to cash provided by operating activities of $28.0 million. For the declared distributions during the year endedDecember 31, 2018, $35.3 million, or 55.8%, of the distributions declared were paid using sources other than cash flow from operations. For the year endedDecember 31, 2017, we declared distributions of $125.8 million compared to cash provided by operating activities of $10.1 million. For the declared distributions during the year endedDecember 31, 2017, $115.7 million, or 91.9%, of the distributions declared were paid using sources other than cash flow from operations. 

We may not have sufficient cash available to pay distributions at the rate we had paid during preceding periods or at all. If we pay distributions from sources other than our cash flow provided by operations, our book value may be negatively impacted and stockholders’ overall return may be reduced.

Stockholders are limited in their ability to sell their shares of our common stock pursuant to our Share Repurchase Program. Stockholders may not be able to sell any of their shares of our common stock back to us, and if they do sell their shares, they may not receive the price they paid upon subscription.

Our Share Repurchase Program, as most recently amended in October 2018, may provide stockholders with an opportunity to have their shares of common stock repurchased by us in connection with the death or qualifying disability of a stockholder, in each case more particularly defined in the Share Repurchase Program and subject to certain terms and conditions specified in the Share Repurchase Program. In addition, our board of directors reserves the right to reject any repurchase request for any reason or no reason or to amend or terminate our Share Repurchase Program at any time upon ten days’ notice except that changes in the number of shares that can be repurchased during any calendar year will only take effect upon ten business days prior written notice. Therefore, stockholders may not have the opportunity to make a repurchase request prior to a potential termination of our Share Repurchase Program and stockholders may not be able to sell any of their shares of our common stock back to us pursuant to our

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Share Repurchase Program. Moreover, if stockholders do sell their shares of our common stock back to us pursuant to our Share Repurchase Program, they may not receive the same price they paid for any shares of our common stock being repurchased.

The actual value of shares that we repurchase under our Share Repurchase Program may be substantially less than what we pay.

The terms of our current Share Repurchase Program, which may be amended, suspended, or terminated, at any time, in the sole discretion of the board of directors, generally require us to repurchase shares in connection with a death or qualifying disability of a stockholder, as defined in the Share Repurchase Program, at the lesser of the price paid for such shares or our most recently disclosed estimated value per share. The estimated value per share of our common stock is calculated as of a specific date and is expected to fluctuate over time in response to future events.However, we anticipate only determining an estimated value per share annually. In the event that the value of our shares decreases due to market or other conditions, the price at which we repurchase our shares pursuant to our Share Repurchase Program might reflect a premium to our net asset value. If the actual net asset value of our shares is less than the price paid for the shares to be repurchased, any repurchases made would be immediately dilutive to our remaining stockholders.

The price for shares issued under our DRP may exceed the book value of our shares.

We have issued shares in our DRP at a purchase price equal to the most recently disclosed estimated value per share of our common stock. The estimated value per share of our common stock is calculated as of a specific date and is expected to fluctuate over time in response to future events. If the actual book value of our shares is less than the price paid to purchase shares in our DRP, such purchases would be immediately dilutive for DRP participants.

Our board of directors determined an estimated value per share of $7.10 for our common stock as of June 30, 2018. You should not rely on the estimated value per share as being an accurate measure of the current value of shares of our common stock or in making an investment decision.

On November 28, 2018, our board of directors approved and established an estimated value per share of $7.10 for our common stock as of June 30, 2018. Our board of directors’ objective in determining the estimated value per share was to arrive at a value, based on the most recent data available, that it believed was reasonable. However, the market for commercial real estate assets can fluctuate quickly and substantially and values are expected to change in the future and may decrease. Also, our board of directors did not consider certain other factors, such as a liquidity discount.

As with any valuation methodology, the methodologies used to determine the estimated value per share are based upon a number of estimates and assumptions that may prove later to be inaccurate or incomplete. Further, different market participants using different assumptions and estimates could derive different estimated values. The estimated value per share may also not represent the price that the shares of our common stock would trade at on a national securities exchange, the amount realized in a sale, merger or liquidation or the amount a stockholder would realize in a private sale of shares.

The estimated value per share of our common stock was calculated as of a specific date and is expected to fluctuate over time in response to future events, including but not limited to, changes to commercial real estate values, particularly healthcare-related commercial real estate, changes in market interest rates for commercial real estate debt investments, changes in capitalization rates, rental and growth rates, changes in laws or regulations impacting the healthcare industry, demographic changes, returns on competing investments, changes in administrative expenses and other costs, the amount of distributions on our common stock, repurchases of our common stock, changes in the number of shares of our common stock outstanding, the proceeds obtained for any common stock transactions, local and national economic factors and the factors specified these risk factors. There is no assurance that the methodologies used to estimate value per share would be acceptable to the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc., or FINRA, or in compliance with the Employment Retirement Income Security Act, or ERISA, guidelines with respect to their reporting requirements.

No public trading market for our shares currently exists, and as a result, it will be difficult for stockholders to sell their shares and, if stockholders are able to sell their shares, stockholders will likely sell them at a substantial discount to the price paid for those shares.

Our charter does not require our board of directors to seek stockholder approval to liquidate our assets by a specified date, nor does our charter require us to list our shares for trading on a national securities exchange by a specified date or otherwise pursue a transaction to provide liquidity to stockholders. There is no public market for our shares and we currently have no plans to list our shares on a national securities exchange. Until our shares are listed, if ever, stockholders may not sell their shares unless the buyer meets the applicable suitability and minimum purchase standards. In addition, our charter prohibits the ownership of more than 9.8% in value of the aggregate of the outstanding shares of our stock of any class or series or more than 9.8% in value or number of shares, whichever is more restrictive, of the aggregate of the outstanding shares of our common stock, unless exempted by our board of directors, which may inhibit large investors from purchasing stockholders’ shares. Our Share Repurchase Program currently enables stockholders to sell their shares to us only in connection with the death or qualifying disability of a stockholder, as defined in our Share Repurchase Program. Further, share repurchases will be made at the sole discretion of our board of

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directors. In its sole discretion, our board of directors could amend, suspend or terminate our Share Repurchase Program at any time provided that any amendment that adversely affects the rights or obligations of a participant (as determined in the sole discretion of our board of directors) will only take effect upon ten-days prior written notice to stockholders except that changes in the number of shares that can be repurchased during any calendar year will only take effect upon ten-business days prior written notice. Therefore, it will be difficult for stockholders to sell their shares promptly or at all. If stockholders are able to sell their shares, stockholders would likely have to sell them at a substantial discount to the public Offering price paid for those shares. It is also likely that stockholders’ shares would not be accepted as the primary collateral for a loan. Because of the illiquid nature of our shares, stockholders should purchase our shares only as a long-term investment and be prepared to hold them for an indefinite period of time.

If we do not successfully implement a liquidity transaction, stockholders may have to hold their investments for an indefinite period.

Our charter does not require our board of directors to pursue a transaction providing liquidity to stockholders. If our board of directors determines to pursue a liquidity transaction, we would be under no obligation to conclude the process within a set time. If we adopt a plan of liquidation, the timing of the sale of assets will depend on real estate and financial markets, economic conditions in areas in which our investments are located and federal income tax effects on stockholders that may prevail in the future. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to liquidate all of our assets on favorable terms, if at all. In addition, we are not restricted from effecting a liquidity transaction with a Managed Company, which may result in certain conflicts of interest. If we do not pursue a liquidity transaction or delay such a transaction due to market conditions, our common stock may continue to be illiquid and stockholders may, for an indefinite period of time, be unable to convert stockholders’ shares to cash easily, if at all, and could suffer losses on their investment in our shares.

We are exposed to increases in interest rates, which could reduce our profitability and adversely impact our ability to refinance existing debt, sell assets or engage in investment activity, and our decision to hedge against interest rate risk might not be effective.

We receive a significant portion of our revenues by leasing assets under long-term triple-net leases that generally provide for fixed rental rates subject to annual escalations, while certain of our borrowings are floating rate obligations. The generally fixed rate nature of a significant portion of our revenues and the variable rate nature of certain of our borrowings creates interest rate risk. Although our operating assets provide a partial hedge against interest rate fluctuations, if interest rates rise, the costs of our existing floating rate borrowings and any new borrowings that we incur would increase. These increased costs could reduce our profitability, impair our ability to meet our debt obligations, or increase the cost of financing our investment activity. An increase in interest rates also could limit our ability to refinance existing debt upon maturity or cause us to pay higher rates upon refinancing, as well as decrease the amount that third parties are willing to pay for our assets, thereby limiting our ability to promptly reposition our portfolio in response to changes in economic or other conditions.

We may seek to manage our exposure to interest rate volatility with hedging arrangements that involve additional risks, including the risks that counterparties may fail to honor their obligations under these arrangements, that these arrangements may not be effective in reducing our exposure to interest rate changes, that the amount of income we earn from hedging transactions may be limited by federal tax provisions governing REITs, and that these arrangements may cause us to pay higher interest rates on our debt obligations than otherwise would be the case. Moreover, no amount of hedging activity can fully insulate us from the risks associated with changes in interest rates. Failure to hedge effectively against interest rate risk, if we choose to engage in such activities, could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Risks Related to Our Advisor

Our ability to achieve our investment objectives and to pay distributions depends in substantial part upon the performance of our Advisor.

Our ability to achieve our investment objectives and to pay distributions depends in substantial part upon the performance of our Advisor. Stockholders must rely entirely on the management abilities of our Advisor and the oversight of our board of directors. Our Advisor and its affiliates receive fees in connection with the management of our investments regardless of their quality or performance or the services provided. As a result, our Advisor may be incentivized to take actions that increase the amount of fees payable to it. In addition, our Sponsor, the parent company of our Advisor, is an internally-managed REIT and manages capital on behalf of itself, as well as institutional and retail investors in private funds, non-traded and traded REITs and registered investment companies and therefore faces assorted conflicts of interest that may influence its actions. Refer to “—Risks Related to Conflicts of Interest” below.

Our ability to operate our business successfully would be harmed if key personnel terminate their employment with our Sponsor.

Our success depends to a significant degree upon the contributions of key personnel at our Sponsor or its affiliates, such as the executive officers of our Sponsor and our officers, each of whom would be difficult to replace. We do not have employment

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agreements with any of our executive officers. If the management agreement with our Advisor were to be terminated, we may lose the services of our executive officers and other of our Sponsor’s investment professionals acting on our behalf.

Furthermore, we cannot assure stockholders that our key personnel will continue to be associated with our Sponsor or its affiliates in the future. If any of our executive officers ceased to be employed by our Sponsor, such individual may also no longer serve as one of our executive officers. Any change in our Sponsor’s relationship with any of our executive officers or other key personnel may be disruptive to our business and hinder our ability to implement our business strategy.

We believe that our future success depends, in large part, upon our Sponsor and its affiliates’ ability to hire and retain highly-skilled managerial, operational and marketing professionals. Competition for such professionals is intense, and our Sponsor and its affiliates may be unsuccessful in attracting and retaining such skilled individuals. Our Sponsor has adopted certain incentive plans to retain and attract the services of our key personnel; however, these incentive plans may be tied to the performance of our Sponsor’s common stock, which has been and may continue to be volatile. If our Sponsor loses or is unable to obtain the services of highly-skilled professionals, our ability to implement our investment strategies could be delayed or hindered and the value of our common stock may decline.

Our Sponsor, the parent company of our Advisor, continues to be subject to business uncertainties following the completion of the merger among Colony Capital, NorthStar Asset Management Group and NorthStar Realty, which could have an adverse impact on our business.

Uncertainty about the effect of the merger on employees, clients and business of Colony Capital may have an adverse effect on Colony Capital and subsequently on us and the other Managed Companies following the mergers. These uncertainties could disrupt Colony Capital’s business and impair its ability to attract, retain and motivate key personnel, and cause clients and others that deal with Colony Capital to seek to change existing business relationships, cease doing business with Colony Capital or cause potential new clients to delay doing business with Colony Capital. Retention and motivation of certain employees may be challenging due to the uncertainty and difficulty of integration or a desire not to remain with Colony Capital. We have experienced turnover in our management indirectly as a result of the mergers. As a result of the foregoing, management of our company may be adversely affected.

Any adverse changes in our Sponsor’s financial health, the public perception of our Sponsor, or our relationship with our Sponsor or its affiliates could hinder our operating performance and the return on stockholders’ investment.

We have engaged our Advisor to manage our operations and our investments. Neither we nor our Advisor has any employees and our Advisor utilizes the personnel of our Sponsor and its affiliates to perform services on its behalf for us. Our ability to achieve our investment objectives and to pay distributions is dependent upon the performance of our Sponsor and its affiliates, as well as our Sponsor’s investment professionals in the management of our assets and operation of our day-to-day activities.

Because our Sponsor is a publicly-traded company, any negative reaction by the stock market reflected in its stock price or deterioration in the public perception of our Sponsor or other Managed Companies that are publicly traded, such as NorthStar Realty Europe Corp. (NYSE: NRE) or Colony Credit Real Estate, Inc. (NYSE: CLNC), could result in an adverse effect on our ability to acquire or dispose of assets and obtain financing from third parties on favorable terms. Any adverse changes in our Sponsor’s financial condition or our relationship with our Sponsor, our Advisor and their respective affiliates could hinder our Advisor’s ability to successfully manage our operations and our portfolio of investments.

Our Sponsor may determine not to provide assistance, personnel support or other resources to our Advisor or us, which could impact our ability to achieve our investment objectives and pay distributions.

We rely on our Sponsor and its affiliates’ personnel and other support for the purposes of originating, acquiring and managing our investment portfolio. Our Sponsor, however, may determine not to provide assistance to our Advisor or us. Consequently, if our Sponsor and its professionals determine not to provide our Advisor or us with any assistance or other resources, we may not achieve the same success that we would expect to achieve with such assistance, personnel support and resources.

Further, in November 2018, our Sponsor announced a corporate restructuring and reorganization plan to reduce its annual compensation and administrative expenses over 12 to 18 months. This restructuring plan was designed to match resources that further align with our Sponsor’s increasing focus on its investment management business by, among other things, reducing its workforce globally by approximately 15%. There can be no assurance that the reductions our Sponsor has made are the right reductions for our business. There is a risk that the restructuring, cost savings initiatives and reduction in personnel will make it more difficult to manage our business and conduct our operations.

Our Sponsor may be subject to the actions of activist stockholders.

Our Sponsor has been and may continue to be the subject of increased activity by activist stockholders as stockholder activism generally is increasing. Responding to stockholder activism can be costly and time-consuming, disrupt our operations and divert the attention of our Sponsor’s management and key professionals from executing our business plan. Activist campaigns can create

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perceived uncertainties as to our future direction, strategy or leadership and may result in the loss of potential business opportunities and harm our ability to attract tenants/operators/managers and joint venture partners.

Payment of fees to our Advisor and its affiliates reduces cash available for investment and distribution and increases the risk that stockholders will not be able to recover the amount of their investment in our shares.

Our Advisor and its affiliates perform services for us in connection with the selection, acquisition, origination, management and administration of our investments. We pay them substantial fees for these services, which results in immediate dilution to the value of stockholders’ investment and reduces the value of cash available for investment or distribution to stockholders. We may increase the compensation we pay to our Advisor subject to approval by our board of directors and other limitations in our charter, which would further dilute stockholders’ investment and the amount of cash available for investment or distribution to stockholders.

Affiliates of our Advisor could also receive significant payments even without our reaching the investment-return thresholds should we seek to become self-managed. Due to the apparent preference of the public markets for self-managed companies, a decision to list our shares on a national securities exchange might well be preceded by a decision to become self-managed. Given our Advisor’s familiarity with our assets and operations, we might prefer to become self-managed by acquiring entities affiliated with our Advisor. Such an internalization transaction could result in significant payments to affiliates of our Advisor irrespective of whether stockholders received the returns on which we have conditioned incentive compensation.

Therefore, these fees increase the risk that the amount available for distribution to common stockholders upon a liquidation of our portfolio would be less than the purchase price of the shares in our Offering. These substantial fees and other payments also increase the risk that stockholders will not be able to resell their shares at a profit, even if our shares are listed on a national securities exchange.

Stockholders may be more likely to sustain a loss on their investment because our Sponsor does not have as strong an economic incentive to avoid losses as do sponsors who have made significant equity investments in their companies.

While our Sponsor has incurred substantial costs and devoted significant resources to support our business, as of December 31, 2018, our Sponsor has only invested $5.5 million in us through the purchase by its subsidiary (previously a subsidiary NorthStar Realty) of 0.6 million shares of our common stock, as well as another $9.0 million, or 1.1 million shares, through the payment of the advisory fee in our shares. As a result, our Sponsor has minimal exposure to loss in the value of our shares. Without greater exposure, stockholders may be at a greater risk of loss because our Sponsor does not have as much to lose from a decrease in the value of our shares as do those sponsors who make more significant equity investments in their sponsored companies.

If we terminate our advisory agreement with our Advisor, we may be required to pay significant fees to an affiliate of our Sponsor, which will reduce cash available for distribution to stockholders.

Upon termination of our advisory agreement for any reason, including for cause, our Advisor will be paid all accrued and unpaid fees and expense reimbursements earned prior to the date of termination. In addition, should we borrow money from an affiliate of our Sponsor under our revolving line of credit, or our Sponsor Loan, all of such borrowings would become immediately due and payable upon a termination of our Advisor.

If we internalize our management functions, stockholders’ interests in us could be diluted and we could incur other significant costs associated with being self-managed.

Our board of directors may decide in the future to internalize our management functions. If we do so, we may elect to negotiate to acquire our Advisor’s assets and/or to directly employ the personnel our Advisor or its affiliates use to perform services for us. Pursuant to our advisory agreement, we may not pay consideration to acquire our Advisor unless all of the consideration is payable in shares of our common stock and held in escrow by a third party and not released to our Advisor (or an affiliate thereof) until certain conditions are met. The payment of such consideration could result in dilution of the interests of stockholders and could reduce the net income and Modified Funds from Operations, or MFFO, attributable to our common stock.

Additionally, while we would no longer bear the costs of the various fees and expenses we expect to pay to our Advisor under our advisory agreement, our additional direct expenses would include general and administrative costs, including certain legal, accounting and other expenses related to corporate governance, SEC reporting and compliance matters that are borne by our Advisor. We would also be required to employ personnel and would be subject to potential liabilities commonly faced by employers, such as workers disability and compensation claims, potential labor disputes and other employee-related liabilities and grievances, as well as incur the compensation and benefits costs of our officers and other employees and consultants that are paid by our Advisor or its affiliates. We may issue equity awards to officers, employees and consultants, which awards would decrease net income and MFFO and may further dilute stockholders’ investments. We cannot reasonably estimate the amount of fees to our Advisor we would save or the costs we would incur if we became self-managed. If the expenses we assume as a result of an internalization are higher than the expenses we avoid paying to our Advisor, our net income and MFFO would be lower as a result of the internalization than it otherwise would have been, potentially decreasing the amount of cash available to distribute to stockholders and the value of our shares.

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Internalization transactions involving the acquisition of advisors affiliated with entity sponsors have also, in some cases, been the subject of litigation. We could be forced to spend significant amounts of money defending claims which would reduce the amount of funds available for us to invest and cash available to pay distributions.

If we internalize our management functions, we could have difficulty integrating these functions as a stand-alone entity. Currently, our Advisor and its affiliates perform asset management and general and administrative functions, including accounting and financial reporting, for multiple entities. These personnel have substantial know-how and experience which provides us with economies of scale. We may fail to properly identify the appropriate mix of personnel and capital needs to operate as a stand-alone entity. Certain key employees may not become employees of our Advisor but may instead remain employees of our Sponsor or its affiliates. An inability to manage an internalization transaction effectively could thus result in our incurring excess costs and suffering deficiencies in our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal control over financial reporting. Such deficiencies could cause us to incur additional costs and our management’s attention could be diverted from most effectively managing our investments.

Our Advisor is subject to extensive regulation, including as an investment adviser in the United States, which could adversely affect its ability to manage our business.

Certain of our Sponsor’s affiliates, including our Advisor, are subject to regulation as investment advisers and/or fund managers by various regulatory authorities that are charged with protecting the interests of the Managed Companies, including us. Instances of criminal activity and fraud by participants in the investment management industry and disclosures of trading and other abuses by participants in the financial services industry have led the U.S. government and regulators in foreign jurisdictions to consider increasing the rules and regulations governing, and oversight of, the financial system. This activity is expected to result in continued changes to the laws and regulations governing the investment management industry and more aggressive enforcement of the existing laws and regulations. Our Advisor could be subject to civil liability, criminal liability, or sanction, including revocation of its registration as an investment adviser in the United States, revocation of the licenses of its employees, censures, fines or temporary suspension or permanent bar from conducting business if it is found to have violated any of these laws or regulations. Any such liability or sanction could adversely affect its ability to manage our business.

Our Advisor must continually address conflicts between its interests and those of its Managed Companies, including us. In addition, the SEC and other regulators have increased their scrutiny of potential conflicts of interest. However, appropriately dealing with conflicts of interest is complex and difficult and if our Advisor fails, or appears to fail, to deal appropriately with conflicts of interest, it could face litigation or regulatory proceedings or penalties, any of which could adversely affect its ability to manage our business.

Risks Related to Conflicts of Interest

The fees we pay to our Advisor and its affiliates in connection with the management of our investments were not determined on an arm’s length basis; therefore, we do not have the benefit of arm’s length negotiations of the type normally conducted between unrelated parties.

The fees to be paid to our Advisor and other affiliates for services they provide for us were not determined on an arm’s length basis. As a result, the fees have been determined without the benefit of arm’s length negotiations of the type normally conducted between unrelated parties and may be in excess of amounts that we would otherwise pay to third parties for such services.

Our executive officers and our Advisor’s and its affiliates’ key professionals face conflicts of interest caused by their compensation arrangements with us, which could result in actions that are not in the long-term best interests of our company.

Our executive officers and the key investment professionals relied upon by our Advisor are also officers, directors and managers of certain of the Managed Companies. Our Advisor and its affiliates, directly or indirectly, receive substantial fees from us. These fees could influence the advice given to us by the key personnel of our Advisor and its affiliates, including our Advisor’s investment committee. Among other matters, these compensation arrangements could affect their judgment with respect to:

• the continuation, renewal or enforcement of our agreements with our Advisor and its affiliates, including our advisory agreement;

• sales of investments, which may entitle our Advisor to disposition fees;

• borrowings to originate or acquire investments, which borrowings which historically increased the fees payable to our Advisor;

• whether and when we seek to list our common stock on a national securities exchange, which listing could entitle NorthStar Healthcare Income OP Holdings, LLC, an affiliate of our Sponsor, or the Special Unit Holder, to have its interest in our operating partnership redeemed;

• whether we seek approval to internalize our management, which may entail acquiring assets from our Sponsor (such as office space, furnishings and technology costs) and employing our Advisor’s or its affiliates’ professionals performing

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services for us for consideration that would be negotiated at that time and may result in these investment professionals receiving more compensation from us than they currently receive from our Advisor or its affiliates; and

• whether and when we seek to sell our company or its assets, which may entitle the Special Unit Holder to a subordinated distribution.

The fees our Advisor receives in connection with transactions involving the acquisition or origination of an asset were based on the cost of the investment, and not based on the quality of the investment or the quality of the services rendered to us. In addition, the Special Unit Holder, an affiliate of our Advisor, may be entitled to certain distributions subject to our stockholders receiving a 6.75% cumulative, non-compounded annual pre-tax return. This may influence our Advisor and its affiliates’ key professionals to recommend riskier transactions to us.

In addition to the management fees we pay to our Advisor, we reimburse our Advisor for costs and expenses incurred on our behalf, including indirect personnel and employment costs of our Advisor and its affiliates and these costs and expenses may be substantial.

We pay our Advisor substantial fees for the services it provides to us and we also have an obligation to reimburse our Advisor for costs and expenses it incurs and pays on our behalf. Subject to certain limitations and exceptions, we reimburse our Advisor for both direct expenses as well as indirect costs, including personnel and employment costs of our Advisor, and its affiliates, which may include certain executive officers of our Advisor and its affiliates, as well as rental and occupancy, technology, office supplies, travel and entertainment and other general and administrative costs and expenses. The costs and expenses our Advisor incurs on our behalf, including the compensatory costs incurred by our Advisor and its affiliates, can be substantial. There are conflicts of interest that arise when our Advisor makes allocation determinations. For the year ended December 31, 2018, our Advisor allocated $12.6 million in costs and expenses to us.  Our Advisor could allocate costs and expenses to us in excess of what we anticipate and such costs and expenses could have an adverse effect on our financial performance and ability to make cash distributions to our stockholders.

Our organizational documents do not prevent us from buying assets from or selling assets to the Sponsor or another Managed Company or from paying our Advisor an acquisition fee or a disposition fee related to such a purchase or sale.

If we buy an asset from or sell an asset to the Sponsor or another Managed Company, our organizational documents would not prohibit us from paying our Advisor an acquisition fee or a disposition fee, as applicable. As a result, our Advisor may not have an incentive to pursue an independent third-party buyer, rather than us or the Sponsor or one of the other Managed Companies. Our charter does not require that such transaction be the most favorable transaction available or provide any other restrictions on our Advisor recommending a purchase or sale of assets among the Sponsor or the Managed Companies. As a result, our Advisor may earn an acquisition or disposition fee despite the transaction not being the most favorable to us or stockholders.

Professionals acting on behalf of our Advisor face competing demands relating to their time and this may cause our operations and stockholders’ investment to suffer.

Professionals acting on behalf of our Advisor that perform services for us are also executive officers or employees of our Sponsor and/or certain other Managed Companies. As a result of their interests in other Colony Capital entities and the fact that they engage in and they continue to engage in other business activities on behalf of themselves and others, these individuals face conflicts of interest in allocating their time among us, our Advisor and its affiliates, the other Managed Companies and other business activities in which they are involved. These conflicts of interest could result in less effective execution of our business plan as well as declines in the returns on our investments and the value of stockholders’ investment.

Our executive officers and our Advisor’s and its affiliates’ key investment professionals who perform services for us face conflicts of interest related to their positions and interests in our Advisor and its affiliates which could hinder our ability to implement our business strategy and to generate returns to stockholders.

Our executive officers and the key investment professionals of our Advisor and its affiliates, including members of our Advisor’s investment committee, who perform services for us may also be executive officers, directors and managers of our Advisor and its affiliates. As a result, they owe duties to each of these entities, their members and limited partners and investors, which duties may from time-to-time conflict with the fiduciary duties that they owe to us and stockholders. The loyalties of these individuals to other entities and investors could result in action or inaction that is detrimental to our business, which could harm the implementation of our business strategy and our investment opportunities. If we do not successfully implement our business strategy, we may be unable to generate the cash needed to make distributions to stockholders and to maintain or increase the value of our assets.

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Our Advisor faces conflicts of interest relating to performing services on our behalf and such conflicts may not be resolved in our favor, meaning that we could invest in less attractive assets, which could limit our ability to make distributions and reduce stockholders’ overall investment.

We rely on our Advisor’s and its affiliates’ investment professionals to identify suitable investment opportunities for our company as well as the other Managed Companies. Our investment strategy may be similar to that of, and may overlap with, the investment strategies of the other Managed Companies, as well as other companies, funds or vehicles that may be co-sponsored, co-branded and co-founded by, or subject to a strategic relationship between, our Sponsor or one of its affiliates, on the one hand, and a strategic or joint venture partner of our sponsor, or a partner, on the other. Therefore, many investment opportunities sourced by our Advisor or its affiliates or one or more of its partners that are suitable for us may also be suitable for other Managed Companies.

Our Advisor has adopted an allocation policy that provides that all investment opportunities sourced by associated persons of our Advisor are allocated among funds, vehicles or other strategic partners of Colony Capital based upon investment objectives, dedicated mandates, restrictions, risk profile and other relevant characteristics. In doing so, the Advisor considers, among other factors, the following:

• investment objectives, dedicated mandates, strategy and criteria;

• current and future cash requirements of the investment and the client;

• effect of the investment on the diversification of the portfolio, including by geography, size of investment, type of investment and risk of investment;

• leverage policy and the availability of financing for the investment by each client;

• anticipated cash flow of the investment to be acquired;

• income tax effects of the investment;

• the size of the investment;

• the amount of funds available for investment;

• ramp-up or draw-down periods;

• cost of capital;

• risk return profiles;

• targeted distribution rates;

• anticipated future pipeline of suitable investments;

• the expected holding period of the investment and the remaining term of the client, if applicable;

• legal, regulatory or tax considerations, including any conditions of an exemptive order; and

• affiliate and/or related party considerations.

A dedicated mandate may cause some clients of Colony Capital to have priority over certain other clients of Colony Capital for certain investments.

If, after consideration of the relevant factors, our Advisor and its affiliates determine that such investment is equally suitable for more than one company, the investment will be allocated on a rotating basis. If, after an investment has been allocated to a particular company, including us, a subsequent event or development, such as delays in structuring or closing on the investment, makes it, in the opinion of our Advisor and its affiliates, more appropriate for a different entity to fund the investment, our Advisor and its affiliates may determine to place the investment with the more appropriate entity while still giving credit to the original allocation. In certain situations, our Advisor and its affiliates may determine to allow more than one client, including us, and Colony Capital to co-invest in a particular investment. In discharging its duties under this allocation policy, our Advisor and its affiliates endeavor to allocate all investment opportunities among the Managed Companies and Colony Capital in a manner that is fair and equitable over time.

While these are the current procedures for allocating investment opportunities, Colony Capital or its affiliates may sponsor or co-sponsor additional investment vehicles in the future and, in connection with the creation of such investment vehicles or otherwise, our Advisor and its affiliates may revise this allocation policy. The result of such a revision to the allocation policy may, among other things, be to increase the number of parties who have the right to participate in investment opportunities sourced by our Advisor and its affiliates and/or partners, thereby reducing the number of investment opportunities available to us. Changes to the investment allocation policy that could adversely impact the allocation of investment opportunities to us in any material

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respect may be proposed by our Advisor and must be approved by our board of directors. In the event that our Advisor adopts a revised investment allocation policy that materially impacts our business, we will disclose this information in the reports we file publicly with the SEC, as appropriate.

The decision of how any potential investment should be allocated among us and other Managed Companies for which such investment may be most suitable may, in many cases, be a matter of highly subjective judgment which will be made by our Advisor and its affiliates in their sole discretion. Stockholders may not agree with the determination and such determination could have an adverse effect on our investment strategy. Our right to participate in the investment allocation process described above will terminate once we are no longer advised by our Advisor or its affiliates.

In addition, we may enter into principal transactions with our Advisor or its affiliates or cross-transactions with other Managed Companies or strategic vehicles. For certain cross-transactions, our Advisor may receive a fee from us or another Managed Company and conflicts may exist. There is no guarantee that any such transactions will be favorable to us. Because our interests and the interests of Sponsor and our Advisor may not be aligned, we may face conflicts of interest that result in action or inaction that is detrimental to us.

Risks Related to Our Company and Corporate Structure

We are subject to substantial litigation risks and may face significant liabilities and damage to our professional reputation as a result of litigation allegations and negative publicity.

In the ordinary course of business, we are subject to the risk of substantial litigation and face significant regulatory oversight. Such litigation and proceedings, including, among others, potential regulatory actions and shareholder class action suits, may result in defense costs, settlements, fines or judgments against us, some of which may not be covered by insurance. Due to the inherent uncertainties of litigation and regulatory proceedings, we cannot accurately predict the ultimate outcome of any such litigation or proceedings. An unfavorable outcome could negatively impact our cash flow, financial condition, results of operations and the value of our common stock.

In addition, we may be exposed to litigation or other adverse consequences where investments perform poorly and our investors experience losses. We depend to a large extent on our business relationships and our reputation for integrity and high-caliber professional services to pursue investment opportunities. As a result, allegations of improper conduct by private litigants or regulators, regardless of merit and whether the ultimate outcome is favorable or unfavorable to us, as well as negative publicity and press speculation about us or our investment activities, whether or not valid, may harm our reputation, which may be more damaging to our business than to other types of businesses.

We are subject to substantial regulation, numerous contractual obligations and extensive internal policies and failure to comply with these matters could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We and our subsidiaries are subject to substantial regulation, numerous contractual obligations and extensive internal policies. Given our organizational structure, we are subject to regulation by the SEC, FINRA, IRS, and other federal, state and local governmental bodies and agencies and state blue sky laws. These regulations are extensive, complex and require substantial management time and attention. If we fail to comply with any of the regulations that apply to our business, we could be subjected to extensive investigations as well as substantial penalties and our business and operations could be materially adversely affected. We also expect to have numerous contractual obligations that we must adhere to on a continuous basis to operate our business, the default of which could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition. Our internal policies may not be effective in all regards and, further, if we fail to comply with our internal policies, we could be subjected to additional risk and liability.

Our rights and the rights of stockholders to recover claims against our independent directors are limited, which could reduce stockholders’ and our recovery against them if they negligently cause us to incur losses.

Maryland law provides that a director has no liability in that capacity if he or she performs his or her duties in good faith, in a manner he or she reasonably believes to be in our best interests and with the care that an ordinarily prudent person in a like position would use under similar circumstances. Our charter generally provides that: (i) no director shall be liable to us or stockholders for monetary damages (provided that such director satisfies certain applicable criteria); (ii) we will indemnify non-independent directors for losses unless they are negligent or engage in misconduct; and (iii) we will indemnify independent directors for losses unless they are grossly negligent or engage in willful misconduct. As a result, stockholders and we may have more limited rights against our independent directors than might otherwise exist under common law, which could reduce stockholders’ and our recovery from these persons if they act in a negligent manner. In addition, we may be obligated to fund the defense costs incurred by our independent directors (as well as by our other directors, officers, employees (if we ever have employees) and agents) in some cases, which would decrease the cash otherwise available for distribution to stockholders.

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We are highly dependent on information systems and systems failures could significantly disrupt our business.

As a commercial real estate company, our business is highly dependent on information technology systems, including systems provided by our Sponsor and third parties for which we have no control. Various measures have been implemented to manage our risks related to the information technology systems, but any failure or interruption of our systems could cause delays or other problems in our activities, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial performance. Potential sources for disruption, damage or failure of our information technology systems include, without limitation, computer viruses, security breaches, human error, cyber attacks, natural disasters and defects in design.

Failure to implement effective information and cyber security policies, procedures and capabilities could disrupt our business and harm our results of operations.

We have been, and likely will continue to be, subject to computer hacking, acts of vandalism or theft, malware, computer viruses or other malicious codes, phishing, employee error or malfeasance, catastrophes, unforeseen events or other cyber-attacks. To date, we have seen no material impact on our business or operations from these attacks or events. Any future externally caused information security incident, such as a hacker attack, virus or worm, or an internally caused issue, such as failure to control access to sensitive systems, could materially interrupt business operations or cause disclosure or modification of sensitive or confidential information and could result in material financial loss, loss of competitive position, regulatory actions, breach of contracts, reputational harm or legal liability. We are dependent on the effectiveness of our information and cyber security policies, procedures and capabilities to protect our computer and telecommunications systems and the data that resides on or is transmitted through them. The ever-evolving threats mean we and our third-party service providers and vendors must continually evaluate and adapt our respective systems and processes and overall security environment. There is no guarantee that these measures will be adequate to safeguard against all data security breaches, system compromises or misuses of data. In addition, as the regulatory environment related to information security, data collection and use, and privacy becomes increasingly rigorous, with new and constantly changing requirements applicable to our business, compliance with those requirements could also result in additional costs.

We depend on third-party contractors and vendors and our results of operations could suffer if our third-party contractors and vendors fail to perform or if we fail to manage them properly.

We use third-party contractors and vendors including, but not limited to, our external legal counsel, auditors, research firms, property managers, appraisers, insurance brokers, environmental engineering consultants, construction consultants, financial printers, proxy solicitation firms and transfer agent. If our third-party contractors and vendors fail to successfully perform the tasks for which they have been engaged to complete, either as a result of their own negligence or fault, or due to our failure to properly supervise any such contractors or vendors, we could incur liabilities as a result and our results of operations and financial condition could be negatively impacted.

The use of estimates and valuations may be different from actual results, which could have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.

We make various estimates that affect reported amounts and disclosures. Broadly, those estimates are used in measuring the fair value of certain financial instruments, establishing provision for loan losses and potential litigation liability. Market volatility may make it difficult to determine the fair value for certain of our assets and liabilities. Subsequent valuations, in light of factors then prevailing, may result in significant changes in the values of these financial instruments in future periods. In addition, at the time of any sales and settlements of these assets and liabilities, the price we ultimately realize will depend on the demand and liquidity in the market at that time for that particular type of asset and may be materially lower than our estimate of their current fair value. Estimates are based on available information and judgment. Therefore, actual values and results could differ from our estimates and that difference could have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial statements.

We provide stockholders with information using funds from operations, or FFO, and MFFO, which are not in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, or non-GAAP, financial measures that may not be meaningful for comparing the performances of different REITs and that have certain other limitations.

We provide stockholders with information using FFO and MFFO which are non-GAAP measures, as additional measures of our operating performance. We compute FFO in accordance with the standards established by National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts, or NAREIT. We compute MFFO in accordance with the definition established by the Investment Program Association, or the IPA. However, our computation of FFO and MFFO may not be comparable to other REITs that do not calculate FFO or MFFO using these definitions without further adjustments.

Neither FFO nor MFFO is equivalent to net income or cash generated from operating activities determined in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, or U.S. GAAP, and should not be considered as an alternative to net income, as an indicator of our operating performance or as an alternative to cash flow from operating activities as a measure of our liquidity.

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We may change our targeted investments and investment guidelines without stockholder consent.

Our board of directors may change our targeted investments and investment guidelines at any time without the consent of stockholders, which could result in our making investments that are different from, and possibly riskier than the investments described in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. A change in our targeted investments or investment guidelines may increase our exposure to interest rate risk, default risk and real estate market fluctuations, all of which could adversely affect the value of our common stock and our ability to make distributions to stockholders.

We have broad authority to use leverage and high levels of leverage could hinder our ability to make distributions and decrease the value of stockholders’ investment.

Our charter does not limit us from utilizing financing until our borrowings exceed 300% of our net assets, which is generally expected to approximate 75% of the aggregate cost of our investments, including cash, before deducting loan loss reserves, other non-cash reserves and depreciation. Further, we can incur financings in excess of this limitation with the approval of a majority of our independent directors. High leverage levels would cause us to incur higher interest charges and higher debt service payments and the agreements governing our borrowings may also include restrictive covenants. These factors could limit the amount of cash we have available to distribute to stockholders and could result in a decline in the value of stockholders’ investment.

Our ability to make distributions is limited by the requirements of Maryland law.

Our ability to make distributions on our common stock is limited by the laws of Maryland. Under applicable Maryland law, a Maryland corporation may not make a distribution if, after giving effect to the distribution, the corporation would not be able to pay its liabilities as the liabilities become due in the usual course of business, or generally if the corporation’s total assets would be less than the sum of its total liabilities plus the amount that would be needed if the corporation were dissolved at the time of the distribution, to satisfy the preferential rights upon dissolution of the stockholders whose preferential rights are superior to those receiving the distribution. Accordingly, we may not make a distribution on our common stock if, after giving effect to the distribution, we would not be able to pay our liabilities as they become due in the usual course of business or generally if our total assets would be less than the sum of our total liabilities plus the amount that would be needed to satisfy the preferential rights upon dissolution of the holders of shares of any class or series of preferred stock then outstanding, if any, with preferences senior to those of our common stock.

Stockholders have limited control over changes in our policies and operations, which increases the uncertainty and risks they face as stockholders.

Our board of directors determines our major policies, including our policies regarding growth, REIT qualification and distributions. Our board of directors may amend or revise these and other policies without a vote of the stockholders. We may change our investment policies without stockholder notice or consent, which could result in investments that are different than, or in different proportion than, those described in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Under the Maryland General Corporation Law, or MGCL, and our charter, stockholders have a right to vote only on limited matters. Our board of directors’ broad discretion in setting policies and stockholders’ inability to exert control over those policies increases the uncertainty and risks stockholders face. Under MGCL, and our charter, stockholders have a right to vote only on:

• the election or removal of directors;

• amendment of our charter, except that our board of directors may amend our charter without stockholder approval to (i) increase or decrease the aggregate number of our shares of stock of any class or series that we have the authority to issue; (ii) effect certain reverse stock splits; and (iii) change our name or the name or other designation or the par value of any class or series of our stock and the aggregate par value of our stock;

• our liquidation or dissolution;

• certain reorganizations of our company, as provided in our charter; and

• certain mergers, consolidations or sales or other dispositions of all or substantially all our assets, as provided in our charter.

Pursuant to Maryland law, all matters other than the election or removal of a director must be declared advisable by our board of directors prior to a stockholder vote. Our board of directors’ broad discretion in setting policies and stockholders’ inability to exert control over those policies increases the uncertainty and risks stockholders face.

Stockholders’ interests in us will be diluted if we issue additional shares, which could reduce the overall value of stockholders’ investment.

Stockholders do not have preemptive rights to any shares we issue in the future. Our charter authorizes us to issue a total of 450.0 million shares of capital stock, of which 400.0 million shares are classified as common stock and 50.0 million shares are classified as preferred stock. Our board of directors may amend our charter from time to time to increase or decrease the number of authorized shares of capital stock or the number of shares of stock of any class or series that we have authority to issue without

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stockholder approval. Our board of directors may elect to: (i) sell additional shares in a future public offering; (ii) issue equity interests in private offerings; (iii) issue shares to our Advisor, or its successors or assigns, in payment of an outstanding fee obligation; (iv) issue shares of our common stock to sellers of assets we acquire in connection with an exchange of limited partnership interests of our operating partnership; or (v) issue shares of our common stock to pay distributions to existing stockholders. To the extent we issue additional equity interests, stockholders’ percentage ownership interest in us will be diluted. In addition, depending upon the terms and pricing of any additional offerings and the value of our investments, stockholders may also experience dilution in the book value and fair value of their shares.

Our charter permits our board of directors to issue stock with terms that may subordinate the rights of our common stockholders or discourage a third party from acquiring us in a manner that could result in a premium price to stockholders.

Our board of directors may classify or reclassify any unissued common stock or preferred stock into other classes or series of stock and establish the preferences, conversion or other rights, voting powers, restrictions, limitations as to dividends or other distributions, qualifications and terms and conditions of redemption of any such stock. Thus, our board of directors could authorize the issuance of preferred stock with priority as to distributions and amounts payable upon liquidation over the rights of the holders of our common stock. Such preferred stock could also have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of us, including an extraordinary transaction (such as a merger, tender offer or sale of all or substantially all of our assets) that might provide a premium price to holders of our common stock. Our board of directors may determine to issue different classes of stock that have different fees and commissions from those being paid with respect to the shares sold in our Offering. Additionally, our board of directors may amend our charter from time to time to increase or decrease the aggregate number of authorized shares of stock or the number of authorized shares of any class or series of stock without stockholder approval.

Certain provisions of Maryland law may limit the ability of a third party to acquire control of us.

Certain provisions of the MGCL may have the effect of inhibiting a third-party from acquiring us or of impeding a change of control under circumstances that otherwise could provide our common stockholders with the opportunity to realize a premium over the then-prevailing market price of such shares, including:

• “business combination” provisions that, subject to limitations, prohibit certain business combinations between an “interested stockholder” (defined generally as any person who beneficially owns, directly or indirectly, 10% or more of the voting power of our outstanding shares of voting stock or an affiliate or associate of the corporation who, at any time within the two-year period immediately prior to the date in question, was the beneficial owner, directly or indirectly, of 10% or more of the voting power of the then outstanding stock of the corporation) or an affiliate of any interested stockholder and us for five years after the most recent date on which the stockholder becomes an interested stockholder, and thereafter imposes two super-majority stockholder voting requirements on these combinations; and

• “control share” provisions that provide that holders of “control shares” of our company (defined as voting shares of stock that, if aggregated with all other shares of stock owned or controlled by the acquirer, would entitle the acquirer to exercise one of three increasing ranges of voting power in electing directors) acquired in a “control share acquisition” (defined as the direct or indirect acquisition of issued and outstanding “control shares”) have no voting rights except to the extent approved by stockholders by the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of all of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter, excluding all interested shares.

Pursuant to the Maryland Business Combination Act, our board of directors has by resolution opted out of the business combination provisions. Our bylaws contain a provision exempting from the Maryland Control Share Acquisition Act any and all acquisitions by any person of shares of our stock. There can be no assurance that these resolutions or exemptions will not be amended or eliminated at any time in the future.

Our charter includes a provision that may discourage a person from launching a mini-tender offer for our shares.

Our charter provides that any tender offer made by a person, including any “mini-tender” offer, must comply with most provisions of Regulation 14D of the Exchange Act. A “mini-tender offer” is a public, open offer to all stockholders to buy their stock during a specified period of time that will result in the bidder owning less than 5% of the class of securities upon completion of the mini-tender offer process. Absent such a provision in our charter, mini-tender offers for shares of our common stock would not be subject to Regulation 14D of the Exchange Act. Tender offers, by contrast, result in the bidder owning more than 5% of the class of securities and are automatically subject to Regulation 14D of the Exchange Act. Pursuant to our charter, the offeror must provide our company notice of such tender offer at least ten business days before initiating the tender offer. If the offeror does not comply with these requirements, our company will have the right to repurchase the offeror’s shares, including any shares acquired in the tender offer. In addition, the noncomplying offeror shall be responsible for all of our company’s expenses in connection with that offeror’s noncompliance and no stockholder may transfer any shares to such noncomplying offeror without first offering the shares to us at the tender offer price offered by such noncomplying offeror. This provision of our charter may discourage a person from initiating a mini-tender offer for our shares and prevent stockholders from receiving a premium price for their shares in such a transaction.

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Our umbrella partnership real estate investment trust, or UPREIT, structure may result in potential conflicts of interest with limited partners in our operating partnership whose interests may not be aligned with those of stockholders.

Limited partners in our operating partnership have the right to vote on certain amendments to the partnership agreement, as well as on certain other matters. Persons holding such voting rights may exercise them in a manner that conflicts with the interests of stockholders. As general partner of our operating partnership, we are obligated to act in a manner that is in the best interest of our operating partnership. Circumstances may arise in the future when the interests of limited partners in our operating partnership may conflict with the interests of stockholders. These conflicts may be resolved in a manner stockholders do not believe are in their best interests.

In addition, the Special Unit Holder is an affiliate of our Sponsor and, as the special limited partner in our operating partnership may be entitled to: (i) certain cash distributions upon the disposition of certain of our operating partnership’s assets; or (ii) a one-time payment in the form of cash or shares in connection with the redemption of the special units upon the occurrence of a listing of our shares on a national stock exchange or certain events that result in the termination or non-renewal of our advisory agreement. In addition, through our Sponsor’s long-term partnership with Mr. Flaherty, Mr. Flaherty is entitled to receive one-third of any distributions received by the Special Unit Holder upon the disposition of certain of our operating partnership’s assets. The Special Unit Holder will only become entitled to the compensation after stockholders have received, in the aggregate, cumulative distributions equal to their invested capital plus a 6.75% cumulative, non-compounded annual pre-tax return on such invested capital. This potential obligation to make substantial payments to the holder of the special units would reduce the overall return to stockholders to the extent such return exceeds 6.75%.

Risks Related to Regulatory Matters and Our REIT Tax Status

Maintenance of our Investment Company Act exemption imposes limits on our operations.

Neither we, nor our operating partnership, nor any of the subsidiaries of our operating partnership intend to register as an investment company under the Investment Company Act. We intend to make investments and conduct our operations so that we are not required to register as an investment company. If we were obligated to register as an investment company, we would have to comply with a variety of substantive requirements under the Investment Company Act that impose, among other things:

• limitations on capital structure;

• restrictions on specified investments;

• prohibitions on transactions with affiliates; and

• compliance with reporting, recordkeeping, voting, proxy disclosure and other rules and regulations that would significantly increase our operating expenses.

Section 3(a)(1)(A) of the Investment Company Act defines an investment company as any issuer that is or holds itself out as being engaged primarily in the business of investing, reinvesting or trading in securities. Section 3(a)(1)(C) of the Investment Company Act defines an investment company as any issuer that is engaged or proposes to engage in the business of investing, reinvesting, owning, holding or trading in securities and owns or proposes to acquire investment securities having a value exceeding 40% of the value of the issuer’s total assets (exclusive of U.S. government securities and cash items) on an unconsolidated basis, which we refer to as the 40% test. Excluded from the term “investment securities,” among other things, are U.S. government securities and securities issued by majority-owned subsidiaries that are not themselves investment companies and are not relying on the exception from the definition of investment company set forth in Section 3(c)(1) or Section 3(c)(7) of the Investment Company Act. Moreover, we take the position that general partnership interests in joint ventures structured as general partnerships are not considered securities at all and thus are not investment securities.

Because we are a holding company that conducts its businesses through subsidiaries, the securities issued by our subsidiaries that rely on the exception from the definition of “investment company” in Section 3(c)(1) or 3(c)(7) of the Investment Company Act, together with any other investment securities we may own directly, may not have a combined value in excess of 40% of the value of our total assets (exclusive of U.S. government securities and cash items) on an unconsolidated basis. This requirement limits the types of businesses in which we may engage through these subsidiaries.

We must monitor our holdings and those of our operating partnership to ensure that they comply with the 40% test. Through our operating partnership’s wholly owned or majority-owned subsidiaries, we and our operating partnership will be primarily engaged in the non-investment company businesses of these subsidiaries, namely the business of purchasing real estate properties or otherwise originating or acquiring mortgages and other interests in real estate.

Most of these subsidiaries will rely on the exclusion from the definition of an investment company under Section 3(c)(5)(C) of the Investment Company Act, which is available for entities “primarily engaged in the business of purchasing or otherwise acquiring mortgages and other liens on and interests in real estate.” This exclusion generally requires that at least 55% of a subsidiary’s portfolio must be qualifying real estate assets and at least 80% of its portfolio must be qualifying real estate assets

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and real estate-related assets (and no more than 20% can be miscellaneous assets). Qualification for exclusion from registration under the Investment Company Act will limit our ability to acquire or sell certain assets and also could restrict the time at which we may acquire or sell assets. For purposes of the exclusion provided by Section 3(c)(5)(C), we will classify our investments based in large measure on no-action letters issued by the SEC staff and other SEC interpretive guidance and, in the absence of SEC guidance, on our view of what constitutes a qualifying real estate asset and a real estate related asset. These no-action positions were issued in accordance with factual situations that may be substantially different from the factual situations we may face, and a number of these no-action positions were issued more than thirty years ago. In August 2011, the SEC issued a concept release in which it asked for comments on various aspects of Section 3(c)(5)(C), and, accordingly, the SEC or its staff may issue further guidance in the future. Future revisions to the Investment Company Act or further guidance from the SEC or its staff may force us to re-evaluate our portfolio and our investment strategy.

We may in the future organize special purpose subsidiaries of the operating partnership that will borrow under or participate in government sponsored incentive programs to the extent they exist. We expect that some of these subsidiaries will rely on Section 3(c)(7) for their Investment Company Act exemption and, therefore, our operating partnership’s interest in each of these subsidiaries would constitute an “investment security” for purposes of determining whether the operating partnership passes the 40% test. Also, we may in the future organize one or more subsidiaries that seek to rely on the Investment Company Act exemption provided to certain structured financing vehicles by Rule 3a-7. Any such subsidiary would need to be structured to comply with any guidance that may be issued by the SEC staff on the restrictions contained in Rule 3a-7. In certain circumstances, compliance with Rule 3a-7 may require, among other things, that the indenture governing the subsidiary include limitations on the types of assets the subsidiary may sell or acquire out of the proceeds of assets that mature, are refinanced or otherwise sold, on the period of time during which such transactions may occur, and on the amount of transactions that may occur.

The loss of our Investment Company Act exemption could require us to register as an investment company or substantially change the way we conduct our business, either of which may have an adverse effect on us and the value of our common stock.

On August 31, 2011, the SEC published a concept release (Release No. 29778, File No. S7-34-11, Companies Engaged in the Business of Acquiring Mortgages and Mortgage Related Instruments), pursuant to which it is reviewing whether certain companies that invest in mortgage-backed securities and rely on the exclusion from registration under Section 3(c)(5)(C) of the Investment Company Act, such as us, should continue to be allowed to rely on such an exclusion from registration. If the SEC or its staff takes action with respect to this exclusion, these changes could mean that certain of our subsidiaries could no longer rely on the Section 3(c)(5)(C) exclusion, and would have to rely on Section 3(c)(1) or 3(c)(7), which would mean that our investment in those subsidiaries would be investment securities. This could result in our failure to maintain our exemption from registration as an investment company.

If we fail to maintain an exemption, exception or other exclusion from registration as an investment company, either because of SEC interpretational changes or otherwise, we could, among other things, be required either: (i) to substantially change the manner in which we conduct our operations to avoid being required to register as an investment company; or (ii) to register as an investment company, either of which could have an adverse effect on us and the value of our common stock. If we are required to register as an investment company under the Investment Company Act, we would become subject to substantial regulation with respect to our capital structure (including our ability to use leverage), management, operations, transactions with affiliated persons (as defined in the Investment Company Act), portfolio composition, including restrictions with respect to diversification and industry concentration and other matters.

Our failure to continue to qualify as a REIT would subject us to federal income tax.

We elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code commencing with the taxable year ended December 31, 2013. We intend to continue to operate in a manner so as to continue to qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes. Qualification as a REIT involves the application of highly technical and complex Internal Revenue Code provisions for which only a limited number of judicial and administrative interpretations exist. Even an inadvertent or technical mistake could jeopardize our REIT status. Our continued qualification as a REIT will depend on our satisfaction of certain asset, income, organizational, distribution, stockholder ownership and other requirements on a continuing basis. Moreover, new tax legislation, administrative guidance or court decisions, in each instance potentially with retroactive effect, could make it more difficult or impossible for us to continue to qualify as a REIT. If we fail to continue to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, we would be subject to federal and applicable state and local income tax on our taxable income at corporate rates, in which case we might be required to borrow or liquidate some investments in order to pay the applicable tax. Losing our REIT status would reduce our net income available for investment because of the additional tax liability. In addition, distributions, if any, to stockholders would no longer qualify for the dividends-paid deduction. Furthermore, if we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year for which we have elected to be taxed as a REIT, we would generally be unable to elect REIT status for the four taxable years following the year in which our REIT status is lost.

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Complying with REIT requirements may force us to borrow funds to make distributions to stockholders or otherwise depend on external sources of capital to fund such distributions.

To continue to qualify as a REIT, we are required to distribute annually at least 90% of our taxable income, if any, subject to certain adjustments, to stockholders. To the extent that we satisfy the distribution requirement, but distribute less than 100% of our taxable income, if any, we will be subject to federal corporate income tax on our undistributed taxable income. In addition, we may elect to retain and pay income tax on our net long-term capital gain. In that case, a stockholder would be taxed on its proportionate share of our undistributed long-term gain and would receive a credit or refund for its proportionate share of the tax we paid. A stockholder, including a tax-exempt or foreign stockholder, would have to file a federal income tax return to claim that credit or refund. Furthermore, we will be subject to a 4% nondeductible excise tax if the actual amount that we distribute to stockholders in a calendar year is less than a minimum amount specified under federal tax laws. We did not have any taxable income in 2018, and do not currently expect to have any taxable income in 2019. Therefore, we do not currently expect that we will be required to make distributions in order to satisfy the REIT distribution requirements and we do not currently expect to make distributions for the foreseeable future.

If we do not have other funds available to make any required distributions, we could be required to borrow funds on unfavorable terms, sell investments at disadvantageous prices or find another alternative source of funds to make distributions sufficient to enable us to distribute enough of our taxable income to satisfy the REIT distribution requirement and to avoid corporate income tax and the 4% excise tax in a particular year. These alternatives could increase our costs or reduce our equity.

Despite our qualification for taxation as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, we may be subject to other tax liabilities that reduce our cash flow.

Despite our qualification for taxation as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, we may be subject to certain federal, state and local taxes on our income and assets, including taxes on any undistributed income or property. Any of these taxes would decrease cash available for distribution to stockholders. For instance:

• In order to continue to qualify as a REIT, we must distribute annually at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (which is determined without regard to the dividends-paid deduction or net capital gain for this purpose), if any, to stockholders. To the extent that we satisfy the distribution requirement but distribute less than 100% of our REIT taxable income, if any, we will be subject to federal corporate income tax on the undistributed income.

• We will be subject to a 4% nondeductible excise tax on the amount, if any, by which distributions we pay in any calendar year are less than the sum of 85% of our ordinary income, 95% of our capital gain net income and 100% of our undistributed income from prior years.

• If we have net income from the sale of foreclosure property that we hold primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business or other non-qualifying income from foreclosure property, we must pay a tax on that income at the highest corporate income tax rate.

• If we sell an asset, other than foreclosure property, that we hold primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business and do not qualify for a safe harbor in the Internal Revenue Code, our gain would be subject to the 100% “prohibited transaction” tax.

• Any domestic TRS of ours will be subject to federal corporate income tax on its income and on any non-arm’s-length transactions between us and any TRS, for instance, excessive rents charged to a TRS could be subject to a 100% tax.

• If a domestic TRS borrows funds either from us or a third party, it may be unable to deduct all or a portion of the interest paid, resulting in a higher corporate-level tax liability. Specifically, the TCJA imposes a disallowance of deductions for business interest expense (even if paid to third parties) in excess of the sum of a taxpayer’s business interest income and 30% of the adjusted taxable income of the business, which is its taxable income computed without regard to business interest income or expense, net operating losses or the pass-through income deduction (and for taxable years before 2022, excludes depreciation and amortization).

• We may be subject to tax on income from certain activities conducted as a result of taking title to collateral.

• We may be subject to state or local income, property and transfer taxes, such as mortgage recording taxes.

Complying with REIT requirements may cause us to forego otherwise attractive opportunities or liquidate otherwise attractive investments.

To continue to qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, we must continually satisfy tests concerning, among other things, the sources of our income, the nature and diversification of our assets, the amounts we distribute to stockholders and the ownership of our stock. As discussed above, to the extent we have taxable income, we may be required to make distributions to stockholders at disadvantageous times or when we do not have funds readily available for distribution. Additionally, we may be unable to pursue investments that would be otherwise attractive to us in order to satisfy the requirements for qualifying as a REIT.

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We must also ensure that at the end of each calendar quarter at least 75% of the value of our assets consists of cash, cash items, government securities and qualified real estate assets, including certain mortgage loans and mortgage-backed securities. The remainder of our investment in securities (other than government securities and qualified real estate assets) generally cannot include more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of any one issuer or more than 10% of the total value of the outstanding securities of any one issuer. In addition, in general, no more than 5% of the value of our assets can consist of the securities of any one issuer (other than government securities and qualified real estate assets) and no more than 20% (25% for our 2017 and prior taxable years) of the value of our total securities can be represented by securities of one or more TRSs. Finally, no more than 25% of our assets may consist of debt instruments that are issued by “publicly offered REITs” and could not otherwise be treated as qualifying real estate assets. If we fail to comply with these requirements at the end of any calendar quarter, we must correct such failure within 30 days after the end of the calendar quarter to avoid losing our REIT status and suffering adverse tax consequences, unless certain relief provisions apply. As a result, compliance with the REIT requirements may hinder our ability to operate solely on the basis of profit maximization and may require us to liquidate investments from our portfolio, or refrain from making, otherwise attractive investments. These actions could have the effect of reducing our income.

Complying with REIT requirements may limit our ability to hedge effectively.

The REIT provisions of the Internal Revenue Code may limit our ability to hedge our operations effectively. Our aggregate gross income from non-qualifying hedges, fees and certain other non-qualifying sources cannot exceed 5% of our annual gross income. As a result, we might have to limit our use of advantageous hedging techniques or implement those hedges through a TRS. Any hedging income earned by a TRS would be subject to federal, state and local income tax at regular corporate rates. This could increase the cost of our hedging activities or expose us to greater risks associated with interest rate or other changes than we would otherwise incur.

Liquidation of assets may jeopardize our REIT qualification.

To continue to qualify as a REIT, we must comply with requirements regarding our assets and our sources of income. If we are compelled to liquidate our investments to satisfy our obligations to our lenders, we may be unable to comply with these requirements, ultimately jeopardizing our qualification as a REIT, or we may be subject to a 100% prohibited transaction tax on any resulting gain if we sell assets that are treated as dealer property or inventory.

The prohibited transactions tax may limit our ability to engage in transactions, including disposition of assets and certain methods of securitizing loans, which would be treated as sales for federal income tax purposes.

A REIT’s net income from prohibited transactions is subject to a 100% tax. In general, prohibited transactions are sales or other dispositions of dealer property, other than foreclosure property, but include loans held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business. We might be subject to the prohibited transaction tax if we were to dispose of or securitize loans in a manner that is treated as a sale of the loans, for federal income tax purposes. Therefore, in order to avoid the prohibited transactions tax, we may choose not to engage in certain sales of loans and may limit the structures we use for any securitization financing transactions, even though such sales or structures might otherwise be beneficial to us. Additionally, we may be subject to the prohibited transaction tax upon a disposition of real property. Although a safe-harbor exception to prohibited transaction treatment is available, we cannot assure stockholders that we can comply with such safe harbor or that we will avoid owning property that may be characterized as held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of our trade or business. Consequently, we may choose not to engage in certain sales of real property or may conduct such sales through a TRS.

It may be possible to reduce the impact of the prohibited transaction tax by conducting certain activities through a TRS. However, to the extent that we engage in such activities through a TRS, the income associated with such activities will be subject to a corporate income tax.

We also may not be able to use secured financing structures that would create taxable mortgage pools, other than in a TRS, or through a subsidiary REIT.

We may recognize substantial amounts of REIT taxable income, which we would be required to distribute to stockholders, in a year in which we are not profitable under U.S. GAAP or other economic measures.

We may recognize substantial amounts of REIT taxable income in years in which we are not profitable under U.S. GAAP or other economic measures as a result of the differences between U.S. GAAP and tax accounting methods. For instance, certain of our assets will be marked to market for U.S. GAAP purposes but not for tax purposes, which could result in losses for U.S. GAAP purposes that are not recognized in computing our REIT taxable income. Additionally, we may deduct our capital losses only to the extent of our capital gains in computing our REIT taxable income for a given taxable year. Consequently, we could recognize substantial amounts of REIT taxable income and would be required to distribute such income to stockholders, in a year in which we are not profitable under U.S. GAAP or other economic measures.

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REIT distribution requirements could adversely affect our ability to execute our business plan.

We generally must distribute annually at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (which is determined without regard to the dividends-paid deduction or net capital gain for this purpose), if any, in order to continue to qualify as a REIT. We did not have any taxable income in 2018, and do not currently expect to have any taxable income in 2019. Therefore, we do not currently expect that we will be required to make distributions in order to satisfy the REIT distribution requirements and we do not currently expect to make distributions for the foreseeable future. However, we intend to make distributions to stockholders if necessary to comply with the REIT requirements of the Internal Revenue Code and to avoid corporate income tax and the 4% excise tax. We may be required to make any such distributions to stockholders at times when it would be more advantageous to reinvest cash in our business or when we do not have funds readily available for distribution. Thus, compliance with the REIT requirements may hinder our ability to operate solely on the basis of maximizing profits.

Our qualification as a REIT could be jeopardized as a result of our interest in joint ventures or investment funds.

We have acquired, and in the future may acquire, limited partner or non-managing member interests in partnerships and limited liability companies that are joint ventures or investment funds. If a partnership or limited liability company in which we own an interest takes or expects to take actions that could jeopardize our qualification as a REIT or require us to pay tax, we may be forced to dispose of our interest in such entity. In addition, it is possible that a partnership or limited liability company could take an action which could cause us to fail a REIT gross income or asset test, and that we would not become aware of such action in time to dispose of our interest in the partnership or limited liability company or take other corrective action on a timely basis. In that case, we could fail to continue to qualify as a REIT unless we are able to qualify for a statutory REIT “savings” provision, which may require us to pay a significant penalty tax to maintain our REIT qualification.

The formation of any TRS lessees may increase our overall tax liability and transactions between us and any TRS lessee must be conducted on arm’s-length terms to not be subject to a 100% penalty tax on certain items of income or deduction.

We have formed a TRS lessee to lease our senior housing facilities that are “qualified health care properties.” Our TRS lessee will be subject to federal and state income tax on its taxable income, which will consist of the revenues from the senior housing facilities leased by the TRS lessee, net of the operating expenses for such properties and rent payments to us. In addition, if a TRS borrows funds either from us or a third party, it may be unable to deduct all or a portion of the interest paid, resulting in a higher corporate-level tax liability. Specifically, the TCJA imposes a disallowance of deductions for business interest expense (even if paid to third parties) in excess of the sum of a taxpayer’s business interest income and 30% of the adjusted taxable income of the business, which is its taxable income computed without regard to business interest income or expense, net operating losses or the pass-through income deduction (and for taxable years before 2022, excludes depreciation and amortization). Accordingly, the ownership of our TRS lessee will allow us to participate in the operating income from our properties leased to our TRS lessee on an after-tax basis in addition to receiving rent. The after-tax net income of the TRS lessee is available for distribution to us. The REIT rules also impose a 100% excise tax on certain transactions between a TRS and its parent REIT that are not conducted on an arm’s-length basis. We will scrutinize all of our transactions with any TRS lessee to ensure that they are entered into on arm’s-length terms, but there can be no assurance that we will be able to comply to avoid application of the 100% excise tax.

If our TRS lessee failed to qualify as a TRS or the facility operators engaged by our TRS lessee do not qualify as “eligible independent contractors,” we would fail to qualify as a REIT and would be subject to higher taxes.

Rent paid by a lessee that is a “related party operator” of ours will not be qualifying income for purposes of the two gross income tests applicable to REITs. We may lease certain of our senior housing facilities to our TRS lessee. So long as our TRS lessee qualifies as a TRS, it will not be treated as a “related party operator” with respect to our properties that are managed by an independent facility operator that qualifies as an “eligible independent contractor.” We expect that our TRS lessee will qualify to be treated as a TRS for federal income tax purposes, but there can be no assurance that the IRS will not challenge the status of a TRS for federal income tax purposes or that a court would not sustain such a challenge. If the IRS were successful in disqualifying our TRS lessee from treatment as a TRS, we would fail to meet the asset tests applicable to REITs and a portion of our income would fail to qualify for the gross income tests. If we failed to meet either the asset or gross income tests, we would lose our REIT qualification for federal income tax purposes unless we qualified for application of statutory savings provisions.

Additionally, if the operators engaged by our TRS lessee do not qualify as “eligible independent contractors,” we would fail to qualify as a REIT. Each of the operators that enter into a management contract with our TRS lessee must qualify as an “eligible independent contractor” under the REIT rules in order for the rent paid to us by our TRS lessee to be qualifying income for purposes of the REIT gross income tests. Among other requirements, in order to qualify as an eligible independent contractor, an operator must not own, directly or indirectly, more than 35% of our outstanding stock and no person or group of persons can own more than 35% of our outstanding stock and the ownership interests of the operator, taking into account certain ownership attribution rules. The ownership attribution rules that apply for purposes of these 35% thresholds are complex. Although we intend to monitor ownership of our stock by our operators and their owners, there can be no assurance that these ownership levels will not be exceeded.

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In addition, in order to qualify as an “eligible independent contractor,” among other requirements, an operator (or any related person) must be actively engaged in the trade or business of operating “qualified health care properties” for persons who are not related to us or our TRS lessee. Consequently, if an operator (or a related person) from whom we acquire a “qualified health care property” does not operate sufficient “qualified health care properties” for third parties, the operator will not qualify as an “eligible independent contractor.” Under this scenario, we would either be required to contract with another third party operator who qualifies as an “eligible independent contractor,” which could serve as a disincentive for the current operator to sell the property to us, or we would be unable to lease the property to our TRS lessee.

Our ability to lease certain of the senior housing facilities we acquire to our TRS lessee will be limited by the ability of those senior housing facilities to qualify as “qualified health care properties.”

We may lease certain of the senior housing facilities we acquire to our TRS lessee, which would contract with operators to manage the health care operations at those facilities. Our ability to use this TRS lessee structure may be limited by the ability of those senior housing facilities to qualify as “qualified health care properties” and the ability of the operators who our TRS lessee engages to manage the “qualified health care properties” to qualify as “eligible independent contractors.”

A “qualified health care property” includes any real property and any personal property that is, or is necessary or incidental to the use of, a hospital, nursing facility, assisted living facility, congregate care facility, qualified continuing care facility or other licensed facility which extends medical or nursing or ancillary services to patients and which is operated by a provider of such services which is eligible for participation in the Medicare program with respect to such facilities. Some of the properties that we will acquire may not be treated as “qualified health care properties.” To the extent a property does not constitute a “qualified health care property,” we will be unable to use the TRS lessee structure with respect to that property.

Our leases must be respected as true leases for federal income tax purposes.

To qualify as a REIT, we must satisfy two gross income tests each year, under which specified percentages of our gross income must be qualifying income, such as “rents from real property.” In order for rent on a lease to qualify as “rents from real property” for purposes of the gross income tests, the lease must be respected as a true lease for federal income tax purposes. If the IRS were to recharacterize our sale-leasebacks as financing arrangements or loans or were to recharacterize other leases as service contracts, joint ventures or some other type of arrangements, we could fail to qualify as a REIT.

Our charter limits the number of shares a person may own, which may discourage a takeover that could otherwise result in a premium price paid to stockholders.

Our charter, with certain exceptions, authorizes our board of directors to take such actions as are necessary and desirable to preserve our qualification as a REIT. To help us comply with the REIT ownership requirements of the Internal Revenue Code, among other purposes, our charter prohibits a person from directly or constructively owning more than 9.8% in value of the aggregate of the outstanding shares of our stock of any class or series or more than 9.8% in value or number of shares, whichever is more restrictive, of the aggregate of the outstanding shares of our common stock, unless exempted (prospectively or retroactively) by our board of directors. This restriction may have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of us, including an extraordinary transaction (such as a merger, tender offer or sale of all or substantially all of our assets) that might otherwise provide a premium price for holders of our shares of common stock.

Legislative or regulatory tax changes could adversely affect us or stockholders.

At any time, the federal income tax laws can change. Laws and rules governing REITs or the administrative interpretations of those laws may be amended. Any of those new laws or interpretations may take effect retroactively and could adversely affect us or stockholders.

The TCJA made significant changes to the federal income tax laws for taxation of individuals and corporations. In the case of individuals, the tax brackets have been adjusted, the top federal income rate has been reduced to 37%, special rules reduced taxation of certain income earned through pass-through entities and reduced the top effective rate applicable to ordinary dividends from REITs to 29.6% (through a 20% deduction for ordinary REIT dividends received) and various deductions have been eliminated or limited, including limiting the deduction for state and local taxes to $10,000 per year. Most of the changes applicable to individuals are temporary and apply only to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2026. The top corporate income tax rate has been reduced to 21%. There are only minor changes to the REIT rules (other than the 20% deduction applicable to individuals for ordinary REIT dividends received). The TCJA made numerous other large and small changes to the tax rules that do not affect REITs directly but may affect our stockholders and may indirectly affect us.

If stockholders fail to meet the fiduciary and other standards under ERISA or the Internal Revenue Code as a result of an investment in our stock, stockholders could be subject to criminal and civil penalties.

Special considerations apply to the purchase of shares by employee benefit plans subject to the fiduciary rules of Title I of ERISA, including pension or profit sharing plans and entities that hold assets of such plans, or ERISA Plans, and plans and accounts that are not subject to ERISA, but are subject to the prohibited transaction rules of Section 4975 of the Internal Revenue Code,

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including Individual Retirement Accounts, or IRAs, Keogh Plans, and medical savings accounts (collectively, we refer to ERISA Plans and plans subject to Section 4975 of the Internal Revenue Code as “Benefit Plans”). If stockholders are investing the assets of any Benefit Plan, stockholders should consult with their own counsel and satisfy themselves that:

• their investment is consistent with the fiduciary obligations under ERISA and the Internal Revenue Code or any other applicable governing authority in the case of a government plan;

• their investment is made in accordance with the documents and instruments governing the Benefit Plan, including the Benefit Plan’s investment policy;

• their investment satisfies the prudence and diversification requirements of Sections 404(a)(1)(B) and 404(a)(1)(C) of ERISA, if applicable and other applicable provisions of ERISA and the Internal Revenue Code;

• their investment will not impair the liquidity of the Benefit Plan;

• their investment will not unintentionally produce unrelated business taxable income for the Benefit Plan;

• stockholders will be able to value the assets of the Benefit Plan annually in accordance with the applicable provisions of ERISA and the Internal Revenue Code; and

• their investment will not constitute a non-exempt prohibited transaction under Section 406 of ERISA or Section 4975 of the Internal Revenue Code.

Fiduciaries may be held personally liable under ERISA for losses as a result of failure to satisfy the fiduciary standards of conduct and other applicable requirements of ERISA. In addition, if an investment in our shares constitutes a non-exempt prohibited transaction under ERISA or the Internal Revenue Code, the fiduciary of the Benefit Plan who authorized or directed the investment may be subject to imposition of excise taxes with respect to the amount invested and an IRA investment in our shares may lose its tax-exempt status.

Governmental plans, church plans and foreign plans that are not subject to ERISA or the prohibited transaction rules of the Internal Revenue Code, may be subject to similar restrictions under other laws. A plan fiduciary making an investment in our shares on behalf of such a plan should satisfy themselves that an investment in our shares satisfies both applicable law and is permitted by the governing plan documents.

We expect that our common stock qualifies as publicly offered securities such that investments in shares of our common stock will not result in our assets being deemed to constitute “plan assets” of any Benefit Plan investor. If, however, we were deemed to hold “plan assets” of Benefit Plan investors: (i) ERISA’s fiduciary standards may apply to us and might materially affect our operations, and (ii) any transaction with us could be deemed a transaction with each Benefit Plan investor and may cause transactions into which we might enter in the ordinary course of business to constitute prohibited transactions under ERISA and/or Section 4975 of the Internal Revenue Code.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 2. Properties

Our healthcare real estate property investments are a part of our direct investment - operating and net lease segments and are described under Item 1. “Business.” The following table presents information with respect to our properties, excluding properties owned through unconsolidated joint ventures, as of December 31, 2018 (dollars in thousands):

Location	Square Feet	Units(1)	Ownership Interest	Type(2)	Lease Expiration Date(3)	Gross Carrying Value(4)		Borrowings
Net Lease Portfolio
Bellevue, WA	125,700	130	100%	CCRC	Feb-22	$	35,232	$	30,767
Bohemia, NY	73,000	130	100%	ALF	Aug-29	32,223		24,148
Cheektowaga, NY	81,953	100	100%	ALF	(5)	12,613		8,036
Dana Point, CA	275,106	181	100%	ILF	Feb-22	47,950		32,616
Hauppauge, NY	84,000	119	100%	ALF	Aug-29	21,932		14,651
Islandia, NY	192,000	218	100%	ALF	Aug-29	45,853		36,001
Jericho, NY	55,000	105	100%	ALF	Aug-29	21,843		15,951
Kalamazoo, MI	248,610	213	100%	CCRC	Feb-22	37,835		34,651
Oklahoma City, OK	237,248	213	100%	CCRC	Feb-22	10,408		2,987

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Location	Square Feet	Units(1)	Ownership Interest	Type(2)	Lease Expiration Date(3)	Gross Carrying Value(4)	Borrowings
Palm Desert, CA	258,020	246	100%	CCRC	Feb-22	46,346	20,532
Sarasota, FL	497,454	280	100%	CCRC	Feb-22	80,695	74,269
Skaneateles, NY	13,233	14	100%	ALF	(5)	3,000	1,950
Smyrna, GA	26,500	63	100%	MCF	(6)	7,868	6,559
Senior Housing Operating Portfolio(7)
Albany, OR	30,868	50	100%	ALF	NA	7,977	8,900
Alexandria, VA	209,354	209	97%	CCRC	NA	51,088	45,037
Apple Valley, CA	116,365	130	100%	ILF	NA	26,266	21,673
Auburn, CA	90,494	110	100%	ILF	NA	20,917	24,485
Austin, TX	102,885	130	100%	ILF	NA	24,251	26,960
Bakersfield, CA	106,640	126	100%	ILF	NA	23,468	17,109
Bangor, ME	111,000	117	100%	ILF	NA	26,336	21,820
Bellingham, WA	86,615	120	100%	ILF	NA	21,810	24,228
Churchville, NY	78,110	77	97%	ILF	NA	8,341	6,575
Clovis, CA	99,849	118	100%	ILF	NA	23,913	19,067
Columbia, MO	105,948	121	100%	ILF	NA	25,564	23,069
Corpus Christi, TX	118,671	132	100%	ILF	NA	23,198	18,903
Crystal Lake, IL	195,405	207	97%	ILF	NA	36,879	27,511
Denver, CO	176,263	216	97%	ALF	NA	40,542	20,866
East Amherst, NY	100,997	116	100%	ILF	NA	21,601	18,829
El Cajon, CA	77,930	105	100%	ILF	NA	17,669	21,330
El Paso, TX	95,517	121	100%	ILF	NA	16,420	12,409
Fairport, NY	126,927	120	100%	ILF	NA	21,178	16,791
Fenton, MO	95,007	114	100%	ILF	NA	25,286	24,951
Frisco, TX	228,471	202	97%	ILF	NA	40,837	19,460
Frisco, TX	45,130	51	97%	ALF	NA	13,725	—
Grand Junction, CO	124,174	144	100%	ILF	NA	29,377	19,803
Grand Junction, CO	79,778	103	100%	ILF	NA	14,155	10,147
Grapevine, TX	97,796	116	100%	ILF	NA	20,909	22,697
Greece, NY	51,978	78	97%	ALF	NA	18,982	—
Greece, NY	195,840	216	97%	ILF	NA	33,597	26,833
Groton, CT	119,474	162	100%	ILF	NA	26,244	17,883
Guilford, CT	142,136	131	100%	ILF	NA	19,615	24,693
Henrietta, NY	158,959	136	97%	ILF	NA	18,629	11,881
Independence, MO	161,517	200	97%	ILF	NA	19,614	15,533
Joliet, IL	117,357	114	100%	ILF	NA	17,356	15,154
Kennewick, WA	105,268	120	100%	ILF	NA	20,474	7,801
Las Cruces, NM	113,874	131	100%	ILF	NA	17,314	11,368
Leawood, KS	48,470	70	100%	ALF	NA	6,157	—
Lees Summit, MO	122,917	126	100%	ILF	NA	22,569	27,629
Lodi, CA	96,251	119	100%	ILF	NA	24,524	20,438
Milford, OH	145,896	124	97%	ILF	NA	17,072	18,760
Milford, OH	19,500	40	97%	MCF	NA	6,272	—
Millbrook, NY	231,695	173	97%	ILF	NA	30,849	24,719
Normandy Park, WA	98,206	109	100%	ILF	NA	19,263	16,493
Palatine, IL	161,700	135	100%	ILF	NA	28,931	20,437
Penfield, NY	108,533	200	97%	ALF	NA	21,967	12,502
Penfield, NY	86,200	87	97%	ILF	NA	10,597	10,918
Plano, TX	106,868	115	100%	ILF	NA	18,241	16,351
Port Townsend, WA	106,585	120	100%	ALF	NA	23,634	17,016
Renton, WA	88,162	111	100%	ILF	NA	23,869	19,355
Rochester, NY	242,430	220	97%	ILF	NA	35,341	20,849

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Location	Square Feet	Units(1)	Ownership Interest	Type(2)	Lease Expiration Date(3)	Gross Carrying Value(4)		Borrowings
Rochester, NY	89,843	95	97%	ALF	NA	13,743		5,341
Roseburg, OR	44,750	63	100%	ALF	NA	12,797		12,590
Sandy, OR	72,619	84	100%	ALF	NA	18,684		14,360
Sandy, UT	103,449	116	100%	ILF	NA	22,231		16,054
Santa Barbara, CA	27,217	44	100%	MCF	NA	18,116		3,500
Santa Rosa, CA	120,553	116	100%	ILF	NA	32,111		28,398
Spring Hill, KS	28,116	48	100%	ALF	NA	5,573		—
St. Petersburg, FL	407,128	528	97%	CCRC	NA	58,261		40,579
Sun City West, AZ	200,553	195	100%	ILF	NA	33,079		26,093
Tacoma, WA	149,856	157	100%	ILF	NA	41,244		30,536
Tarboro, NC	187,150	178	97%	CCRC	NA	23,723		22,487
Tuckahoe, NY	110,000	126	97%	ALF	NA	32,859		36,785
Tucson, AZ	378,025	412	97%	ILF	NA	72,043		65,951
Victor, NY	228,501	182	97%	ILF	NA	35,402		27,174
Victor, NY	85,455	45	97%	ILF	NA	14,136		12,355
Wenatchee, WA	128,905	136	100%	ALF	NA	32,141		19,600
Undeveloped Land
Bellevue, WA	—	—	100%	NA	NA	14,200		—
Kalamazoo, MI	—	—	100%	NA	NA	100		—
Crystal Lake, IL	—	—	97%	NA	NA	810		—
Millbrook, NY	—	—	97%	NA	NA	1,050		—
Penfield, NY	—	—	97%	NA	NA	534		—
Rochester, NY	—	—	97%	NA	NA	544		—
Subtotal	10,059,954	10,629				$	1,949,997	$	1,494,154
Held for Sale
Clinton, CT	25,332	—	100%	MCF	(6)	2,183		—
Total	10,085,286	10,629				$	1,952,180	$	1,494,154

_________________________________________________

(1) Represents rooms for ALF and ILF and beds for MCF and SNF, based predominant type.

(2) Classification based on predominant services provided, but may include other services.

(3) Based on initial lease term of the operator for our net lease properties. Our senior housing operating portfolio properties are owned and operated by us, and as such, do not have property level tenant leases with third parties. For ILFs within our senior housing operating portfolio, individual units’ initial lease terms are generally less than one year with month-to-month renewal options.

(4) Represents operating real estate before accumulated depreciation as presented in our consolidated financial statements and excludes purchase price allocations related to net intangibles and other assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2018. Refer to “Note 3. Operating Real Estate” of Part II, Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

(5) Month-to-month lease arrangement.

(6) Lease expiration date is three years following the transition of all four properties within the Peregrine portfolio to the new tenant, SLC.

(7) Excludes one property in which we hold a Remainder Interest in 11 condominium units.

As of December 31, 2018, none of our properties had a carrying value equal to or greater than 10% of our total assets. Refer to the “—Operators and Tenants” of Part I, Item 1. “Business.”

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

We may be involved in various litigation matters arising in the ordinary course of our business. Although we are unable to predict with certainty the eventual outcome of any litigation, in the opinion of management, any current legal proceedings are not expected to have a material adverse effect on our financial position or results of operations.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

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PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Market Information

We completed our Initial Offering on February 2, 2015 and our Follow-On Offering on January 19, 2016. All of the shares initially registered in the Initial Offering and the Follow-On Offering were issued. There is no established public trading market for our shares of common stock. We do not expect that our shares will be listed for trading on a national securities exchange in the near future, if ever. Our board of directors will determine when, and if, to apply to have our shares of common stock listed for trading on a national securities exchange, subject to satisfying existing listing requirements. Our board of directors does not have a stated term for evaluating a listing on a national securities exchange as we believe setting a finite date for a possible, but uncertain future liquidity transaction may result in actions that are not necessarily in the best interest or within the expectations of our stockholders.

In order for members of FINRA and their associated persons to have participated in the offering and sale of our shares of common stock or to participate in any future offering of our shares of common stock, we are required, pursuant to FINRA Rule 2310, to disclose in each Annual Report distributed to our stockholders a per share estimated value of our shares of common stock, the method by which it was developed and the date of the data used to develop the estimated value. In addition, our Advisor must prepare annual statements of estimated share values to assist fiduciaries of retirement plans subject to the annual reporting requirements of ERISA in the preparation of their reports relating to an investment in our shares of common stock.

On November 28, 2018, upon the recommendation of the audit committee of our board of directors, our board of directors, including all of our independent directors, approved and established an estimated value per share of our common stock of $7.10 as of June 30, 2018, or the Valuation Date. The estimated value per share is based upon the estimated value of our assets less the estimated value of our liabilities, divided by the number of shares of our common stock outstanding, in each case as of the Valuation Date. The information used to generate the estimated value per share, including market information, investment- and property-level data and other information provided by third parties, was the most recent information practically available as of the Valuation Date.

As of the Valuation Date, (i) the estimated value of our healthcare real estate properties was $2.18 billion, compared with an aggregate initial purchase price, including subsequent capital expenditures, of $2.19 billion, (ii) the estimated value of our healthcare real estate investments held through unconsolidated joint ventures was $465.0 million, compared with an aggregate equity contribution, including subsequent capital contributions, of $524.0 million, (iii) the estimated value of our healthcare-related commercial real estate debt investment was $73.9 million, compared with an aggregate outstanding principal amount of $75.0 million, and (iv) the estimated value of our healthcare real estate liabilities was $1.42 billion, compared with an aggregate outstanding principal amount of $1.51 billion.

For additional information on the methodology used in calculating our estimated value per share as of June 30, 2018, refer to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on December 4, 2018.

It is currently anticipated that our next estimated value per share will be based upon our assets and liabilities as of June 30, 2019 and such value will be included in a Current Report on Form 8-K or such other filing with the SEC. We intend to continue to publish an updated estimated value per share annually.

Stockholders

As of March 21, 2019, we had 37,800 stockholders of record.

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Distributions

The following table summarizes distributions declared for the years endedDecember 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (dollars in thousands):

	Distributions(1)
Period	Cash		DRP		Total
2018
First Quarter	$	7,684	$	7,876	$	15,560
Second Quarter	8,028		7,722		15,750
Third Quarter	8,374		7,567		15,941
Fourth Quarter	8,653		7,352		16,005
Total	$	32,739	$	30,517	$	63,256
2017
First Quarter	$	14,228	$	16,669	$	30,897
Second Quarter	14,557		16,804		31,361
Third Quarter	14,899		16,873		31,772
Fourth Quarter	15,082		16,691		31,773
Total	$	58,766	$	67,037	$	125,803
2016
First Quarter	$	13,408	$	16,827	$	30,235
Second Quarter	13,580		16,915		30,495
Third Quarter	13,974		17,120		31,094
Fourth Quarter	14,261		17,057		31,318
Total	$	55,223	$	67,919	$	123,142

_________________________________________________

(1) Represents distributions declared for such period, even though such distributions are actually paid to stockholders the month following such period.

Distribution Reinvestment Plan

We adopted our DRP through which common stockholders may elect to reinvest an amount equal to the distributions declared on their shares in additional shares of our common stock in lieu of receiving cash distributions. The purchase price per share under our Initial DRP was $9.50. In connection with its determination of the offering price for shares of our common stock in our Follow-On Offering, the board of directors determined that distributions may be reinvested in shares of our common stock at a price of $9.69 per share, which was approximately 95% of the offering price of $10.20 per share established for purposes of our Follow-On Offering. In April 2016 and effective through January 31, 2019, the board of directors determined that distributions may be reinvested in shares of the Company’s common stock at a price equal to the most recent estimated value per share of the shares of common stock. The following table presents the price at which dividends were invested based on when the price became effective:

Effective Date	Estimated Value per Share		Valuation Date
April 2016	$	8.63	12/31/2015
December 2016	9.10		6/30/2016
December 2017	8.50		6/30/2017
December 2018	7.10		6/30/2018

No selling commissions or dealer manager fees were paid on shares issued pursuant to our DRP. Our board of directors may amend or terminate our DRP for any reason upon ten-days’ notice to participants, except that we may not amend our DRP to eliminate a participant’s ability to withdraw from our DRP.

We registered an additional 30.0 million shares to be offered pursuant to our DRP beyond the completion of our Offering and continue to offer such shares, although we suspended payment of monthly distributions to stockholders on February 1, 2019.

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For the period from April 5, 2013 through December 31, 2018, we issued 25.0 million shares totaling $227.7 million of gross offering proceeds pursuant to our DRP.

Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers

We adopted our Share Repurchase Program effective August 7, 2012, as most recently amended in October 2018, which enables stockholders to sell their shares to us in limited circumstances. Under our current Share Repurchase Program, we only repurchase shares in connection with a stockholder’s death or qualifying disability. A qualifying disability is a disability as such term is defined in Section 72(m)(7) of the Internal Revenue Code that arises after the purchase of the shares requested to be repurchased.

We are not obligated to repurchase shares under our Share Repurchase Program. Our board of directors may, in its sole discretion, amend, suspend or terminate our Share Repurchase Program at any time provided that any amendment that adversely affects the rights or obligations of a participant (as determined in the sole discretion of our board of directors) will only take effect upon ten days’ prior written notice except that changes in the number of shares that can be repurchased during any calendar year will take effect only upon ten business days’ prior written notice. In addition, our Share Repurchase Program will terminate in the event a secondary market develops for our shares or if our shares are listed on a national exchange or included for quotation in a national securities market.

For the year endedDecember 31, 2018, we repurchased shares of our common stock as follows:

Period	Total Number of Shares Purchased	Average Price Paid Per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plan or Program	Maximum Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plan or Program
January 1 to January 31	20,839	$	9.91	20,839	(1)
February 1 to February 28	1,027,861	7.78		1,027,861	(1)
March 1 to March 31	—	—		—
April 1 to April 30	—	—		—
May 1 to May 31	1,002,908	7.84		1,002,908	(1)
June 1 to June 30	—	—		—
July 1 to July 31	—	—		—
August 1 to August 31	976,894	7.91		976,894	(1)
September 1 to September 30	—	—		—
October 1 to October 31	—	—		—
November 1 to November 30	247,420	8.50		247,420	(1)
December 1 to December 31	—	—		—
Total	3,275,922	$	7.91	3,275,922

_______________________________________

(1) Subject to funds being available, the limits under our Share Redemption Program were amended in October 2018, as described in further detail below.

Prior to the most recent amendments to our Share Repurchase Program, we had a total of 12.0 million shares, or $85.0 million, based on our most recently published estimated value per share of $7.10, in unfulfilled repurchase requests. For additional information, refer to Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Recent Developments.”

Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities

On November 30, 2018 and December 31, 2018, we issued 98,039 shares of common stock at $8.50 and $7.10 per share, respectively, to our Advisor as part of its asset management fee, pursuant to our advisory agreement. These shares were issued pursuant to an exemption from registration under Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act for transactions not involving a public offering.

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Item 6. Selected Financial Data

The information below should be read in conjunction with “Forward-Looking Statements” Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors,” Part II, Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto included in Part II, Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016			2015			2014
	(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)
Operating Data:
Resident fee income	$	129,855		$	127,180		$	102,915		$	63,056		$	14,511
Rental income	159,481			155,700			132,108			28,456			8,038
Net interest income	9,031			14,141			18,970			17,763			7,490
Total revenues	303,302			299,916			255,578			111,216			30,039
Total expenses	441,934			404,149			334,887			149,791			34,125
Equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated ventures	(33,517		)	(35,314		)	(62,175		)	(49,046		)	(12,127		)
Net income (loss)	(152,020		)	(137,971		)	(141,282		)	(82,744		)	(14,979		)
Net income (loss) attributable to NorthStar Healthcare Income, Inc. common stockholders	(151,578		)	(137,771		)	(141,275		)	(82,370		)	(14,945		)
Net income (loss) per share of common stock, basic/diluted	$	(0.81	)	$	(0.74	)	$	(0.77	)	$	(0.63	)	$	(0.38	)
Distributions declared per share of common stock	$	0.34		$	0.68		$	0.68		$	0.68		$	0.68

	As of December 31,
	2018		2017		2016		2015		2014
	(Dollars in thousands)
Balance Sheet Data:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	73,811	$	50,046	$	223,102	$	354,229	$	267,672
Operating real estate, net	1,778,914		1,852,428		1,571,980		832,253		259,409
Investments in unconsolidated ventures	264,319		325,582		360,534		534,541		215,175
Real estate debt investments, net	58,600		74,650		74,558		192,934		146,267
Senior housing mortgage loans held in a securitization trust, at fair value	—		545,048		553,707		—		—
Total assets	2,264,416		2,998,753		2,958,209		2,002,228		917,104
Mortgage and other notes payable, net	1,466,349		1,487,480		1,200,982		570,985		74,355
Senior housing mortgage obligations issued by a securitization trust, at fair value	—		512,772		522,933		—		—
Due to related party	5,675		1,046		219		443		755
Total liabilities	1,520,042		2,053,954		1,766,235		596,728		85,119
Total equity	744,374		944,799		1,191,974		1,405,500		831,985

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016			2015			2014
	(Dollars in thousands)
Other Data:
Cash flow provided by (used in):
Operating activities	$	27,986		$	10,129		$	5,376		$	(7,594	)	$	188
Investing activities	73,948			(314,394		)	(60,355		)	(1,063,403		)	(577,407		)
Financing activities	(87,914		)	132,861			(62,970		)	1,164,623			806,158

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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in Part II, Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” and the risk factors in Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors.” References to “we,” “us” or “our” refer to NorthStar Healthcare Income, Inc. and its subsidiaries unless the context specifically requires otherwise.

Introduction

We have invested in independent living facilities, or ILF, assisted living facilities, or ALF, memory care facilities, or MCF, continuing care retirement communities, or CCRC, which we collectively refer to as senior housing facilities, skilled nursing facilities, or SNF, medical office buildings, or MOB, and hospitals.

Our primary investment segments are as follows:

• Direct Investments - Net Lease - Healthcare properties operated under net leases with a single tenant operator.

• Direct Investments - Operating - Healthcare properties operated pursuant to management agreements with healthcare operators.

• Unconsolidated Investments - Healthcare joint ventures, including properties operated under net leases or pursuant to management agreements with healthcare operators, in which we own a minority interest.

• Debt and Securities Investments- Mortgage loans or mezzanine loans to owners of healthcare real estate and commercial mortgage backed securities, or CMBS, backed primarily by loans secured by healthcare properties.

For information regarding our investments as of December 31, 2018, refer to “Our Investments” included in Part I, Item 1. “Business.”

2018 Significant Developments

Performance Summary

During the year endedDecember 31, 2018, the operating real estate in our direct investment portfolios experienced a decline in performance as compared to prior year results. On a same store basis (which excludes properties placed in service during 2018 and 2017), rental and resident fee income, net of property operating expenses, of our direct operating investments decreased to $59.5 million for the year endedDecember 31, 2018 as compared to $72.5 million for the year endedDecember 31, 2017.

Specifically, our direct operating investments were negatively impacted by the following:

• Ongoing, industry-wide declines in occupancy and rate increases predominantly as a result of supply growth;

• Tightening labor markets and select statutory wage increases resulting in expense increases for labor and benefits; and

• Disruptions and related expenses due to operator transitions, particularly for the Winterfell portfolio transition that began in November 2017 and the Rochester portfolio operator transition that began upon acquisition in 2017. Elevated expenses and operational disruptions continue to impact operating performance after completion of the transitions.

Similarly, the operating real estate in our unconsolidated investment portfolios collectively experienced a decline in operational performance during the year endedDecember 31, 2018. Our unconsolidated investments include significant exposure to skilled nursing, which continues to experience challenges in the face of regulatory uncertainties, a deteriorating payor mix and lower average reimbursement rates, in addition to the labor market challenges faced by the senior housing sector. In particular, our investments in the Espresso portfolio experienced adverse impacts related to occupancy and rate deterioration, which, in select instances, resulted in the need to execute operator transitions. Further, restrictions on cash distributions in the Espresso portfolio, and overall decreases in cash flow from our unconsolidated ventures, continue to impact our liquidity position.

For additional information on financial results, refer to “—Results of Operations.”

Investments and Dispositions

• In March 2018, we sold our investment in the Freddie Mac securitization, generating net proceeds of $35.8 million. We originally purchased the investment for $30.5 million.

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• In March 2018, we contributed $4.5 million to the Trilogy portfolio for development initiatives, including senior housing campus development. During the year endedDecember 31, 2018, we received distributions from Trilogy totaling $6.0 million.

• In August 2018, we completed the disposition of Fountains at Franklin, a non-core, consolidated operating property within the Watermark Fountains portfolio. The sales price of $12.0 million generated net proceeds of $2.7 million to the joint venture, after repayment of mortgage debt and transaction costs.

• In October 2018, we sold 20.0% of our ownership interest in the Trilogy joint venture, which generated gross proceeds of $48.0 million and reduced our ownership interest in the joint venture from approximately 29% to 23%. We sold the ownership interest to a wholly-owned subsidiary of the operating partnership of GAHR4, a REIT sponsored by American Healthcare Investors, LLC, or AHI.

Liquidity, Capital and Dividends

• In January 2018, we made a partial repayment to the Peregrine mortgage loan totaling $6.4 million, which released one property from the collateral pool.

• In March 2018, we amended our revolving line of credit from an affiliate of our Sponsor, or our Sponsor Line, to extend the maturity consistent with the Corporate Facility and make other conforming changes to the events of default.

• In August 2018, in connection with the property sale in the Watermark Fountains portfolio, we repaid a mortgage note payable of $9.0 million.

• In October 2018, our board of directors approved an amended and restated Share Repurchase Program, under which we will only repurchase shares in connection with the death or qualifying disability of a stockholder.

• In November 2018, our board of directors approved and established an estimated value per share of our common stock of $7.10 as of June 30, 2018.

• Our board of directors approved a daily cash distribution of $0.000924658 per share of common stock during the year endedDecember 31, 2018. Effective February 1, 2019, our board of directors determined to suspend distributions in order to preserve capital and liquidity.

Portfolio

• In February 2018, we began the transition of operations of the Avamere portfolio from the former manager, an affiliate of Bonaventure Senior Living, to a new manager, Avamere.

• In October 2018, we completed the development and construction of the memory care facility adjacent to the Pinebrook facility, adding an additional 40 beds to the portfolio.

• During 2018, the Espresso joint venture executed operator transitions, which included the sale of one operating facility.

• The Winterfell portfolio’s average occupancy of approximately 80% during 2018 remains below the 89% average occupancy achieved in 2017. This portfolio represents 32 of the 49 communities that underwent tenant, manager and/or operator transitions within our direct investment portfolios beginning in 2017 and continuing into early 2018.

• The portfolios managed by Watermark Retirement Communities maintained an overall average occupancy of approximately 84% during 2018 and 2017. Our management team is working closely with our operating partners to implement focused and strategic plans to increase occupancy and improve performance in this challenging market.

• During 2018, impairment losses totaling $36.3 million were recorded due to performance issues at properties within the Winterfell, Kansas City and Peregrine portfolios, as well as to reflect net realizable value of properties designated as held for sale.

Sources of Operating Revenues and Cash Flows

We generate revenues from resident fees, rental income and net interest income. Resident fee income from our senior housing operating facilities is recorded when services are rendered and includes resident room and care charges and other resident charges. Rental income is generated from our real estate for the leasing of space to various types of healthcare operators/tenants/residents. Net interest income is generated from our debt and securities investments. Additionally, we report our proportionate interest of revenues and expenses from unconsolidated joint ventures, which own healthcare real estate, through equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated ventures on our consolidated income statements.

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Profitability and Performance Metrics

We calculate Funds from Operations, or FFO, and Modified Funds from Operations, or MFFO (see “Non-GAAP Financial Measures—Funds from Operations and Modified Funds from Operations” for a description of these metrics) to evaluate the profitability and performance of our business.

Outlook and Recent Trends

Healthcare Markets

The healthcare real estate equity and finance markets tend to attract new equity and debt capital more slowly than more traditional commercial real estate property types because of barriers to entry for new investors or lenders to healthcare property owners. Investing in and lending to the healthcare real estate sector requires an in-depth understanding of the specialized nature of healthcare facility operations and the healthcare regulatory environment. While these competitive constraints may create opportunities for attractive investments in the healthcare property sector, they may also provide challenges and risks when seeking attractive terms for our investments.

Publicly traded healthcare REITs have experienced recent decreases in stock price as underlying same-store metrics and coverage ratios were generally below expectations and guidance on performance was cautious. However, longer-term demographics remain favorable, with potential for future increases to valuations.

We believe owners and operators of senior housing facilities and other healthcare properties may benefit from demographic and economic trends, specifically the aging of the United States population whereby Americans aged 65 years old and older are expected to increase from 47.8 million in 2015 to 79.2 million in 2035 (source: U.S. Census Bureau 2014 National Population Projections), and the increasing demand for care for seniors outside of their homes. As a result of these demographic trends, we expect healthcare costs to increase at a faster rate than the available funding from both private sources and government-sponsored healthcare programs. Healthcare spending in the U.S. is projected to increase from $2.6 trillion in 2010 to $4.1 trillion in 2020 (source: CMS) and, as healthcare costs increase, insurers, individuals and the U.S. government are pursuing lower cost options for healthcare, and senior housing facilities, such as ALF, MCF, SNF and ILF, are generally more cost effective than higher acuity healthcare settings, such as short or long-term acute-care hospitals, in-patient rehabilitation facilities and other post-acute care settings. The growth in total demand for healthcare, cost constraints, new regulations, broad U.S. demographic changes and the shift towards cost effective community-based settings is resulting in dynamic changes to the healthcare delivery system.

Notwithstanding the growth in the industry and demographics, economic and healthcare market uncertainty has had a negative impact, weakening the market’s fundamentals and ultimately reducing tenants/operators’ ability to make rent payments in accordance with the contractual terms of the lease, as well as reduced income for our operating investments. In addition, increased development and competitive pressures has had an impact on some of our assets. During the fourth quarter of 2018, senior housing occupancy increased slightly as having been flat or in decline 11 consecutive quarters (source: NIC). For the entirety of 2018, both inventory growth and absorption of seniors housing units reached record levels; however net absorption only amounted to 68% of inventory growth (source: NIC). Further, a tight labor market and competition to attract quality staff continues to drive increased wages and personnel costs, resulting in lower margins. To the extent that occupancy and market rental rates decline, property-level cash flow could be negatively affected and decreased cash flow, in turn, is expected to impact the value of underlying properties and the borrowers’ ability to service their outstanding loans and repay the loans at maturity.

Our SNF operators receive a majority of their revenues from governmental payors, primarily Medicare and Medicaid. Changes in reimbursement rates and limits on the scope of services reimbursed to SNFs could have a material impact on a SNF operator’s liquidity and financial condition. SNF operators are currently facing various operational, reimbursement, legal and regulatory challenges due to, among other things, increased wages and labor costs, narrowing of referral networks, shorter lengths of stay, staffing shortages, expenses associated with increased government investigations, enforcement proceedings and legal actions related to professional and general liability claims. With a dependence on government reimbursement as the primary source of their revenues, SNF operators are also subject to intensified efforts to impose pricing pressures and more stringent cost controls, through value-based payments, managed care and similar programs, which could result in lower daily reimbursement rates, lower lease coverage, decreased occupancies and declining operating margins.

Further third-party payor rules and regulatory changes that are being implemented by the federal and even some state governments and commercial payors to improve quality of care and control healthcare spending may continue to affect reimbursement and increase operating costs to our operators and tenants. For example, CMS updated Medicare payments to SNFs by 1.0% under the prospective payment system for federal fiscal year 2018, as compared to the 2.4% increase for the federal fiscal year 2017. CMS has also implemented quality reporting programs and SNFs that fail to submit the required quality data to CMS are subject to payment reductions. Further, in 2016, CMS adopted new regulations, or the Final Rule, that significantly revised the conditions of participation in Medicare and Medicaid for long-term care providers. Phase 2 of the Final Rule became effective on November 28, 2017 and Phase 3 becomes effective November 28, 2019.  Implementing and complying with the Final Rule has created

55

additional operating burdens and increased expenses on the industry.  We continue to monitor reimbursement program requirements and assess the potential impact that changes in the political environment may have on such programs and the ability of our tenants/operators to meet their payment obligations.

Despite the barriers and constraints to investing in the senior housing sector, demographic and other market dynamics continue to attract investors and capital to the sector. The supply and demand fundamentals that are driven by the increasing need for healthcare services by an aging population have created investment opportunities for investors and thus acquisition activity within the sector continues to be strong.

Critical Accounting Policies

Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, or U.S. GAAP, which requires the use of estimates and assumptions that involve the exercise of judgment and that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period.  For critical accounting policies, refer to Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in our accompanying consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

For recent accounting pronouncements, refer to Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in our accompanying consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

Impairment

Our investments are reviewed on a quarterly basis, or more frequently as necessary, to assess whether there are any indicators that the value of our investments may be impaired or that carrying value may not be recoverable. In conducting these reviews, we consider macroeconomic factors, including healthcare sector conditions, together with asset and market specific circumstance, among other factors. To the extent an impairment has occurred, the loss will be measured as compared to the carrying amount of the investment. An allowance for a doubtful account for a tenant/operator/resident receivable is established based on a periodic review of aged receivables resulting from estimated losses due to the inability of tenant/operator/resident to make required rent and other payments contractually due. Additionally, we establish, on a current basis, an allowance for future operator/tenant credit losses on unbilled rents receivable based upon an evaluation of the collectability of such amounts.

As of December 31, 2018, we have impaired our direct investments as follows:

• Winterfell portfolio. Impairment totaling $24.0 million was recorded for two facilities as a result of sustained declines in occupancy.

• Kansas City portfolio. Impairment totaling $4.4 million was recorded for two facilities as a result of poor operating performance.

• Peregrine portfolio. Impairment totaling $10.1 million, was recorded for two facilities as a result of deteriorating operating results of the tenant and reclassification of a facility as held for sale.

• Watermark portfolio. Impairment totaling $2.8 million to reflect net realizable value as a result of designating a property and its operations as held for sale. The property was sold in August 2018.

As of December 31, 2018, the unconsolidated ventures in which we invest have recorded impairments and reserves. Our proportionate ownership share of a loan loss reserve within our Espresso portfolio totaled $11.4 million and was recognized through equity in earnings (losses) during the year ended December 31, 2017. During the third quarter of 2017, the Espresso sub-portfolio associated with the direct financing lease commenced an operator transition and determined certain future cash flows of the direct financing lease to be uncollectible. The cash flows deemed to be uncollectible primarily impact distributions on mandatorily redeemable units issued at the time of the original acquisition that allowed the seller to participate in certain future cash flows from the direct financing lease following the closing of the original acquisition. Pursuant to ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity, the redemption value of the corresponding unconsolidated venture’s liability for the units issued to the seller was not assessed until the termination of the lease, which occurred in the third quarter of 2018. As a result of the lease termination, the unconsolidated venture determined the value of the liability for the units issued to the seller to be zero and recognized a gain on the extinguishment of the liability, of which our proportionate share totaled $14.1 million. Further, upon termination of the lease, the direct financing lease assets were reclassified to operating real estate and recorded at the lower of cost or fair value, resulting in an impairment, of which our proportionate share totaled $13.9 million.

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In addition to the impairment and reserves referenced above, our Espresso portfolio recorded an additional loan loss reserve for a separate sub-portfolio during the fourth quarter of 2018, of which our proportionate share totaled $13.9 million.

Our Griffin-American joint venture has $1.7 billion of non-recourse mortgage debt on certain properties in the joint venture that matures in December 2019.  Our Sponsor, which is an equity partner in the Griffin-American joint venture, is currently evaluating options in connection with the December 2019 scheduled maturity of this debt, of which our proportionate share is approximately $246 million. In connection with pursuing the options available, the joint venture has re-evaluated certain assumptions, including the holding period of the real estate assets collateralizing the debt, which has resulted in impairment of these assets, of which our proportionate share totaled $7.7 million. As of December 31, 2018, the carrying value for our investment in the Griffin-American joint venture was $114.0 million.

We will continue to monitor the performance of, and actively manage, all of our investments. However, there can be no assurance that our investments will continue to perform in accordance with the contractual terms of the governing documents or underwriting and we may, in the future, record impairment, as appropriate and if required.

Results of Operations

Comparison of the Year Ended December 31, 2018 to December 31, 2017 (dollars in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,						Increase (Decrease)
	2018			2017			Amount			%
Property and other revenues
Resident fee income	$	129,855		$	127,180		$	2,675		2.1	%
Rental income	159,481			155,700			3,781			2.4	%
Other revenue	4,935			2,895			2,040			70.5	%
Total property and other revenues	294,271			285,775			8,496			3.0	%
Net interest income
Interest income on debt investments	7,706			7,696			10			0.1	%
Interest income on mortgage loans held in a securitized trust	5,149			25,955			(20,806		)	(80.2	)%
Interest expense on mortgage obligations issued by a securitization trust	(3,824		)	(19,510		)	15,686			(80.4	)%
Net interest income	9,031			14,141			(5,110		)	(36.1	)%
Expenses
Real estate properties - operating expenses	188,761			163,837			24,924			15.2	%
Interest expense	70,196			61,082			9,114			14.9	%
Other expenses related to securitization trust	811			3,922			(3,111		)	(79.3	)%
Transaction costs	888			9,407			(8,519		)	(90.6	)%
Asset management and other fees-related party	23,478			41,954			(18,476		)	(44.0	)%
General and administrative expenses	14,390			13,488			902			6.7	%
Depreciation and amortization	107,133			105,459			1,674			1.6	%
Impairment loss	36,277			5,000			31,277			625.5	%
Total expenses	441,934			404,149			37,785			9.3	%
Other income (loss)
Unrealized gain (loss) on senior housing mortgage loans and debt held in securitization trust, net	—			1,503			(1,503		)	(100.0	)%
Realized gain (loss) on investments and other	20,243			116			20,127			17,350.9	%
Income (loss) before equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated ventures and income tax benefit (expense)	(118,389		)	(102,614		)	(15,775		)	15.4	%
Equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated ventures	(33,517		)	(35,314		)	1,797			(5.1	)%
Income tax benefit (expense)	(114		)	(43		)	(71		)	165.1	%
Net income (loss)	$	(152,020	)	$	(137,971	)	$	(14,049	)	10.2	%

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Revenues

Resident Fee Income

The following table presents resident fee income generated during the year endedDecember 31, 2018 as compared to the year endedDecember 31, 2017 (dollars in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,					Increase (Decrease)
	2018			2017		Amount			%
Same store AL/MC/CCRC properties (placed in service - 2016 and prior)	$	102,704		$	99,590	$	3,114		3.1	%
Properties placed in service - 2017	21,546		(1)	19,706		1,840			9.3	%
Properties placed in service - 2018	81			—		81			NA
Properties sold	5,524			7,884		(2,360		)	(29.9	)%
Total resident fee income	$	129,855		$	127,180	$	2,675		2.1	%

_______________________________________

(1) Includes resident fee income generated from our Kansas City portfolio, which transitioned from a net leased portfolio to an operating portfolio during the year ended December 31, 2017.

Resident fee income increased $2.7 million primarily as a result of occupancy and billing rates improvements for the Watermark Aqua and Fountains portfolios on a same store basis.

Rental Income

The following table presents rental income generated during the year endedDecember 31, 2018 as compared to the year endedDecember 31, 2017 (dollars in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,				Increase (Decrease)
	2018		2017		Amount			%
Same store IL properties (placed in service - 2016 and prior)	$	102,925	$	111,638	$	(8,713	)	(7.8	)%
Same store net lease properties (placed in service - 2016 and prior)	34,274		34,798		(524		)	(1.5	)%
Properties placed in service - 2017	22,282		9,264		13,018			140.5	%
Total rental income	$	159,481	$	155,700	$	3,781		2.4	%

Rental income increased $3.8 million primarily as a result of the Rochester portfolio acquisition, which closed during the third and fourth quarters of 2017. On a same store basis, rental income declined primarily due to a decrease in the average occupancy for the Winterfell portfolio, which decreased to approximately 80% for the year endedDecember 31, 2018 as compared to approximately 89% for the year endedDecember 31, 2017.

Other Revenue

Other revenue increased$2.0 million and primarily represents additional revenue recognized from non-recurring services and fees at our operating facilities as well as interest earned on uninvested cash.

Net Interest Income

Net interest income decreased$5.1 million primarily as a result of the sale of our investment in the Freddie Mac securitization in the first quarter of 2018.

Expenses

Real Estate Properties - Operating Expenses

The following table presents property operating expenses incurred during the year endedDecember 31, 2018 as compared to the year endedDecember 31, 2017 (dollars in thousands):

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	Year Ended December 31,					Increase (Decrease)
	2018			2017		Amount			%
Same store (placed in service - 2016 and prior)
AL/MC/CCRC properties	$	72,815		$	70,622	$	2,193		3.1	%
IL properties	73,312			68,116		5,196			7.6	%
Net lease properties	1,346		(1)	31		1,315			4,241.9	%
Properties placed in service - 2017	36,005		(2)	18,085		17,920			99.1	%
Properties placed in service - 2018	261			14		247			1,764.3	%
Properties sold	5,022			6,969		(1,947		)	(27.9	)%
Total property operating expenses	$	188,761		$	163,837	$	24,924		15.2	%

_______________________________________

(1) Primarily reserves for uncollectible rents from our net lease properties.

(2) Includes operating expenses incurred by our Kansas City portfolio, which transitioned from a net leased portfolio to an operating portfolio during the year ended December 31, 2017.

Property operating expenses increased$24.9 million, primarily as a result of real estate portfolios acquired during 2017. On a same store basis, property operating expenses increased primarily as a result of rising labor and benefits costs.

Interest Expense

The following table presents interest expense incurred during the year endedDecember 31, 2018 as compared to the year endedDecember 31, 2017 (dollars in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,				Increase (Decrease)
	2018		2017		Amount			%
Same store (placed in service - 2016 and prior)
AL/MC/CCRC properties	$	16,056	$	12,762	$	3,294		25.8	%
IL properties	30,373		30,108		265			0.9	%
Net lease properties	13,326		12,266		1,060			8.6	%
Properties placed in service - 2017	9,923		5,478		4,445			81.1	%
Properties sold	243		394		(151		)	(38.3	)%
Corporate	275		74		201			271.6	%
Total interest expense	$	70,196	$	61,082	$	9,114		14.9	%

Interest expense increased$9.1 million, primarily as a result of mortgage and seller financing obtained for 2017 acquisitions. On a same store basis, additional financing obtained for the Watermark Fountains portfolio in December 2017 resulted in an increase to interest expense.

Other Expenses Related to Securitization Trust

Other expenses related to securitization trust decreased$3.1 million as a result of the sale of our investment in the Freddie Mac securitization in the first quarter of 2018. Securitization trust expenses were primarily comprised of fees paid to Freddie Mac, the original issuer, as guarantor of the interest and principal payments related to the investment grade securitization bonds.

Transaction Costs

Transaction costs for the year endedDecember 31, 2018 are primarily a result of the residual costs incurred for the Winterfell and Avamere operator transition. Transaction costs for the year endedDecember 31, 2017 are primarily the result of the Rochester portfolio acquisition, which closed in the third and fourth quarters of 2017.

Asset Management and Other Fees - Related Party

Asset management and other fees - related party decreased$18.5 million primarily as a result of the December 2017 amendment to the advisory agreement which became effective during the first quarter of 2018. The amended advisory agreement reduced the monthly asset management fee and eliminated acquisition fees paid to the advisor.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses increased $0.9 million, primarily as a result of higher direct corporate expenses, including legal, accounting and other professional fees, partially offset by lower corporate overhead costs incurred during the year endedDecember 31, 2018.

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Depreciation and Amortization

The following table presents depreciation and amortization expense incurred during the year endedDecember 31, 2018 as compared to the year endedDecember 31, 2017 (dollars in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,				Increase (Decrease)
	2018		2017		Amount			%
Same store (placed in service - 2016 and prior)
AL/MC/CCRC properties	$	12,728	$	12,097	$	631		5.2	%
IL properties	62,677		62,127		550			0.9	%
Net lease properties	13,693		13,127		566			4.3	%
Properties placed in service - 2017	17,903		17,520		383			2.2	%
Properties placed in service - 2018	27		—		27			NA
Properties sold	105		588		(483		)	(82.1	)%
Total depreciation and amortization expense	$	107,133	$	105,459	$	1,674		1.6	%

Depreciation and amortization expense increased $1.7 million, primarily as a result of real estate portfolios acquired during 2017 and capital improvements funded on same store portfolios.

Impairment Loss

During the year endedDecember 31, 2018, impairment losses totaling $36.3 million were recorded due to performance issues at properties within the Winterfell, Kansas City and Peregrine portfolios, as well as to reflect net realizable value of properties designated as held for sale.

During the year endedDecember 31, 2017, impairment loss of $5.0 million was recorded a facility within the Peregrine net lease portfolio, due to deteriorating operating results of the tenant.

Other Income (Loss)

Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Senior Housing Mortgage Loans and Debt Held in Securitization Trust, Net

During the year endedDecember 31, 2017, unrealized gain of $1.5 million on senior housing mortgage loans and debt held in a securitization trust represents the change in the fair value of the consolidated assets and liabilities of our investment in the Freddie Mac securitization. There was no unrealized gain recognized for the year endedDecember 31, 2018 as a result of the disposal of the investment.

Realized Gain (Loss) on Investments and Other

During the year endedDecember 31, 2018, realized gain (loss) on investments and other of $20.2 million is primarily a result of gains recognized from the sales of our investments in the Trilogy portfolio and Freddie Mac securitization.

Equity in Earnings (Losses) of Unconsolidated Ventures and Income Tax Benefit (Expense)

Equity in Earnings (Losses) of Unconsolidated Ventures (dollars in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2018			2017			2018		2017							2018		2017
Portfolio	Equity in Earnings (Losses)						Select Revenues and Expenses, net(1)						Equity in Earnings, Net of Select Revenues and Expenses				Increase (Decrease)					Cash Distributions
Eclipse	$	(624	)	$	(1,562	)	$	(2,280	)	$	(3,401	)	$	1,656	$	1,839	$	(183	)	(10.0	)%	$	754	$	1,227
Envoy	(37		)	(934		)	(301		)	(1,349		)	264		415		(151		)	(36.4	)%	283		427
Griffin-American	(12,717		)	(6,885		)	(24,780		)	(18,728		)	12,063		11,843		220			1.9	%	5,553		8,505
Espresso	(21,460		)	(20,737		)	(26,906		)	(32,752		)	5,446		12,015		(6,569		)	(54.7	)%	—		3,307
Trilogy	1,153			(5,224		)	(14,810		)	(23,193		)	15,963		17,969		(2,006		)	(11.2	)%	5,977		—
Subtotal	$	(33,685	)	$	(35,342	)	$	(69,077	)	$	(79,423	)	$	35,392	$	44,081	$	(8,689	)	(19.7	)%	$	12,567	$	13,466
Operator Platform(2)	168			28			—			—			168		28		140			500.0	%	107		—
Total	$	(33,517	)	$	(35,314	)	$	(69,077	)	$	(79,423	)	$	35,560	$	44,109	$	(8,549	)	(19.4	)%	$	12,674	$	13,466

_______________________________________

(1) Represents our proportionate share of revenues and expenses excluded from the calculation of FFO and MFFO. Refer to “—Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for additional discussion.

(2) Represents our investment in Solstice.

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Equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated ventures decreased $1.8 million, primarily due to one-time events in our investment in the Espresso joint venture, including a liability extinguishment gain recognized during the year endedDecember 31, 2018 and a loan loss reserve recognized during the year endedDecember 31, 2017. The liability extinguishment gain and the loan loss reserve totaled $14.1 million and $11.4 million, respectively. For additional information, refer to “—Impairment.”

Equity in earnings, net of select revenues and expenses, decreased $8.5 million primarily due to the Espresso portfolio, which has experienced three operator transitions, resulting in a decrease in rental income.

Income Tax Benefit (Expense)

Income tax expense for the year endedDecember 31, 2018 was $114,000 and related to our operating properties, which operate through a taxable REIT subsidiary structure. Income tax expense for the year endedDecember 31, 2017 was $43,000.

Comparison of the Year Ended December 31, 2017 to December 31, 2016 (dollars in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,						Increase (Decrease)
	2017			2016			Amount			%
Property and other revenues
Resident fee income	$	127,180		$	102,915		$	24,265		23.6	%
Rental income	155,700			132,108			23,592			17.9	%
Other revenue	2,895			1,585			1,310			82.6	%
Total property and other revenues	285,775			236,608			49,167			20.8	%
Net interest income
Interest income on debt investments	7,696			17,720			(10,024		)	(56.6	)%
Interest income on mortgage loans held in a securitized trust	25,955			5,022			20,933			416.8	%
Interest expense on mortgage obligations issued by a securitization trust	(19,510		)	(3,772		)	(15,738		)	417.2	%
Net interest income	14,141			18,970			(4,829		)	(25.5	)%
Expenses
Real estate properties - operating expenses	163,837			129,954			33,883			26.1	%
Interest expense	61,082			50,243			10,839			21.6	%
Other expenses related to securitization trust	3,922			765			3,157			412.7	%
Transaction costs	9,407			2,204			7,203			326.8	%
Asset management and other fees-related party	41,954			45,092			(3,138		)	(7.0	)%
General and administrative expenses	13,488			24,843			(11,355		)	(45.7	)%
Depreciation and amortization	105,459			81,786			23,673			28.9	%
Impairment loss	5,000			—			5,000			NA
Total expenses	404,149			334,887			69,262			20.7	%
Other income (loss)
Unrealized gain (loss) on senior housing mortgage loans and debt held in securitization trust, net	1,503			298			1,205			404.4	%
Realized gain (loss) on investments and other	116			600			(484		)	(80.7	)%
Gain (loss) on consolidation of unconsolidated venture (refer to Note 3)	—			6,408			(6,408		)	(100.0	)%
Income (loss) before equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated ventures and income tax benefit (expense)	(102,614		)	(72,003		)	(30,611		)	42.5	%
Equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated ventures	(35,314		)	(62,175		)	26,861			(43.2	)%
Income tax benefit (expense)	(43		)	(7,104		)	7,061			(99.4	)%
Net income (loss)	$	(137,971	)	$	(141,282	)	$	3,311		(2.3	)%

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Revenues

Resident Fee Income

The following table presents resident fee income generated during the year endedDecember 31, 2017 as compared to the year endedDecember 31, 2016 (dollars in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,					Increase (Decrease)
	2017			2016		Amount		%
Same store portfolios (placed in service - 2015 and prior)	$	104,841		$	102,773	$	2,068	2.0	%
Portfolios placed in service - 2016	2,633			142		2,491		1,754.2	%
Portfolio placed in service - 2017	19,706		(1)	—		19,706		100.0	%
Total resident fee income	$	127,180		$	102,915	$	24,265	23.6	%

_______________________________________

(1) Includes resident fee income generated from our Kansas City portfolio, which transitioned from a net leased portfolio to an operating portfolio during the year ended December 31, 2017.

Resident fee income increased$24.3 million primarily as a result of the Oak Cottage and Avamere portfolio acquisitions, which closed during the first quarter of 2017. Additionally, the completion of expansion projects in the Watermark Aqua portfolio during the fourth quarter of 2016 contributed to the increase.

Rental Income

The following table presents rental income generated during the year endedDecember 31, 2017 as compared to the year endedDecember 31, 2016 (dollars in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,					Increase (Decrease)
	2017		2016			Amount		%
Same store portfolios (placed in service - 2015 and prior)	$	34,798	$	33,974		$	824	2.4	%
Portfolios placed in service - 2016	111,638		96,685			14,953		15.5	%
Portfolio placed in service - 2017(1)	9,264		1,449		(1)	7,815		539.3	%
Total rental income	$	155,700	$	132,108		$	23,592	17.9	%

_______________________________________

(1) Includes rental income generated from our Kansas City portfolio, which transitioned from a net leased portfolio to an operating portfolio during the year ended December 31, 2017.

Rental income increased$23.6 million primarily as a result of the Rochester portfolio acquisition, which closed during the third and fourth quarters of 2017, and a full year of reported operations for the Winterfell portfolio, which was 100% owned and consolidated in our statements of operations beginning March 2016. Occupancy rates in 2017 for the Winterfell portfolio decreased as compared to 2016, reducing rent received and partially offsetting the overall increase to rental income.

Other Revenue

Other revenue increased$1.3 million primarily as a result of additional revenue recognized from non-recurring services and fees at our operating facilities as well as interest earned on uninvested cash.

Net Interest Income

Net interest income decreased$4.8 million primarily as a result of the repayment of three debt investments in the fourth quarter of 2016, partially offset by income earned from our investment in the Class B certificates of a securitization trust, or the Freddie Investment.

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Expenses

Real Estate Properties - Operating Expenses

The following table presents property operating expenses incurred during the year endedDecember 31, 2017 as compared to the year endedDecember 31, 2016 (dollars in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,					Increase (Decrease)
	2017		2016			Amount		%
Same store portfolios (placed in service - 2015 and prior)	$	74,569	$	72,192		$	2,377	3.3	%
Portfolios placed in service - 2016	71,184		57,230			13,954		24.4	%
Portfolio placed in service - 2017	18,084		532		(1)	17,552		3,299.2	%
Total property operating expenses	$	163,837	$	129,954		$	33,883	26.1	%

_______________________________________

(1) Includes operating expenses incurred by our Kansas City portfolio, which transitioned from a net leased portfolio to an operating portfolio during the year ended December 31, 2017.

Property operating expenses increased$33.9 million, primarily as a result of real estate portfolios acquired during 2017. Additionally, a full year of reported operations in 2017 for the Winterfell portfolio and Watermark Aqua portfolio expansion projects contributed to the year-over-year increase. The Winterfell portfolio was 100% owned and consolidated in our statement of operations beginning March 2016, while the Watermark Aqua portfolio expansion projects were completed in the fourth quarter of 2016.

Interest Expense

The following table presents interest expense incurred during the year endedDecember 31, 2017 as compared to the year endedDecember 31, 2016 (dollars in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,				Increase (Decrease)
	2017		2016		Amount		%
Same store portfolios (placed in service - 2015 and prior)	$	25,491	$	24,930	$	561	2.3	%
Portfolios placed in service - 2016	30,108		25,313		4,795		18.9	%
Portfolio placed in service - 2017	5,483		—		5,483		NA
Total interest expense	$	61,082	$	50,243	$	10,839	21.6	%

Interest expense increased$10.8 million, primarily as a result of mortgage and seller financing obtained for real estate portfolios acquired during 2017 and the amortization of below market debt resulting from the finalization of the purchase price allocation of the Winterfell portfolio.

Other Expenses Related to Securitization Trust

Other expenses related to securitization trust increased $3.2 million as a result of acquiring the Freddie Investment in the fourth quarter of 2016. Securitization trust expenses were primarily comprised of fees paid to Freddie Mac, the original issuer, as guarantor of the interest and principal payments related to the investment grade securitization bonds.

Transaction Costs

Transaction costs for the year endedDecember 31, 2017 were primarily a result of the Avamere, Oak Cottage and Rochester portfolio acquisitions, and operator transitions. Transaction costs for the year endedDecember 31, 2016 were primarily a result of the acquisition of the remaining 60% equity interest in the Winterfell portfolio in March 2016 and professional fees incurred to finalize certain purchase price allocations related to 2016 and 2015 investment activities.

Asset Management and Other Fees - Related Party

Asset management and other fees - related party decreased$3.1 million primarily as a result of a decrease in acquisition fees incurred to acquire portfolios in 2017, partially offset by higher asset management fees from increased invested assets subsequent to December 31, 2016.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses were incurred at the corporate level and include auditing and professional fees, director fees, and other costs associated with operating our business. General and administrative expenses decreased $11.4 million, primarily

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as a result of lower overhead costs incurred for the year endedDecember 31, 2017, as well as the full payment of previously unallocated operating costs paid by our Advisor on our behalf during 2016.

Depreciation and Amortization

The following table presents depreciation and amortization expense incurred during the year endedDecember 31, 2017 as compared to the year endedDecember 31, 2016 (dollars in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,				Increase (Decrease)
	2017		2016		Amount			%
Same store portfolios (placed in service - 2015 and prior)	$	25,260	$	30,953	$	(5,693	)	(18.4	)%
Portfolios placed in service - 2016	62,679		50,460		12,219			24.2	%
Portfolio placed in service - 2017	17,520		373		17,147			4,597.1	%
Total depreciation and amortization expense	$	105,459	$	81,786	$	23,673		28.9	%

Depreciation and amortization expense increased$23.7 million, primarily as a result of real estate portfolios acquired during 2017 as well as of the acquisition of the remaining 60.0% equity interest in the Winterfell portfolio in March 2016 and finalization of the purchase price allocation in the first quarter of 2017. This increase was partially offset by the full amortization of intangible assets for portfolios acquired in prior years.

Impairment of operating real estate

During the year endedDecember 31, 2017, impairment loss of $5.0 million was recorded related to a property within the Peregrine net lease portfolio, due to deteriorating operating results of the tenant. There was no impairment losses on real estate investments recorded during the year endedDecember 31, 2016.

Other Income (Loss)

Unrealized Gain (loss) on Senior Housing Mortgage Loans and Debt Held in Securitization Trust, Net

Unrealized gain of $1.2 million on senior housing mortgage loans and debt held in a securitization trust represents the change in the fair value of the consolidated assets and liabilities of the Freddie Mac securitization.

Equity in Earnings (Losses) of Unconsolidated Ventures and Income Tax Benefit (Expense)

Equity in Earnings (Losses) of Unconsolidated Ventures (dollars in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2017			2016			2017			2016			2017		2016							2017		2016
Portfolio	Equity in Earnings (Losses)						Select Revenues and Expenses, net(1)						Equity in Earnings, Net of Select Revenues and Expenses				Increase (Decrease)					Cash Distributions
Eclipse	$	(1,562	)	$	528		$	(3,401	)	$	(1,807	)	$	1,839	$	2,335	$	(496	)	(21.2	)%	$	1,227	$	1,963
Envoy	(934		)	980			(1,349		)	455			415		525		(110		)	(21.0	)%	427		267
Griffin-American	(6,885		)	(7,847		)	(18,728		)	(24,048		)	11,843		16,201		(4,358		)	(26.9	)%	8,505		24,795
Winterfell(2)	—			1,423			—			(161		)	—		1,584		(1,584		)	(100.0	)%	—		591
Espresso(3)	(20,737		)	(5,388		)	(32,752		)	(14,194		)	12,015		8,806		3,209			36.4	%	3,307		7,162
Trilogy	(5,224		)	(51,871		)	(23,193		)	(67,793		)	17,969		15,922		2,047			12.9	%	—		—
Subtotal	(35,342		)	(62,175		)	(79,423		)	(107,548		)	44,081		45,373		(1,292		)	(2.8	)%	13,466		34,778
Operator Platform(4)	28			—			—			—			28		—		28			NA		—		—
Total	$	(35,314	)	$	(62,175	)	$	(79,423	)	$	(107,548	)	$	44,109	$	45,373	$	(1,264	)	(2.8	)%	$	13,466	$	34,778

_______________________________________

(1) Represents our proportionate share of revenues and expenses excluded from the calculation of FFO and MFFO. Refer to “—Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for additional discussion.

(2) In March 2016, we acquired NorthStar Realty’s 60.0% interest in the Winterfell portfolio. The transaction was approved by our board of directors, including all of its independent directors, and the purchase price was supported by an independent third-party appraisal for the Winterfell portfolio. We originally acquired a 40.0% equity interest in the Winterfell portfolio in May 2015. Accordingly, as of March 1, 2016, we own 100.0% of the equity in the Winterfell portfolio and consolidate the portfolio.

(3) Equity in earnings for the year ended December 31, 2017 includes a loan loss reserve recorded by the joint venture, of which our proportionate share totaled $11.4 million. Refer to “Credit Losses and Impairment on Investments” within Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” for additional discussion.

(4) Represents our investment in Solstice.

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Equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated ventures decreased by $26.9 million, primarily as a result of overall lower depreciation and amortization expense recorded by the unconsolidated ventures as acquisition-related intangible assets continue to become fully amortized. The decrease in loss was partially offset by a $11.4 million loan loss reserve recorded by the Espresso joint venture, which represents our proportionate share of an impairment of real estate accounted for as a direct financing lease.

Income Tax Benefit (Expense)

Income tax expense for the year endedDecember 31, 2017 was $43,000 and related to our operating properties, which operate through a TRS structure. Income tax expense for the year endedDecember 31, 2016 was $7.1 million. In the first quarter of 2016, we recorded a full valuation allowance of $7.0 million on our deferred tax asset as we believed that it was unlikely to be realized.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our current principal liquidity needs are to fund: (i) principal and interest payments on our borrowings and other commitments; (ii) operating expenses; (iii) capital expenditures, development and redevelopment activities; and (iv) repurchases of our shares.

Our current primary sources of liquidity include the following: (i) cash on hand; (ii) cash flow generated by our investments, both from our operating activities and distributions from our unconsolidated joint ventures; (iii) secured or unsecured financings from banks and other lenders, including investment-level financing and/or a corporate credit facility; and (iv) proceeds from full or partial realization of investments.

Our investments generate cash flow in the form of rental revenues, resident fees and interest income, which are reduced by operating expenditures, debt service payments, capital expenditures and corporate general and administrative expenses. Our revenues have declined as a result of, among other things, declines in occupancy and rate pressures, while our operating expenses have increased due primarily to increased labor and benefits costs. Our debt service obligations have also increased over the same period, primarily due to recurring principal amortization and rising interest expense. At the same time, we believe we need to continue to invest capital into our properties in order to maintain market position, as well as functional and operating standards, or to add value to our properties. As a result, our board of directors has suspended distributions and limited share repurchases, as described in further detail below, in order to maintain adequate liquidity and flexibility to support the execution of our strategic objectives and drive long-term value for stockholders.

We currently believe that our capital resources are sufficient to meet our capital needs for the following 12 months. For additional information regarding our liquidity needs and capital resources, see below. As of March 21, 2019, we had $64.1 million of unrestricted cash.

Cash From Operations

We primarily generate cash flow from operations through net operating income from our operating properties, rental income from our net leased properties and interest from our debt investment, as well as distributions from our investments in unconsolidated ventures. Net cash provided by operating activities was $28.0 million for the year endedDecember 31, 2018.

A substantial majority of our properties, or 78.5% of our assets, excluding our unconsolidated ventures and properties designated held for sale, are operating properties whereby we are directly exposed to various operational risks. During 2018, our cash flow from operations was negatively impacted by, among other things, declines in occupancy, rate pressures and increases in operating expenses, particularly tied to increased labor and benefits costs.

In addition, we have significant joint ventures, with unconsolidated joint ventures and consolidated joint ventures representing 35.7% and 20.5%, respectively, of our total real estate equity investments as of December 31, 2018, and we may not be able to control the timing of distributions from these investments, if any.

Borrowings

We use asset-level financing as part of our investment strategy and are required to make recurring principal and interest payments on our borrowings. As of December 31, 2018, we had $1.5 billion of consolidated asset-level borrowings outstanding. During 2018, we paid $10.5 million and $64.6 million, respectively, in recurring principal and interest payments on these borrowings, and currently anticipate that both recurring principal and interest payments will continue to increase in 2019.

Our unconsolidated joint ventures also have significant asset level borrowings. Borrowings that are maturing in our unconsolidated ventures may require us to fund additional contributions, if favorable refinancing is not obtained. If we are unable to fund capital calls, our investment in the unconsolidated investment may be diluted and may prohibit us from participating in future cash flows. In particular, our Griffin-American joint venture has $1.7 billion of non-recourse mortgage debt on certain properties in the joint venture that matures in December 2019.  Our Sponsor, which is an equity partner in the Griffin-American joint venture, is currently evaluating options in connection with the December 2019 scheduled maturity of this debt, of which our proportionate share is

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approximately $246 million.

We also have a revolving credit facility, or our Corporate Facility, for up to $25.0 million, subject to satisfaction of certain conditions. However, as of December 31, 2018, we did not satisfy conditions to draw on our Corporate Facility. In addition, we have revolving line of credit from an affiliate of our Sponsor, or our Sponsor Line, for up to $35.0 million. We have not drawn on either our Corporate Facility or Sponsor Line in 2018 and currently have no borrowings outstanding under either our Corporate Facility or Sponsor Line.

For additional information regarding our borrowings, including principal repayments and timing of maturities, refer to “—Contractual Obligations and Commitments” as well as Note 7, “Borrowings” in our accompanying consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

Our charter limits us from incurring borrowings that would exceed 300.0% of our net assets. We cannot exceed this limit unless any excess in borrowing over such level is approved by a majority of our independent directors. We would need to disclose any such approval to our stockholders in our next quarterly report along with the justification for such excess. An approximation of this leverage calculation, excluding indirect leverage held through our unconsolidated joint venture investments and any securitized mortgage obligations to third parties, is 75.0% of our assets, other than intangibles, before deducting loan loss reserves, other non- cash reserves and depreciation and as of December 31, 2018, our leverage was 61.7%. As of December 31, 2018, indirect leverage on assets, other than intangibles, before deducting loan loss reserves, other non-cash reserves and depreciation, held through our unconsolidated joint ventures was 67.9%.

Capital Expenditures, Development and Redevelopment Activities

We are responsible for capital expenditures for our operating properties and, from time to time, may also fund capital expenditures for certain net leased properties. We continue to invest capital into our operating portfolio in order to maintain market position, as well as functional and operating standards. During 2018, we spent $26.8 million on recurring capital expenditures for our direct investments. In addition, we will continue to execute on and identify strategic development opportunities for our existing investments that may involve replacing, converting or renovating facilities in our portfolio which, in turn, would allow us to provide an optimal mix of services, increase operating income, achieve property stabilization and enhance the overall value of our assets. During 2018, we spent $4.4 million on development capital expenditures.

We are also party to certain agreements that contemplate development of healthcare properties funded by us and our joint venture partners. Although we may not be obligated to fund such capital contributions or capital projects, we may be subject to adverse consequences under our joint venture governing documents for any such failure to fund.

Disposition of Investments

We also evaluate dispositions of non-core investments to provide an additional source of liquidity. During the year endedDecember 31, 2018, we sold our investment in the Freddie Mac securitization, generating net proceeds of $35.8 million, as well as a non-core operating property within our Watermark Fountains portfolio, generating net proceeds of $2.7 million. In October 2018, we sold 20.0% of our ownership interest in the Trilogy joint venture, which generated gross proceeds of $48.0 million and reduced our ownership interest in the joint venture from approximately 29% to 23%.

Distributions

To continue to qualify as a REIT, we are required to distribute annually at least 90% of our taxable income, subject to certain adjustments, to stockholders. For the years endedDecember 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, the Company generated net operating losses for tax purposes and, accordingly, was not required to make distributions to its stockholders to qualify as a REIT. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we paid monthly distributions to our stockholders based on a daily record date in the amount of $0.000924658 per share, which required the use of $32.7 million in cash to fund the aggregate distributions paid. Refer to “Distributions Declared and Paid” for further information regarding our historical distributions. Effective February 1, 2019, our board of directors determined to suspend distributions in order to preserve capital and liquidity.

Repurchases

We have adopted a Share Repurchase Program effective August 7, 2012, as most recently amended in October 2018, which enables stockholders to sell their shares to us in limited circumstances. In October 2018, our board of directors approved an amended and restated Share Repurchase Program, under which we will only repurchase shares in connection with the death or qualifying disability of a stockholder. However, our board of directors may amend, suspend or terminate our Share Repurchase Program at any time, subject to certain notice requirements. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we repurchased 3.3 million shares for an aggregate amount of $25.9 million. Refer to Note 10, “Stockholders’ Equity” and Note 16, “Subsequent Events” in our accompanying consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

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Other Commitments

We expect to continue to make payments to our Advisor, or its affiliates, pursuant to our advisory agreement, as applicable, in connection with the management of our assets and costs incurred by our Advisor in providing services to us. In December 2017, our advisory agreement was amended with changes to the asset management and acquisition fee structure. We renewed our advisory agreement with our Advisor on June 30, 2018 for an additional one-year term on terms identical to those previously in effect. Refer to “—Related Party Arrangements” for further information regarding our advisory fees.

Cash Flows

The following presents a summary of our consolidated statements of cash flows for the years endedDecember 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (dollars in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,
Cash flow provided by (used in):	2018			2017			2016			2018 vs. 2017 Change			2017 vs. 2016 Change
Operating activities	$	27,986		$	10,129		$	5,376		$	17,857		$	4,753
Investing activities	73,948			(314,394		)	(60,355		)	388,342			(254,039		)
Financing activities	(87,914		)	132,861			(62,970		)	(220,775		)	195,831
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	14,020		$	(171,404	)	$	(117,949	)	$	185,424		$	(53,455	)

Year Ended December 31, 2018 compared to December 31, 2017

Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities was $28.0 million for the year endedDecember 31, 2018 compared to $10.1 million for the year endedDecember 31, 2017. The increase of $17.9 million was primarily attributable to a decrease in asset management and acquisition fees paid to our Advisor.

Investing Activities

Our cash flows from investing activities are generally used to fund investment improvements and acquisitions, net of any investment dispositions. Net cash provided by investing activities was $73.9 million for the year endedDecember 31, 2018compared to net cash used of $314.4 million for the year endedDecember 31, 2017. Cash flows provided by investing activities for the year endedDecember 31, 2018 are primarily attributable to the sale of an ownership interest in the Trilogy joint venture and the sale of our investment in the Freddie Mac securitization, partially offset by additional capital improvements to existing investments. Cash flows used in investing activities for the year endedDecember 31, 2017 primarily relate to the acquisition of three operating real estate portfolios and additional capital contributions to our unconsolidated ventures.

The following table presents cash used for capital improvements during the year endedDecember 31, 2018 as compared to the year endedDecember 31, 2017, excluding capital improvements made at our unconsolidated ventures (dollars in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,
Capital Improvements	2018		2017		2018 vs. 2017 Change
Development projects	$	4,382	$	1,439	$	2,943
Recurring	26,830		18,737		8,093
Total improvement of operating real estate investments	$	31,212	$	20,176	$	11,036

Financing Activities

Our cash flows from financing activities are principally impacted by our distributions paid on common stock and changes in our mortgage notes payable. Cash flows used in financing activities was $87.9 million for the year endedDecember 31, 2018 compared to cash flow provided by financing activities of $132.9 million for the year endedDecember 31, 2017. The change of $220.8 million was primarily attributable to payments of dividends and share repurchases, while no proceeds were obtained from real estate financings during the year endedDecember 31, 2018.

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Year ended December 31, 2017 compared to December 31, 2016

Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities was $10.1 million for the year endedDecember 31, 2017 compared to $5.4 million for the year endedDecember 31, 2016. The increase of $4.8 million was primarily related to earnings from new investments, as well as a decrease in acquisition fees and other general and administrative expenses paid to our Advisor.

Investing Activities

Our cash flows from investing activities are generally used to fund investment acquisitions, net of any repayment activity. Net cash used in investing activities increased by $254.0 million for the year endedDecember 31, 2017compared to the year endedDecember 31, 2016. Cash flows used in investing activities for the year endedDecember 31, 2017 primarily relate to the acquisition of three operating real estate investments and additional capital improvements to existing investments. Cash flows used in investing activities for the year endedDecember 31, 2016 primarily relate to the acquisition of the remaining 60.0% equity interest in the Winterfell portfolio in March 2016 and additional capital contributions to joint venture investments. The following table presents capital improvements made during the year endedDecember 31, 2017 as compared to the year endedDecember 31, 2016, excluding capital improvements made at our unconsolidated ventures (dollars in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,
Capital Improvements	2017		2016		2017 vs. 2016 Change
Development projects	$	1,439	$	9,449	$	(8,010	)
Recurring	18,737		19,979		(1,242		)
Total improvement of operating real estate investments	$	20,176	$	29,428	$	(9,252	)

Financing Activities

Our cash flows from financing activities are principally impacted by our distributions paid on common stock and changes in our mortgage notes payable. Cash flows provided by financing activities was $132.9 million for the year endedDecember 31, 2017 compared to cash flow used in financing activities of $63.0 million for the year endedDecember 31, 2016. The change of $195.8 million primarily relates to an increase in net proceeds from mortgage notes payable, partially offset by an increase in shares redeemed for cash and distributions paid on common stock.

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Contractual Obligations and Commitments

The following table presents contractual obligations and commitments as of December 31, 2018 (dollars in thousands):

	Payments Due by Period
			2019		2020 - 2021		2022 - 2023
	Total		Less than 1 year		1-3 years(6)		3-5 years(7)		More than 5 years
Mortgage and notes other payables - consolidated(1)	$	1,494,154	$	52,170	$	88,301	$	483,817	$	869,866
Mortgage and notes other payables - unconsolidated(1)(2)	816,624		372,740		148,491		15,840		279,553
Estimated interest payments- consolidated(3)	343,019		64,447		121,388		86,494		70,690
Estimated interest payments- unconsolidated(2)(3)	220,018		38,332		35,279		20,826		125,581
Advisor asset management fee(4)	119,862		19,977		39,954		39,954		19,977
Total(5)	$	2,993,677	$	547,666	$	433,413	$	646,931	$	1,365,667

_____________________________________

(1) Represents contractual amortization of principal and repayment upon contractual maturity.

(2) Represents our proportionate interest in the underlying obligations and commitments of our unconsolidated ventures. We are not directly liable for the obligations and commitments of our unconsolidated ventures. Borrowings that are maturing in our unconsolidated ventures may require us to fund additional contributions if favorable refinancing is not obtained. We are not obligated to fund capital contributions, however our investment in the unconsolidated investment may be diluted and we may be prohibited from participating in future cash flows if we are unable to fund.

(3) Estimated interest payments are based on the remaining life of the borrowings. Applicable LIBOR rate plus the respective spread as of December 31, 2018 was used to estimate payments for our floating-rate borrowings.

(4) Subject to certain restrictions and limitations, our Advisor is responsible for managing our affairs on a day-to-day basis and for identifying, originating, acquiring and managing investments on our behalf. For such services, our Advisor receives management fees from us based on our most recent net asset value. In addition, our advisory agreement must be renewed in June 2019 and may be renewed on different terms or may be terminated at any time, subject to notice requirements. As a result, the amount included in the table above is an estimate only and assumes the current net asset value and the continuation of our advisory agreement on its current terms. Included in the table is $10.0 million of advisor asset management fees per year that are payable in shares of our common stock. Refer to “—Related Party Arrangements” for additional information on our Advisor asset management fee.

(5) Excludes construction related and other commitments for future development.

(6) Total includes $171.2 million and $262.2 million for years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively.

(7) Total includes $551.7 million and $95.3 million for years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, respectively.

In addition, our joint venture partners may be entitled to call additional capital under the governing documents of our joint ventures and certain of our tenants/operators/managers may require us to fund capital projects under our leases or management agreements. Although we may not be obligated to fund such capital contributions or capital projects, we may be subject to adverse consequences for any such failure to fund.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

As of December 31, 2018, we are not dependent on the use of any off-balance sheet financing arrangements for liquidity. We have made investments in unconsolidated ventures. Refer to Note 4, “Investments in Unconsolidated Ventures” in Part II. Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for a discussion of such unconsolidated ventures in our consolidated financial statements. In each case, our exposure to loss is limited to the carrying value of our investment.

Inflation

Some of our assets and liabilities are interest rate sensitive in nature. As a result, interest rates and other factors may influence our performance. A change in interest rates may correlate with the inflation rate. Substantially all of the leases allow for annual rent increases based on the greater of certain percentages or increase in the relevant consumer price index. Such types of leases generally minimize the risks of inflation on our healthcare properties.

Refer to Item 7A. “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” for additional details.

Related Party Arrangements

Advisor

Subject to certain restrictions and limitations, our Advisor is responsible for managing our affairs on a day-to-day basis and for identifying, acquiring, originating and asset managing investments on our behalf. Our Advisor may delegate certain of its obligations to affiliated entities, which may be organized under the laws of the United States or foreign jurisdictions. References to our Advisor include our Advisor and any such affiliated entities. For such services, to the extent permitted by law and regulations, our Advisor receives fees and reimbursements from us. Pursuant to our advisory agreement, our advisor may defer or waive fees in its discretion. Below is a description and table of the fees and reimbursements incurred to our Advisor.

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In December 2017, our advisory agreement was amended with changes to the asset management and acquisition fee structure as further described below. In June 2018, our advisory agreement was renewed for an additional one-year term commencing on June 30, 2018, with terms identical to those in effect through June 30, 2018.

Fees to Advisor

Asset Management Fee

From inception through December 31, 2017, our Advisor received a monthly asset management fee equal to one-twelfth of 1.0% of the sum of the amount funded or allocated for investments, including expenses and any financing attributable to such investments, less any principal received on debt and securities investments (or our proportionate share thereof in the case of an investment made through a joint venture).

Effective January 1, 2018, our Advisor receives a monthly asset management fee equal to one-twelfth of 1.5% of our most recently published aggregate estimated net asset value, as may be subsequently adjusted for any special distribution declared by our board of directors in connection with a sale, transfer or other disposition of a substantial portion of our assets, with $2.5 million per calendar quarter of such fee paid in shares of our common stock at a price per share equal to the most recently published net asset value per share.

Our Advisor has also agreed that all shares of our common stock issued to it in consideration of the asset management fee will be subordinate in the share repurchase program to shares of our common stock held by third party stockholders for a period of two years, unless our advisory agreement is earlier terminated.

Incentive Fee

Our Advisor is entitled to receive distributions equal to 15.0% of our net cash flows, whether from continuing operations, repayment of loans, disposition of assets or otherwise, but only after stockholders have received, in the aggregate, cumulative distributions equal to their invested capital plus a 6.75% cumulative, non-compounded annual pre-tax return on such invested capital.

Acquisition Fee

From inception through December 31, 2017, our Advisor received fees for providing structuring, diligence, underwriting advice and related services in connection with real estate acquisitions equal to 2.25% of each real estate property acquired by us, including acquisition costs and any financing attributable to an equity investment (or the proportionate share thereof in the case of an indirect equity investment made through a joint venture or other investment vehicle) and 1.0% of the amount funded or allocated by us to acquire or originate debt investments, including acquisition costs and any financing attributable to such investments (or the proportionate share thereof in the case of an indirect investment made through a joint venture or other investment vehicle).

Effective January 1, 2018, our Advisor no longer receives an acquisition fee in connection with our acquisitions of real estate properties or debt investments.

Disposition Fee

For substantial assistance in connection with the sale of investments and based on the services provided, as determined by our independent directors, our Advisor may receive a disposition fee of 2.0% of the contract sales price of each property sold and 1.0% of the contract sales price of each debt investment sold. We do not pay a disposition fee upon the maturity, prepayment, workout, modification or extension of a debt investment unless there is a corresponding fee paid by our borrower, in which case the disposition fee is the lesser of: (i) 1.0% of the principal amount of the debt investment prior to such transaction; or (ii) the amount of the fee paid by our borrower in connection with such transaction. If we take ownership of a property as a result of a workout or foreclosure of a debt investment, we will pay a disposition fee upon the sale of such property. A disposition fee from the sale of an investment is generally expensed and included in asset management and other fees - related party in our consolidated statements of operations. A disposition fee for a debt investment incurred in a transaction other than a sale is included in debt investments, net on our consolidated balance sheets and is amortized to interest income over the life of the investment using the effective interest method.

Reimbursements to Advisor

Operating Costs

Our Advisor is entitled to receive reimbursement for direct and indirect operating costs incurred by our Advisor in connection with administrative services provided to us. Our Advisor allocates, in good faith, indirect costs to us related to our Advisor’s and its affiliates’ employees, occupancy and other general and administrative costs and expenses in accordance with the terms of, and subject to the limitations contained in, the advisory agreement with our Advisor. The indirect costs include our allocable share of our Advisor’s compensation and benefit costs associated with dedicated or partially dedicated personnel who spend all or a portion

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of their time managing our affairs, based upon the percentage of time devoted by such personnel to our affairs. The indirect costs also include rental and occupancy, technology, office supplies, travel and entertainment and other general and administrative costs and expenses. However, there is no reimbursement for personnel costs related to our executive officers (although there may be reimbursement for certain executive officers of our Advisor) and other personnel involved in activities for which our Advisor receives an acquisition fee or a disposition fee. Our Advisor allocates these costs to us relative to its and its affiliates’ other managed companies in good faith and has reviewed the allocation with our board of directors, including our independent directors. Our Advisor updates our board of directors on a quarterly basis of any material changes to the expense allocation and provides a detailed review to the board of directors, at least annually, and as otherwise requested by the board of directors. We reimburse our Advisor quarterly for operating costs (including the asset management fee) based on a calculation for the four preceding fiscal quarters not to exceed the greater of: (i) 2.0% of our average invested assets; or (ii) 25.0% of our net income determined without reduction for any additions to reserves for depreciation, loan losses or other similar non-cash reserves and excluding any gain from the sale of assets for that period. Notwithstanding the above, we may reimburse our Advisor for expenses in excess of this limitation if a majority of our independent directors determines that such excess expenses are justified based on unusual and non-recurring factors. We calculate the expense reimbursement quarterly based upon the trailing twelve-month period.

Summary of Fees and Reimbursements

The following tables present the fees and reimbursements incurred to our Advisor for the years endedDecember 31, 2018 and 2017 and the amount due to related party as of December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (dollars in thousands):

Type of Fee or Reimbursement		Due to Related Party as of December 31, 2017		Year Ended December 31, 2018							Due to Related Party as of December 31, 2018
	Financial Statement Location			Incurred			Paid
Fees to Advisor Entities
Asset management(1)	Asset management and other fees-related party	$	—	$	23,486		$	(21,821	)	(2)	$	1,665
Acquisition(2)	Investments in unconsolidated ventures/Asset management and other fees-related party	8		(8		)	—				—
Reimbursements to Advisor Entities
Operating costs(3)	General and administrative expenses	1,038		12,631			(9,659		)		4,010
Total		$	1,046	$	36,109		$	(31,480	)		$	5,675

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(1) Includes $9.0 million paid in shares of our common stock and a $0.2 million gain recognized on the settlement of the share-based payment.

(2) From inception through December 31, 2018, our Advisor waived $0.3 million of acquisition fees related to healthcare-related securities. We did not incur any disposition fees during the year endedDecember 31, 2018, nor were any such fees outstanding as of December 31, 2017.

(3) As of December 31, 2018, our Advisor did not have any unreimbursed operating costs which remained eligible to be allocated to us. For the year endedDecember 31, 2018, total operating expenses included in the 2%/25% Guidelines represented 0.4% of average invested assets and 54.9% of net loss without reduction for any additions to reserves for depreciation, loan losses or other similar non-cash reserves. Cost of capital is included in net proceeds from issuance of common stock in our consolidated statements of equity. For the year endedDecember 31, 2018, we did not incur any offering costs.

Type of Fee or Reimbursement		Due to Related Party as of December 31, 2016		Year Ended December 31, 2017					Due to Related Party as of December 31, 2017
	Financial Statement Location			Incurred		Paid
Fees to Advisor Entities
Asset management	Asset management and other fees-related party	$	12	$	34,302	$	(34,314	)	$	—
Acquisition(1)	Investments in unconsolidated ventures/Asset management and other fees-related party	66		8,206		(8,264		)	8
Reimbursements to Advisor Entities
Operating costs(2)	General and administrative expenses	141		11,208		(10,311		)	1,038
Total		$	219	$	53,716	$	(52,889	)	$	1,046

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(1) Acquisition/disposition fees incurred to our Advisor related to debt investments are generally offset by origination/exit fees paid to us by borrowers if such fees are required from the borrower. Acquisition fees related to equity investments are included in asset management and other fees-related party in our consolidated statements of operations. Acquisition fees related to investments in unconsolidated joint ventures are included in investments in unconsolidated ventures on our consolidated balance sheets. From inception through December 31, 2017, our Advisor waived $0.3 million of acquisition fees related to healthcare-related securities. We did not incur any disposition fees during the year endedDecember 31, 2017, nor were any such fees outstanding as of December 31, 2016.

(2) As of December 31, 2017, our Advisor did not have any unreimbursed operating costs which remained eligible to be allocated to us. For the year endedDecember 31, 2017, total operating expenses included in the 2%/25% Guidelines represented 0.3% of average invested assets and 44.9% of net loss without reduction for any additions to reserves for depreciation, loan losses or other similar non-cash reserves.

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Issuance of Common Stock to our Advisor

Pursuant to the December 2017 amendment of our advisory agreement, for the year endedDecember 31, 2018, we issued 1.1 million shares totaling $9.0 million to an affiliate of our Advisor as part of its asset management fee.

Investments in Joint Ventures

In November 2017, we began the transition of operations of the Winterfell portfolio, from the former manager, an affiliate of Holiday Retirement, to a new manager, Solstice. Solstice is a joint venture between affiliates of Integral Senior Living, LLC, a leading management company of ILF, ALF and MCF founded in 2000, which owns 80.0%, and the Company, which owns 20.0%. For the year endedDecember 31, 2018, the Company recognized property management fee expense of $5.3 million paid to Solstice related to the Winterfell portfolio.

The below table indicates our investments for which our Sponsor is also an equity partner in the joint venture. Each investment was approved by our board of directors, including all of its independent directors. Refer to Note 4, “Investments in Unconsolidated Ventures” of Part II, Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for further discussion of these investments:

Portfolio	Partner(s)	Acquisition Date	Ownership
Eclipse	Colony Capital/Formation Capital, LLC	May-2014	5.6%
Griffin-American	Colony Capital	Dec-2014	14.3%

In connection with the acquisition of the Griffin-American portfolio by NorthStar Realty, now a subsidiary of Colony Capital, and us, our Sponsor acquired a 43.0%, as adjusted, ownership interest in AHI and Mr. James F. Flaherty III, a partner of our Sponsor, acquired a 12.3% ownership interest in AHI. AHI is a healthcare-focused real estate investment management firm that co-sponsored and advised Griffin-American, until Griffin-American was acquired by us and NorthStar Realty.

In December 2015, we, through a joint venture with GAHR3, a REIT sponsored and advised by AHI, acquired a 29.0% interest in the Trilogy portfolio, a $1.2 billion healthcare portfolio and contributed $201.7 million for our interest. The purchase was approved by our board of directors, including all of our independent directors. In 2016 and 2017, we funded additional capital contributions of $18.8 million and $8.3 million, respectively, in accordance with the joint venture agreement. Additionally, in 2018, we funded capital contributions of $4.5 million for a total contribution of $233.3 million. The additional fundings related to certain business initiatives, including the acquisition of additional senior housing and skilled nursing facilities and repayment of certain outstanding obligations. In October 2018, we sold 20.0% of our ownership interest in the Trilogy joint venture, which generated gross proceeds of $48.0 million and reduced our ownership interest in the joint venture from approximately 29% to 23%. We sold the ownership interest to a wholly owned subsidiary of the operating partnership of GAHR4, a REIT sponsored by AHI.

Origination of Mezzanine Loan

In July 2015, we originated a $75.0 million mezzanine loan to a subsidiary of our joint venture with Formation and Safanad Management Limited, or the Espresso joint venture, which bears interest at a fixed rate of 10.0% per year and matures in January 2021.

Colony Capital Line of Credit

In October 2017, we obtained our Sponsor Line for up to $15.0 million at an interest rate of 3.5% plus LIBOR. Our Sponsor Line has an initial one year term, with an extension option of six months. Our Sponsor Line was approved by our board of directors, including all of our independent directors. In November 2017, the borrowing capacity under our Sponsor Line was increased to $35.0 million. In March 2018, our Sponsor Line maturity was extended through December 2020. As of December 31, 2017, we had drawn and fully repaid $25.0 million under our Sponsor Line. We did not utilize our Sponsor Line during the year endedDecember 31, 2018.

Recent Developments

Distribution Reinvestment Plan

For the period from January 1, 2019 through January 31, 2019, we issued 0.7 million shares pursuant to our DRP, representing gross proceeds of $4.9 million.

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Share Repurchases

For the period from January 1, 2019 through March 21, 2019, we repurchased 0.3 million shares for a total of $2.0 million or a price of $7.10 per share under our Share Repurchase Program. Prior to the most recent amendments to our Share Repurchase program, we had a total of 12.0 million shares, or $85.0 million, based on our most recently published estimated value per share of $7.10, in unfulfilled repurchase requests. Refer to Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” Note 10, “Stockholders’ Equity” for additional information regarding our Share Repurchase Program.

Distributions

Effective February 1, 2019, our board of directors determined to suspend distributions in order to preserve capital and liquidity.

Dispositions

Envoy

In March 2019, the Envoy joint venture, of which we own 11.4%, completed the sale of the remaining 11 properties in the portfolio for a sales price of $118.0 million. Our proportionate share of net proceeds, after debt repayment and transaction costs, is anticipated to be approximately $5.7 million, subject to indemnification and future performance.

Peregrine

In March 2019, we executed a purchase and sale agreement totaling $19.7 million for two properties within the Peregrine portfolio.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

Funds from Operations and Modified Funds from Operations

We believe that FFO and MFFO are additional appropriate measures of the operating performance of a REIT and of us in particular. We compute FFO in accordance with the standards established by the NAREIT, as net income (loss) (computed in accordance with U.S. GAAP), excluding gains (losses) from sales of depreciable property, the cumulative effect of changes in accounting principles, real estate-related depreciation and amortization, impairment on depreciable property owned directly or indirectly and after adjustments for unconsolidated ventures.

Changes in the accounting and reporting rules under U.S. GAAP that have been put into effect since the establishment of NAREIT’s definition of FFO have prompted an increase in the non-cash and non-operating items included in FFO. For instance, the accounting treatment for acquisition fees related to business combinations has changed from being capitalized to being expensed. Additionally, publicly registered, non-traded REITs are typically different from traded REITs because they generally have a limited life followed by a liquidity event or other targeted exit strategy. Non-traded REITs typically have a significant amount of acquisition activity and are substantially more dynamic during their initial years of investment and operation as compared to later years when the proceeds from their initial public offering have been fully invested and when they may seek to implement a liquidity event or other exit strategy. However, it is likely that we will make investments past the acquisition and development stage, albeit at a substantially lower pace.

Acquisition fees paid to our Advisor in connection with the origination and acquisition of debt investments are amortized over the life of the investment as an adjustment to interest income, while fees paid to our Advisor in connection with the acquisition of equity investments are generally expensed under U.S. GAAP. In both situations, the fees are included in the computation of net income (loss) and income (loss) before equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated ventures and income tax benefit (expense), both of which are performance measures under U.S. GAAP. We adjust MFFO for the amortization of acquisition fees in the period when such amortization is recognized under U.S. GAAP or in the period in which the acquisition fees are expensed. Acquisition fees are paid in cash that would otherwise be available to distribute to our stockholders. Such fees and expenses will not be reimbursed by our Advisor or its affiliates and third parties, and therefore, such fees and expenses will need to be paid from either additional debt, operating earnings, cash flow or net proceeds from the sale of investments or properties. However, in general, we earn origination fees for debt investments from our borrowers in an amount equal to the acquisition fees paid to our Advisor. Effective January 1, 2018, our Advisor no longer receives an acquisition fee in connection with our acquisition of real estate properties or debt investments.

Due to certain of the unique features of publicly-registered, non-traded REITs, the IPA, an industry trade group, standardized a performance measure known as MFFO and recommends the use of MFFO for such REITs. Management believes MFFO is a useful performance measure to evaluate our business and further believes it is important to disclose MFFO in order to be consistent with the IPA recommendation and other non-traded REITs. MFFO adjusts for items such as acquisition fees would only be comparable to non-traded REITs that have completed the majority of their acquisition activity and have other similar operating characteristics as us. Neither the SEC, nor any other regulatory body has approved the acceptability of the adjustments that we

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use to calculate MFFO. In the future, the SEC or another regulatory body may decide to standardize permitted adjustments across the non-listed REIT industry and we may need to adjust our calculation and characterization of MFFO.

MFFO is a metric used by management to evaluate our future operating performance once our organization and offering and acquisition and development stages are complete and is not intended to be used as a liquidity measure. Although management uses the MFFO metric to evaluate future operating performance, this metric excludes certain key operating items and other adjustments that may affect our overall operating performance. MFFO is not equivalent to net income (loss) as determined under U.S. GAAP. In addition, MFFO is not a useful measure in evaluating net asset value, since an impairment is taken into account in determining net asset value but not in determining MFFO.

We define MFFO in accordance with the concepts established by the IPA, and adjust for certain items, such as accretion of a discount and amortization of a premium on borrowings and related deferred financing costs, as such adjustments are comparable to adjustments for debt investments and will be helpful in assessing our operating performance. We also adjust MFFO for the non-recurring impact of the non-cash effect of deferred income tax benefits or expenses, as applicable, as such items are not indicative of our operating performance. Similarly, we adjust for the non-cash effect of unrealized gains or losses on unconsolidated ventures. Our computation of MFFO may not be comparable to other REITs that do not calculate MFFO using the same method. MFFO is calculated using FFO. FFO, as defined by NAREIT, is a computation made by analysts and investors to measure a real estate company’s operating performance. The IPA’s definition of MFFO excludes from FFO the following items:

• acquisition fees and expenses;

• non-cash amounts related to straight-line rent and the amortization of above or below market and in-place intangible lease assets and liabilities (which are adjusted in order to reflect such payments from an accrual basis of accounting under U.S. GAAP to a cash basis of accounting);

• amortization of a premium and accretion of a discount on debt investments;

• non-recurring impairment of real estate-related investments that meet the specified criteria identified in the rules and regulations of the SEC;

• realized gains (losses) from the early extinguishment of debt;

• realized gains (losses) on the extinguishment or sales of hedges, foreign exchange, securities and other derivative holdings except where the trading of such instruments is a fundamental attribute of our business;

• unrealized gains (losses) from fair value adjustments on real estate securities, including CMBS and other securities, interest rate swaps and other derivatives not deemed hedges and foreign exchange holdings;

• unrealized gains (losses) from the consolidation from, or deconsolidation to, equity accounting;

• adjustments related to contingent purchase price obligations; and

• adjustments for consolidated and unconsolidated partnerships and joint ventures calculated to reflect MFFO on the same basis as above.

Certain of the above adjustments are also made to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities, such as for the amortization of a premium and accretion of a discount on debt and securities investments, amortization of fees, any unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives, securities or other investments, as well as other adjustments.

MFFO excludes non-recurring impairment of real estate-related investments. We assess the credit quality of our investments and adequacy of reserves/impairment on a quarterly basis, or more frequently as necessary. Significant judgment is required in this analysis. With respect to debt investments, we consider the estimated net recoverable value of the loan as well as other factors, including but not limited to the fair value of any collateral, the amount and the status of any senior debt, the prospects for the borrower and the competitive situation of the region where the borrower does business. Fair value is typically estimated based on discounting expected future cash flow of the underlying collateral taking into consideration the discount rate, capitalization rate, occupancy, creditworthiness of major tenants and many other factors. This requires significant judgment and because it is based on projections of future economic events, which are inherently subjective, the amount ultimately realized may differ materially from the carrying value as of the balance sheet date. If the estimated fair value of the underlying collateral for the debt investment is less than its net carrying value, a loan loss reserve is recorded with a corresponding charge to provision for loan losses. With respect to a real estate investment, a property’s value is considered impaired if a triggering event is identified and our estimate of the aggregate future undiscounted cash flow to be generated by the property is less than the carrying value of the property. The value of our investments may be impaired and their carrying values may not be recoverable due to our limited life. Investors should note that while impairment charges are excluded from the calculation of MFFO, investors are cautioned that due to the

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fact that impairments are based on estimated future undiscounted cash flow and the relatively limited term of a non-traded REIT’s anticipated operations, it could be difficult to recover any impairment charges through operational net revenues or cash flow prior to any liquidity event.

We believe that MFFO is a useful non-GAAP measure for non-traded REITs. It is helpful to management and stockholders in assessing our future operating performance once our organization and offering and acquisition and development stages are complete, because it eliminates from net income non-cash fair value adjustments on our real estate securities and acquisition fees and expenses that are incurred as part of our investment activities. However, MFFO may not be a useful measure of our operating performance or as a comparable measure to other typical non-traded REITs if we do not continue to operate in a similar manner to other non-traded REITs, including if we were to extend our acquisition and development stage or if we determined not to pursue an exit strategy.

However, MFFO does have certain limitations. For instance, the effect of any amortization or accretion on debt investments originated or acquired at a premium or discount, respectively, is not reported in MFFO. In addition, realized gains (losses) from acquisitions and dispositions and other adjustments listed above are not reported in MFFO, even though such realized gains (losses) and other adjustments could affect our operating performance and cash available for distribution. Stockholders should note that any cash gains generated from the sale of investments would generally be used to fund new investments. Any mark-to-market or fair value adjustments may be based on many factors, including current operational or individual property issues or general market or overall industry conditions.

We purchased Class B healthcare-related securities in a securitization trust at a discount to par value, and would have recorded the accretion of the discount as interest income (which we refer to as the effective yield) had we been able to record the transaction as an available for sale security. As we were granted certain rights with our purchase, U.S. GAAP required us to consolidate the whole securitization trust and eliminate the Class B securities. We believe that reporting the effective yield in MFFO provided better insight to the expected contractual cash flows and was more consistent with our review of operating performance. The effective yield computation under U.S. GAAP and MFFO was the same.

Neither FFO nor MFFO is equivalent to net income (loss) or cash flow provided by operating activities determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP and should not be construed to be more relevant or accurate than the U.S. GAAP methodology in evaluating our operating performance. Neither FFO nor MFFO is necessarily indicative of cash flow available to fund our cash needs including our ability to make distributions to our stockholders. FFO and MFFO do not represent amounts available for management’s discretionary use because of needed capital replacement or expansion, debt service obligations or other commitments or uncertainties. Furthermore, neither FFO nor MFFO should be considered as an alternative to net income (loss) as an indicator of our operating performance.

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The following table presents a reconciliation of net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders to FFO and MFFO attributable to common stockholders (dollars in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016
Funds from operations:
Net income (loss) attributable to NorthStar Healthcare Income, Inc. common stockholders	$	(151,578	)	$	(137,771	)	$	(141,275	)
Adjustments:
Depreciation and amortization	107,133			105,459			81,786
Impairment losses of depreciable real estate	35,552			5,000			—
Depreciation and amortization related to unconsolidated ventures	32,877			38,804			87,065
Depreciation and amortization related to non-controlling interests	(779		)	(620		)	(564		)
Impairment loss on real estate related to non-controlling interests	(62		)	—			—
(Gain) loss on consolidation of unconsolidated venture	—			—			(6,408		)
Realized (gain) loss from sales of property	(14,148		)	—			—
Realized gain (loss) from sales of property related to non-controlling interests	2			—			—
Realized (gain) loss from sales of property related to unconsolidated ventures	1,446			694			(1,653		)
Impairment losses of depreciable real estate held by unconsolidated ventures	22,568			5,265			1,451
Funds from operations attributable to NorthStar Healthcare Income, Inc. common stockholders	$	33,011		$	16,831		$	20,402
Modified funds from operations:
Funds from operations attributable to NorthStar Healthcare Income, Inc. common stockholders	$	33,011		$	16,831		$	20,402
Adjustments:
Acquisition fees and transaction costs	878			17,057			14,585
Straight-line rental (income) loss	440			(1,673		)	(1,780		)
Amortization of premiums, discounts and fees on investments and borrowings	4,903			4,181			4,118
Amortization of discounts on healthcare-related securities	314			1,531			328
Deferred tax (benefit) expense	—			—			7,019
Adjustments related to unconsolidated ventures(1)	12,185			34,660			20,685
Adjustments related to non-controlling interests	13			(182		)	(23		)
Realized (gain) loss on investments and other	(6,094		)	(116		)	(600		)
Unrealized (gain) loss on senior housing mortgage loans and debt held in securitization trust	—			(1,503		)	(298		)
Impairment of assets other than real estate	725			—			—
Modified funds from operations attributable to NorthStar Healthcare Income, Inc. common stockholders	$	46,375		$	70,786		$	64,436

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(1) Primarily represents our proportionate share of liability extinguishment gains, loan loss reserves, transaction costs and amortization of above/below market debt adjustments and deferred financing costs, incurred through our investments in unconsolidated ventures.

Distributions Declared and Paid

We generally paid distributions on a monthly basis based on daily record dates. From the date of our first investment on April 5, 2013 through December 31, 2017, we paid an annualized distribution amount of $0.675 per share of our common stock. Our board of directors approved a daily cash distribution of $0.000924658 per share of common stock, equivalent to an annualized distribution amount of $0.3375 per share, for the year endedDecember 31, 2018. Distributions were generally paid to stockholders on the first business day of the month following the month for which the distribution was accrued. Effective February 1, 2019, our board of directors determined to suspend distributions in order to preserve capital and liquidity.

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The following table presents distributions declared for the years endedDecember 31, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018				2017
Distributions(1)
Cash	$	32,739			$	58,766
DRP	30,517				67,037
Total	$	63,256			$	125,803
Sources of Distributions(1)
FFO(2)	$	33,011	52	%	$	16,831	13	%
Offering proceeds - Other	30,245		48	%	108,972		87	%
Total	$	63,256	100	%	$	125,803	100	%
Cash Flow Provided by (Used in) Operations	$	27,986			$	10,129

_______________________________________

(1) Represents distributions declared for such period, even though such distributions are actually paid to stockholders the month following such period.

(2) From inception of our first investment on April 5, 2013 through December 31, 2018, we declared $428.4 million in distributions. Cumulative FFO for the period from April 5, 2013 through December 31, 2018 was $47.7 million.

For the years endedDecember 31, 2018 and 2017, distributions in excess of FFO were paid using available capital sources, including proceeds from borrowings and dispositions. To the extent distributions are paid from sources other than FFO, the ownership interest of our public stockholders will be diluted. Future distributions declared and paid may exceed FFO and cash flow provided by operations. FFO, as defined, may not reflect actual cash available for distributions. Our ability to pay distributions from FFO or cash flow provided by operations depends upon our operating performance, including the financial performance of our investments in the current real estate and financial environment, the type and mix of our investments, accounting of our investments in accordance with U.S. GAAP, the performance of underlying debt and ability to maintain liquidity. We will continue to assess our distribution policy in light of our operating performance and capital needs.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

We are primarily subject to interest rate risk and credit risk. These risks are dependent on various factors beyond our control, including monetary and fiscal policies, domestic and international economic conditions and political considerations. Our market risk sensitive assets, liabilities and related derivative positions (if any) are held for investment and not for trading purposes.

Interest Rate Risk

Changes in interest rates may affect our net income as a result of changes in interest expense incurred in connection with floating-rate borrowings used to finance our equity investments. As of December 31, 2018, 11.8%of our total borrowings were floating rate liabilities and none of our real estate debt investments were floating rate investments.As of December 31, 2018, all floating rate liabilities outstanding related mortgage notes payable of our direct operating investments.As of December 31, 2018, we had two lines of credit which carry floating interest rates, with no outstanding liabilities under either.

Our interest rate risk management objectives are to limit the impact of interest rate changes on earnings, prepayment penalties and cash flows and to lower overall borrowing costs by borrowing primarily at fixed rates or variable rates with the lowest margins available and by evaluating hedging opportunities.

For longer duration, relatively stable real estate cash flows, such as those derived from net lease assets, we seek to use fixed rate financing. For real estate cash flows with greater growth potential, such as operating properties, we may use floating rate financing which provides prepayment flexibility and may provide a better match between underlying cash flow projections and potential increases in interest rates.

The interest rate on our floating-rate liabilities is a fixed spread over an index such as LIBOR and typically reprices every 30 days based on LIBOR in effect at the time. As of December 31, 2018, a hypothetical 100 basis point increase in interest rates would increase net interest expense by $1.8 million annually. We did not have any floating rate real estate debt investments as ofDecember 31, 2018.

A change in interest rates could affect the value of our fixed-rate debt investments. For instance, an increase in interest rates would result in a higher required yield on investments, which would decrease the value on existing fixed-rate investments in order to

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adjust their yields to current market levels. As of December 31, 2018, we had one fixed-rate debt investment with a carrying value of $58.6 million.

Credit Risk

We are subject to the credit risk of the tenants, operators and managers of our healthcare properties. We undertake a rigorous credit evaluation of each healthcare operator prior to acquiring healthcare properties. This analysis includes an extensive due diligence investigation of the operator or manager’s business as well as an assessment of the strategic importance of the underlying real estate to the operator or manager’s core business operations. Where appropriate, we may seek to augment the operator or manager’s commitment to the facility by structuring various credit enhancement mechanisms into the underlying leases, management agreements or joint venture arrangements. These mechanisms could include security deposit requirements or guarantees from entities we deem creditworthy. In addition, we actively monitor lease coverage at each facility within our healthcare portfolio. The extent of pending or future healthcare regulation may have a material impact on the valuation and financial performance of this portion of our portfolio.

Credit risk in our debt investment relates to the borrower’s ability to make required interest and principal payments on scheduled due dates. We seek to manage credit risk through our Advisor’s comprehensive credit analysis prior to making an investment, actively monitoring our portfolio and the underlying credit quality, including subordination and diversification of our portfolio. Our analysis is based on a broad range of real estate, financial, economic and borrower-related factors which we believe are critical to the evaluation of credit risk inherent in a transaction.

For the year endedDecember 31, 2018, the Espresso mezzanine loan and the Freddie Mac securitization contributed 100.0% of interest income. As of December 31, 2018, one borrower, a subsidiary of the Espresso joint venture, represented 100.0% of the aggregate principal amount of our debt investments. The Espresso joint venture has several sub-portfolios, three of which have experienced tenant lease defaults and operator transitions.  The underlying tenant defaults resulted in defaults under the senior loans with respect to the applicable sub-portfolios, which in turn resulted in defaults under the Espresso mezzanine loan as of December 31, 2018.  We are actively monitoring the actions of the senior lenders of each sub-portfolio and assessing our rights and remedies.  We are also actively monitoring the operator transitions and continue to assess the collectability of principal and interest.

Risk Concentration

The following table presents the operators and tenants of our properties, excluding properties owned through unconsolidated joint ventures as of December 31, 2018 (dollars in thousands):

				Year Ended December 31, 2018
Operator / Tenant		Properties Under Management	Units Under Management(1)	Property and Other Revenues		% of Total Property and Other Revenues
Watermark Retirement Communities		30	5,265	$	152,875	52.0	%
Solstice Senior Living	(2)	32	4,000	105,617		35.9	%
Avamere Health Services	(3)	5	453	16,735		5.7	%
Arcadia Management		4	572	10,615		3.6	%
Integral Senior Living	(2)	3	162	5,695		1.9	%
Peregrine Senior Living		2	114	1,467		0.5	%
Senior Lifestyle Corporation	(4)	1	63	51		—	%
Other	(5)	—	—	1,216		0.4	%
Total		77	10,629	$	294,271	100.0	%

_______________________________________

(1) Represents rooms for ALF and ILF and beds for MCF and SNF, based on predominant type.

(2) Solstice Senior Living, LLC is a joint venture of which affiliates of Integral Senior Living own 80%.

(3) Effective February 2018, properties under the management of Bonaventure were transitioned to Avamere Health Services.

(4) As a result of the tenant failing to remit rental payments, we accelerated the amortization of capitalized lease inducements. Properties and unit counts exclude one property held for sale.

(5) Consists primarily of interest income earned on corporate-level cash accounts.

78

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

The consolidated financial statements of NorthStar Healthcare Income, Inc. and the notes related to the foregoing consolidated financial statements, together with the independent registered public accounting firm’s report thereon are included in this Item 8.

Index to Consolidated Financial Statements

	Page
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	80
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2018 and 2017	81
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016	82
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016	83
Consolidated Statements of Equity for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016	84
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016	85
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	87
Schedule III - Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation as of December 31, 2018	122
Schedule IV - Mortgage Loans on Real Estate as of December 31, 2018	125

79

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

Board of Directors and Shareholders

NorthStar Healthcare Income, Inc.

Opinion on the financial statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of NorthStar Healthcare Income, Inc. (a Maryland corporation) and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes and financial statement schedules included under Item 15(a) (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, based on our audits and the report of the other auditors, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

We did not audit the financial statements of Healthcare GA Holdings, General Partnership (“Griffin - American”) the investment in which is accounted for under the equity method of accounting. The equity in its net loss was $12.7 million and $6.9 million of consolidated equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated ventures for the year ending December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Those statements were audited by other auditors, whose report has been furnished to us, and our opinion, insofar as it relates to the amounts included for Griffin - American, is based solely on the report of the other auditors.

Basis for opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits and the report of the other auditors provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2010

New York, New York

March 22, 2019

80

NORTHSTAR HEALTHCARE INCOME, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Data)

	December 31, 2018			December 31, 2017
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	73,811		$	50,046
Restricted cash	20,697			30,442
Operating real estate, net	1,778,914			1,852,428
Investments in unconsolidated ventures	264,319			325,582
Real estate debt investments, net	58,600			74,650
Senior housing mortgage loans held in a securitization trust, at fair value	—			545,048
Assets held for sale	2,183			—
Receivables, net	14,436			18,363
Deferred costs and intangible assets, net	36,996			84,720
Other assets	14,460			17,474
Total assets(1)	$	2,264,416		$	2,998,753
Liabilities
Mortgage and other notes payable, net	$	1,466,349		$	1,487,480
Senior housing mortgage obligations issued by a securitization trust, at fair value	—			512,772
Due to related party	5,675			1,046
Escrow deposits payable	4,379			3,817
Distribution payable	5,400			10,704
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	32,405			33,478
Other liabilities	5,834			4,657
Total liabilities(1)	1,520,042			2,053,954
Commitments and contingencies
Equity
NorthStar Healthcare Income, Inc. Stockholders’ Equity
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value, 50,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017	—			—
Common stock, $0.01 par value, 400,000,000 shares authorized, 188,495,355 and 186,709,303 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively	1,885			1,867
Additional paid-in capital	1,697,998			1,681,040
Retained earnings (accumulated deficit)	(958,924		)	(744,090		)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(2,284		)	(316		)
Total NorthStar Healthcare Income, Inc. stockholders’ equity	738,675			938,501
Non-controlling interests	5,699			6,298
Total equity	744,374			944,799
Total liabilities and equity	$	2,264,416		$	2,998,753

_______________________________________

(1) Represents the consolidated assets and liabilities of NorthStar Healthcare Income Operating Partnership, LP (the “Operating Partnership”). The Operating Partnership is a consolidated variable interest entity (“VIE”), of which the Company is the sole general partner and owns approximately 99.99%. As of December 31, 2018, the Operating Partnership includes $0.7 billion and $0.5 billion of assets and liabilities, respectively, of certain VIEs that are consolidated by the Operating Partnership. Refer to Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies.”

Refer to accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

81

NORTHSTAR HEALTHCARE INCOME, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Data)

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016
Property and other revenues
Resident fee income	$	129,855		$	127,180		$	102,915
Rental income	159,481			155,700			132,108
Other revenue	4,935			2,895			1,585
Total property and other revenues	294,271			285,775			236,608
Net interest income
Interest income on debt investments	7,706			7,696			17,720
Interest income on mortgage loans held in a securitized trust	5,149			25,955			5,022
Interest expense on mortgage obligations issued by a securitization trust	(3,824		)	(19,510		)	(3,772		)
Net interest income	9,031			14,141			18,970
Expenses
Real estate properties - operating expenses	188,761			163,837			129,954
Interest expense	70,196			61,082			50,243
Other expenses related to securitization trust	811			3,922			765
Transaction costs	888			9,407			2,204
Asset management and other fees - related party	23,478			41,954			45,092
General and administrative expenses	14,390			13,488			24,843
Depreciation and amortization	107,133			105,459			81,786
Impairment loss	36,277			5,000			—
Total expenses	441,934			404,149			334,887
Other income (loss)
Unrealized gain (loss) on senior housing mortgage loans and debt held in securitization trust, net	—			1,503			298
Realized gain (loss) on investments and other	20,243			116			600
Gain (loss) on consolidation of unconsolidated venture	—			—			6,408
Income (loss) before equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated ventures and income tax benefit (expense)	(118,389		)	(102,614		)	(72,003		)
Equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated ventures	(33,517		)	(35,314		)	(62,175		)
Income tax benefit (expense)	(114		)	(43		)	(7,104		)
Net income (loss)	(152,020		)	(137,971		)	(141,282		)
Net (income) loss attributable to non-controlling interests	442			200			7
Net income (loss) attributable to NorthStar Healthcare Income, Inc. common stockholders	$	(151,578	)	$	(137,771	)	$	(141,275	)
Net income (loss) per share of common stock, basic/diluted	$	(0.81	)	$	(0.74	)	$	(0.77	)
Weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding, basic/diluted	187,501,302			186,418,183			182,446,286

Refer to accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

82

NORTHSTAR HEALTHCARE INCOME, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

(Dollars in Thousands)

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016
Net income (loss)	$	(152,020	)	$	(137,971	)	$	(141,282	)
Other comprehensive income (loss)
Foreign currency translation adjustments related to investment in unconsolidated venture	(1,968		)	872			(1,188		)
Total other comprehensive income (loss)	(1,968		)	872			(1,188		)
Comprehensive income (loss)	(153,988		)	(137,099		)	(142,470		)
Comprehensive (income) loss attributable to non-controlling interests	442			200			7
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to NorthStar Healthcare Income, Inc. common stockholders	$	(153,546	)	$	(136,899	)	$	(142,463	)

Refer to accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

83

NORTHSTAR HEALTHCARE INCOME, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY

(Dollars and Shares in Thousands)

	Common Stock					Additional Paid-in Capital			Retained Earnings (Accumulated Deficit)			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Total Company’s Stockholders’ Equity			Non-controlling Interests			Total Equity
	Shares		Amount
Balance as of December 31, 2015	179,137		$	1,791		$	1,614,452		$	(216,099	)	$	—		$	1,400,144		$	5,356		$	1,405,500
Net proceeds from issuance of common stock	81		1			295			—			—			296			—			296
Issuance and amortization of equity-based compensation	14		—			166			—			—			166			—			166
Non-controlling interests - contributions	—		—			—			—			—			—			291			291
Non-controlling interests - distributions	—		—			—			—			—			—			(291		)	(291		)
Shares redeemed for cash	(1,765	)	(18		)	(16,120		)				—			(16,138		)	—			(16,138		)
Distributions declared	—		—			—			(123,142		)	—			(123,142		)	—			(123,142		)
Proceeds from distribution reinvestment plan	7,568		76			67,686			—			—			67,762			—			67,762
Other comprehensive income (loss)	—		—			—			—			(1,188		)	(1,188		)	—			(1,188		)
Net income (loss)	—		—			—			(141,275		)	—			(141,275		)	(7		)	(141,282		)
Balance as of December 31, 2016	185,035		$	1,850		$	1,666,479		$	(480,516	)	$	(1,188	)	$	1,186,625		$	5,349		$	1,191,974
Issuance and amortization of equity-based compensation	20		—			176			—			—			176			—			176
Non-controlling interests - contributions	—		—			—			—			—			—			2,988			2,988
Non-controlling interests - distributions	—		—			—			—			—			—			(1,839		)	(1,839		)
Shares redeemed for cash	(5,728	)	(57		)	(52,713		)	—			—			(52,770		)	—			(52,770		)
Distributions declared	—		—			—			(125,803		)	—			(125,803		)	—			(125,803		)
Proceeds from distribution reinvestment plan	7,382		74			67,098			—			—			67,172			—			67,172
Other comprehensive income (loss)	—		—			—			—			872			872			—			872
Net income (loss)	—		—			—			(137,771		)	—			(137,771		)	(200		)	(137,971		)
Balance as of December 31, 2017	186,709		$	1,867		$	1,681,040		$	(744,090	)	$	(316	)	$	938,501		$	6,298		$	944,799
Share-based payment of advisor asset management fees	1,078		11			9,019			—			—			9,030			—			9,030
Issuance and amortization of equity-based compensation	21		—			174			—			—			174			—			174
Non-controlling interests - contributions	—		—			—			—			—			—			484			484
Non-controlling interests - distributions	—		—			—			—			—			—			(641		)	(641		)
Shares redeemed for cash	(3,275	)	(33		)	(25,874		)	—			—			(25,907		)	—			(25,907		)
Distributions declared	—		—			—			(63,256		)	—			(63,256		)	—			(63,256		)
Proceeds from distribution reinvestment plan	3,962		40			33,639			—			—			33,679			—			33,679
Other comprehensive income (loss)	—		—			—			—			(1,968		)	(1,968		)	—			(1,968		)
Net income (loss)	—		—			—			(151,578		)	—			(151,578		)	(442		)	(152,020		)
Balance as of December 31, 2018	188,495		$	1,885		$	1,697,998		$	(958,924	)	$	(2,284	)	$	738,675		$	5,699		$	744,374

Refer to accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

84

NORTHSTAR HEALTHCARE INCOME, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Dollars in Thousands)

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income (loss)	$	(152,020	)	$	(137,971	)	$	(141,282	)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Equity in (earnings) losses of unconsolidated ventures	33,517			35,314			62,175
Depreciation and amortization	107,133			105,459			81,786
Impairment loss	36,277			5,000			—
Amortization of below market debt	2,932			2,703			2,339
Straight-line rental income, net and amortization of lease inducements	440			(1,673		)	(1,780		)
Amortization of premium/accretion of discount on investments	(101		)	(92		)	(35		)
Amortization of deferred financing costs	1,946			1,586			1,813
Amortization of equity-based compensation	174			176			166
Deferred income tax (benefit) expense, net	—			(6		)	7,019
Realized (gain) loss on investments and other	(20,243		)	(116		)	(600		)
(Gain) loss on consolidation of unconsolidated venture	—			—			(6,408		)
Unrealized (gain) loss on senior housing mortgage loans and debt held in securitization trust, net	—			(1,503		)	(298		)
Allowance for uncollectible accounts	3,172			1,314			153
Distributions of cumulative earnings from unconsolidated ventures	—			—			267
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Receivables	1,219			(5,545		)	(1,777		)
Other assets	645			(3,975		)	(1,463		)
Due to related party	13,796			827			(224		)
Escrow deposits payable	563			608			792
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	(2,205		)	8,375			3,550
Other liabilities	741			(352		)	(817		)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	27,986			10,129			5,376
Cash flows from investing activities:
Acquisition of operating real estate investments	—			(278,959		)	(142,941		)
Improvement of operating real estate investments	(31,212		)	(20,176		)	(29,428		)
Sale of operating real estate investment	11,784			—			—
Sale of healthcare-related securities	35,771			—			—
Sale of ownership interest in unconsolidated ventures	47,813			—			—
Deferred costs and intangible assets	—			(19,057		)	—
Repayment on real estate debt investments	—			—			118,411
Investment in unconsolidated ventures	(4,470		)	(12,956		)	(20,731		)
Distributions in excess of cumulative earnings from unconsolidated ventures	12,672			13,466			34,511
Purchase of healthcare-related securities	—			—			(30,475		)
Working capital of consolidated real estate investment	—			—			11,174
Other assets	1,590			3,288			(876		)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	73,948			(314,394		)	(60,355		)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Borrowing from mortgage notes	—			249,091			18,760
Repayment of mortgage notes	(25,979		)	(2,719		)	(10,500		)
Borrowings from line of credit - related party	—			25,000			—
Repayment of borrowings from line of credit - related party	—			(25,000		)	—
Payment of deferred financing costs	(283		)	(3,384		)	(694		)
Net proceeds from issuance of common stock	—			—			405
Debt extinguishment costs	(97		)	—			—
Shares redeemed for cash	(25,907		)	(52,770		)	(16,138		)
Payments under capital leases	(610		)	—			—
Distributions paid on common stock	(68,560		)	(125,678		)	(122,565		)
Proceeds from distribution reinvestment plan	33,679			67,172			67,762
Contributions from non-controlling interests	484			2,988			291
Distributions to non-controlling interests	(641		)	(1,839		)	(291		)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	(87,914		)	132,861			(62,970		)
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	14,020			(171,404		)	(117,949		)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash-beginning of period	80,488			251,892			369,841
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash-end of period	$	94,508		$	80,488		$	251,892

Refer to accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

85

NORTHSTAR HEALTHCARE INCOME, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Continued)

(Dollars in Thousands)

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017		2016
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
Cash paid for interest	$	64,568	$	55,830	$	45,898
Cash paid for income taxes	187		54		81
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing and financing activities:
Accrued distribution payable	$	5,400	$	10,704	$	10,579
Accrued capital expenditures	1,456		—		—
Reclassification of assets held for sale	2,183		—		—
Issuance of common stock as payment for asset management fees	9,030		—		—
Deconsolidation of securitization trust (VIE asset/liability)	512,772		—		—
Acquisition of operating real estate under capital lease obligations	2,108		—		—
Assumption of mortgage notes payable upon acquisitions of operating real estate	—		21,685		648,211
Change in carrying value of securitization trust (VIE asset/liability)	—		10,162		—
Debt financing provided by seller for investment acquisition	—		15,855		—
Contingent purchase price payable upon acquisition of operating real estate	—		1,800		—
Consolidation of securitization trust (VIE asset/liability)	—		—		522,933
Transfer of non-controlling interest in joint venture for controlling interest in consolidated real estate investment	—		—		103,005
Reclassification related to measurement-period adjustment	—		—		143,070
Escrow deposits related to real estate debt investments	—		—		293

Refer to accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

86

NORTHSTAR HEALTHCARE INCOME, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1. Business and Organization

NorthStar Healthcare Income, Inc., together with its consolidated subsidiaries, (the “Company”) was formed to acquire, originate and asset manage a diversified portfolio of equity, debt and securities investments in healthcare real estate, directly or through joint ventures, with a focus on the mid-acuity senior housing sector, which the Company defines as assisted living (“ALF”), memory care (“MCF”), skilled nursing (“SNF”), independent living (“ILF”) facilities and continuing care retirement communities (“CCRC”), which may have independent living, assisted living, skilled nursing and memory care available on one campus. The Company also invests in other healthcare property types, including medical office buildings (“MOB”), hospitals, rehabilitation facilities and ancillary healthcare services businesses. The Company’s investments are predominantly in the United States, but it also selectively makes international investments.

The Company was formed in October 2010 as a Maryland corporation and commenced operations in February 2013. The Company elected to be taxed as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Internal Revenue Code”), commencing with the taxable year ended December 31, 2013. The Company conducts its operations so as to continue to qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

Substantially all of the Company’s business is conducted through NorthStar Healthcare Income Operating Partnership, LP (the “Operating Partnership”). The Company is the sole general partner of the Operating Partnership. The limited partners of the Operating Partnership are NorthStar Healthcare Income Advisor, LLC (the “Prior Advisor”) and NorthStar Healthcare Income OP Holdings, LLC (the “Special Unit Holder”), each an affiliate of the Company’s sponsor. The Prior Advisor invested $1,000 in the Operating Partnership in exchange for common units and the Special Unit Holder invested $1,000 in the Operating Partnership and was issued a separate class of limited partnership units (the “Special Units”), which are collectively recorded as non-controlling interests on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017. As the Company issued shares, it contributed substantially all of the proceeds from its continuous, public offerings to the Operating Partnership as a capital contribution. As of December 31, 2018, the Company’s limited partnership interest in the Operating Partnership was 99.99%.

The Company’s charter authorizes the issuance of up to 400.0 million shares of common stock with a par value of $0.01 per share and up to 50.0 million shares of preferred stock with a par value of $0.01 per share. The board of directors of the Company is authorized to amend its charter, without the approval of the stockholders, to increase the aggregate number of authorized shares of capital stock or the number of shares of any class or series that the Company has authority to issue.

The Company completed its initial public offering (the “Initial Offering”) on February 2, 2015 by raising gross proceeds of $1.1 billion, including 108.6 million shares issued in its initial primary offering (the “Initial Primary Offering”) and 2.0 million shares issued pursuant to its distribution reinvestment plan (the “DRP”). In addition, the Company completed its follow-on offering (the “Follow-On Offering”) on January 19, 2016 by raising gross proceeds of $700.0 million, including 64.9 million shares issued in its follow-on primary offering (the “Follow-on Primary Offering”) and 4.2 million shares issued pursuant to the DRP. The Company refers to its Initial Primary Offering and its Follow-on Primary Offering collectively as the “Primary Offering” and its Initial Offering and Follow-On Offering collectively as the “Offering.” In December 2015, the Company registered an additional 30.0 million shares to be offered pursuant to the DRP and continues to offer such shares. From inception through January 31, 2019, the Company raised total gross proceeds of $2.0 billion, including $232.6 million in DRP proceeds.

The Company is externally managed and has no employees. The Company is sponsored by Colony Capital, Inc. (NYSE: CLNY) (“Colony Capital” or the “Sponsor”), which was formed as a result of the mergers of NorthStar Asset Management Group Inc.(“NSAM”), its prior sponsor, with Colony Capital, Inc. (“Colony”) and NorthStar Realty Finance Corp. (“NorthStar Realty”) in January 2017. Effective June 25, 2018, the Sponsor changed its name from Colony NorthStar, Inc. to Colony Capital, Inc. and its ticker symbol from “CLNS” to “CLNY.” Following the mergers, the Sponsor became an internally-managed equity REIT, with a diversified real estate and investment management platform.

Colony Capital manages capital on behalf of its stockholders, as well as institutional and retail investors in private funds, non-traded and traded REITs and registered investment companies. The Company’s advisor, CNI NSHC Advisors, LLC (the “Advisor”), is a subsidiary of Colony Capital and manages its day-to-day operations pursuant to an advisory agreement.

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Accounting

The accompanying consolidated financial statements and related notes of the Company have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”).

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Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company, the Operating Partnership and their consolidated subsidiaries. The Company consolidates variable interest entities (“VIEs”) where the Company is the primary beneficiary and voting interest entities which are generally majority owned or otherwise controlled by the Company. All significant intercompany balances are eliminated in consolidation.

Variable Interest Entities

A VIE is an entity that lacks one or more of the characteristics of a voting interest entity. A VIE is defined as an entity in which equity investors do not have the characteristics of a controlling financial interest or do not have sufficient equity at risk for the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support from other parties. The determination of whether an entity is a VIE includes both a qualitative and quantitative analysis. The Company bases its qualitative analysis on its review of the design of the entity, its organizational structure including decision-making ability and relevant financial agreements and the quantitative analysis on the forecasted cash flow of the entity. The Company reassesses its initial evaluation of an entity as a VIE upon the occurrence of certain reconsideration events.

A VIE must be consolidated only by its primary beneficiary, which is defined as the party who, along with its affiliates and agents, has both the: (i) power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance; and (ii) obligation to absorb the losses of the VIE or the right to receive the benefits from the VIE, which could be significant to the VIE. The Company determines whether it is the primary beneficiary of a VIE by considering qualitative and quantitative factors, including, but not limited to: which activities most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and which party controls such activities; the amount and characteristics of its investment; the obligation or likelihood for the Company or other interests to provide financial support; consideration of the VIE’s purpose and design, including the risks the VIE was designed to create and pass through to its variable interest holders and the similarity with and significance to the business activities of the Company and the other interests. The Company reassesses its determination of whether it is the primary beneficiary of a VIE each reporting period. Significant judgments related to these determinations include estimates about the current and future fair value and performance of investments held by these VIEs and general market conditions.

The Company evaluates its investments and financings, including investments in unconsolidated ventures and securitization financing transactions to determine whether each investment or financing is a VIE. The Company analyzes new investments and financings, as well as reconsideration events for existing investments and financings, which vary depending on type of investment or financing.

As of December 31, 2018, the Company has identified certain consolidated and unconsolidated VIEs. Assets of each of the VIEs, other than the Operating Partnership, may only be used to settle obligations of the respective VIE. Creditors of each of the VIEs have no recourse to the general credit of the Company.

Consolidated VIEs

The most significant consolidated VIEs are the Operating Partnership and certain properties that have non-controlling interests. These entities are VIEs because the non-controlling interests do not have substantive kick-out or participating rights. The Operating Partnership consolidates certain properties that have non-controlling interests. Included in operating real estate, net on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2018 is $617.7 million related to such consolidated VIEs. Included in mortgage and other notes payable, net on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2018 is $467.3 million, collateralized by the real estate assets of the related consolidated VIEs.

Investing VIEs

The Company’s investment in a securitization financing entity (“Investing VIE”) consisted of subordinate first-loss certificates in a securitization trust, generally referred to as Class B certificates, which represents interests in such VIE. Investing VIEs are structured as pass through entities that receive principal and interest payments from the underlying debt collateral assets and distribute those payments to the securitization trust’s certificate holders, including the Class B certificates. A securitization trust will name a directing certificate holder, who is generally afforded the unilateral right to terminate and appoint a replacement for the special servicer, and as such may qualify as the primary beneficiary of the trust.

If it is determined that the Company is the primary beneficiary of an Investing VIE as a result of acquiring the subordinate first-loss certificates in a securitization trust, the Company would consolidate the assets, liabilities, income and expenses of the entire Investing VIE. The assets held by an Investing VIE are restricted and can only be used to fulfill its own obligations. The obligations

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of an Investing VIE have neither any recourse to the general credit of the Company as the consolidating parent entity of an Investing VIE, nor to any of the Company’s other consolidated entities.

As of December 31, 2017, the Company held Class B certificates in an Investing VIE for which the Company had determined it was the primary beneficiary because it had the power to direct the activities that most significantly impacted the economic performance of the securitization trust. As a result, all of the assets, liabilities (obligations to the certificate holders of the securitization trust, less the Company’s retained interest from the Class B certificates of the securitization), income and expense of the entire Investing VIE were presented in the consolidated financial statements of the Company as required by U.S. GAAP. The Company’s Class B certificates, which represented the retained interest and related interest income, were eliminated in consolidation. Regardless of the presentation, the Company’s consolidated financial statements of operations ultimately reflect the net income attributable to its retained interest in the Class B certificates. Refer to Note 6, “Healthcare-Related Securities” for further detail.

The Company elected the fair value option for the initial recognition of the assets and liabilities of its consolidated Investing VIE. Interest income and interest expense associated with this VIE are presented separately on the consolidated statements of operations. The assets and liabilities of the Investing VIE are presented as “Senior housing mortgage loans held in a securitization trust, at fair value” and “Senior housing mortgage obligations issued by a securitization trust, at fair value,” respectively, on the consolidated balance sheets. Refer to Note 12, “Fair Value” for further detail.

In March 2018, the Company sold the Class B certificates of its consolidated Investing VIE, relinquishing its rights as directing certificate holder. As a result, the Company was no longer deemed the primary beneficiary of the securitization trust and, accordingly, did not present the assets or liabilities of the securitization trust on its consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2018. The Company has presented the income and expenses of the securitization trust on its consolidated statements of operations for the period that the Company owned the Class B certificates and was considered the primary beneficiary in 2018.

Unconsolidated VIEs

As of December 31, 2018, the Company identified unconsolidated VIEs related to its real estate equity investments with a carrying value of $264.3 million. The Company’s maximum exposure to loss as of December 31, 2018 would not exceed the carrying value of its investment in the VIEs and its investment in a mezzanine loan to a subsidiary of one of the VIEs. Based on management’s analysis, the Company determined that it is not the primary beneficiary of these VIEs and, accordingly, they are not consolidated in the Company’s financial statements as of December 31, 2018. The Company did not provide financial support to its unconsolidated VIEs during the year endedDecember 31, 2018, except for funding its proportionate share of capital call contributions. As of December 31, 2018, there were no explicit arrangements or implicit variable interests that could require the Company to provide financial support to its unconsolidated VIEs.

Voting Interest Entities

A voting interest entity is an entity in which the total equity investment at risk is sufficient to enable it to finance its activities independently and the equity holders have the power to direct the activities of the entity that most significantly impact its economic performance, the obligation to absorb the losses of the entity and the right to receive the residual returns of the entity. The usual condition for a controlling financial interest in a voting interest entity is ownership of a majority voting interest. If the Company has a majority voting interest in a voting interest entity, the entity will generally be consolidated. The Company does not consolidate a voting interest entity if there are substantive participating rights by other parties and/or kick-out rights by a single party or through a simple majority vote.

The Company performs on-going reassessments of whether entities previously evaluated under the voting interest framework have become VIEs, based on certain events, and therefore subject to the VIE consolidation framework.

Investments in Unconsolidated Ventures

A non-controlling, unconsolidated ownership interest in an entity may be accounted for using the equity method or the Company may elect the fair value option.

The Company will account for an investment under the equity method of accounting if it has the ability to exercise significant influence over the operating and financial policies of an entity, but does not have a controlling financial interest. Under the equity method, the investment is adjusted each period for capital contributions and distributions and its share of the entity’s net income (loss). Capital contributions, distributions and net income (loss) of such entities are recorded in accordance with the terms of the governing documents. An allocation of net income (loss) may differ from the stated ownership percentage interest in such entity as a result of preferred returns and allocation formulas, if any, as described in such governing documents. Equity method investments

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are recognized using a cost accumulation model, in which the investment is recognized based on the cost to the investor, which includes acquisition fees. The Company records as an expense certain acquisition costs and fees associated with consolidated investments deemed to be business combinations and capitalizes these costs for investments deemed to be acquisitions of an asset, including an equity method investment.

Non-controlling Interests

A non-controlling interest in a consolidated subsidiary is defined as the portion of the equity (net assets) in a subsidiary not attributable, directly or indirectly, to the Company. A non-controlling interest is required to be presented as a separate component of equity on the consolidated balance sheets and presented separately as net income (loss) and comprehensive income (loss) attributable to controlling and non-controlling interests. An allocation to a non-controlling interest may differ from the stated ownership percentage interest in such entity as a result of a preferred return and allocation formula, if any, as described in such governing documents.

Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that could affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates and assumptions.

Comprehensive Income (Loss)

The Company reports consolidated comprehensive income (loss) in separate statements following the consolidated statements of operations. Comprehensive income (loss) is defined as the change in equity resulting from net income (loss) and other comprehensive income (loss) (“OCI”). The only component of OCI for the Company is foreign currency translation adjustments related to its investment in an unconsolidated venture.

Fair Value Option

The fair value option provides an election that allows a company to irrevocably elect to record certain financial assets and liabilities at fair value on an instrument-by-instrument basis at initial recognition. The Company may elect to apply the fair value option for certain investments due to the nature of the instrument. Any change in fair value for assets and liabilities for which the election is made is recognized in earnings.

The Company elected the fair value option to account for the eligible financial assets and liabilities of its consolidated Investing VIEs in order to mitigate potential accounting mismatches between the carrying value of the instruments and the related assets and liabilities to be consolidated. The Company adopted guidance issued by the FASB allowing the Company to measure both the financial assets and liabilities of a qualifying collateralized financing entity (“CFE”) it consolidated using the fair value of either the CFE’s financial assets or financial liabilities, whichever is more observable.

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

The Company considers all highly-liquid investments with an original maturity date of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Cash, including amounts restricted, may at times exceed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation deposit insurance limit of $250,000 per institution. The Company mitigates credit risk by placing cash and cash equivalents with major financial institutions. To date, the Company has not experienced any losses on cash and cash equivalents.

Restricted cash consists of amounts related to loan origination (escrow deposits) and operating real estate (escrows for taxes, insurance, capital expenditures, security deposits received from tenants and payments required under certain lease agreements).

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash as reported on the consolidated balance sheets to the total of such amounts as reported on the consolidated statements of cash flows (dollars in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017		2016
Cash and cash equivalents	$	73,811	$	50,046	$	223,102
Restricted cash	20,697		30,442		28,790
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	94,508	$	80,488	$	251,892

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Operating Real Estate

The Company evaluates whether a real estate acquisition constitutes a business and whether business combination accounting is appropriate. The Company accounts for purchases of operating real estate that qualify as business combinations using the acquisition method, where the purchase price is allocated to tangible assets such as land, building, furniture, fixtures, and equipment, improvements and other identified intangibles such as in-place leases, goodwill and above or below market mortgages assumed, as applicable. Costs directly related to an acquisition deemed to be a business combination are expensed and included in transaction costs in the consolidated statements of operations.

Major replacements and betterments which improve or extend the life of the asset are capitalized and depreciated over their useful life. Ordinary repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred. Operating real estate is carried at historical cost less accumulated depreciation. Operating real estate is depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the assets, summarized as follows:

Category:	Term:
Building	30 to 50 years
Building improvements	Lesser of the useful life or remaining life of the building
Land improvements	9 to 15 years
Tenant improvements	Lesser of the useful life or remaining term of the lease
Furniture, fixtures and equipment	5 to 14 years

Construction costs incurred in connection with the Company’s investments are capitalized and included in operating real estate, net on the consolidated balance sheets. Construction in progress is not depreciated until the development is substantially completed.

In a situation in which a net lease(s) associated with a significant tenant has been, or is expected to be, terminated early, the Company evaluates the remaining useful life of depreciable or amortizable assets in the asset group related to the lease that will be terminated (i.e., tenant improvements, above- and below-market lease intangibles, in-place lease value and deferred leasing costs). Based upon consideration of the facts and circumstances surrounding the termination, the Company may write-off or accelerate the depreciation and amortization associated with the asset group. Such amounts are included within rental and other income for above- and below-market lease intangibles and depreciation and amortization for the remaining lease related asset groups in the consolidated statements of operations.

When the Company acquires a controlling interest in an existing unconsolidated joint venture, the Company records the consolidated investment at the updated purchase price, which is reflective of fair value. The difference between the carrying value of the Company’s investment in the existing unconsolidated joint venture on the acquisition date and the Company’s share of the fair value of the investment’s purchase price is recorded in gain (loss) on consolidation of unconsolidated venture in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.

The Company may from time to time enter into capital leases in order to finance tangible assets, such as equipment, at properties. A lease is classified as a capital lease if it provides for transfer of ownership of the leased asset at the end of the lease term, contains a bargain purchase option, has a lease term greater than 75.0% of the economic life of the leased asset, or if the net present value of the future minimum lease payments are in excess of 90.0% of the fair value of the leased asset. Assets under capital leases are amortized over either the useful life of the asset or lease term, as appropriate, on a straight line basis. The present value of the related lease payments is recorded as a debt obligation.

The Company has entered into capital leases for equipment totaling $3.2 million which is included in furniture, fixtures, and equipment within operating real estate on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. The leased equipment is amortized on a straight line basis over seven years. The following table presents the future minimum lease payments under capital leases and the present value of the minimum lease payments as of December 31, 2018, which is included in other liabilities on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets (dollars in thousands):

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Years Ending December 31:
2019	$	675
2020	636
2021	597
2022	505
2023	83
Thereafter	—
Total minimum lease payments	$	2,496
Less: Amount representing interest	$	(262	)
Present value of minimum lease payments	$	2,234

The weighted average interest rate related to the lease obligations is 5.5% with a final maturity date in August 2023.

Assets Held For Sale

The Company classifies certain long-lived assets as held for sale once the criteria, as defined by U.S. GAAP, have been met and are expected to sell within one year. Long-lived assets to be disposed of are reported at the lower of their carrying amount or fair value minus cost to sell, with any write-down recorded to impairment loss on the consolidated statements of operations. Depreciation and amortization is not recorded for assets classified as held for sale. As of December 31, 2018, the Company reclassified one of its operating real estate properties in the Peregrine portfolio as held for sale, as presented on its consolidated balance sheets. No operating real estate was classified as held for sale on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2017.

Real Estate Debt Investments

Real estate debt investments are generally intended to be held to maturity and, accordingly, are carried at cost, net of unamortized loan fees, premium, discount and unfunded commitments. Debt investments that are deemed to be impaired record an allowance for loan losses, which is generally measured as the difference between the carrying value of the loan and either the present value of cash flows expected to be collected, discounted at the original effective interest rate of the loan, or an observable market price for the loan. Debt investments where the Company does not have the intent to hold the loan for the foreseeable future or until its expected payoff are classified as held for sale and recorded at the lower of cost or estimated fair value.

Healthcare-Related Securities

The Company classifies its securities investments as available for sale on the acquisition date, which are carried at fair value. Unrealized gains (losses) on available for sale securities are recorded as a component of accumulated OCI in the consolidated statements of equity. However, the Company has elected the fair value option for its available for sale security, and as a result, any unrealized gains (losses) are recorded in unrealized gain (loss) on senior housing mortgage loans and debt held in securitization trust, net in the consolidated statements of operations. Refer to Note 6, “Healthcare-Related Securities” for further discussion.

Deferred Costs and Intangible Assets

Deferred Costs

Deferred costs primarily include deferred financing costs and deferred lease costs. Deferred financing costs represent commitment fees, legal and other third-party costs associated with obtaining financing. These costs are recorded against the carrying value of such financing and are amortized to interest expense over the term of the financing using the effective interest method. Unamortized deferred financing costs are expensed to realized gain (loss) on investments and other, when the associated borrowing is repaid before maturity. Costs incurred in seeking financing transactions, which do not close, are expensed in the period in which it is determined that the financing will not occur. Deferred lease costs consist of fees incurred to initiate and renew operating leases, which are amortized on a straight-line basis over the remaining lease term and are recorded to depreciation and amortization in the consolidated statements of operations.

Identified Intangibles

The Company records acquired identified intangibles, which includes intangible assets (such as the value of the above-market leases, in-place leases, goodwill and other intangibles) and intangible liabilities (such as the value of below-market leases), based on estimated fair value. The value allocated to the identified intangibles are amortized over the remaining lease term. Above/below-market leases for which the Company is the lessor are amortized into rental income, above/below-market leases for which

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the Company is the lessee are amortized into real estate properties-operating expense and in-place leases are amortized into depreciation and amortization expense.

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of net tangible and intangible assets acquired in a business combination and is not amortized. The Company performs an annual impairment test for goodwill and evaluates the recoverability whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of goodwill may not be fully recoverable. In making such assessment, qualitative factors are used to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value. If the estimated fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value, then an impairment charge is recorded. During the year endedDecember 31, 2018, the Company sold an operating property, which was part of a reporting unit with goodwill. The Company determined that the carrying value of the property was in excess of its fair value, which resulted in the impairment of goodwill totaling $0.7 million, proportionate to the fair value of the reporting unit.

Identified intangible assets are recorded in deferred costs and intangible assets, net on the consolidated balance sheets. The following table presents a summary of deferred costs and intangible assets, net as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands):

	December 31, 2018		December 31, 2017
Deferred costs and intangible assets, net:
In-place lease value, net	$	14,559	$	61,593
Goodwill	21,387		22,112
Other intangible assets	380		380
Subtotal intangible assets	36,326		84,085
Deferred costs, net	670		635
Total	$	36,996	$	84,720

The Company recorded $47.3 million and $51.7 million of in-place lease and deferred cost amortization expense for the years endedDecember 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

The following table presents future amortization of in-place lease value and deferred costs (dollars in thousands):

Years Ending December 31:
2019	$	8,420
2020	2,093
2021	1,871
2022	592
2023	337
Thereafter	1,916
Total	$	15,229

Acquisition Fees and Expenses

The total of all acquisition fees and expenses for an investment, including acquisition fees to the Advisor, cannot exceed, in the aggregate, 6.0% of the contract purchase price of such investment unless such excess is approved by a majority of the Company’s directors, including a majority of its independent directors. Effective January 1, 2018, the Advisor no longer receives an acquisition fee in connection with the Company’s acquisitions of real estate properties or debt investments. For the year endedDecember 31, 2018, total acquisition fees and expenses incurred to third parties did not exceed the allowed limit for any investment. An acquisition fee incurred related to an equity investment will generally be expensed as incurred. An acquisition fee paid to the Advisor related to the acquisition of an equity or debt investment in an unconsolidated joint venture is included in investments in unconsolidated ventures on the consolidated balance sheets. An acquisition fee paid to the Advisor related to the origination or acquisition of debt investments is included in real estate debt investments, net on the consolidated balance sheets and is amortized to interest income over the life of the investment using the effective interest method. The Company records as an expense certain acquisition costs and fees associated with transactions deemed to be business combinations in which it consolidates the asset and capitalizes these costs for transactions deemed to be acquisitions of an asset, including an equity investment.

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Other Assets

The following table presents a summary of other assets as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands):

	December 31, 2018		December 31, 2017
Other assets:
Healthcare facility regulatory reserve deposit	$	6,000	$	6,000
Remainder interest in condominium units(1)	3,025		3,704
Prepaid expenses	3,536		3,352
Lease / rent inducements, net	1,254		1,691
Utility deposits	325		503
Construction deposit	—		993
Other	320		1,231
Total	$	14,460	$	17,474

_______________________________________

(1) Represents future interests in property subject to life estates (“Remainder Interest”).

Revenue Recognition

Operating Real Estate

Rental income includes rental and escalation income from operating real estate and is derived from leasing of space to various types of tenants and healthcare operators. Rental revenue recognition commences when the tenant takes legal possession of the leased space and the leased space is substantially ready for its intended use. The leases are for fixed terms of varying length and generally provide for rentals and expense reimbursements to be paid in monthly installments. Rental income from leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the respective leases. The excess of rents recognized over amounts contractually due pursuant to the underlying leases are included in receivables, net on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company amortizes any tenant inducements as a reduction of revenue utilizing the straight-line method over the term of the lease. Escalation income represents revenue from tenant/operator leases which provide for the recovery of all or a portion of the operating expenses and real estate taxes paid by the Company on behalf of the respective property. This revenue is recognized in the same period as the expenses are incurred.

The Company also generates operating income from operating healthcare properties. Revenue related to operating healthcare properties includes resident room and care charges and other resident service charges. Rent is charged and revenue is recognized when such services are provided, generally defined per the resident agreement as of the date upon which a resident occupies a room or uses the services and is recorded in resident fee income in the consolidated statements of operations.

Real Estate Debt Investments

Interest income is recognized on an accrual basis and any related premium, discount, origination costs and fees are amortized over the life of the investment using the effective interest method. The amortization is reflected as an adjustment to interest income in the consolidated statements of operations. The amortization of a premium or accretion of a discount is discontinued if such investment is reclassified to held for sale.

Healthcare-Related Securities

Interest income is recognized using the effective interest method with any premium or discount amortized or accreted through earnings based on expected cash flow through the expected maturity date of the security. Changes to expected cash flow may result in a change to the yield which is then applied retrospectively for high-credit quality securities that cannot be prepaid or otherwise settled in such a way that the holder would not recover substantially all of the investment or prospectively for all other securities to recognize interest income.

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Credit Losses and Impairment on Investments

Generally, the carrying value of the Company’s investments represent depreciated historical cost bases or, for investments that have been previously impaired, fair value or net realizable value. Such amounts are based upon the Company’s reasonable assumptions about the highest and best use of the investments and the intent and ability to hold the investments for a reasonable period that would allow for the recovery of the investments’ carrying values. If such assumptions change, including shortening the expected hold period, impairment losses on investments may be required to adjust carrying values to fair value or fair value less costs to sell.

Operating Real Estate

The Company’s real estate portfolio is reviewed on a quarterly basis, or more frequently as necessary, to assess whether there are any indicators that the value of its operating real estate may be impaired or that its carrying value may not be recoverable. A property’s value is considered impaired if the Company’s estimate of the aggregate expected future undiscounted cash flow generated by the property is less than the carrying value. In conducting this review, the Company considers U.S. macroeconomic factors, real estate and healthcare sector conditions, together with asset specific and other factors. To the extent an impairment has occurred, the loss is measured as the excess of the carrying value of the property over the estimated fair value and recorded in impairment loss in the consolidated statements of operations.

As of December 31, 2018, the Company has impaired the following properties:

• Winterfell portfolio. Impairment totaling $24.0 million was recorded for two facilities as a result of sustained declines in occupancy.

• Kansas City portfolio. Impairment totaling $4.4 million was recorded for two facilities as a result of poor operating performance.

• Peregrine portfolio. Impairment totaling $10.1 million was recorded for two facilities as a result of deteriorating operating results of the tenant and reclassification of a facility as held for sale.

• Watermark portfolio. Impairment totaling $2.8 million was recorded to reflect net realizable value as a result of designating a property and its operations as held for sale. The property was sold in August 2018.

An allowance for a doubtful account for a tenant/operator/resident receivable is established based on a periodic review of aged receivables resulting from estimated losses due to the inability of tenant/operator/resident to make required rent and other payments contractually due. Additionally, the Company establishes, on a current basis, an allowance for future tenant/operator/resident credit losses on unbilled rent receivable based on an evaluation of the collectability of such amounts.

Real Estate Debt Investments

Real estate debt investments are considered impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that the Company will not be able to collect all principal and interest amounts due according to the contractual terms. The Company assesses the credit quality of the portfolio and adequacy of reserves on a quarterly basis or more frequently as necessary. Significant judgment of the Company is required in this analysis. The Company considers the estimated net recoverable value of the investment as well as other factors, including but not limited to the fair value of any collateral, the amount and the status of any senior debt, the quality and financial condition of the borrower and the competitive situation of the area where the underlying collateral is located. Because this determination is based on projections of future economic events, which are inherently subjective, the amount ultimately realized may differ materially from the carrying value as of the balance sheet date. If upon completion of the assessment, the estimated fair value of the underlying collateral is less than the net carrying value of the investment, a reserve is recorded with a corresponding charge to a credit provision. The reserve for each investment is maintained at a level that is determined to be adequate by management to absorb probable losses.

Income recognition is suspended for an investment at the earlier of the date at which payments become 90-days past due or when, in the opinion of the Company, a full recovery of income and principal becomes doubtful. When the ultimate collectability of the principal of an impaired investment is in doubt, all payments are applied to principal under the cost recovery method. When the ultimate collectability of the principal of an impaired investment is not in doubt, contractual interest is recorded as interest income when received, under the cash basis method until an accrual is resumed when the investment becomes contractually current and performance is demonstrated to be resumed. Interest accrued and not collected will be reversed against interest income. An investment is written off when it is no longer realizable and/or legally discharged. As of December 31, 2018, the Company did not have any impaired real estate debt investments.

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Investments in Unconsolidated Ventures

The Company reviews its investments in unconsolidated ventures for which the Company did not elect the fair value option on a quarterly basis, or more frequently as necessary, to assess whether there are any indicators that the value may be impaired or that its carrying value may not be recoverable. An investment is considered impaired if the projected net recoverable amount over the expected holding period is less than the carrying value. In conducting this review, the Company considers global macroeconomic factors, including real estate sector conditions, together with investment specific and other factors. To the extent an impairment has occurred and is considered to be other than temporary, the loss is measured as the excess of the carrying value of the investment over the estimated fair value and recorded in equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated ventures in the consolidated statements of operations.

As of December 31, 2018, certain of the unconsolidated ventures in which the Company invests have recorded impairments and the Company has concluded that no additional impairment of its investments in unconsolidated ventures is required. The Company’s proportionate ownership share of a loan loss reserve within the Espresso portfolio totaled $11.4 million and was recognized through equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated ventures during the year ended December 31, 2017. During the third quarter of 2017, the Espresso sub-portfolio associated with the direct financing lease commenced an operator transition and determined certain future cash flows of the direct financing lease to be uncollectible. The cash flows deemed uncollectible primarily impact distributions on mandatorily redeemable units issued at the time of the original acquisition that allowed the seller to participate in certain future cash flows from the direct financing lease following the closing of the original acquisition. Pursuant to ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity, the redemption value of the corresponding unconsolidated venture’s liability for the units issued to the seller was not assessed until the termination of the lease, which occurred in the third quarter of 2018. As a result of the lease termination, the unconsolidated venture determined the value of the liability for the units issued to the seller to be zero and recognized a gain on the extinguishment of the liability, of which the Company’s proportionate share totaled $14.1 million and was recognized through equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated ventures during the year ended December 31, 2018. Further, upon termination of the lease, the direct financing lease assets were reclassified to operating real estate and recorded at the lower of cost or fair value, resulting in an impairment, of which our proportionate share totaled $13.9 million and was also recognized through equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated ventures during the year ended December 31, 2018.

In addition to the impairment and reserves referenced above, the Espresso portfolio recorded an additional loan loss reserve for a separate sub-portfolio during the fourth quarter of 2018, of which the Company’s proportionate share totaled $13.9 million.

The Company’s investment in the Griffin-American joint venture has $1.7 billion of non-recourse mortgage debt on certain properties in the joint venture that matures in December 2019.  The Sponsor, who is an equity partner in the Griffin-American joint venture, is currently evaluating options in connection with the December 2019 scheduled maturity of this debt, of which the Company’s proportionate share is approximately $246 million. In connection with pursuing the options available, the joint venture has re-evaluated certain assumptions, including the holding period of the real estate assets collateralizing the debt, which has resulted in impairment of these assets, of which the Company’s proportionate share totaled $7.7 million and was recognized through equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated ventures during the year ended December 31, 2018.

Healthcare-Related Securities

Securities for which the fair value option is elected are not evaluated for other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”) as any change in fair value is recorded in the consolidated statements of operations. Realized losses on such securities are reclassified to realized gain (loss) on investments and other as losses occur. Securities for which the fair value option is not elected are evaluated for OTTI quarterly.

Foreign Currency

Assets and liabilities denominated in a foreign currency for which the functional currency is a foreign currency are translated using the currency exchange rate in effect at the end of the period presented and the results of operations for such entities are translated into U.S. dollars using the average currency exchange rate in effect during the period. The resulting foreign currency translation adjustment is recorded as a component of accumulated OCI in the consolidated statements of equity.

Assets and liabilities denominated in a foreign currency for which the functional currency is the U.S. dollar are remeasured using the currency exchange rate in effect at the end of the period presented and the results of operations for such entities are remeasured into U.S. dollars using the average currency exchange rate in effect during the period. The resulting foreign currency remeasurement adjustment is recorded in unrealized gain (loss) on investments and other in the consolidated statements of operations.

As of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the Company had exposure to foreign currency through an investment in an

unconsolidated venture.

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Equity-Based Compensation

The Company accounts for equity-based compensation awards using the fair value method, which requires an estimate of fair value of the award at the time of grant. All fixed equity-based awards to directors, which have no vesting conditions other than time of service, are amortized to compensation expense over the awards’ vesting period on a straight-line basis. Equity-based compensation is classified within general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations.

Income Taxes

The Company elected to be taxed as a REIT and to comply with the related provisions of the Internal Revenue Code beginning in its taxable year ended December 31, 2013. Accordingly, the Company will generally not be subject to U.S. federal income tax to the extent of its distributions to stockholders as long as certain asset, income and share ownership tests are met. To maintain its qualification as a REIT, the Company must annually distribute at least 90.0% of its REIT taxable income to its stockholders and meet certain other requirements. The Company believes that all of the criteria to maintain the Company’s REIT qualification have been met for the applicable periods, but there can be no assurance that these criteria will continue to be met in subsequent periods. If the Company were to fail to meet these requirements, it would be subject to U.S. federal income tax and potential interest and penalties, which could have a material adverse impact on its results of operations and amounts available for distributions to its stockholders. The Company’s accounting policy with respect to interest and penalties is to classify these amounts as a component of income tax expense, where applicable. The Company has assessed its tax positions for all open tax years, which include 2015 to 2018, and concluded there were no material uncertainties to be recognized. The Company has not recognized any such amounts related to uncertain tax positions for the years endedDecember 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016.

The Company may also be subject to certain state, local and franchise taxes. Under certain circumstances, federal income and excise taxes may be due on its undistributed taxable income.

The Company made a joint election to treat certain subsidiaries as taxable REIT subsidiaries (“TRS”) which may be subject to U.S. federal, state and local income taxes. In general, a TRS of the Company may perform non-customary services for tenants/operators/residents of the Company, hold assets that the Company cannot hold directly and may engage in any real estate or non-real estate-related business.

Certain subsidiaries of the Company are subject to taxation by federal, state and foreign authorities for the periods presented. Income taxes are accounted for by the asset/liability approach in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Deferred taxes, if any, represent the expected future tax consequences when the reported amounts of assets and liabilities are recovered or paid. Such amounts arise from differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities and are adjusted for changes in tax laws and tax rates in the period which such changes are enacted. A provision for income tax represents the total of income taxes paid or payable for the current period, plus the change in deferred taxes. Current and deferred taxes are provided on the portion of earnings (losses) recognized by the Company with respect to its interest in the TRS. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are calculated based on temporary differences between the Company’s U.S. GAAP consolidated financial statements and the federal and state income tax basis of assets and liabilities as of the consolidated balance sheet date. The Company evaluates the realizability of its deferred tax assets (e.g., net operating loss and capital loss carryforwards) and recognizes a valuation allowance if, based on the available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of its deferred tax assets will not be realized. When evaluating the realizability of its deferred tax assets, the Company considers estimates of expected future taxable income, existing and projected book/tax differences, tax planning strategies available and the general and industry specific economic outlook. This realizability analysis is inherently subjective, as it requires the Company to forecast its business and general economic environment in future periods. Changes in estimate of deferred tax asset realizability, if any, are included in provision for income tax benefit (expense) in the consolidated statements of operations. The Company has a deferred tax asset, which as of December 31, 2018 totaled $11.0 million and continues to have a full valuation allowance recognized, as there are no changes in the facts and circumstances to indicate that the Company should release the valuation allowance. 

On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act was enacted, which provides for a reduction in the U.S. federal corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21% effective January 1, 2018. The effects of the tax rate change did not have a material impact on the Company’s existing deferred tax balances.

The Company recorded an income tax expense of approximately $114,000, $43,000 and $7.1 million for the years endedDecember 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 respectively.

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Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Recently Adopted

Revenue Recognition—In May 2014, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“New Revenue Recognition Standard”), requiring a company to recognize as revenue the amount of consideration it expects to be entitled to in connection with the transfer of promised goods or services to customers. The Company has adopted the New Revenue Recognition Standard on its required effective date of January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective approach, and has applied the guidance to contracts not yet completed as of the date of adoption. The New Revenue Recognition Standard specifically excludes revenue streams for which specific guidance is stipulated in other sections of the codification, therefore it will not impact rental income and interest income generated on financial instruments such as real estate debt investment and securities.

The Company is the lessor for triple net and gross leases classified as operating leases in which rental income and tenant reimbursements are recorded. The revenue from these leases are scoped out of the New Revenue Recognition Standard guidance. All leases are accounted for under ASC 840 until the adoption of the new leasing guidance within ASC 842. Within resident fee income, the Company records room, care and other resident service revenue for operating healthcare properties. Such revenues include skilled nursing services provided at CCRCs, which were deemed to fall under the New Revenue Recognition Standard. These services are a series of distinct services satisfied over time and revenue is recognized monthly. There were no significant changes as a result of the New Revenue Recognition Standard.

Financial Instruments—In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01, Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities. ASU No. 2016-01 addresses certain aspects of accounting and disclosure requirements of financial instruments, including the requirement that equity investments with readily determinable fair value be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in results of operations. The new guidance is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2017. The Company does not have any equity investments with readily determinable fair value recorded as available-for-sale. The Company has adopted this guidance on its required effective date and it did not impact its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

Cash Flow Classifications—In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows: Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments, which makes eight targeted changes to how cash receipts and cash payments are presented and classified in the statement of cash flows. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017 and interim periods within those fiscal years. If an entity early adopts the amendments in an interim period, any adjustments should be reflected as of the beginning of the fiscal year that includes that interim period. The new guidance requires adoption on a retrospective basis unless it is impracticable to apply, in which case the company would be required to apply the amendments prospectively as of the earliest date practicable. The Company has adopted this guidance and it did not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

Restricted Cash—In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows: Restricted Cash,which requires that cash and cash equivalent balances in the statement of cash flows include restricted cash and restricted cash equivalent amounts, and therefore, changes in restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents be presented in the statement of cash flows. This will eliminate the presentation of transfers between cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents in the statement of cash flows. When cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents are presented in more than one line item of the balance sheet, this ASU requires disclosure of a reconciliation between the totals in the statement of cash flows and the related captions on the balance sheet. The new guidance also requires disclosure of the nature of the restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents, similar to the existing requirements under Regulation S-X, however, it does not define restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents. The Company adopted ASU 2016-18 on January 1, 2018 and the required retrospective application of this new standard resulted in changes to the previously reported statement of cash flows as follows (dollars in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31, 2017						Year Ended December 31, 2016
Cash flow provided by (used in):	As Previously Reported			After Adoption of ASU 2016-18			As Previously Reported			After Adoption of ASU 2016-18
Operating activities	$	11,708		$	10,129		$	3,972		$	5,376
Investing activities	(305,331		)	(314,394		)	(74,331		)	(60,355		)
Financing activities	97,916			132,861			(60,768		)	(62,970		)

Business Combination—In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-01, Clarifying the Definition of a Business, which amends the guidance for determining whether a transaction involves the purchase or disposal of a business or an asset. The

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amendments clarify that when substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired or disposed of is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or a group of similar identifiable assets, the set of transferred assets and activities is not a business. The guidance is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning December 15, 2017. The amendments in this update will be applied on a prospective basis. The Company expects that most acquisitions of real estate or in-substance real estate will not meet the revised definition of a business because substantially all of the fair value is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or group of similar identifiable assets (i.e., land, buildings and related intangible assets). A significant difference between the accounting for an asset acquisition and a business combination is that transaction costs are capitalized for an asset acquisition, rather than expensed for a business combination. The Company adopted the standard on its required effective date of January 1, 2018. This guidance did not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

Derecognition and Partial Sales of Nonfinancial Assets—In February 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-05, Clarifying the Scope of Asset Derecognition and Accounting for Partial Sales of Nonfinancial Assets, which clarifies the scope and application of recently established guidance on recognition of gains and losses from derecognition of non-financial assets, and defines in-substance non-financial assets. In addition, the guidance clarifies the accounting for partial sales of non-financial assets to be more consistent with the accounting for sale of a business. Specifically, in a partial sale to a non-customer, when a non-controlling interest is received or retained, the latter is considered a non-cash consideration and measured at fair value, which would result in full gain or loss recognized upon sale. This guidance has the same effective date as the new revenue guidance, which is January 1, 2018, with early adoption permitted beginning January 1, 2017. Both the revenue guidance and this update must be adopted concurrently. While the transition method is similar to the new revenue guidance, either full retrospective or modified retrospective, the transition approach need not be aligned between both updates. The Company has adopted the standard on its required effective date of January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective approach. Under the new standard, if the Company sells a partial interest in its real estate assets to non-customers or contributes real estate assets to unconsolidated ventures, and the Company retains a non-controlling interest in the asset, such transactions could result in a larger gain on sale.  The adoption of this standard could have a material impact to the Company’s results of operations in a period if the Company sells a significant partial interest in a real estate asset. There were no such sales for the year endedDecember 31, 2018.

Pending Adoption

Leases—In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases, which amends existing lease accounting standards, primarily requiring lessees to recognize most leases on balance sheet as a right of use asset and a corresponding liability for future lease obligations, and to a lesser extent, making targeted changes to lessor accounting. Additionally, under the new lease standard, only incremental initial direct costs incurred in the execution of a lease can be capitalized by both lessor and lessee.

ASU No. 2016-02 is effective for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted. The new leases standard requires adoption using a modified retrospective approach for all leases existing at, or entered into after, the date of initial application. Full retrospective application is prohibited. In applying the modified retrospective approach, the standard provides the option to elect a package of practical expedients that exempts an entity from having to reassess whether any expired or expiring contracts contain leases, revisit lease classification for any expired or expiring leases and reassess initial direct costs for any existing leases.

In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-11, Targeted Improvements to Topic 842, Leases, which provides the option of (i) applying the effective date of the new lease standard as the date of initial application in transition instead of the earliest comparative period presented; as well as (ii) electing as practical expedient, by class of underlying asset, not to segregate lease and non-lease components in a contract but to account for it as a single component in accordance with either the new lease standard or the revenue standard depending on whether the lease or non-lease component is predominant.

In December 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-20, Narrow Scope Improvements for Lessors, which provides certain practical expedients for lessor accounting. ASU No. 2018-20: (i) allows lessor to make an accounting policy election to present on a net basis sales and similar taxes arising from a leasing transaction with related collections from lessee (otherwise to present on a gross basis if lessor is determined to be the primary obligor); (ii) requires net presentation of lessor costs paid directly by lessee to a third party (for example, property taxes and insurance paid directly by lessee) and gross presentation of lessor costs that are paid by the lessor and reimbursed by the lessee (for example, property taxes and insurance initially paid by lessor and reimbursed by lessee); and (iii) requires allocation of variable payments to lease and non-lease components when applicable changes in facts and circumstances occur and that the non-lease component be subject to recognition under other applicable guidance, such as the revenue standard.

The Company will adopt the new lease standard effective January 1, 2019 and will adopt the package of practical expedients as well as the transition option. As a result, the Company will apply the new lease standard prospectively to leases existing or commencing on or after January 1, 2019. Comparative periods presented will not be restated upon adoption. Similarly, new

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disclosures under the standard will be made for periods beginning January 1, 2019, and not for comparative periods. In addition, the Company, as lessor, will make accounting policy elections to: (i) treat the lease and non-lease components in a contract as a single performance obligation to the extent that the timing and pattern of transfer are similar for the lease and non-lease components and the lease component qualifies as an operating lease; and (ii) to present on a net basis sales and similar taxes from leasing transactions.

The Company is in the process of finalizing the evaluation of its leasing arrangements. The Company has not noted any significant items that will require a gross-up of a right of use asset and lease liability on its balance sheet at this time. The Company is not the lessee of any office or ground leases. The effect of the new standard to the Company, as lessor, is not expected to materially effect its financial condition or results of operations.

Credit Losses—In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments- Credit Losses, which changes the impairment model for certain financial instruments by requiring companies to recognize an allowance for expected losses, rather than incurred losses as required currently by the incurred loss approach. The guidance will apply to most financial assets measured at amortized cost and certain other instruments, including trade and other receivables, loans, held-to-maturity debt securities, net investments in leases and off-balance-sheet credit exposures (e.g., loan commitments). The new guidance is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019 and will be applied as a cumulative adjustment to retained earnings as of the effective date. The Company is currently assessing the potential effect the adoption of this guidance will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

Goodwill Impairment—In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, Intangibles- Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment, which removes Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test that requires a hypothetical purchase price allocation. Goodwill impairment is now measured as the excess in carrying value over fair value of the reporting unit, with the loss recognized not to exceed the amount of goodwill assigned to that reporting unit. The guidance is effective for annual or any interim goodwill impairment tests in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, to be applied prospectively. Early adoption is permitted as of the first interim or annual impairment test of goodwill after January 1, 2017. The Company is currently assessing the potential effect the adoption of this guidance will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

3. Operating Real Estate

The following table presents operating real estate, net as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands):

	December 31, 2018			December 31, 2017
Land	$	236,736		$	239,580
Land improvements	22,453			21,908
Buildings and improvements	1,580,058			1,608,180
Tenant improvements	11,774			8,291
Construction in progress	5,605			5,376
Furniture, fixtures and equipment	93,371			83,017
Subtotal	1,949,997			1,966,352
Less: Accumulated depreciation	(171,083		)	(113,924		)
Operating real estate, net	$	1,778,914		$	1,852,428

For the years endedDecember 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, depreciation expense was $59.3 million, $53.8 million and $40.8 million, respectively.

Within the table above, buildings and improvements includes impairment totaling $31.0 million and $5.0 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Impairment recorded for the years endedDecember 31, 2018 and 2017 totaled $36.3 million and $5.0 million, respectively, is included in impairment loss in the consolidated statements of operations.

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Dispositions

In August 2018, through a joint venture with an affiliate of Watermark Retirement Communities (“Watermark”), the Company completed the sale of an operating real estate property located in Southfield, Michigan for $12.0 million. Proceeds from the sale were used to repay the outstanding mortgage note payable of $9.0 million, resulting in $2.7 million of net proceeds to the joint venture, after transaction costs and prorations. The joint venture is owned 97.0% by a subsidiary of the Company and 3.0% by Watermark.

Minimum Future Rents

Minimum rental amounts due under leases are generally either subject to scheduled fixed increases or adjustments. The following table presents approximate future minimum rental income under noncancelable operating leases to be received over the next five years and thereafter as of December 31, 2018 are as follows (dollars in thousands):

Years Ending December 31:(1)
2019	$	33,405
2020	34,240
2021	35,096
2022	14,635
2023	10,919
Thereafter	68,268
Total	$	196,563

_______________________________________

(1) Excludes rental income from residents at ILFs that are subject to short-term leases.

Excluding ILFs, which are managed by operators on the Company’s behalf, net lease rental properties owned as of December 31, 2018 are leased under noncancelable operating leases with current expirations ranging from 2021 to 2029, with certain tenant renewal rights. These net lease arrangements require the tenant to pay rent and substantially all the expenses of the leased property including maintenance, taxes, utilities and insurance. For certain properties, the tenants pay the Company, in addition to the contractual base rent, their pro rata share of real estate taxes and operating expenses. The Company’s net lease agreements provide for periodic rental increases based on the greater of certain percentages or increase in the consumer price index.

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4. Investments in Unconsolidated Ventures

All investments in unconsolidated ventures are accounted for under the equity method. The following tables present the Company’s investments in unconsolidated ventures as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 and activity for the years endedDecember 31, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands):

									Properties as of December 31, 2018(1)
Portfolio	Partner	Acquisition Date	Ownership		Purchase Price(2)		Equity Investment(3)		Senior Housing Facilities	MOB	SNF	Hospitals	Total
Eclipse	Colony Capital/Formation Capital, LLC	May-2014	5.6	%	$	1,048,000	$	23,400	44	—	32	—	76
Envoy(4)	Formation Capital, LLC/Safanad Management Limited	Sep-2014	11.4	%	145,000		5,000		—	—	—	—	—
Griffin-American	Colony Capital	Dec-2014	14.3	%	3,238,547		206,143		92	108	41	14	255
Espresso	Formation Capital, LLC/Safanad Management Limited	Jul-2015	36.7	%	870,000		55,146		6	—	150	—	156
Trilogy	Griffin-American Healthcare REIT III & IV /Management Team of Trilogy Investors, LLC	Dec-2015	23.2	%	1,162,613		186,632		9	—	70	—	79
Subtotal					$	6,464,160	$	476,321	151	108	293	14	566
Operator Platform(5)		Jul-2017	20.0	%	2		2		—	—	—	—	—
Total					$	6,464,162	$	476,323	151	108	293	14	566

_______________________________________

(1) Excludes six properties sold during the year endedDecember 31, 2018 and twelve properties designated as held for sale as of December 31, 2018.

(2) Purchase price represents the actual or implied gross purchase price for the joint venture on the acquisition date. Purchase price is not adjusted for subsequent acquisitions or dispositions of interest.

(3) Represents initial and subsequent contributions to the underlying joint venture through December 31, 2018. During the year endedDecember 31, 2018, the Company funded an additional capital contribution of $4.5 million into the Trilogy joint venture. The additional funding related to certain business initiatives, including the development of additional senior housing and SNFs. In October 2018, the Company sold 20.0% of our ownership interest in the Trilogy joint venture, which generated gross proceeds of $48.0 million and reduced its ownership interest in the joint venture from approximately 29% to 23%.

(4) All remaining properties within the Envoy portfolio have been reclassified as held for sale as of December 31, 2018. In March 2019, the Envoy joint venture completed the sale of the 11 properties, for a sales price of $118.0 million.

(5) Represents investment in Solstice Senior Living, LLC (“Solstice”). In November 2017, the Company began the transition of operations of the Winterfell portfolio from the former manager, an affiliate of Holiday Retirement, to a new manager, Solstice. Solstice is a joint venture between affiliates of Integral Senior Living, LLC (“ISL”), a leading management company of ILF, ALF and MCF founded in 2000, which owns 80.0%, and the Company, which owns 20.0%.

	Year Ended December 31, 2018								Year Ended December 31, 2017								Carrying Value(2)
				Select Revenues and Expenses, net(1)								Select Revenues and Expenses, net(1)
Portfolio	Equity in Earnings (Losses)						Cash Distributions		Equity in Earnings (Losses)						Cash Distributions		December 31, 2018		December 31, 2017
Eclipse	$	(624	)	$	(2,280	)	$	754	$	(1,562	)	$	(3,401	)	$	1,227	$	11,765	$	13,143
Envoy	(37		)	(301		)	283		(934		)	(1,349		)	427		4,717		5,037
Griffin-American(3)	(12,717		)	(24,780		)	5,553		(6,885		)	(18,728		)	8,505		113,982		134,219
Espresso(4)(5)	(21,460		)	(26,906		)	—		(20,737		)	(32,752		)	3,307		—		5,308
Trilogy(6)	1,153			(14,810		)	5,977		(5,224		)	(23,193		)	—		133,764		167,845
Subtotal	$	(33,685	)	$	(69,077	)	$	12,567	$	(35,342	)	$	(79,423	)	$	13,466	$	264,228	$	325,552
Operator Platform(7)	168			—			107		28			—			—		91		30
Total	$	(33,517	)	$	(69,077	)	$	12,674	$	(35,314	)	$	(79,423	)	$	13,466	$	264,319	$	325,582

_______________________________________

(1) Represents the net amount of the Company’s proportionate share of the following revenues and expenses: straight-line rental income (expense), (above)/below market lease and in-place lease amortization, (above)/below market debt and deferred financing costs amortization, depreciation and amortization expense, acquisition fees and transaction costs, loan loss reserves, liability extinguishment gains, impairment, as well as unrealized and realized gain (loss) from sales of real estate and investments.

(2) Includes $1.3 million, $0.4 million, $13.4 million, $7.6 million, and $9.8 million of capitalized acquisition costs for the Company’s investments in the Eclipse, Envoy, Griffin-American, Espresso and Trilogy joint ventures, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company expensed, through equity in earnings, the capitalized acquisition costs for the Company’s investment in the Envoy joint venture, which reduced the carrying value.

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(3) Includes impairment recorded by the joint venture, of which the Company’s proportionate share totaled $7.7 million. Refer to “Credit Losses and Impairment on Investments”in Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” for additional discussion.

(4) As a result of impairments and other non-cash reserves recorded by the joint venture, the Company’s carrying value of its Espresso unconsolidated investment was reduced to zero as of December 31, 2018. The Company has recorded the excess equity in losses related to its unconsolidated venture as a reduction to the carrying value of its mezzanine loan, which was originated to a subsidiary of the Espresso joint venture.

(5) For the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, equity in earnings (losses) included a liability extinguishment gain recorded by the joint venture, of which the Company’s proportionate share totaled $14.1 million, and a loan loss reserve recorded by the joint venture, of which the Company’s proportionate share totaled $11.4 million, respectively. Refer to “Credit Losses and Impairment on Investments”in Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” for additional discussion.

(6) In October 2018, the Company sold 20.0% of its ownership interest in the Trilogy joint venture, which generated gross proceeds of $48.0 million and reduced the Company’s ownership interest in the joint venture from approximately 29% to 23%.

(7) Represents the Company’s investment in Solstice.

Summarized Financial Data

The combined balance sheets as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 and combined statements of operations for the years endedDecember 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 for the Company’s unconsolidated ventures are as follows (dollars in thousands):

	December 31, 2018		December 31, 2017			Year Ended December 31,
						2018			2017			2016
Assets
Operating real estate, net	$	5,016,977	$	4,879,168	Total revenues	$	1,514,098		$	1,457,208		$	1,461,890
Other assets	1,003,614		1,318,504		Net income (loss)	$	(150,170	)	$	(158,445	)	$	(243,503	)
Total assets	$	6,020,591	$	6,197,672
Liabilities and equity
Total liabilities	$	4,565,451	$	4,547,846
Equity	1,455,140		1,649,826
Total liabilities and equity	$	6,020,591	$	6,197,672

5. Real Estate Debt Investments

The following table presents the Company’s one debt investment as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 (dollars in thousands):

			Carrying Value(2)
Asset Type:	Principal Amount		December 31, 2018		December 31, 2017		Fixed Rate		Unlevered Current Yield
Mezzanine loan(1)	$	75,000	$	58,600	$	74,650	10.0	%	10.3	%

_______________________________________

(1) Loan has a final maturity date of January 30, 2021.

(2) As a result of impairments and other non-cash reserves recorded by the joint venture, the Company’s carrying value of its Espresso unconsolidated investment was reduced to zero as of December 31, 2018. The Company has recorded the excess equity in losses related to its unconsolidated investment as a reduction to the carrying value of its mezzanine loan, which was originated to a subsidiary of the Espresso joint venture.

Credit Quality Monitoring

The Company evaluates its debt investments at least quarterly and differentiates the relative credit quality principally based on: (i) whether the borrower is currently paying contractual debt service in accordance with its contractual terms; and (ii) whether the Company believes the borrower will be able to perform under its contractual terms in the future, as well as the Company’s expectations as to the ultimate recovery of principal at maturity. The Company categorizes a debt investment for which it expects to receive full payment of contractual principal and interest payments as “performing.” The Company will categorize a weaker credit quality debt investment that is currently performing, but for which it believes future collection of all or some portion of principal and interest is in doubt, into a category called “performing with a loan loss reserve.” The Company will categorize a weaker credit quality debt investment that is not performing, which the Company defines as a loan in maturity default and/or past due at least 90 days on its contractual debt service payments, as a non-performing loan (“NPL”). The Company’s definition of an NPL may differ from that of other companies that track NPLs.

As of December 31, 2018, the Company’s debt investment was not performing in accordance with the contractual terms of its governing documents.  The Company’s debt investment is a mezzanine loan to the Espresso joint venture that has several sub-portfolios, three of which have experienced tenant lease defaults and operator transitions.  The underlying tenant defaults resulted in defaults under the senior loans with respect to the applicable sub-portfolios, which in turn resulted in defaults under the mezzanine

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loan.  The Company is actively monitoring the actions of the senior lenders of each sub-portfolio and assessing the Company’s rights and remedies.  The Company is also actively monitoring the operator transitions and continues to assess the collectability of principal and interest. As of December 31, 2018, contractual debt service has been paid in accordance with contractual terms and the Company expects to receive full payment of contractual principal and interest. Accordingly, the debt investment was categorized as a performing loan.

For the year endedDecember 31, 2018, the debt investment contributed 100.0% of the Company’s interest income on debt investments as presented on the consolidated statement of operations.

6. Healthcare-Related Securities

In October 2016, the Company purchased the Class B certificates in a $575.1 million securitization trust (Freddie Mac 2016-KS06 Mortgage Trust), which is secured by a pool of 41 mortgage loans related to senior housing facilities with a weighted average maturity of 9.8 years at the time of the acquisition. The securitization trust issued $517.6 million of permanent, non-recourse, investment grade securitization bonds, or Class A certificates, which were purchased by unrelated third parties, and $57.5 million of subordinate Class B certificates which were purchased by the Company at a discount to par of $27.0 million, or 47.0%, and have a fixed coupon of 4.47%, producing a bond equivalent yield of 13.1%.

U.S. GAAP required the Company to consolidate the assets, liabilities, income and expenses of the securitization trust as an Investing VIE. Refer to Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” for further discussion on Investing VIEs.

In March 2018, the Company sold the Class B certificates of its consolidated Investing VIE and no longer presented the assets or liabilities of the entire securitization trust on its consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2018. The Company has presented the income and expenses of the entire securitization trust on its consolidated statements of operations for the period that the Company owned the Class B certificates in 2018. The Company recorded a gain of $3.5 million related to the sale of the Class B certificates in realized gain (loss) on investments and other on its consolidated statement of operations for the year endedDecember 31, 2018.

The following table presents the assets and liabilities recorded on the consolidated balance sheets attributable to the securitization trust as of December 31, 2017 (dollars in thousands):

	December 31, 2017
Assets
Senior housing mortgage loans held in a securitization trust, at fair value	$	545,048
Receivables	2,127
Total assets	$	547,175
Liabilities
Senior housing mortgage obligations issued by a securitization trust, at fair value	$	512,772
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	1,918
Total liabilities	$	514,690

The Company elected the fair value option to measure the assets and liabilities of the securitization trust, which requires that changes in valuations of the securitization trust be reflected in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.

The difference between the carrying values of the senior housing mortgage loans held in the securitization trust and the carrying value of the securitized mortgage obligations was $32.3 million as of December 31, 2017 and approximates the fair value of the Company’s underlying investment in Class B certificates of the securitization trust. Refer to Note 12, “Fair Value” for a description of the valuation techniques used to measure fair value of assets and liabilities of the Investing VIE.

The following table presents the activity recorded for the years endedDecember 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 related to the securitization trust on the consolidated statements of operations (dollars in thousands):

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	Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016
Statements of Operations
Interest income on mortgage loans held in a securitized trust	$	5,149		$	25,955		$	5,022
Interest expense on mortgage obligations issued by a securitization trust	(3,824		)	(19,510		)	(3,772		)
Net interest income	1,325			6,445			1,250
Other expenses related to securitization trust	(811		)	3,922			765
Transaction costs	—			—			57
Unrealized gain (loss) on senior housing mortgage loans and debt held in securitization trust, net	—			1,503			298
Net income attributable to NorthStar Healthcare Income, Inc. common stockholders	$	514		$	4,026		$	726

For the year endedDecember 31, 2018, the consolidated securitization trust contributed 100.0% of the Company’s interest income on mortgage loans held in a securitized trust as presented on the consolidated statements of operations.

7. Borrowings

The following table presents the Company’s borrowings as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands):

				December 31, 2018				December 31, 2017
	Recourse vs. Non-Recourse	Final Maturity	Contractual Interest Rate(1)	Principal Amount(2)		Carrying Value(2)		Principal Amount(2)		Carrying Value(2)
Mortgage notes payable, net
Peregrine Portfolio(3)
Various locations	Non-recourse	Dec-19	LIBOR + 3.50%	$	16,545	$	16,277	$	23,417	$	23,030
Watermark Aqua Portfolio
Denver, CO	Non-recourse	Feb-21	LIBOR + 2.92%	20,866		20,774		21,193		21,053
Frisco, TX	Non-recourse	Mar-21	LIBOR + 3.04%	19,460		19,377		19,755		19,630
Milford, OH	Non-recourse	Sep-26	LIBOR + 2.68%	18,760		18,288		18,760		18,216
Rochester Portfolio
Rochester, NY	Non-recourse	Feb-25	4.25%	20,849		20,734		21,444		21,312
Rochester, NY(4)	Non-recourse	Aug-27	LIBOR + 2.34%	101,224		100,162		101,224		100,061
Arbors Portfolio(5)
Various locations	Non-recourse	Feb-25	3.99%	90,751		89,508		92,407		90,913
Watermark Fountains Portfolio(6)
Various locations	Non-recourse	Jun-22	3.92%	399,023		396,421		410,000		406,207
Various locations	Non-recourse	Jun-22	5.56%	75,401		74,776		75,401		74,776
Winterfell Portfolio(7)
Various locations	Non-recourse	Jun-25	4.17%	642,954		622,329		648,211		624,656
Avamere Portfolio(8)
Various locations	Non-recourse	Feb-27	4.66%	72,466		71,848		72,466		71,771
Subtotal mortgage notes payable, net				1,478,299		1,450,494		1,504,278		1,471,625
Other notes payable
Oak Cottage
Santa Barbara, CA	Non-recourse	Feb-22	6.00%	3,500		3,500		3,500		3,500
Rochester Portfolio
Rochester, NY	Non-recourse	Aug-19	6.00%	12,355		12,355		12,355		12,355
Subtotal other notes payable, net				15,855		15,855		15,855		15,855
Total mortgage and other notes payable, net				$	1,494,154	$	1,466,349	$	1,520,133	$	1,487,480

_______________________________________

(1) Floating rate borrowings are comprised of $160.3 million principal amount at one-month London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) and $16.5 million principal amount at three-month LIBOR.

(2) The difference between principal amount and carrying value of mortgage notes payable is attributable to deferred financing costs, net for all borrowings other than the Winterfell portfolio which is attributable to below market debt intangibles.

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(3) Mortgage note arrangement is secured and collateralized by three healthcare real estate properties.

(4) Comprised of seven individual mortgage notes payable secured by seven healthcare real estate properties, cross-collateralized and subject to cross-default.

(5) Comprised of four individual mortgage notes payable secured by four healthcare real estate properties, cross-collateralized and subject to cross-default.

(6) Includes $399.0 million principal amount of fixed rate borrowings, secured by 14 healthcare real estate properties, cross-collateralized and subject to cross-default as well as a supplemental financing totaling $75.4 million of principal, secured by seven healthcare real estate properties, cross-collateralized and subject to cross-default.

(7) Comprised of 32 individual mortgage notes payable secured by 32 healthcare real estate properties, cross-collateralized and subject to cross-default.

(8) Comprised of five individual mortgage notes payable secured by five healthcare real estate properties, cross-collateralized and subject to cross-default.

The following table presents scheduled principal payments on borrowings based on final maturity as of December 31, 2018 (dollars in thousands):

Years Ending December 31:
2019	$	52,170
2020	24,315
2021	63,986
2022	464,997
2023	18,820
Thereafter	869,866
Total	$	1,494,154

As of December 31, 2017, the Company’s Peregrine portfolio did not maintain certain minimum financial coverage ratios required under the contractual terms of its mortgage note. Following a partial repayment of the mortgage note in January 2018, the Company was in compliance with the financial covenants. However, during the year endedDecember 31, 2018, an operator of the Peregrine portfolio failed to remit rental payments in a timely manner, which resulted in a cross-default under the mortgage note agreement as of December 31, 2018.

Colony Capital Line of Credit

In October 2017, the Company obtained a revolving line of credit from an affiliate of Colony Capital, the Sponsor, for up to $15.0 million at an interest rate of 3.5% plus LIBOR (the “Sponsor Line”). The Sponsor Line had an initial one year term, with an extension option of six months. In November 2017, the borrowing capacity under the Sponsor Line was increased to $35.0 million. During 2017, the Company had drawn and fully repaid $25.0 million under the Sponsor Line. The Company did not utilize the Sponsor Line during the year endedDecember 31, 2018. In March 2018, the Sponsor Line maturity was extended through December 2020.

Corporate Credit Facility

In December 2017, the Company executed a corporate credit facility with Key Bank (the “Corporate Facility”), for up to $25.0 million. The Corporate Facility has a three year term at interest rates ranging between 2.5% and 3.5% plus LIBOR and has not been utilized. As of December 31, 2018, the Company did not have the ability to draw upon the Corporate Facility as a result of not achieving certain continuing financial covenant conditions.

8. Related Party Arrangements

Advisor

Subject to certain restrictions and limitations, the Advisor is responsible for managing the Company’s affairs on a day-to-day basis and for identifying, acquiring, originating and asset managing investments on behalf of the Company. The Advisor may delegate certain of its obligations to affiliated entities, which may be organized under the laws of the United States or foreign jurisdictions. References to the Advisor include the Advisor and any such affiliated entities. For such services, to the extent permitted by law and regulations, the Advisor receives fees and reimbursements from the Company. Pursuant to the advisory agreement, the Advisor may defer or waive fees in its discretion.  Below is a description and table of the fees and reimbursements incurred to the Advisor.

In December 2017, the advisory agreement was amended with changes to the asset management and acquisition fee structure as further described below. In June 2018, the advisory agreement was renewed for an additional one-year term commencing on June 30, 2018, with terms identical to those in effect through June 30, 2018.

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Fees to Advisor

Asset Management Fee

From inception through December 31, 2017, the Advisor received a monthly asset management fee equal to one-twelfth of 1.0% of the sum of the amount funded or allocated for investments, including expenses and any financing attributable to such investments, less any principal received on debt and securities investments (or the proportionate share thereof in the case of an investment made through a joint venture).

Effective January 1, 2018, the Advisor receives a monthly asset management fee equal to one-twelfth of 1.5% of the Company’s most recently published aggregate estimated net asset value, as may be subsequently adjusted for any special distribution declared by the board of directors in connection with a sale, transfer or other disposition of a substantial portion of the Company’s assets, with $2.5 million per calendar quarter of such fee paid in shares of the Company’s common stock at a price per share equal to the most recently published net asset value per share.

The Advisor has also agreed that all shares of the Company’s common stock issued to it in consideration of the asset management fee will be subordinate in the share repurchase program to shares of the Company’s common stock held by third party stockholders for a period of two years, unless the advisory agreement is earlier terminated.

Incentive Fee

The Advisor is entitled to receive distributions equal to 15.0% of net cash flows of the Company, whether from continuing operations, repayment of loans, disposition of assets or otherwise, but only after stockholders have received, in the aggregate, cumulative distributions equal to their invested capital plus a 6.75% cumulative, non-compounded annual pre-tax return on such invested capital.

Acquisition Fee

From inception through December 31, 2017, the Advisor received fees for providing structuring, diligence, underwriting advice and related services in connection with real estate acquisitions equal to 2.25% of each real estate property acquired by the Company, including acquisition costs and any financing attributable to an equity investment (or the proportionate share thereof in the case of an indirect equity investment made through a joint venture or other investment vehicle) and 1.0% of the amount funded or allocated by the Company to acquire or originate debt investments, including acquisition costs and any financing attributable to such investments (or the proportionate share thereof in the case of an indirect investment made through a joint venture or other investment vehicle).

Effective January 1, 2018, the Advisor no longer receives an acquisition fee in connection with the Company’s acquisitions of real estate properties or debt investments.

Disposition Fee

For substantial assistance in connection with the sale of investments and based on the services provided, as determined by the Company’s independent directors, the Advisor may receive a disposition fee of 2.0% of the contract sales price of each property sold and 1.0% of the contract sales price of each debt investment sold. The Company does not pay a disposition fee upon the maturity, prepayment, workout, modification or extension of a debt investment unless there is a corresponding fee paid by the borrower, in which case the disposition fee is the lesser of: (i) 1.0% of the principal amount of the debt investment prior to such transaction; or (ii) the amount of the fee paid by the borrower in connection with such transaction. If the Company takes ownership of a property as a result of a workout or foreclosure of a debt investment, the Company will pay a disposition fee upon the sale of such property. A disposition fee from the sale of an investment is generally expensed and included in asset management and other fees - related party in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. A disposition fee for a debt investment incurred in a transaction other than a sale is included in debt investments, net on the consolidated balance sheets and is amortized to interest income over the life of the investment using the effective interest method.

Reimbursements to Advisor

Operating Costs

The Advisor is entitled to receive reimbursement for direct and indirect operating costs incurred by the Advisor in connection with administrative services provided to the Company. The Advisor allocates, in good faith, indirect costs to the Company related to the Advisor’s and its affiliates’ employees, occupancy and other general and administrative costs and expenses in accordance with the terms of, and subject to the limitations contained in, the advisory agreement with the Advisor. The indirect costs include the

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Company’s allocable share of the Advisor’s compensation and benefit costs associated with dedicated or partially dedicated personnel who spend all or a portion of their time managing the Company’s affairs, based upon the percentage of time devoted by such personnel to the Company’s affairs. The indirect costs also include rental and occupancy, technology, office supplies, travel and entertainment and other general and administrative costs and expenses. However, there is no reimbursement for personnel costs related to executive officers (although there may be reimbursement for certain executive officers of the Advisor) and other personnel involved in activities for which the Advisor receives an acquisition fee or a disposition fee. The Advisor allocates these costs to the Company relative to its and its affiliates’ other managed companies in good faith and has reviewed the allocation with the Company’s board of directors, including its independent directors. The Advisor updates the board of directors on a quarterly basis of any material changes to the expense allocation and provides a detailed review to the board of directors, at least annually, and as otherwise requested by the board of directors. The Company reimburses the Advisor quarterly for operating costs (including the asset management fee) based on a calculation for the four preceding fiscal quarters not to exceed the greater of: (i) 2.0% of its average invested assets; or (ii) 25.0% of its net income determined without reduction for any additions to reserves for depreciation, loan losses or other similar non-cash reserves and excluding any gain from the sale of assets for that period. Notwithstanding the above, the Company may reimburse the Advisor for expenses in excess of this limitation if a majority of the Company’s independent directors determines that such excess expenses are justified based on unusual and non-recurring factors. The Company calculates the expense reimbursement quarterly based upon the trailing twelve-month period.

Summary of Fees and Reimbursements

The following tables present the fees and reimbursements incurred to the Advisor for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 the amount due to related party as of December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (dollars in thousands):

Type of Fee or Reimbursement		Due to Related Party as of December 31, 2017		Year Ended December 31, 2018							Due to Related Party as of December 31, 2018
	Financial Statement Location			Incurred			Paid
Fees to Advisor Entities
Asset management(1)	Asset management and other fees-related party	$	—	$	23,486		$	(21,821	)	(2)	$	1,665
Acquisition(2)	Investments in unconsolidated ventures/Asset management and other fees-related party	8		(8		)	—				—
Reimbursements to Advisor Entities
Operating costs(3)	General and administrative expenses	1,038		12,631			(9,659		)		4,010
Total		$	1,046	$	36,109		$	(31,480	)		$	5,675

_______________________________________

(1) Includes $9.0 million paid in shares of the Company’s common stock and a $0.2 million gain recognized on the settlement of the share-based payment.

(2) From inception through December 31, 2018, the Advisor waived $0.3 million of acquisition fees related to healthcare-related securities. The Company did not incur any disposition fees during the year endedDecember 31, 2018, nor were any such fees outstanding as of December 31, 2017.

(3) As of December 31, 2018, the Advisor did not have any unreimbursed operating costs which remained eligible to be allocated to the Company.

Type of Fee or Reimbursement		Due to Related Party as of December 31, 2016		Year Ended December 31, 2017					Due to Related Party as of December 31, 2017
	Financial Statement Location			Incurred		Paid
Fees to Advisor Entities
Asset management	Asset management and other fees-related party	$	12	$	34,302	$	(34,314	)	$	—
Acquisition(1)	Investments in unconsolidated ventures/Asset management and other fees-related party	66		8,206		(8,264		)	8
Reimbursements to Advisor Entities
Operating costs(2)	General and administrative expenses	141		11,208		(10,311		)	1,038
Total		$	219	$	53,716	$	(52,889	)	$	1,046

_______________________________________

(1) Acquisition/disposition fees incurred to the Advisor related to debt investments are generally offset by origination/exit fees paid to the Company by borrowers if such fees are required from the borrower. Acquisition fees related to equity investments are included in asset management and other fees-related party in the consolidated statements of operations. Acquisition fees related to investments in unconsolidated joint ventures are included in investments in unconsolidated ventures on the consolidated balance sheets. From inception through December 31, 2017, the Advisor waived $0.3 million of acquisition fees related to healthcare-related securities. The Company did not incur any disposition fees during the year endedDecember 31, 2017, nor were any such fees outstanding as of December 31, 2016.

(2) As of December 31, 2017, the Advisor did not have any unreimbursed operating costs which remained eligible to be allocated to the Company.

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Issuance of Common Stock to the Advisor

Pursuant to the December 2017 amendment of the advisory agreement, for the year endedDecember 31, 2018, the Company issued 1.1 million shares totaling $9.0 million to an affiliate of the Advisor as part of its asset management fee.

Investments in Joint Ventures

In November 2017, the Company began the transition of operations of the Winterfell portfolio, from the former manager, an affiliate of Holiday Retirement, to a new manager, Solstice. Solstice is a joint venture between affiliates of Integral Senior Living, LLC, a leading management company of ILF, ALF and MCF founded in 2000, which owns 80.0%, and the Company, which owns 20.0%. For the year endedDecember 31, 2018 the Company recognized property management fee expense of $5.3 million paid to Solstice related to the Winterfell portfolio.

The below table indicates the Company’s investments for which Colony Capital is also an equity partner in the joint venture. Each investment was approved by the Company’s board of directors, including all of its independent directors. Refer to Note 4, “Investments in Unconsolidated Ventures” for further discussion of these investments:

Portfolio	Partner(s)	Acquisition Date	Ownership
Eclipse	Colony Capital/Formation Capital, LLC	May-2014	5.6%
Griffin-American	Colony Capital	Dec-2014	14.3%

In connection with the acquisition of the Griffin-American portfolio by NorthStar Realty, now a subsidiary of Colony Capital, and the Company, the Sponsor acquired a 43.0%, as adjusted, ownership interest in American Healthcare Investors, LLC (“AHI”) and Mr. James F. Flaherty III, a partner of the Sponsor, acquired a 12.3% ownership interest in AHI. AHI is a healthcare-focused real estate investment management firm that co-sponsored and advised Griffin-American, until Griffin-American was acquired by the Company and NorthStar Realty.

In December 2015, the Company, through a joint venture with Griffin-American Healthcare REIT III, Inc., a REIT sponsored and advised by AHI, acquired a 29.0% interest in the Trilogy portfolio, a $1.2 billion healthcare portfolio and contributed $201.7 million for its interest. The purchase was approved by the Company’s board of directors, including all of its independent directors. In 2016 and 2017, the Company funded additional capital contributions of $18.8 million and $8.3 million, respectively, in accordance with the joint venture agreement. Additionally, in 2018, the Company funded capital contributions of $4.5 million for a total contribution of $233.3 million. The additional fundings related to certain business initiatives, including the acquisition of additional senior housing and skilled nursing facilities and repayment of certain outstanding obligations. In October 2018, the Company sold 20.0% of its ownership interest in the Trilogy joint venture, which generated gross proceeds of $48.0 million and reduced its ownership interest in the joint venture from approximately 29% to 23%. The Company sold the ownership interest to a wholly-owned subsidiary of the operating partnership of Griffin-American Healthcare REIT IV, Inc., a REIT sponsored by AHI.

Origination of Mezzanine Loan

In July 2015, the Company originated a $75.0 million mezzanine loan to a subsidiary of Espresso, which bears interest at a fixed rate of 10.0% per year and matures in January 2021. Refer to Note 5, “Real Estate Debt Investments” for further discussion.

Colony Capital Line of Credit

In October 2017, the Company obtained the Sponsor Line, which provides up to $35.0 million at an interest rate of 3.5% plus LIBOR. Refer to Note 7, “Borrowings” for further discussion.

9. Equity-Based Compensation

The Company adopted a long-term incentive plan, as amended (the “Plan”), which it may use to attract and retain qualified officers, directors, employees and consultants, as well as an independent directors compensation plan, which is a component of the Plan. Pursuant to the Plan, as of December 31, 2018, the Company’s independent directors were granted a total of 96,625 shares of restricted common stock for an aggregate $0.9 million, based on the share price on the date of each grant. The restricted stock granted prior to 2015 generally vests quarterly over four years and the restricted stock granted in and subsequent to 2015 generally vests quarterly over two years. However, the stock will become fully vested on the earlier occurrence of: (i) the termination of the independent director’s service as a director due to his or her death or disability; or (ii) a change in control of the Company.

109

The Company recognized equity-based compensation expense of $0.2 million for the years endedDecember 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Equity-based compensation expense is related to the issuance of restricted stock to the independent directors and is recorded in general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations. Unrecognized equity-based compensation for unvested shares totaled $0.2 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Unvested shares totaled 20,827 and 19,248 as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

10. Stockholders’ Equity

Common Stock

The Company stopped accepting subscriptions for the Follow-On Offering on December 17, 2015 and all of the shares initially registered for the Follow-On Offering were issued on or before January 19, 2016. The Company issued 173.4 million shares of common stock generating gross proceeds of $1.7 billion in the Primary Offering.

Distribution Reinvestment Plan

The Company adopted the DRP through which common stockholders may elect to reinvest an amount equal to the distributions declared on their shares in additional shares of the Company’s common stock in lieu of receiving cash distributions. The purchase price under the Company’s Initial DRP was $9.50. In connection with its determination of the offering price for shares of the Company’s common stock in the Follow-On Offering, the board of directors determined that distributions may be reinvested in shares of the Company’s common stock at a price of $9.69 per share, which was approximately 95% of the offering price of $10.20 per share established for purposes of the Follow-On Offering. In April 2016, the board of directors determined that distributions may be reinvested in shares of the Company’s common stock at a price equal to the most recent estimated value per share of the shares of common stock. The following table presents the price at which dividends were invested based on when the price became effective:

Effective Date	Estimated Value per Share		Valuation Date
April 2016	$	8.63	12/31/2015
December 2016	9.10		6/30/2016
December 2017	8.50		6/30/2017
December 2018	7.10		6/30/2018

No selling commissions or dealer manager fees were paid on shares issued pursuant to the DRP. The board of directors of the Company may amend, suspend or terminate the DRP for any reason upon ten-days’ notice to participants, except that the Company may not amend the DRP to eliminate a participant’s ability to withdraw from the DRP.

For the year endedDecember 31, 2018, the Company issued 4.0 million shares of common stock totaling $33.7 million of gross offering proceeds pursuant to the DRP. For the year endedDecember 31, 2017, the Company issued 7.4 million shares of common stock totaling $67.2 million of gross offering proceeds pursuant to the DRP. From inception through December 31, 2018, the Company issued 25.0 million shares of common stock, generating gross offering proceeds of $227.7 million pursuant to the DRP.

Distributions

From inception through December 31, 2017, distributions to stockholders were declared quarterly by the board of directors of the Company and paid monthly based on a daily amount of $0.00184932 per share, equivalent to an annualized distribution amount of $0.675 per share of the Company’s common stock.

During the year endedDecember 31, 2018, the Company’s board of directors approved daily cash distributions of $0.000924658 per share of common stock, equivalent to an annualized distribution amount of $0.3375 per share.

Distributions were generally paid to stockholders on the first business day of the month following the month for which the distribution was accrued.

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The following table presents distributions declared for the years endedDecember 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (dollars in thousands):

	Distributions(1)
Period	Cash		DRP		Total
2018
First Quarter	$	7,684	$	7,876	$	15,560
Second Quarter	8,028		7,722		15,750
Third Quarter	8,374		7,567		15,941
Fourth Quarter	8,653		7,352		16,005
Total	$	32,739	$	30,517	$	63,256
2017
First Quarter	$	14,228	$	16,669	$	30,897
Second Quarter	14,557		16,804		31,361
Third Quarter	14,899		16,873		31,772
Fourth Quarter	15,082		16,691		31,773
Total	$	58,766	$	67,037	$	125,803
2016
First Quarter	$	13,408	$	16,827	$	30,235
Second Quarter	13,580		16,915		30,495
Third Quarter	13,974		17,120		31,094
Fourth Quarter	14,261		17,057		31,318
Total	$	55,223	$	67,919	$	123,142

_________________________________________________

(1) Represents distributions declared for the period, even though such distributions are actually paid to stockholders in the month following such period.

In order to continue to qualify as a REIT, the Company must distribute annually at least 90% of its REIT taxable income. For the years endedDecember 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, the Company generated net operating losses for tax purposes and, accordingly, was not required to make distributions to its stockholders to qualify as a REIT. The Company’s most recently filed tax return is for the year ended December 31, 2017 and includes a net operating loss carry-forward of $45.7 million.

Effective February 1, 2019, the Company’s board of directors determined to suspend distributions in order to preserve capital and liquidity. Refer to Note 16, “Subsequent Events” for additional information regarding distributions.

Share Repurchase Program

The Company adopted a share repurchase program that may enable stockholders to sell their shares to the Company in limited circumstances (the “Share Repurchase Program”). The Company is not obligated to repurchase shares under the Share Repurchase Program. The Company may amend, suspend or terminate the Share Repurchase Program at its discretion at any time, subject to certain notice requirements.

In December 2017, the Company’s board of directors approved the following amendments to the Share Repurchase Program:

• Limit the amount of shares that may be repurchased pursuant to the Share Repurchase Program (including repurchases in the case of death or qualifying disability) as follows: (a) for repurchase requests made during the calendar quarter ending December 31, 2017, $8.0 million in aggregate repurchases and (b) for repurchase requests made in 2018 and thereafter, the lesser of (1) 5% of the weighted average number of shares of the Company’s common stock outstanding during the prior calendar year, less shares repurchased during the current calendar year, or (2) the net proceeds received by the Company during the calendar quarter in which such repurchase requests were made from the sale of shares pursuant to the Company’s DRP;

• The price paid for shares will be: (a) for shares repurchased in connection with a death or disability, the lesser of the price paid for the shares or the most recently published estimated value per share, which is currently $8.50 and (b) for all other shares, 90.0% of the Company’s most recently published estimated value per share, which is currently $7.65; and

• In the event all repurchase requests in a given quarter could not be satisfied, the Company first repurchased shares submitted in connection with a stockholder’s qualifying death or disability and thereafter repurchased shares pro rata, and the Company sought to honor any unredeemed shares in a future quarter (unless the stockholder withdrew its request).

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In October 2018, the Company’s board of directors approved an amended and restated Share Repurchase Program, under which the Company will only repurchase shares in connection with the death or qualifying disability of a stockholder. The amended and restated Share Repurchase Program became effective October 29, 2018.

For the year endedDecember 31, 2018, the Company repurchased 3.3 million shares of common stock for $25.9 million at an average price of $7.91 per share. For the year endedDecember 31, 2017, the Company repurchased 5.7 million shares of common stock for $52.8 million at an average price of $9.22 per share pursuant to the Share Repurchase Program.

The Company has funded repurchase requests received during a quarter with cash on hand, borrowings or other available capital. Repurchases pursuant to the Share Repurchase Program have not exceeded proceeds received from its DRP in 2018. As of December 31, 2018, the Company had a total of 12.0 million shares, or $85.0 million, based on its most recently published estimated value per share of $7.10, in unfulfilled repurchase requests. Refer to Note 16, “Subsequent Events” for additional information regarding the Share Repurchase Program.

11. Non-controlling Interests

Operating Partnership

Non-controlling interests include the aggregate limited partnership interests in the Operating Partnership held by limited partners, other than the Company. Income (loss) attributable to the non-controlling interests is based on the limited partners’ ownership percentage of the Operating Partnership. Income (loss) allocated to the Operating Partnership non-controlling interests for the years endedDecember 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was de minimis.

Other

Other non-controlling interests represent third-party equity interests in ventures that are consolidated with the Company’s financial statements. Net loss attributable to the other non-controlling interests was approximately $0.4 million and $0.2 million for the years endedDecember 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively and de minimis for the year endedDecember 31, 2016.

12. Fair Value

Fair Value Measurement

The fair value of financial instruments is categorized based on the priority of the inputs to the valuation technique and categorized into a three-level fair value hierarchy. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3). If the inputs used to measure the financial instruments fall within different levels of the hierarchy, the categorization is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement of the instrument.

Financial assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on the consolidated balance sheets are categorized based on the inputs to the valuation techniques as follows:

Level 1. Quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in an active market.

Level 2. Financial assets and liabilities whose values are based on the following:

a) Quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets.

b) Quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in non-active markets.

c) Pricing models whose inputs are observable for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.

d) Pricing models whose inputs are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.

Level 3. Prices or valuation techniques based on inputs that are both unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The following is a description of the valuation techniques used to measure fair value of assets and liabilities accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis and the general classification of these instruments pursuant to the fair value hierarchy.

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Healthcare-Related Securities

Investing VIEs

As discussed in Note 6, “Healthcare-Related Securities,” the Company elected the fair value option for the financial assets and liabilities of its consolidated Investing VIE. The Investing VIE was “static”; that is, no reinvestment was permitted and there was very limited active management of the underlying assets. The Company was required to determine whether the fair value of the financial assets or the fair value of the financial liabilities of the Investing VIE were more observable, but in either case, the methodology resulted in the fair value of the assets of the securitization trust being equal to the fair value of their liabilities. The Company determined that the fair value of the liabilities of the securitization trust were more observable, since market prices for the liabilities were available from a third-party pricing service or were based on quoted prices provided by dealers who make markets in similar financial instruments. The financial assets of the securitization trust were not readily marketable and their fair value measurement required information that may be limited in availability.

In determining the fair value of the securitization trust’s financial liabilities, the dealers will consider contractual cash payments and yields expected by market participants. Dealers also incorporate common market pricing methods, including a spread measurement to the treasury curve or interest rate swap curve as well as underlying characteristics of the particular security including coupon, periodic and life caps, collateral type, rate reset period and seasoning or age of the security. The Company’s senior housing collateralized mortgage obligations were classified as Level 2 fair values. In accordance with ASC 810, Consolidation, the assets of the securitization trust was an aggregate value derived from the fair value of the trust liabilities. The Company determined that the valuation of the trust assets in their entirety, including its retained interests from the securitization (eliminated in consolidation in accordance with U.S. GAAP) should be classified as Level 3 valuations.

In March 2018, the Company sold the Class B certificates of its consolidated Investing VIE and no longer presented the assets or liabilities of the entire securitization trust on its consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2018. The Company has presented the income and expenses of the entire securitization trust on its consolidated statements of operations for the period that the Company owned the Class B certificates in 2018.

Fair Value Hierarchy

Financial assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on a recurring basis are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. There were no assets or liabilities accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2018. The following table presents financial assets and liabilities that were accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2017 by level within the fair value hierarchy (dollars in thousands):

	December 31, 2017
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Financial Assets
Senior housing mortgage loans held in a securitization trust, at fair value	$	—	$	—	$	545,048	$	545,048
Financial Liabilities
Senior housing mortgage obligations issued by a securitization trust, at fair value	$	—	$	512,772	$	—	$	512,772

As of December 31, 2018, the Company had no financial assets and liabilities that were accounted for at fair value on a non-recurring basis.

The following table presents the changes in fair value of financial assets which are measured at fair value on a recurring basis using Level 3 inputs to determine fair value for the years endedDecember 31, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017
Beginning balance	$	545,048		$	553,707
Purchases/contributions	—			—
Paydowns/distributions	—			(4,058		)
Derecognition	(545,048		)	—
Unrealized gain (loss)	—			(4,601		)
Ending balance	$	—		$	545,048

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There were no financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basing using Level 3 inputs during the year endedDecember 31, 2018. The following table presents the changes in fair value of financial liabilities which are measured at fair value on a recurring basis using Level 3 inputs to determine fair value for the years endedDecember 31, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31, 2017
Beginning balance	$	522,933
Transfers to Level 2(1)	(522,933		)
Paydowns/distributions	—
Sale of investment	—
Unrealized (gain) loss	—
Ending balance	$	—

_______________________________________

(1) Transfers to Level 2 from Level 3 represent a fair value measurement from a third-party pricing service or broker quotations that have become more observable during the period. Transfers are assumed to occur at the beginning of the year.

For the year endedDecember 31, 2017, the key unobservable inputs used in the fair value analysis included a weighted average yield of 13.1% and a weighted average life of 9.6 years. Significant increases (decreases) in any one of the inputs described above in isolation may result in a significantly different fair value for the financial assets using such Level 3 inputs.

Fair Value Option

The Company may elect to apply the fair value option of accounting for certain of its financial assets or liabilities due to the nature of the instrument at the time of the initial recognition of the investment. In the case of its healthcare-related securities, the Company elected the fair value option because management believes it is a more useful presentation for such investments.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

U.S. GAAP requires disclosure of fair value about all financial instruments. The following disclosure of estimated fair value of financial instruments was determined by the Company using available market information and appropriate valuation methodologies. Considerable judgment is necessary to interpret market data and develop estimated fair value. Accordingly, the estimates presented herein are not necessarily indicative of the amounts the Company could realize on disposition of the financial instruments. The use of different market assumptions and/or estimation methodologies may have a material effect on estimated fair value.

The following table presents the principal amount, carrying value and fair value of certain financial assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands):

	December 31, 2018						December 31, 2017
	Principal Amount		Carrying Value		Fair Value		Principal Amount		Carrying Value		Fair Value
Financial assets:(1)
Real estate debt investments, net	$	75,000	$	58,600	$	75,000	$	75,000	$	74,650	$	75,000
Financial liabilities:(1)
Mortgage and other notes payable, net	$	1,494,154	$	1,466,349	$	1,464,533	$	1,520,133	$	1,487,480	$	1,480,407

_______________________________________

(1) The fair value of other financial instruments not included in this table is estimated to approximate their carrying value.

Disclosure about fair value of financial instruments is based on pertinent information available to management as of the reporting date. Although management is not aware of any factors that would significantly affect fair value, such amounts have not been comprehensively revalued for purposes of these consolidated financial statements since that date and current estimates of fair value may differ significantly from the amounts presented herein.

Real Estate Debt Investments, Net

For commercial real estate (“CRE”) debt investments, fair values were determined by comparing the current yield to the estimated yield for newly originated loans with similar credit risk or the market yield at which a third party might expect to purchase such investment; or based on discounted cash flow projections of principal and interest expected to be collected, which includes consideration of the financial standing of the borrower or sponsor as well as operating results of the underlying collateral. As of

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the reporting date, the Company believes that principal amount approximates fair value. These fair value measurements of CRE debt are generally based on unobservable inputs, and as such, are classified as Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

Mortgage and Other Notes Payable, Net

For mortgage and other notes payable, the Company primarily uses rates currently available with similar terms and remaining maturities to estimate fair value. These measurements are determined using comparable U.S. Treasury rates as of the end of the reporting period. These fair value measurements are based on observable inputs, and as such, are classified as Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

13. Quarterly Financial Information (Unaudited)

The following tables present selected quarterly information for the years endedDecember 31, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands, except per share data):

	Three Months Ended
	December 31,			September 30,			June 30,			March 31,
	2018			2018			2018			2018
Property and other revenues	$	73,721		$	73,470		$	72,777		$	74,303
Net interest income	1,943			1,943			1,921			3,224
Expenses	131,445			99,430			104,790			106,269
Equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated ventures	(37,424		)	16,631			(4,098		)	(8,626		)
Net income (loss)	(77,257		)	(6,670		)	(34,205		)	(33,888		)
Net income (loss) attributable to NorthStar Healthcare Income, Inc. common stockholders	(77,212		)	(6,604		)	(34,094		)	(33,668		)
Net income (loss) per share of common stock, basic/diluted (1)	$	(0.40	)	$	(0.04	)	$	(0.18	)	$	(0.18	)

_______________________________________

(1) The total for the year may differ from the sum of the quarters as a result of weighting.

	Three Months Ended
	December 31,			September 30,			June 30,			March 31,
	2017			2017			2017			2017
Property and other revenues	$	76,335		$	74,401		$	68,594		$	66,445
Net interest income	3,545			3,557			3,538			3,501
Expenses	121,088			104,257			87,070			91,734
Equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated ventures	(4,080		)	(18,557		)	(7,055		)	(5,622		)
Net income (loss)	(44,882		)	(44,487		)	(21,560		)	(27,042		)
Net income (loss) attributable to NorthStar Healthcare Income, Inc. common stockholders	(44,709		)	(44,390		)	(21,593		)	(27,079		)
Net income (loss) per share of common stock, basic/diluted (1)	$	(0.23	)	$	(0.24	)	$	(0.12	)	$	(0.15	)

_______________________________________

(1) The total for the year may differ from the sum of the quarters as a result of weighting.

14. Segment Reporting

The Company conducts its business through the following five segments, which are based on how management reviews and manages its business.

• Direct Investments - Net Lease - Healthcare properties operated under net leases with a tenant operator.

• Direct Investments - Operating - Healthcare properties operated pursuant to management agreements with healthcare operators.

• Unconsolidated Investments - Healthcare joint ventures, including properties operated under net leases or pursuant to management agreements with healthcare operators, in which we own a minority interest.

• Debt and Securities Investments- Mortgage loans or mezzanine loans to owners of healthcare real estate and commercial mortgage backed securities backed primarily by loans secured by healthcare properties.

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• Corporate - The corporate segment includes corporate level asset management and other fees - related party and general and administrative expenses.

The Company primarily generates rental and resident fee income from its direct investments and net interest income on real estate debt and securities investments. The Company’s healthcare-related securities represent its investment in the Class B certificates of the securitization trust which are eliminated in consolidation.

The following table presents the operators and tenants of the Company’s properties, excluding properties owned through unconsolidated joint ventures as of December 31, 2018 (dollars in thousands):

				Year Ended December 31, 2018
Operator / Tenant		Properties Under Management	Units Under Management(1)	Property and Other Revenues		% of Total Property and Other Revenues
Watermark Retirement Communities		30	5,265	$	152,875	52.0	%
Solstice Senior Living	(2)	32	4,000	105,617		35.9	%
Avamere Health Services	(3)	5	453	16,735		5.7	%
Arcadia Management		4	572	10,615		3.6	%
Integral Senior Living	(2)	3	162	5,695		1.9	%
Peregrine Senior Living		2	114	1,467		0.5	%
Senior Lifestyle Corporation	(4)	1	63	51		—	%
Other	(5)	—	—	1,216		0.4	%
Total		77	10,629	$	294,271	100.0	%

______________________________________

(1) Represents rooms for ALF and ILF and beds for MCF and SNF, based on predominant type.

(2) Solstice Senior Living, LLC is a joint venture of which affiliates of Integral Senior Living own 80%.

(3) Effective February 2018, properties under the management of Bonaventure were transitioned to Avamere Health Services.

(4) As a result of the tenant failing to remit rental payments, the Company accelerated the amortization of capitalized lease inducements. Properties and unit counts exclude one property held for sale.

(5) Consists primarily of interest income earned on corporate-level cash accounts.

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During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company changed the composition of its reportable segments and has reflected the change for all prior year information presented. The following tables present segment reporting for the years endedDecember 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (dollars in thousands):

Statement of Operations:	Direct Investments
Year Ended December 31, 2018	Net Lease			Operating			Unconsolidated Investments			Debt and Securities			Corporate(1)				Subtotal			Investing VIE(2)			Total
Rental and resident fee income	$	34,275		$	255,061		$	—		$	—		$	—			$	289,336		$	—		$	289,336
Net interest income on debt and securities	—			—			—			8,534			(314		)	(3)	8,220			811			9,031
Other revenue	1			3,718			—			375			841				4,935			—			4,935
Property operating expenses	(1,346		)	(187,415		)	—			—			—				(188,761		)	—			(188,761		)
Interest expense	(13,326		)	(56,595		)	—			—			(275		)		(70,196		)	—			(70,196		)
Other expenses related to securitization trust	—			—			—			—			—				—			(811		)	(811		)
Transaction costs	(60		)	(828		)	—			—			—				(888		)	—			(888		)
Asset management and other fees - related party	—			—			—			—			(23,478		)		(23,478		)	—			(23,478		)
General and administrative expenses	(183		)	(856		)	(2		)	(46		)	(13,303		)		(14,390		)	—			(14,390		)
Depreciation and amortization	(13,694		)	(93,439		)	—			—			—				(107,133		)	—			(107,133		)
Impairment loss	(5,094		)	(31,183		)	—			—			—				(36,277		)	—			(36,277		)
Unrealized gain (loss) on senior housing mortgage loans and debt held in securitization trust, net	—			—			—			(314		)	314			(3)	—			—			—
Realized gain (loss) on investments and other	—			2,525			14,086			3,495			137				20,243			—			20,243
Income (loss) before equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated ventures and income tax benefit (expense)	573			(109,012		)	14,084			12,044			(36,078		)		(118,389		)	—			(118,389		)
Equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated ventures	—			—			(33,517		)	—			—				(33,517		)	—			(33,517		)
Income tax benefit (expense)	—			(114		)	—			—			—				(114		)	—			(114		)
Net income (loss)	$	573		$	(109,126	)	$	(19,433	)	$	12,044		$	(36,078	)		$	(152,020	)	$	—		$	(152,020	)

_______________________________________

(1) Includes unallocated asset management fee-related party and general and administrative expenses.

(2) Investing VIEs are not considered to be a segment that the Company conducts its business through, however U.S. GAAP requires the Company, as the primary beneficiary, to present the assets and liabilities of the securitization trust on its consolidated balance sheets and recognize the related interest income and interest expense, as net interest income on the consolidated statements of operations. Though U.S. GAAP requires this presentation, the Company views its investment in the securitization trust as a net investment in debt and securities.

(3) Represents income earned from the healthcare-related securities purchased at a discount, recognized using the effective interest method had the transaction been recorded as an available for sale security, at amortized cost. During the year endedDecember 31, 2018, $0.3 million was attributable to discount accretion income and was eliminated in consolidation in the corporate segment.

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Statement of Operations:	Direct Investments
Year Ended December 31, 2017	Net Lease			Operating			Unconsolidated Investments			Debt and Securities			Corporate(1)				Subtotal			Investing VIE(2)			Total
Rental and resident fee income	$	34,798		$	248,082		$	—		$	—		$	—			$	282,880		$	—		$	282,880
Net interest income on debt and securities	—			(1		)	—			11,749			(1,529		)	(3)	10,219			3,922			14,141
Other revenue	5			2,244			—			—			646				2,895			—			2,895
Property operating expenses	(31		)	(163,806		)	—			—			—				(163,837		)	—			(163,837		)
Interest expense	(12,266		)	(48,742		)	—			—			(74		)		(61,082		)	—			(61,082		)
Other expenses related to securitization trust	—			—			—			—			—				—			(3,922		)	(3,922		)
Transaction costs	(435		)	(8,972		)	—			—			—				(9,407		)	—			(9,407		)
Asset management and other fees - related party	—			—			—			—			(41,954		)		(41,954		)	—			(41,954		)
General and administrative expenses	(82		)	(866		)	—			(49		)	(12,491		)		(13,488		)	—			(13,488		)
Depreciation and amortization	(13,127		)	(92,332		)	—			—			—				(105,459		)	—			(105,459		)
Impairment of operating real estate	(5,000		)	—			—			—			—				(5,000		)	—			(5,000		)
Unrealized gain (loss) on senior housing mortgage loans and debt held in securitization trust, net	—			—			—			(26		)	1,529			(3)	1,503			—			1,503
Realized gain (loss) on investments and other	—			116			—			—			—				116			—			116
Income (loss) before equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated ventures and income tax benefit (expense)	3,862			(64,277		)	—			11,674			(53,873		)		(102,614		)	—			(102,614		)
Equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated ventures	—			—			(35,314		)	—			—				(35,314		)	—			(35,314		)
Income tax benefit (expense)	—			(43		)	—			—			—				(43		)	—			(43		)
Net income (loss)	$	3,862		$	(64,320	)	$	(35,314	)	$	11,674		$	(53,873	)		$	(137,971	)	$	—		$	(137,971	)

_______________________________________

(1) Includes unallocated asset management fee-related party and general and administrative expenses.

(2) Investing VIEs are not considered to be a segment that the Company conducts its business through, however U.S. GAAP requires the Company, as the primary beneficiary, to recognize the related interest income and interest expense, as net interest income on the consolidated statements of operations. Though U.S. GAAP requires this presentation, the Company views its investment in the securitization trust as a net investment in debt and securities.

(3) Represents income earned from the healthcare-related securities purchased at a discount, recognized using the effective interest method had the transaction been recorded as an available for sale security, at amortized cost. During the year endedDecember 31, 2017, $1.5 million was attributable to discount accretion income and was eliminated in consolidation in the corporate segment.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

Statement of Operations:	Direct Investments
Year Ended December 31, 2016	Net Lease			Operating			Unconsolidated Investments			Debt and Securities			Corporate(1)				Subtotal			Investing VIE(2)			Total
Rental and resident fee income	$	33,974		$	201,049		$	—		$	—		$	—			$	235,023		$	—		$	235,023
Net interest income on debt and securities	—			—			—			18,533			(328		)	(3)	18,205			765			18,970
Other revenue	(45		)	1,511			—			—			119				1,585			—			1,585
Property operating expenses	—			(129,808		)	(146		)	—			—				(129,954		)	—			(129,954		)
Interest expense	(12,200		)	(38,043		)	—			—			—				(50,243		)	—			(50,243		)
Other expenses related to securitization trust	—			—			—			—			—				—			(765		)	(765		)
Transaction costs	—			(2,147		)	—			(57		)	—				(2,204		)	—			(2,204		)
Asset management and other fees - related party	—			—			—			—			(45,092		)		(45,092		)	—			(45,092		)
General and administrative expenses	(525		)	(250		)	—			(84		)	(23,984		)		(24,843		)	—			(24,843		)
Depreciation and amortization	(12,202		)	(69,584		)	—			—			—				(81,786		)	—			(81,786		)
Unrealized gain (loss) on senior housing mortgage loans and debt held in securitization trust, net	—			—			—			(30		)	328			(3)	298			—			298
Realized gain (loss) on investments and other	—			600			—			—			—				600			—			600
Gain (loss) on consolidation of unconsolidated venture	—			—			6,408			—			—				6,408			—			6,408
Income (loss) before equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated ventures and income tax benefit (expense)	9,002			(36,672		)	6,262			18,362			(68,957		)		(72,003		)	—			(72,003		)
Equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated ventures	—			—			(62,175		)	—			—				(62,175		)	—			(62,175		)
Income tax benefit (expense)	—			(7,104		)	—			—			—				(7,104		)	—			(7,104		)
Net income (loss)	$	9,002		$	(43,776	)	$	(55,913	)	$	18,362		$	(68,957	)		$	(141,282	)	$	—		$	(141,282	)

_________________________________________________

(1) Includes unallocated asset management fee-related party and general and administrative expenses.

(2) Investing VIEs are not considered to be a segment that the Company conducts its business through, however U.S. GAAP requires the Company, as the primary beneficiary, to recognize the related interest income and interest expense, as net interest income on the consolidated statement of operations. Though U.S. GAAP requires this presentation, the Company views its investment in the securitization trust as a net investment in debt and securities.

(3) Represents income earned from the healthcare-related securities purchased at a discount, recognized using the effective interest method had the transaction been recorded as an available for sale security, at amortized cost. During the year endedDecember 31, 2016, $0.3 million was attributable to discount accretion income and was eliminated in consolidation in the corporate segment.

The following table presents total assets by segment as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands):

	Direct Investments
Total Assets:	Net Lease		Operating		Unconsolidated Investments		Debt and Securities		Corporate(1)		Subtotal		Investing VIEs(2)		Total
December 31, 2018	$	394,697	$	1,481,522	$	264,317	$	59,620	$	64,260	$	2,264,416	$	—	$	2,264,416
December 31, 2017	419,846		1,594,445		325,582		107,780		3,925		2,451,578		547,175		2,998,753

_______________________________________

(1) Represents corporate cash and cash equivalent balances. These balances are partially offset by elimination of healthcare-related securities in consolidation as of December 31, 2017.

(2) Investing VIEs are not considered to be a segment through which the Company conducts business, however U.S. GAAP requires the Company, as the primary beneficiary, to present the assets and liabilities of the securitization trust on its consolidated balance sheets. Though U.S. GAAP requires this presentation, the Company’s management and chief decision makers view the Company’s investment in the securitization trust as a net investment in debt and securities.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

15. Commitments and Contingencies

The purchase price of an operating real estate portfolio acquired in November 2017 includes $1.8 million in contingent consideration, which is payable dependent upon the future operating performance of the portfolio. The purchase price contingency was included in the asset allocation of the purchase price during the year endedDecember 31, 2017 and is included in other liabilities on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2017.

During the year endedDecember 31, 2018, the Company concluded that the payment of the contingent consideration would not be required, based on operating performance of the portfolio. The Company relieved the liability in full and recorded a gain on the contingent consideration in realized gain (loss) on investments and other on the Company’s consolidated statement of operations for the year endedDecember 31, 2018.

Litigation and Claims

The Company may be involved in various litigation matters arising in the ordinary course of its business. Although the Company is unable to predict with certainty the eventual outcome of any litigation, any current legal proceedings are not expected to have a material adverse effect on its financial position or results of operations.

The Company’s tenants, operators and managers may be involved in various litigation matters arising in the ordinary course of their business. The unfavorable resolution of any such actions, investigations or claims could, individually or in the aggregate, materially adversely affect such tenants’, operators’ or managers’ liquidity, financial condition or results of operations and their ability to satisfy their respective obligations to the Company, which, in turn, could have a material adverse effect on the Company.

Environmental Matters

The Company follows a policy of monitoring its properties for the presence of hazardous or toxic substances. While there can be no assurance that a material environmental liability does not exist at its properties, the Company is not currently aware of any environmental liability with respect to its properties that would have a material effect on its consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows. Further, the Company is not aware of any material environmental liability or any unasserted claim or assessment with respect to an environmental liability that it believes would require additional disclosure or the recording of a loss contingency.

General Uninsured Losses

The Company obtains various types of insurance to mitigate the impact of property, business interruption, liability, flood, windstorm, earthquake, environmental and terrorism related losses. The Company attempts to obtain appropriate policy terms, conditions, limits and deductibles considering the relative risk of loss, the cost of such coverage and current industry practice. There are, however, certain types of extraordinary losses, such as those due to acts of war or other events that may be either uninsurable or not economically insurable.

16. Subsequent Events

Distribution Reinvestment Plan

For the period from January 1, 2019 through January 31, 2019, the Company issued 0.7 million shares pursuant to the DRP, representing gross proceeds of $4.9 million.

Share Repurchases

For the period from January 1, 2019 through March 21, 2019, the Company repurchased 0.3 million shares for a total of $2.0 million or a price of $7.10 per share under the Share Repurchase Program. Prior to the most recent amendments to the Share Repurchase program, the Company had a total of 12.0 million shares, or $85.0 million, based on its most recently published estimated value per share of $7.10, in unfulfilled repurchase requests. Refer to Note 10, “Stockholders’ Equity” for additional information regarding the Share Repurchase Program.

Distributions

Effective February 1, 2019, the Company’s board of directors determined to suspend distributions in order to preserve capital and liquidity.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

Dispositions

Envoy

In March 2019, the Envoy joint venture, of which the Company owns 11.4%, completed the sale of the remaining 11 properties in the portfolio, for a sales price of $118.0 million.

Peregrine

In March 2019, the Company executed a purchase and sale agreement totaling $19.7 million for two properties within the Peregrine portfolio.

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SCHEDULE III - REAL ESTATE AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION

December 31, 2018

(Dollars in Thousands)

Column A	Column B		Column C Initial Cost				Column D Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition(1)			Column E Gross Amount Carried at Close of Period(2)						Column F				Column G	Column H
Location City, State	Encumbrances		Land		Building & Improvements		Land, Buildings & Improvements			Land		Building & Improvements		Total		Accumulated Depreciation		Total		Date Acquired	Life on Which Depreciation is Computed
Net Lease Portfolio
Skaneateles, NY	$	1,950	$	400	$	2,600	$	—		$	400	$	2,600	$	3,000	$	356	$	2,644	Oct-13	40 years
Smyrna, GA	6,559		825		9,175		(2,132		)	825		7,043		7,868		1,272		6,596		Dec-13	40 years
Cheektowaga, NY	8,036		300		12,200		113			300		12,313		12,613		1,642		10,971		Feb-14	40 years
Bohemia, NY	24,148		4,258		27,805		160			4,258		27,965		32,223		3,443		28,780		Sep-14	40 years
Hauppauge, NY	14,651		2,086		18,495		1,351			2,086		19,846		21,932		2,556		19,376		Sep-14	40 years
Islandia, NY	36,001		8,437		37,198		218			8,437		37,416		45,853		4,691		41,162		Sep-14	40 years
Westbury, NY	15,951		2,506		19,163		174			2,506		19,337		21,843		2,344		19,499		Sep-14	40 years
Bellevue, WA	30,767		13,801		18,208		3,223			13,801		21,431		35,232		2,775		32,457		Jun-15	40 years
Dana Point, CA	32,616		6,286		41,199		465			6,286		41,664		47,950		4,273		43,677		Jun-15	40 years
Kalamazoo, MI	34,651		4,521		30,870		2,444			4,521		33,314		37,835		4,028		33,807		Jun-15	40 years
Oklahoma City, OK	2,987		3,104		6,119		1,185			3,104		7,304		10,408		1,522		8,886		Jun-15	40 years
Palm Desert, CA	20,532		5,365		38,889		2,092			5,365		40,981		46,346		4,768		41,578		Jun-15	40 years
Sarasota, FL	74,269		12,845		64,403		3,447			12,845		67,850		80,695		7,552		73,143		Jun-15	40 years
Senior Housing Operating Portfolio
Leawood, KS	—		900		7,100		(1,843		)	900		5,257		6,157		1,106		5,051		Oct-13	40 years
Spring Hill, KS	—		430		6,570		(1,427		)	430		5,143		5,573		953		4,620		Oct-13	40 years
Milford, OH	18,760		1,160		14,440		1,472			1,160		15,912		17,072		2,662		14,410		Dec-13	40 years
Milford, OH	—		700		—		5,572			696		5,576		6,272		27		6,245		Jul-17	40 years
Denver, CO	20,866		4,300		27,200		9,042			4,300		36,242		40,542		4,941		35,601		Jan-14	40 years
Frisco, TX	19,460		3,100		35,874		1,863			3,100		37,737		40,837		5,073		35,764		Feb-14	40 years
Alexandria, VA	45,037		7,950		41,124		2,014			7,950		43,138		51,088		4,594		46,494		Jun-15	40 years
Crystal Lake, IL	27,511		6,580		28,210		2,089			6,580		30,299		36,879		3,315		33,564		Jun-15	40 years
Independence, MO	15,533		1,280		17,090		1,244			1,280		18,334		19,614		2,197		17,417		Jun-15	40 years
Millbrook, NY	24,719		6,610		20,854		3,385			6,610		24,239		30,849		3,039		27,810		Jun-15	40 years
St. Petersburg, FL	40,579		8,920		44,137		5,204			8,920		49,341		58,261		5,418		52,843		Jun-15	40 years
Tarboro, NC	22,487		2,400		17,800		3,523			2,400		21,323		23,723		2,459		21,264		Jun-15	40 years
Tuckahoe, NY	36,785		4,870		26,980		1,009			4,870		27,989		32,859		2,943		29,916		Jun-15	40 years
Tucson, AZ	65,951		7,370		60,719		3,954			7,370		64,673		72,043		7,063		64,980		Jun-15	40 years
Apple Valley, CA	21,673		1,168		24,625		473			1,168		25,098		26,266		2,344		23,922		Mar-16	40 years
Auburn, CA	24,485		1,694		18,438		785			1,694		19,223		20,917		1,897		19,020		Mar-16	40 years
Austin, TX	26,960		4,020		19,417		814			4,020		20,231		24,251		1,971		22,280		Mar-16	40 years
Bakersfield, CA	17,109		1,831		21,006		631			1,831		21,637		23,468		2,090		21,378		Mar-16	40 years
Bangor, ME	21,820		2,463		23,205		668			2,463		23,873		26,336		2,339		23,997		Mar-16	40 years
Bellingham, WA	24,228		2,242		18,807		761			2,242		19,568		21,810		1,951		19,859		Mar-16	40 years
Clovis, CA	19,067		1,821		21,721		371			1,821		22,092		23,913		2,077		21,836		Mar-16	40 years
Columbia, MO	23,069		1,621		23,521		422			1,621		23,943		25,564		2,253		23,311		Mar-16	40 years
Corpus Christi, TX	18,903		2,263		20,142		793			2,263		20,935		23,198		2,021		21,177		Mar-16	40 years
East Amherst, NY	18,829		2,873		18,279		449			2,873		18,728		21,601		1,779		19,822		Mar-16	40 years
El Cajon, CA	21,330		2,357		14,733		579			2,357		15,312		17,669		1,595		16,074		Mar-16	40 years
El Paso, TX	12,409		1,610		14,103		707			1,610		14,810		16,420		1,424		14,996		Mar-16	40 years
Fairport, NY	16,791		1,452		19,427		299			1,452		19,726		21,178		1,859		19,319		Mar-16	40 years
Fenton, MO	24,951		2,410		22,216		660			2,410		22,876		25,286		2,187		23,099		Mar-16	40 years
Grand Junction, CO	19,803		2,525		26,446		406			2,525		26,852		29,377		2,589		26,788		Mar-16	40 years
Grand Junction, CO	10,147		1,147		12,523		485			1,147		13,008		14,155		1,369		12,786		Mar-16	40 years
Grapevine, TX	22,697		1,852		18,143		914			1,852		19,057		20,909		1,864		19,045		Mar-16	40 years
Groton, CT	17,883		3,673		21,879		692			3,673		22,571		26,244		2,397		23,847		Mar-16	40 years
Guilford, CT	24,693		6,725		27,488		(14,598		)	6,725		12,890		19,615		2,991		16,624		Mar-16	40 years
Joliet, IL	15,154		1,473		23,427		(7,544		)	1,473		15,883		17,356		2,292		15,064		Mar-16	40 years
Kennewick, WA	7,801		1,168		18,933		373			1,168		19,306		20,474		1,837		18,637		Mar-16	40 years
Las Cruces, NM	11,368		1,568		15,091		655			1,568		15,746		17,314		1,498		15,816		Mar-16	40 years
Lees Summit, MO	27,629		1,263		20,500		806			1,263		21,306		22,569		2,147		20,422		Mar-16	40 years
Lodi, CA	20,438		2,863		21,152		509			2,863		21,661		24,524		2,067		22,457		Mar-16	40 years
Normandy Park, WA	16,493		2,031		16,407		825			2,031		17,232		19,263		1,672		17,591		Mar-16	40 years

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SCHEDULE III - REAL ESTATE AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION

December 31, 2018

(Dollars in Thousands)

Column A	Column B		Column C Initial Cost				Column D Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition(1)		Column E Gross Amount Carried at Close of Period(2)						Column F				Column G	Column H
Location City, State	Encumbrances		Land		Building & Improvements		Land, Buildings & Improvements		Land		Building & Improvements		Total		Accumulated Depreciation		Total		Date Acquired	Life on Which Depreciation is Computed
Palatine, IL	20,437		1,221		26,993		717		1,221		27,710		28,931		2,690		26,241		Mar-16	40 years
Plano, TX	16,351		2,200		14,860		1,181		2,200		16,041		18,241		1,533		16,708		Mar-16	40 years
Renton, WA	19,355		2,642		20,469		758		2,642		21,227		23,869		2,072		21,797		Mar-16	40 years
Sandy, UT	16,054		2,810		19,132		289		2,810		19,421		22,231		1,829		20,402		Mar-16	40 years
Santa Rosa, CA	28,398		5,409		26,183		519		5,409		26,702		32,111		2,630		29,481		Mar-16	40 years
Sun City West, AZ	26,093		2,684		29,056		1,339		2,684		30,395		33,079		3,147		29,932		Mar-16	40 years
Tacoma, WA	30,536		7,974		32,435		835		7,974		33,270		41,244		3,319		37,925		Mar-16	40 years
Frisco, TX	—		1,130		—		12,595		1,130		12,595		13,725		851		12,874		Oct-16	40 years
Albany, OR	8,900		958		6,625		394		758		7,219		7,977		457		7,520		Feb-17	40 years
Port Townsend, WA	17,016		1,613		21,460		561		996		22,638		23,634		1,378		22,256		Feb-17	40 years
Roseburg, OR	12,590		699		11,589		509		459		12,338		12,797		719		12,078		Feb-17	40 years
Sandy, OR	14,360		1,611		16,697		376		1,233		17,451		18,684		1,013		17,671		Feb-17	40 years
Santa Barbara, CA	3,500		2,408		15,674		34		2,408		15,708		18,116		788		17,328		Feb-17	40 years
Wenatchee, WA	19,600		2,540		28,971		630		1,534		30,607		32,141		1,641		30,500		Feb-17	40 years
Churchville, NY	6,575		296		7,712		333		296		8,045		8,341		439		7,902		Aug-17	40 years
Greece, NY	—		534		18,158		290		534		18,448		18,982		719		18,263		Aug-17	40 years
Greece, NY	26,833		1,007		31,960		630		1,007		32,590		33,597		1,462		32,135		Aug-17	40 years
Henrietta, NY	11,881		1,153		16,812		664		1,153		17,476		18,629		1,006		17,623		Aug-17	40 years
Penfield, NY	12,502		781		20,273		913		781		21,186		21,967		1,259		20,708		Aug-17	40 years
Penfield, NY	10,918		516		9,898		183		516		10,081		10,597		560		10,037		Aug-17	40 years
Rochester, NY	20,849		2,426		31,861		1,054		2,426		32,915		35,341		1,497		33,844		Aug-17	40 years
Rochester, NY	5,341		297		12,484		962		297		13,446		13,743		649		13,094		Aug-17	40 years
Victor, NY	27,174		1,060		33,246		1,096		1,060		34,342		35,402		1,473		33,929		Aug-17	40 years
Victor, NY	12,355		557		13,570		9		557		13,579		14,136		430		13,706		Nov-17	40 years
Undeveloped Land
Bellevue, WA	—		14,200		—		—		14,200		—		14,200		—		14,200		Jun-15	40 years
Kalamazoo, MI	—		100		—		—		100		—		100		—		100		Jun-15	40 years
Crystal Lake, IL	—		810		—		—		810		—		810		—		810		Jun-15	40 years
Millbrook, NY	—		1,050		—		—		1,050		—		1,050		—		1,050		Jun-15	40 years
Rochester, NY	—		544		—		—		544		—		544		—		544		Aug-17	40 years
Penfield, NY	—		534		—		—		534		—		534		—		534		Aug-17	40 years
Subtotal	$	1,494,154	$	239,181	$	1,642,169	$	68,647	$	236,736	$	1,713,261	$	1,949,997	$	171,083	$	1,778,914
Held for Sale
Clinton, CT	—		—		—		—		—		—		2,183		—		2,183		Oct-13	40 years
Total	$	1,494,154	$	239,181	$	1,642,169	$	68,647	$	236,736	$	1,713,261	$	1,952,180	$	171,083	$	1,781,097

_____________________________

(1) Negative amount represents impairment of operating real estate.

(2) The aggregate cost for federal income tax purposes is approximately $2.2 billion.

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NORTHSTAR HEALTHCARE INCOME, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

SCHEDULE III - REAL ESTATE AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION

December 31, 2018

(Dollars in Thousands)

The following table presents changes in the Company’s operating real estate portfolio for the years endedDecember 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (dollars in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016
Balance at beginning of year	$	1,966,352		$	1,632,153		$	851,639
Property acquisitions	—			317,224			751,086
Property dispositions	(15,240		)	—			—
Improvements	35,889			21,251			29,428
Impairment	(33,494		)	(5,000		)	—
Reclassification(1)	—			724			—
Balance at end of year, including held for sale	1,953,507			1,966,352			1,632,153
Classified as held for sale(2)	(3,510		)	—			—
Balance at end of year(3)	$	1,949,997		$	1,966,352		$	1,632,153

_____________________________

(1) Represents a measurement period adjustment of operating real estate acquired in 2016 reclassified from below market debt in connection with the final purchase price allocation for the Winterfell portfolio.

(2) Amounts classified as held for sale during the year and remain as held for sale at the end of the year.

(3) The aggregate cost of the properties are approximately $40.6 million higher for federal income tax purposes as of December 31, 2018.

The following table presents changes in accumulated depreciation as of December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (dollars in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017		2016
Balance at beginning of year	$	113,924		$	60,173	$	19,386
Depreciation expense	60,028			53,751		40,787
Property dispositions	(1,542		)	—		—
Balance at end of year, including held for sale	172,410			113,924		60,173
Classified as held for sale	(1,327		)	—		—
Balance at end of year	$	171,083		$	113,924	$	60,173

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NORTHSTAR HEALTHCARE INCOME, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

SCHEDULE IV - MORTGAGE LOANS ON REAL ESTATE

December 31, 2018

(Dollars in Thousands)

Asset Type:	Location / Description	Count	Fixed Rate		Maturity Date(1)	Periodic Payment Terms(2)	Prior Liens(3)		Principal Amount		Carrying Value(4)		Principal Amount of Loans Subject to Delinquent Principal or Interest
Espresso Mezzanine Loan	Various / SNF / ALF	1	10.0	%	Jan-21	I/O	$	721,877	$	75,000	$	58,600	—

_______________________________________

(1) Reflects the initial maturity date of the investment and does not consider any options to extend beyond such date.

(2) Interest Only, or I/O; principal amount due in full at maturity.

(3) Represents only third-party liens.

(4) The federal income tax basis is approximately $75.0 million.

Reconciliation of Carrying Value of Real Estate Debt (dollars in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017		2016
Balance at beginning of year	$	74,650		$	74,558	$	192,934
Additions:
Principal amount of new loans and additional funding on existing loans	—			—		—
Acquisition cost (fees) on new loans	—			—		—
Origination fees received on new loans	—			—		—
Deductions:
Reclassification (1)	(16,151		)	—		—
Repayment of principal	—			—		(118,411		)
Amortization of acquisition costs, fees, premiums and discounts	101			92		35
Balance at end of year	$	58,600		$	74,650	$	74,558

_______________________________________

(1) As a result of impairments and other non-cash reserves recorded by the joint venture, the Company’s carrying value of its Espresso unconsolidated investment was reduced to zero as of December 31, 2018. The Company has recorded the excess equity in losses related to its unconsolidated venture as a reduction to the carrying value of its mezzanine loan, which was originated to a subsidiary of the Espresso joint venture.

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Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

None.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management established and maintains disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that material information relating to us and our subsidiaries required to be disclosed in reports that are filed or submitted under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or Exchange Act, are recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.

As of the end of the period covered by this report, management conducted an evaluation as required under Rules 13a-15(b) and 15d-15(b) under the Exchange Act, under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act).

Based on this evaluation, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this report, the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures are effective. Notwithstanding the foregoing, a control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that it will detect or uncover failures to disclose material information otherwise required to be set forth in the Company’s periodic reports.

Internal Control over Financial Reporting

(a) Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting.

Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. As defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f), internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the principal executive and principal financial officer and effected by the board of directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and includes those policies and procedures that: (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on our financial statements.

Under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we carried out an evaluation of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018 based on the “Internal Control-Integrated Framework” (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based upon this evaluation, management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2018.

(b) Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting.

There have not been any changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the most recent fiscal quarter that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls

Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent or detect all error and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system’s objectives will be met. The design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs.

Item 9B. Other Information

None.

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PART III

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance*

Item 11. Executive Compensation*

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters*

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Director Independence*

Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services*

__________________________

* The information that is required by Items 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 (other than the information included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K) is incorporated herein by reference from the definitive proxy statement relating to our 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which is to be filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Exchange Act, no later than 120 days after the end of our fiscal year endedDecember 31, 2018.

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PART IV

Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

(a)1. Consolidated Financial Statements and (a)2. Financial Statement Schedules are included in Part II,

Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data’’ of this Annual Report on Form 10-K:

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2018 and 2017

Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years endedDecember 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the years endedDecember 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016

Consolidated Statements of Equity for the years endedDecember 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years endedDecember 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

Schedule III - Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation as of December 31, 2018

Schedule IV - Mortgage Loans on Real Estate as of December 31, 2018

(a)3. Exhibit Index:

Exhibit Number	Description of Exhibit
3.1	Articles of Amendment and Restatement of NorthStar Healthcare Income, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 3.1 to Pre-Effective Amendment No. 7 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-11 (File No. 333-170802) and incorporated herein by reference)
3.2	Certificate of Correction of the Articles of Amendment and Restatement of NorthStar Healthcare Income, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 3.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2012 and incorporated herein by reference)
3.3	Fourth Amended and Restated Bylaws of NorthStar Healthcare Income, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 3.3 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2013 and incorporated herein by reference)
4.1	Amended and Restated Distribution Reinvestment Plan (filed as Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 8, 2016 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.1	Advisory Agreement (Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 1, 2014 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.2	Amended and Restated Limited Partnership Agreement of NorthStar Healthcare Income Operating Partnership, LP (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to Pre-Effective Amendment No. 7 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-11 (File No. 333-170802) and incorporated herein by reference)
10.3	First Amendment to Amended and Restated Limited Partnership Agreement of NorthStar Healthcare Income Operating Partnership, LP (filed as Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2012 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.4	Second Amendment to Amended and Restated Limited Partnership Agreement of NorthStar Healthcare Income Operating Partnership, LP (filed as Exhibit 10.4 to Post-Effective Amendment No. 9 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-11 (File No. 333-170802) and incorporated herein by reference)
10.5	NorthStar Healthcare Income, Inc. Amended and Restated Long Term Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K on February 4, 2013 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.6	NorthStar Healthcare Income, Inc. Amended and Restated Independent Directors Compensation Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.10 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2015 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.7	Form of Restricted Stock Award Certificate (filed as Exhibit 10.6 to Pre-Effective Amendment No. 4 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-11 (File No. 333-170802) and incorporated herein by reference)
10.8	Fourth Amended and Restated Distribution Support Agreement, by and between NorthStar Realty Finance Corp. and NorthStar Healthcare Income, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2015 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.9	Form of Indemnification Agreement (filed as Exhibit 10.8 to Pre-Effective Amendment No. 6 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-11 (File No. 333-170802) and incorporated herein by reference)
10.10	Amended and Restated Partnership Agreement of Healthcare GA Holdings, General Partnership, dated as of January 13, 2015 (filed as Exhibit 10.58 to Post-Effective Amendment No. 11 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-11 (File No. 333-170802) and incorporated herein by reference)
10.11	Limited Liability Company Agreement of Watermark Fountains Owner, LLC (filed as Exhibit 10.6 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 15, 2015 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.12	Limited Liability Company Agreement of Trilogy REIT Holdings, LLC, dated as of September 11, 2015, by and between GACH3 Trilogy JV, LLC and Trilogy Holdings NT-HCI, LLC (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 15, 2015 and incorporated herein by reference)
21.1*	Significant Subsidiaries of the Registrant
23.1*	Consent of Grant Thornton LLP
24.1*	Power of Attorney (included on signature page hereto)
31.1*	Certification by the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 17 CFR 240.13a-14(a)/15(d)-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.2*	Certification by the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 17 CFR 240.13a-14(a)/15(d)-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.1*	Certification by the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(b) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.2*	Certification by the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(b) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101*	The following materials from the NorthStar Healthcare Income, Inc. Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018, formatted in XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language): (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2018 and 2017; (ii) Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016; (iii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016; (iv) Consolidated Statements of Equity for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016; (v) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016; and (vi) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

______________________________________________________

* Filed herewith

129

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary

None.

130

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

		NorthStar Healthcare Income, Inc.
Date:	March 22, 2019	By:	/s/ RONALD J. JEANNEAULT
			Name:	Ronald J. Jeanneault
			Title:	Chief Executive Officer, President and Vice Chairman

POWER OF ATTORNEY

KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Justin Chang and Ann B. Harrington and each of them severally, his true and lawful attorney-in-fact with power of substitution and re-substitution to sign in his name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to do any and all things and execute any and all instruments that such attorney may deem necessary or advisable under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and any rules, regulations and requirements of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission in connection with this Annual Report on Form 10-K and any and all amendments hereto, as fully for all intents and purposes as he might or could do in person, and hereby ratifies and confirms all said attorneys-in-fact and agents, each acting alone, and his substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof. Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below on behalf of the Registrant in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Signature	Title	Date
/s/ RONALD J. JEANNEAULT	Chief Executive Officer, President and Vice Chairman	March 22, 2019
Ronald J. Jeanneault	(Principal Executive Officer)
	Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer
/s/ FRANK V. SARACINO	(Principal Financial Officer and	March 22, 2019
Frank V. Saracino	Principal Accounting Officer)
/s/ JUSTIN CHANG	Chairman	March 22, 2019
Justin Chang
/s/ DANIEL J. ALTOBELLO	Director	March 22, 2019
Daniel J. Altobello
/s/ GREGORY A. SAMAY	Director	March 22, 2019
Gregory A. Samay
/s/ JACK F. SMITH, JR.	Director	March 22, 2019
Jack F. Smith, Jr.

131