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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2011
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies  
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

(2) Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Principles of Consolidation

        The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and all subsidiaries and entities controlled by the Company through the Company's direct or indirect ownership of a majority interest and/or exclusive rights granted to the Company as the general partner of such entities. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.

Variable Interest Entities

        The Company has evaluated certain radiation oncology practices in order to determine if they are variable interest entities ("VIEs"). This evaluation resulted in the Company determining that certain of its radiation oncology practices were potential VIEs. For each of these practices, the Company has evaluated (1) the sufficiency of the fair value of the entity's equity investments at risk to absorb losses, (2) that, as a group, the holders of the equity investments at risk have (a) the direct or indirect ability through voting rights to make decisions about the entity's significant activities, (b) the obligation to absorb the expected losses of the entity and their obligations are not protected directly or indirectly, and (c) the right to receive the expected residual return of the entity, and (3) substantially all of the entity's activities do not involve or are not conducted on behalf of an investor that has disproportionately fewer voting rights in terms of its obligation to absorb the expected losses or its right to receive expected residual returns of the entity, or both. The Accounting Standards Codification (ASC), 810, Consolidation (ASC 810), requires a company to consolidate VIEs if the company is the primary beneficiary of the activities of those entities. Certain of the Company's radiation oncology practices are VIEs and the Company has a variable interest in each of these practices through its administrative services agreements. Other of the Company's radiation oncology practices (primarily consist of partnerships) are VIEs and the Company has a variable interest in each of these practices because the total equity investment at risk is not sufficient to permit the legal entity to finance its activities without the additional subordinated financial support provided by its members.

        In accordance with ASC 810, the Company consolidates certain radiation oncology practices where the Company provides administrative services pursuant to long-term management agreements. The noncontrolling interests in these entities represent the interests of the physician owners of the oncology practices in the equity and results of operations of these consolidated entities. The Company, through its variable interests in these practices, has the power to direct the activities of these practices that most significantly impact the entity's economic performance and the Company would absorb a majority of the expected losses of these practices should they occur. Based on these determinations, the Company has consolidated these radiation oncology practices in its consolidated financial statements for all periods presented.

        The Company could be obligated, under the terms of the operating agreements governing certain of its joint ventures, upon the occurrence of various fundamental regulatory changes and or upon the occurrence of certain events outside of the Company's control to purchase some or all of the noncontrolling interests related to the Company's consolidated subsidiaries. These repurchase requirements would be triggered by, among other things, regulatory changes prohibiting the existing ownership structure. While the Company is not aware of events that would make the occurrence of such a change probable, regulatory changes are outside the control of the Company. Accordingly, the noncontrolling interests subject to these repurchase provisions have been classified outside of equity on the Company's consolidated balance sheets.

        All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. As of December 31, 2011 and 2010, the combined total assets included in the Company's balance sheet relating to the VIEs were approximately $73.5 and $71.1 million, respectively.

        As of December 31, 2011, the Company was the primary beneficiary of, and therefore consolidated, 24 VIEs, which operate 44 centers. Any significant amounts of assets and liabilities related to the consolidated VIEs are identified parenthetically on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The assets are owned by, and the liabilities are obligations of the VIEs, not the Company. Only the VIE's assets can be used to settle the liabilities of the VIE. The assets are used pursuant to operating agreements established by each VIE. The VIEs are not guarantors of the Company's debts. In the states of California, Delaware, Massachusetts, Michigan, Nevada, New York and North Carolina, the Company's treatment centers are operated as physician office practices. The Company typically provides technical services to these treatment centers in addition to administrative services. For the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009 approximately 18.0%, 22.1% and 23.6% of the Company's net patient service revenue, respectively, was generated by professional corporations with which it has administrative services agreements.

        As of December 31, 2011, the Company also held equity interests in seven VIEs for which the Company is not the primary beneficiary. Those VIEs consist of partnerships that primarily provide radiation oncology services. The Company is not the primary beneficiary of these VIEs as it does not retain the power and rights in the operations of the entities. The Company's investments in the unconsolidated VIEs are approximately $0.7 million and $20.1 million at December 31, 2011 and December 31, 2010, respectively, with ownership interests ranging between 28.5% and 50% general partner or equivalent interest. Accordingly, substantially all of these equity investment balances are attributed to the Company's noncontrolling interests in the unconsolidated partnerships. The Company's maximum risk of loss related to the investments in these VIEs is limited to the equity interest.

Net Patient Service Revenue and Allowances for Contractual Discounts

        The Company has agreements with third-party payers that provide for payments to the Company at amounts different from its established rates. Net patient service revenue is reported at the estimated net realizable amounts due from patients, third-party payers and others for services rendered. Net patient service revenue is recognized as services are provided.

        Medicare and other governmental programs reimburse physicians based on fee schedules, which are determined by the related government agency. The Company also has agreements with managed care organizations to provide physician services based on negotiated fee schedules. Accordingly, the revenues reported in the Company's consolidated financial statements are recorded at the amount that is expected to be received.

        The Company derives a significant portion of its revenues from Medicare, Medicaid, and other payers that receive discounts from its standard charges. The Company must estimate the total amount of these discounts to prepare its consolidated financial statements. The Medicare and Medicaid regulations and various managed care contracts under which these discounts must be calculated are complex and subject to interpretation and adjustment. The Company estimates the allowance for contractual discounts on a payer class basis given its interpretation of the applicable regulations or contract terms. These interpretations sometimes result in payments that differ from the Company's estimates. Additionally, updated regulations and contract renegotiations occur frequently necessitating regular review and assessment of the estimation process by management.

        On an annual basis the Company performs a hindsight analysis in reviewing estimates to its contractual adjustments and bad debt allowance. The Company's review of the estimates are based on a full year look-back of actual adjustments taken in the calculation of the contractual allowance and bad debt allowance. Adjustments to revenue related to changes in prior period estimates increased net patient service revenue by approximately $1.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, or approximately 0.3% of the net patient service revenue and decreased net patient service revenue by approximately $0.4 million, and $6.0 million for years ended December 31, 2010 and 2009, respectively, or approximately 0.1%, and 1.2%, of the net patient service revenue for each of the respective periods.

        For the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010, and 2009, approximately 48%, 48%, and 44%, respectively, of net patient service revenue related to services rendered under the Medicare and Medicaid programs. In the ordinary course of business, the Company is potentially subject to a review by regulatory agencies concerning the accuracy of billings and sufficiency of supporting documentation of procedures performed. Laws and regulations governing the Medicare and Medicaid programs are extremely complex and subject to interpretation. As a result, there is a possibility that such estimates will change by a significant amount in the near term.

        Net patient service revenue is presented net of provisions for contractual adjustments. In the ordinary course of business, the Company provides services to patients who are financially unable to pay for their care. Accounts written off as charity and indigent care are not recognized in net patient service revenue. The Company's policy is to write off a patient's account balance upon determining that the patient qualifies under certain charity care and/or indigent care policies. The Company's policy includes the completion of an application for eligibility for charity care. The determination for charity care eligibility is based on income relative to federal poverty guidelines, family size, and assets available to the patient. A sliding scale discount is then applied to the balance due with discounts up to 100%. The Company estimates the costs of charity care services it provides by developing a ratio of foregone charity care revenues compared to total revenues and applying that ratio to the costs of providing services. Costs of providing services includes select direct and indirect costs such as salaries and benefits, medical supplies, facility rent expenses, other operating expenses, general and administrative expenses, depreciation and amortization, provision for doubtful accounts, and interest expense. The Company's estimated cost to provide charity care services is approximately $13.1 million, $10.7 million, and $12.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010, and 2009, respectively. Funds received to offset or subsidize charity services provided were approximately $0.7 million, $1.0 million, and $1.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010, and 2009, respectively.

Cost of Revenues

        The cost of revenues for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010, and 2009, are approximately $419.8 million, $364.4 million, and $331.9 million, respectively.

Accounts Receivable and Allowances for Doubtful Accounts

        Accounts receivable in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets are reported net of estimated allowances for doubtful accounts and contractual adjustments. Accounts receivable are uncollateralized and primarily consist of amounts due from third-party payers and patients. To provide for accounts receivable that could become uncollectible in the future, the Company establishes an allowance for doubtful accounts to reduce the carrying value of such receivables to their estimated net realizable value. Approximately $28.3 million and $23.0 million of accounts receivable were due from the Medicare and Medicaid programs at December 31, 2011 and 2010, respectively. The credit risk for any other concentrations of receivables is limited due to the large number of insurance companies and other payers that provide payments for services. Management does not believe that there are other significant concentrations of accounts receivable from any particular payer that would subject the Company to any significant credit risk in the collection of its accounts receivable.

        The allowance for doubtful accounts is based upon management's assessment of historical and expected net collections, business and economic conditions, trends in federal and state governmental health care coverage, and other collection indicators. The primary tool used in management's assessment is an annual, detailed review of historical collections and write-offs of accounts receivable. The results of the detailed review of historical collections and write-off experience, adjusted for changes in trends and conditions, are used to evaluate the allowance amount for the current period. Accounts receivable are written off after collection efforts have been followed in accordance with the Company's policies.

        Adjustments to bad debt expense related to changes in prior period estimates increased bad debt expense by approximately $1.1 million, for the year ended December 31, 2011 and decreased bad debt expense by approximately $4.5 million, and $3.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2010 and 2009, respectively.

        A summary of the activity in the allowance for doubtful accounts is as follows:

 
  Year ended December 31,  
(in thousands):
  2011   2010   2009  

Balance, beginning of period

  $ 20,936   $ 26,352   $ 26,233  

Acquisitions

    1,855          

Additions charged to provision for doubtful accounts

    16,117     8,831     12,871  

Deconsolidation of a noncontrolling interest

    36     (113 )    

Accounts receivable written off, net of recoveries

    (13,643 )   (14,134 )   (12,752 )

Foreign currency translation

    (259 )        
               

Balance, end of period

  $ 25,042   $ 20,936   $ 26,352  
               

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

        The Company's policy is to evaluate indefinite-lived intangible assets and goodwill for possible impairment at least annually at October 1, or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. An intangible asset with an indefinite life (a major trade name) is evaluated for possible impairment by comparing the fair value of the asset with its carrying value. Fair value is estimated as the discounted value of future revenues arising from a trade name using a royalty rate that an independent party would pay for use of that trade name. An impairment charge is recorded if the trade name's carrying value exceeds its estimated fair value. Goodwill is evaluated for possible impairment by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying value, including goodwill assigned to that reporting unit. Fair value of a reporting unit is estimated using a combination of income-based and market-based valuation methodologies. Under the income approach, forecasted cash flows of a reporting unit are discounted to a present value using a discount rate commensurate with the risks of those cash flows. Under the market approach, the fair value of a reporting unit is estimated based on the revenues and earnings multiples of a group of comparable public companies and from recent transactions involving comparable companies. An impairment charge is recorded if the carrying value of the goodwill exceeds its implied fair value.

        Goodwill represents the excess purchase price over the estimated fair value of net assets acquired by the Company in business combinations. Goodwill and indefinite life intangible assets are not amortized, but are reviewed annually for impairment, or more frequently if impairment indicators arise. Goodwill impairment was recognized for the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2010 of approximately $298.3 million and $91.2 million, respectively. No goodwill impairment loss was recognized for the year ended December 31, 2009.

        Intangible assets consist of trade names (indefinite life and amortizable), noncompete agreements, hospital contracts and licenses. Indefinite life trade names are tested at least annually for impairment. Amortizable trade names are amortized over the life of the trade name of approximately 15 months. Noncompete agreements, hospital contracts and licenses are amortized over the life of the agreement (which typically ranges from 2 to 20 years) using the straight-line method. Intangible asset impairment loss was recognized for the year ended December 31, 2011 of approximately $58.2 million relating to the Company's trade name and the Company's rebranding initiatives. No intangible asset impairment loss was recognized for the years ended December 31, 2010 and 2009.

Derivative Agreements

        The Company recognizes all derivatives in the consolidated balance sheets at fair value. The accounting for changes in the fair value (i.e., gains or losses) of a derivative instrument depends on whether it has been designated and qualifies as part of a hedging relationship based on its effectiveness in hedging against the exposure. Derivatives that do not meet hedge accounting requirements must be adjusted to fair value through operating results. If the derivative meets hedge accounting requirements, depending on the nature of the hedge, changes in the fair value of derivatives are either offset against the change in fair value of assets, liabilities, or firm commitments through operating results or recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) until the hedged item is recognized in operating results. The ineffective portion of a derivative's change in fair value is immediately recognized in earnings.

Interest rate swap agreements

        The Company enters into interest rate swap agreements to reduce the impact of changes in interest rates on its floating rate senior secured credit facility. The interest rate swap agreements are contracts to exchange floating rate interest payments for fixed interest payments over the life of the agreements without the exchange of the underlying notional amounts. The notional amounts of interest rate swap agreements are used to measure interest to be paid or received and do not represent the amount of exposure to credit loss. The differential paid or received on interest rate swap agreements is recognized in interest expense in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The related accrued payable is included in other long term liabilities at December 31, 2011 and 2010.

        On May 27, 2008, the Company entered into an interest rate swap agreement for its $407.0 million of floating rate senior debt governed by the Credit Agreement dated February 21, 2008 (senior secured credit facility). The Company designated this derivative financial instrument as a cash flow hedge (i.e., the interest rate swap agreement hedges the exposure to variability in expected future cash flows that is attributable to interest rate risk). The initial notional amount of the swap agreement was $290.6 million with amounts scaling down during various quarters throughout the term of the interest rate swap agreement to $116.0 million. The effect of this agreement is to fix the interest rate exposure to 3.67% plus a margin on $116.0 million of the Company's senior secured credit facility. The interest rate swap agreement expires on March 30, 2012. In December 2011, the Company terminated the interest rate swap agreement and paid approximately $1.9 million representing the fair value of the interest rate hedge at time of termination. No ineffectiveness was recorded as a result of the termination of the interest rate swap agreement. The amount of accumulated other comprehensive loss related to the terminated interest swap agreement of approximately $84,000 will be amortized through interest expense through the original term of the interest rate swap agreement through March 30, 2012. At December 31, 2011 no amount of the floating rate senior debt was subject to an interest rate swap. At December 31, 2010, the amount of the floating rate senior debt subject to the interest rate swap was $174.2 million.

        In July 2011, the Company entered into two interest rate swap agreements whereby the Company fixed the interest rate on the notional amounts totaling approximately $116.0 million of the Company's senior secured term credit facility, effective as of March 30, 2012. The rate and maturity of the interest rate swap agreements are 0.923% plus a margin, which is currently 475 basis points, and expires on December 31, 2013.

        The swaps are derivatives and are accounted for under ASC 815, "Derivatives and Hedging" ("ASC 815"). The fair value of the swap agreements, representing the estimated amount that the Company would pay to a third party assuming the Company's obligations under the interest rate swap agreements terminated at December 31, 2011 and 2010, was approximately $0.7 million and $5.0 million, respectively, which is included in other long term liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The estimated fair value of our interest rate swap was determined using the income approach that considers various inputs and assumptions, including LIBOR swap rates, cash flow activity, yield curves and other relevant economic measures, all of which are observable market inputs that are classified under Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. The fair value also incorporates valuation adjustments for credit risk. No ineffectiveness was recorded at December 31, 2011.

        Since the Company has the ability to elect different interest rates on the debt at each reset date, and the senior secured credit facility contains certain prepayment provisions, the hedging relationships do not qualify for use of the shortcut method under ASC 815. Therefore, the effectiveness of the hedge relationship is assessed on a quarterly basis during the life of the hedge through regression analysis. The entire change in fair market value is recorded in equity, net of tax, as other comprehensive income (loss).

Foreign currency derivative contracts

        Foreign currency risk is the risk that fluctuations in foreign exchange rates could impact the Company's results from operations. The Company is exposed to a significant amount of foreign exchange risk, primarily between the U.S. dollar and the Argentine peso. This exposure relates to the provision of radiation oncology services to patients at the Company's Latin American operations and purchases of goods and services in foreign currencies. On March 18, 2011, the Company entered into foreign exchange option contracts expiring at the end of the four consecutive quarterly periods beginning April 1, 2011 to convert a significant portion of the Company's forecasted foreign currency denominated net income into U.S. dollars to limit the adverse impact of a potential weakening Argentine peso against the U.S. dollar. On December 21, 2011 the Company entered into a foreign exchange option contract maturing on December 28, 2012 to replace the contract maturing on December 30, 2011. Because the Company's Argentine forecasted foreign currency denominated net income is expected to increase commensurate with inflationary expectations, any adverse impact on net income from a weakening Argentine peso against the U.S. dollar is limited to the cost of the option contracts, which was approximately $1.2 million in aggregate at inception of the contracts. Under the Company's foreign currency management program, the Company expects to monitor foreign exchange rates and periodically enter into forward contracts and other derivative instruments. Currently, the Company is targeting to cover approximately 70% of its forecasted Latin American operating income over the next twelve months through the use of forward contracts and other derivatives with the actual percentage determined by management based on the changing exchange rate environment. The Company does not use derivative financial instruments for speculative purposes.

        These programs reduce, but do not entirely eliminate, the impact of currency exchange movements. The Company's current practice is to use currency derivatives without hedge accounting designation. The maturity of these instruments generally occurs within twelve months. Gains or losses resulting from the fair valuing of these instruments are reported in (gain) loss on forward currency derivative contracts on the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss. For the year ended December 31, 2011 the Company incurred a loss of approximately $672,000 relating to foreign currency derivative program. The fair value of the foreign currency derivative is recorded in other current assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet. At December 31, 2011, the fair value of the foreign currency derivative was approximately $814,000.

        The following represents the current foreign currency derivative agreements as of December 31, 2011 (in thousands):

Foreign Currency Derivative Agreements
(in thousands):
  Notional Amount   Maturity Date   Premium Amount   Fair Value  

Foreign currency derivative Argentine peso to U.S. dollar

  $ 3,500   March 30, 2012   $ 228   $ 68  

Foreign currency derivative Argentine peso to U.S. dollar

    3,500   June 29, 2012     193     200  

Foreign currency derivative Argentine peso to U.S. dollar

    4,250   September 28, 2012     350     249  

Foreign currency derivative Argentine peso to U.S. dollar

    3,750   December 28, 2012     390     297  
                   

 

  $ 15,000       $ 1,161   $ 814  
                   

Professional and General Liability Claims

        The Company is subject to claims and legal actions in the ordinary course of business, including claims relating to patient treatment, employment practices, and personal injuries. To cover these types of claims, the Company maintains general liability and professional liability insurance in excess of self-insured retentions through commercial insurance carriers in amounts that the Company believes to be sufficient for its operations, although, potentially, some claims may exceed the scope of coverage in effect. The Company expenses an estimate of the costs it expects to incur under the self-insured retention exposure for general and professional liability claims. The Company maintains insurance for the majority of its physicians up to $1 million on individual malpractice claims and $3 million on aggregate claims on a claims-made basis. The Company purchases medical malpractice insurance from an insurance company partially owned by a related party. The Company's reserves for professional and general liability claims are based upon independent actuarial calculations, which consider historical claims data, demographic considerations, severity factors, industry trends, and other actuarial assumptions.

        Actuarial calculations include a large number of variables that may significantly impact the estimate of ultimate losses that are recorded during a reporting period. Professional judgment is used by the actuary in determining the loss estimate, by selecting factors that are considered appropriate by the actuary for the Company's specific circumstances. Changes in assumptions used by the Company's actuary with respect to demographics, industry trends, and judgmental selection of factors may impact the Company's recorded reserve levels.

        The amount accrued for professional and general liability claims as of the consolidated balance sheet dates reflects the current estimates of all outstanding losses, including incurred but not reported losses, based upon actuarial calculations. The loss estimates included in the actuarial calculations may change in the future based upon updated facts and circumstances. The amount accrued for professional liability claims was $1.3 million at December 31, 2010. In accordance with the adoption of ASU 2010-24, amounts accrued for reported claims as of December 31, 2011 total approximately $7.4 million. Of the approximate $7.4 million, approximately $3.1 million is recorded as other current liabilities and approximately $4.3 million is reported as other long-term liabilities. In addition the Company has recorded estimated insurance recoveries totaling approximately $7.4 million as of December 31, 2011. Of the approximate $7.4 million of estimated insurance recoveries, approximately $3.1 million is recorded as other current assets and approximately $4.3 million is reported as other long-term assets.

Noncontrolling Interest in Consolidated Entities

        The Company currently maintains equity interests in 9 treatment center facilities with ownership interests ranging from 51.0% to 90.0%. Since the Company controls more than 50% of the voting interest in these facilities, the Company consolidates these treatment centers. The noncontrolling interests represent the equity interests of outside investors in the equity and results of operations of these consolidated entities.

        In addition, in accordance with ASC 810, Consolidation, the Company consolidates certain radiation oncology practices where the Company provides administrative services pursuant to long-term management agreements. The noncontrolling interests in these entities represent the interests of the physician owners of the oncology practices in the equity and results of operations of these consolidated entities.

        On January 1, 2009, the Company adopted changes issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") to the accounting for noncontrolling interests in consolidated financial statements. These changes require, among other items, that a noncontrolling interest be included within equity separate from the parent's equity; consolidated net income be reported at amounts inclusive of both the parent's and noncontrolling interest's shares; and, separately, the amounts of consolidated net income attributable to the parent and noncontrolling interest all be reported on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

        The Company could be obligated, under the terms of the operating agreements governing certain of its joint ventures, upon the occurrence of various fundamental regulatory changes and/or upon the occurrence of certain events outside of the Company's control to purchase some or all of the noncontrolling interests related to the Company's consolidated subsidiaries. These repurchase requirements would be triggered by, among other things, regulatory changes making the existing ownership structure illegal. While the Company is not aware of events that would make the occurrence of such a change probable, regulatory changes are outside the control of the Company. Accordingly, the noncontrolling interests subject to these repurchase provisions have been classified outside of equity on the Company's consolidated balance sheets.

Use of Estimates

        The preparation of these consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements. Estimates also affect the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

        Cash and cash equivalents include highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less when purchased.

Inventories

        Inventories consist of parts and supplies used for repairs and maintenance of equipment owned or leased by the Company and medical drugs used for patient care services as follows:

(in thousands):
  December 31,
2011
  December 31,
2010
 

Parts and supplies

  $ 1,481   $ 1,426  

Medical drugs

    2,827     1,221  
           

 

  $ 4,308   $ 2,647  
           

        Inventories are valued at the lower of cost or market. The cost of parts and supplies and medical drugs are determined using the first-in, first-out method.

Property and Equipment

        Property and equipment are recorded at historical cost less accumulated depreciation and are depreciated over their estimated useful lives utilizing the straight-line method. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the lesser of the estimated useful life of the improvement or the life of the lease. Amortization of leased assets is included in depreciation and amortization in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Expenditures for repairs and maintenance are charged to operating expense as incurred, while equipment replacement and betterments are capitalized.

        Major asset classifications and useful lives are as follows:

Buildings and leasehold improvements

  10 - 50 years

Office, computer, and telephone equipment

  3 - 10 years

Medical and medical testing equipment

  5 - 10 years

Automobiles and vans

  5 years

        The weighted-average useful life of medical and medical testing equipment is 9.3 years and 9.5 years in 2011 and 2010, respectively.

        The Company evaluates its long-lived assets for possible impairment whenever circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the asset, or related group of assets, may not be recoverable from estimated future cash flows, in accordance with ASC 360, Property, Plant, and Equipment. Fair value estimates are derived from independent appraisals, established market values of comparable assets, or internal calculations of estimated future net cash flows. The Company's estimates of future cash flows are based on assumptions and projections it believes to be reasonable and supportable for a market.

Recent Pronouncements

        In August 2010, the FASB issued ASU 2010-23, Health Care Entities (Topic 954): Measuring Charity Care for Disclosure (ASU 2010-23), which amends ASC 954 to require that cost be used as the measurement basis for charity care disclosure purposes and that cost be identified as the direct and indirect costs of providing the charity care. The Company has historically measured charity care services by identifying the foregone patient charges associated with the provision of those services. The Company adopted ASU 2010-23 on January 1, 2011. The cost of charity care services is measured by developing a ratio of costs as compared to gross charges and applying the resulting ratio against gross charges associated with charity care patient services.

        In August 2010, the FASB issued ASU 2010-24, Health Care Entities (Topic 954): Presentation of Insurance Claims and Related Insurance Recoveries (ASU 2010-24), which amends ASC 954 to clarify that a health care entity cannot net insurance recoveries against a related claim liability. The Company adopted ASU 2010-24 on January 1, 2011. As a result, the Company recorded current claims liabilities totaling $2.2 million in other current liabilities; non-current claims liabilities totaling $2.3 million in other non-current liabilities; current claims insurance recoveries totaling $2.2 million in other current assets; and non-current claims insurance recoveries totaling $2.3 million in other non-current assets. The adoption of ASU 2010-24 did not have any impact to the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss and was not applied retrospectively to December 31, 2010.

        In May 2011, the FASB issued ASU 2011-04, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Amendments to Achieve Common Fair Value Measurement and Disclosure Requirements in U.S. GAAP and International Financial Reporting Standards, (ASU 2011-04), which amends the FASB Accounting Standards Codification to provide a consistent definition of fair value and ensure that the fair value measurement and disclosure requirements are similar between U.S. GAAP and International Financial Reporting Standards. ASU 2011-04 changes certain fair value measurement principles and enhances the disclosure requirements particularly for level 3 fair value measurements. ASU 2011-04 is applied prospectively. The amendments are effective for fiscal years, and interim period within those years, beginning after December 15, 2011, and as such we will adopt ASU 2011-04 on January 1, 2012. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of its pending adoption of ASU 2011-04 on the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes.

        In June 2011, the FASB issued ASU 2011-05, Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Presentation of Comprehensive Income, (ASU 2011-05). ASU 2011-05 amends the FASB Accounting Standards Codification to allow an entity the option to present the total of comprehensive income, the components of net income, and the components of other comprehensive income either in a single continuous statement of comprehensive income or in two separate but consecutive statements. In both choices, an entity is required to present each component of net income along with the total net income, each component of other comprehensive income along with a total for other comprehensive income, and a total amount for comprehensive income. ASU 2011-05 eliminates the option to present the components of other comprehensive income as part of the statement of changes in stockholders' equity. The amendments to the Codification in the ASU do not change the items that must be reported in other comprehensive income or when an item of other comprehensive income must be reclassified to net income. ASU 2011-05 should be applied retrospectively. The amendments are effective for fiscal years, and interim period within those years, beginning after December 15, 2011. The Company adopted ASU 2011-05 in its 2011 consolidated financial statements.

        In July 2011, the FASB issued ASU 2011-07, Health Care Entities (Topic 954): Presentation and Disclosure of Patient Service Revenue, Provision for Bad Debts, and the Allowance for Doubtful Accounts for Certain Health Care Entities, (ASU 2011-07). ASU 2011-07 amends the FASB Accounting Standards Codification to require health care entities that recognize significant amounts of patient service revenue at the time services are rendered even though they do not assess the patient's ability to pay to present the provision for bad debts related to patient service revenue as a deduction from patient service revenue (net of contractual allowances and discounts) on their statement of operations. Additionally, those health care entities are required to provide enhanced disclosure about their policies for recognizing revenue and assessing bad debts. The amendments also require disclosures of patient service revenue (net of contractual allowances and discounts) as well as qualitative and quantitative information about changes in the allowance for doubtful accounts. ASU 2011-07 is applied retrospectively and disclosures relating to ASU 2011-07 are applied prospectively. The amendments are effective for fiscal years, and interim period within those years, beginning after December 15, 2011. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of ASU 2011-07 on its consolidated financial statements.

Advertising Costs

        Advertising costs are charged to general and administrative expenses as incurred and amounted to approximately $3.6 million, $2.0 million and $1.8 million, for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010, and 2009, respectively.

Comprehensive Loss

        Comprehensive loss consists of two components, net loss and other comprehensive income (loss). Other comprehensive income (loss) refers to revenue, expenses, gains, and losses that under accounting principles generally accepted in the United States are recorded as an element of equity but are excluded from net loss. The Company's other comprehensive income (loss) is composed of unrealized gains and losses on interest rate swap agreements accounted for as cash flow hedges and the Company's foreign currency translation of its operations in South America, Central America and the Caribbean. The impact of the unrealized net loss decreased total equity on a consolidated basis by approximately $2.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2011 and the impact of unrealized net gain increased total equity on a consolidated basis by approximately $1.5 million and $1.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2010 and 2009, respectively.

        Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss.    The components of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) were as follows (in thousands):

 
  Radiation Therapy Services Holdings, Inc.
Shareholder
   
   
 
 
  Noncontrolling Interests    
 
 
   
  Derivative
Losses on
Interest Rate
Swap
Agreements
   
   
   
 
(in thousands):
  Foreign
Currency
Translation
Adjustments
  Other   Total   Foreign
Currency
Translation
Adjustments
  Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)
 

Year ended December 31, 2008

  $   $ (6,670 ) $   $ (6,670 ) $        

Other Comprehensive income (loss)

        2,978     (137 )   2,841       $ 2,841  

Income tax expense

        (1,040 )       (1,040 )       (1,040 )
                           

Year ended December 31, 2009

        (4,732 )   (137 )   (4,869 )       1,801  

Other Comprehensive income (loss)

        2,730     (201 )   2,529         2,529  

Income tax expense

        (1,051 )       (1,051 )       (1,051 )
                           

Year ended December 31, 2010

        (3,053 )   (338 )   (3,391 )       1,478  

Other Comprehensive (loss) income

    (4,265 )   2,377         (1,888 )   (644 )   (2,532 )

Income tax benefit

        51         51         51  

Reversal of previously held equity investment

            338     338          
                           

Year ended December 31, 2011

  $ (4,265 ) $ (625 ) $   $ (4,890 ) $ (644 ) $ (2,481 )
                           

Income Taxes

        The Company provides for federal, foreign and state income taxes currently payable, as well as for those deferred due to timing differences between reporting income and expenses for financial statement purposes versus tax purposes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted income tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect of a change in income tax rates is recognized as income or expense in the period that includes the enactment date.

        ASC 740, Income Taxes (ASC 740), clarifies the accounting for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in an entity's financial statements and prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement attributes for financial statement disclosure of tax positions taken or expected to be taken on a tax return. Under ASC 740, the impact of an uncertain tax position on the income tax return must be recognized at the largest amount that is more-likely-than-not to be sustained upon audit by the relevant taxing authority. An uncertain income tax position will not be recognized if it has less than a 50% likelihood of being sustained. Additionally, ASC 740, provides guidance on derecognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods, disclosure, and transition.

Stock-Based Compensation

        Radiation Therapy Investments, LLC ("RT Investments") adopted an equity-based incentive plan in February 2008, and issued units of limited liability company interests designated Class B Units and Class C Units pursuant to such plan. The units are limited liability company interests and are available for issuance to the Company's employees and members of the Board of Directors for incentive purposes. For purposes of determining the compensation expense associated with these grants, management valued the business enterprise using a variety of widely accepted valuation techniques, which considered a number of factors such as the financial performance of the Company, the values of comparable companies and the lack of marketability of the Company's equity at grant date. The Company then used the option pricing method to determine the fair value of these units at the time of grant using valuation assumptions consisting of the expected term in which the units will be realized; a risk-free interest rate equal to the U.S. federal treasury bond rate consistent with the term assumption; expected dividend yield, for which there is none; and expected volatility based on the historical data of equity instruments of comparable companies. The Class B units vest over a four-year service period. The Class C units vest based on certain performance measures or market conditions being met or achieved. The estimated fair value of the units, less an assumed forfeiture rate, are recognized in expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service periods of the awards for the Class B units and the accelerated attribution method approach is utilized for the Class C units.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

        The carrying values of the Company's financial instruments, which include cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable and accounts payable approximate their fair values due to the short-term maturity of these instruments.

        The carrying values of the Company's long-term debt approximates fair value due either to the length to maturity or the existence of interest rates that approximate prevailing market rates unless otherwise disclosed in these consolidated financial statements.

Segments

        The Company operates in one line of business, which is operating physician group practices. As of March 1, 2011, due to the acquisition of MDLLC and Clinica de Radioterapia La Asuncion S.A., the Company's operations are structured into two geographically organized groups: the Domestic U.S. includes 96 treatment centers and International includes 31 treatment centers. The Company assesses performance of and makes decisions on how to allocate resources to its operating segments based on multiple factors including current and projected facility gross profit and market opportunities.

Reclassifications

        Certain reclassifications totaling approximately $1.2 million to increase inventories and decrease other assets-current have been made to the consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2010. This reclassification had no effect on previously reported total assets, equity, net loss, or comprehensive loss.