3. Revenue recognition

The Company recognizes revenue when a customer obtains control of a promised good or service. The amount of revenue recognized reflects consideration that the Company expects to be entitled to receive in exchange for these goods and services, incentives and taxes collected from customers, that are subsequently remitted to governmental authorities.

The Company adopted Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (ASC 606) on January 1, 2019, using the modified retrospective method for all contracts not completed as of the date of adoption.

Customers

The Company’s customers primarily consist of entities engaged in the life sciences research market that pursue the discovery and development of new drugs for a variety of neurologic, cardiovascular, oncologic and other protein biomarkers associated with diseases. The Company’s customer base includes several of the largest biopharmaceutical companies, academic research organizations and distributors who serve certain geographic markets.

Product revenue

The Company’s products are composed of analyzer instruments, assay kits and other consumables such as reagents. Products are sold directly to biopharmaceutical and academic research organizations or are sold through distributors in EMEA and Asia Pacific regions. The sales of instruments are generally accompanied by an initial year of implied service-type warranties and may be bundled with assays and other consumables and may also include other items such as training and installation of the instrument and/or an extended service warranty. Revenues from the sale of products are recognized at a point in time when the Company transfers control of the product to the customer, which is upon installation for instruments sold to direct customers, and based upon shipping terms for assay kits and other consumables. Revenue for instruments sold to distributors is generally recognized based upon shipping terms (either upon shipment or delivery).

Service and other revenue

Service revenues are composed of contract research services, initial implied one-year service-type warranties, extended services contracts and other services such as training. Contract research services are provided through the Company’s Accelerator Laboratory and generally consist of fixed fee contracts. Revenues from contract research services are recognized at a point in time when the Company completes and delivers its research report on each individually completed study, or over time if the contractual provisions allow for the collection of transaction consideration for costs incurred plus a reasonable margin through the period of performance of the services. Revenues from service-type warranties are recognized ratably over the contract service period. Revenues from other services are immaterial.

Collaboration and license revenue

The Company may enter into agreements to license the intellectual property and know-how associated with its instruments in exchange for license fees and future royalties (as described below). The license agreements provide the licensee with a right to use the intellectual property with the license fee revenues recognized at a point in time as the underlying license is considered functional intellectual property. The Company recognized revenues from a sales- or usage- based royalties related to the licensing of the Company’s technology and intellectual property.

Payment terms

The Company’s payment terms vary by the type and location of customer and the products or services offered. Payment from customers is generally required in a term ranging from 30 to 45 days from date of shipment or satisfaction of the performance obligation. The Company does not provide financing arrangements to its customers.

Disaggregated revenue

When disaggregating revenue, the Company considered all of the economic factors that may affect its revenues. The following tables disaggregate the Company's revenue from contracts with customers by revenue type (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended
	March 31, 2020
(in thousands)	NA		EMEA		Asia Pacific		Total
Product revenues
Instruments	$	1,753	$	726	$	1,209	$	3,688
Consumable and other products		2,924		2,704		517		6,145
Totals	$	4,677	$	3,430	$	1,726	$	9,833

Service and other revenues
Service-type warranties	$	748	$	379	$	52	$	1,179
Research services		3,667		82		538		4,287
Other services		231		60		5		296
Totals	$	4,646	$	521	$	595	$	5,762

Collaboration and license revenue
Collaboration and license revenue	$	122	$	10	$	—	$	132
Totals	$	122	$	10	$	—	$	132


	Three Months Ended
	March 31, 2019
(in thousands)	NA		EMEA		Asia Pacific		Total
Product revenues
Instruments	$	1,397	$	1,145	$	874	$	3,416
Consumable and other products		3,619		2,088		424		6,131
Totals	$	5,016	$	3,233	$	1,298	$	9,547

Service and other revenues
Service-type warranties	$	689	$	234	$	37	$	960
Research services		1,504		—		—		1,504
Other services		201		108		17		326
Totals	$	2,394	$	342	$	54	$	2,790

Collaboration and license revenue
Collaboration and license revenue	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Totals	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

The Company’s contracts with customers may include promises to transfer multiple products and services to a customer. The Company combines any performance obligations that are immaterial with one or more other performance obligations that are material to the contract. For arrangements with multiple performance obligations, the Company allocates the contract transaction price, including discounts, to each performance obligation based on its relative standalone selling price. Judgment is required to determine the standalone selling price for each distinct performance obligation. The Company determines standalone selling prices based on prices charged to customers in observable transactions, and uses a range of amounts to estimate standalone selling prices for each performance obligation. The Company may have more than one range of standalone selling price for certain products and services based on the pricing for different customer classes.

Variable consideration in the Company’s contracts primarily relates to (i) sales- and usage-based royalties related to the license of intellectual property in collaboration and license contracts and (ii) certain non-fixed fee research services contracts. ASC 606 provides for an exception to estimating the variable consideration for sales- and usage-based royalties related to the license of intellectual property, such that the sales- or usage-based royalty will be recognized in the period the underlying transaction occurs. The Company has recorded sales- or usage-based royalty revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2020 related to the intellectual property licensed by the Company. The Company recognizes revenue from sales- or usage-based royalty revenue at the later of when the sale or usage occurs and the satisfaction or partial satisfaction of the performance obligation to which the royalty has been allocated.

The aggregate amount of transaction price that is allocated to performance obligations that have not yet been satisfied or are partially satisfied as of March 31, 2020 and 2019 is $5.8 million and $5.9 million, respectively. As of March 31, 2020, of the performance obligations not yet satisfied or partially satisfied, $5.4 million is expected to be recognized as revenue in the next 12 months, with the remainder to be recognized within the 24 months thereafter. The $5.8 million at March 31, 2020 principally consists of amounts billed for undelivered services related to initial and extended service-type warranties and research services, as well as $1.7 million related to undelivered licenses of intellectual property for a diagnostics company (see Note 13).

Changes in deferred revenue from contracts with customers were as follows (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended March 31, 2020
Balance at December 31, 2019	$	5,163
Deferral of revenue		1,850
Recognition of deferred revenue		(1,179)
Balance at March 31, 2020	$	5,834

Costs to obtain a contract

The Company’s sales commissions are generally based on revenues of the Company. The Company has determined that certain commissions paid under its sales incentive programs meet the requirements to be capitalized as they are incremental and would not have occurred absent a customer contract. The change in the balance of costs to obtain a contract are as follows (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended March 31, 2020
Balance at December 31, 2019	$	335
Deferral of costs to obtain a contract		94
Recognition of costs to obtain a contract		(203)
Balance at March 31, 2020	$	226

The Company has classified the balance of capitalized costs to obtain a contract as a component of prepaid expenses and other current assets and classifies the expense as a component of cost of goods sold and selling, general and administrative expense over the estimated life of the contract. The Company considers potential impairment in these amounts each period.

ASC 606 provides entities with certain practical expedients and accounting policy elections to minimize the cost and burden of adoption.

The Company does not disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for (i) contracts with original expected length of one year or less and (ii) contracts for which revenue is recognized at the amount to which the Company has the right to invoice for services performed.

The Company will exclude from its transaction price any amounts collected from customers related to sales and other similar taxes.

When determining the transaction price of a contract, an adjustment is made if payment from a customer occurs either significantly before or significantly after performance, resulting in a significant financing component. The Company does not assess whether a significant financing component exists if the period between when the Company performs its obligations under the contract and when the customer pays is one year or less. None of the Company’s contracts contained a significant financing component as of March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

The Company has elected to account for the shipping and handling as an activity to fulfill the promise to transfer the product, and therefore will not evaluate whether shipping and handling activities are promised services to its customers.