The Company uses valuation techniques that are consistent with the market approach, the income approach, and/or the cost approach to measure assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value. Inputs to valuation techniques refer to the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. Inputs may be observable, meaning those that reflect the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on market data obtained from independent sources, or unobservable, meaning those that reflect the reporting entity's own assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on the best information available in the circumstances. In that regard, accounting standards establish a fair value hierarchy for valuation inputs that gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs. The fair value hierarchy is as follows:

The Company's MSRs are measured at fair value at inception, and thereafter on a nonrecurring basis. That is, the instruments are not measured at fair value on an ongoing basis but are subject to fair value measurement when there is evidence of impairment and for disclosure purposes (NOTE 3). The Company's MSRs do not trade in an active, open market with readily observable prices. Accordingly, the estimated

fair value of the Company’s MSRs was developed using discounted cash flow models that calculate the present value of estimated future net servicing income. The model considers contractually specified servicing fees, prepayment assumptions, estimated revenue from escrow accounts, costs to service, and other economic factors. The Company periodically reassesses and adjusts, when necessary, the underlying inputs and assumptions used in the model to reflect observable market conditions and assumptions that market participants consider in valuing MSR assets. MSRs are carried at the lower of amortized cost or fair value.

A description of the valuation methodologies used for assets and liabilities measured at fair value, as well as the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy, is set forth below.

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Derivative Instruments—The derivative positions consist of interest rate lock commitments with borrowers and forward sale agreements to the Agencies. The fair value of these instruments is estimated using a discounted cash flow model developed based on changes in the applicable U.S. Treasury rate and other observable market data. The value was determined after considering the potential impact of collateralization, adjusted to reflect nonperformance risk of both the counterparty and the Company, and are classified within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy.

●

Loans Held for Sale—All loans held for sale presented in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets are reported at fair value. The Company determines the fair value of the loans held for sale using discounted cash flow models that incorporate quoted observable inputs from market participants such as changes in the U.S. Treasury rate. Therefore, the Company classifies these loans held for sale as Level 2.

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Pledged Securities—Investments in money market funds are valued using quoted market prices from recent trades. Therefore, the Company classifies this portion of pledged securities as Level 1. The Company determines the fair value of its AFS investments in Agency debt securities using discounted cash flows that incorporate observable inputs from market participants and then compares the fair value to broker estimates of fair value. Consequently, the Company classifies this portion of pledged securities as Level 2.

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Contingent Consideration Liabilities—Contingent consideration liabilities from acquisitions are initially recognized at fair value at acquisition and subsequently remeasured based on the change in probability of achievement of the performance objectives and fair value accretion. The remeasurement and fair value accretion are recognized as Other operating expenses in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income. The Company determines the fair value of each contingent consideration liability based on a combination of Monte Carlo simulations and probability of achievement estimates, which incorporates management estimates. As a result, the Company classifies these liabilities as Level 3.

The following table summarizes financial assets and financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, segregated by the level of the valuation inputs within the fair value hierarchy used to measure fair value:


							Balance as of
(in thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Period End
June 30, 2022
Assets
Loans held for sale	$	—	$	931,516	$	—	$	931,516
Pledged securities		10,149		139,411		—		149,560
Derivative assets		—		—		59,810		59,810
Total	$	10,149	$	1,070,927	$	59,810	$	1,140,886

Liabilities
Derivative liabilities	$	—	$	—	$	17,176	$	17,176
Contingent consideration liabilities		—		—		218,192		218,192
Total	$	—	$	—	$	235,368	$	235,368

December 31, 2021
Assets
Loans held for sale	$	—	$	1,811,586	$	—	$	1,811,586
Pledged securities		44,733		104,263		—		148,996
Derivative assets		—		—		37,364		37,364
Total	$	44,733	$	1,915,849	$	37,364	$	1,997,946

Liabilities
Derivative liabilities	$	—	$	—	$	6,403	$	6,403
Contingent consideration liabilities		—		—		125,808		125,808
Total	$	—	$	—	$	132,211	$	132,211

There were no transfers between any of the levels within the fair value hierarchy during the six months ended June 30, 2022.

Derivative instruments (Level 3) are outstanding for short periods of time (generally less than 60 days). A roll forward of derivative instruments is presented below for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021:


	For the three months ended				For the six months ended
	June 30,				June 30,
Derivative Assets and Liabilities, net (in thousands)	2022		2021		2022		2021
Beginning balance	$	99,623	$	48,880	$	30,961	$	44,720
Settlements		(211,543)		(211,771)		(277,921)		(341,515)
Realized gains recorded in earnings⁽¹⁾		111,920		162,891		246,960		296,795
Unrealized gains (losses) recorded in earnings⁽¹⁾		42,634		6,340		42,634		6,340
Ending balance	$	42,634	$	6,340	$	42,634	$	6,340

(1)	Realized and unrealized gains (losses) from derivatives are recognized in Loan origination and debt brokerage fees, net and Fair value of expected net cash flows from servicing, net in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income.

The following table presents information about significant unobservable inputs used in the recurring measurement of the fair value of the Company’s Level 3 assets and liabilities as of June 30, 2022:


	Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
(in thousands)	Fair Value		Valuation Technique	Unobservable Input⁽¹⁾	Input Range ⁽¹⁾	Weighted Average ⁽³⁾
Derivative assets	$	59,810	Discounted cash flow	Counterparty credit risk	—	—
Derivative liabilities	$	17,176	Discounted cash flow	Counterparty credit risk	—	—
Contingent consideration liabilities	$	218,192	Various⁽²⁾	Probability of earn-out achievement	65% - 100%	76%

(1)	Significant increases in this input may lead to significantly lower fair value measurements.

(2)	Primary valuation technique used was a Monte Carlo simulation analysis.

(3)	Contingent consideration weighted based on maximum gross earn-out amount.

The carrying amounts and the fair values of the Company's financial instruments as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are presented below:


	June 30, 2022				December 31, 2021
	Carrying		Fair		Carrying		Fair
(in thousands)	Amount		Value		Amount		Value
Financial Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	151,252	$	151,252	$	305,635	$	305,635
Restricted cash		34,361		34,361		42,812		42,812
Pledged securities		149,560		149,560		148,996		148,996
Loans held for sale		931,516		931,516		1,811,586		1,811,586
Loans held for investment, net		247,243		248,383		269,125		270,826
Derivative assets		59,810		59,810		37,364		37,364
Total financial assets	$	1,573,742	$	1,574,882	$	2,615,518	$	2,617,219

Financial Liabilities:
Derivative liabilities	$	17,176	$	17,176	$	6,403	$	6,403
Contingent consideration liabilities		218,192		218,192		125,808		125,808
Warehouse notes payable		1,125,677		1,126,159		1,941,572		1,942,448
Notes payable		719,210		723,931		740,174		745,175
Total financial liabilities	$	2,080,255	$	2,085,458	$	2,813,957	$	2,819,834

The following methods and assumptions were used for recurring fair value measurements as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021.

Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash—The carrying amounts approximate fair value because of the short maturity of these instruments (Level 1).

Pledged Securities—Consist of cash, highly liquid investments in money market accounts invested in government securities, and investments in Agency debt securities. The investments of the money market funds typically have maturities of 90 days or less and are valued using quoted market prices from recent trades. The fair value of the Agency debt securities incorporates the contractual cash flows of the security discounted at market-rate, risk-adjusted yields.

Loans Held for Sale—Consist of originated loans that are generally transferred or sold within 60 days from the date that a mortgage loan is funded and are valued using discounted cash flow models that incorporate observable prices from market participants.

Contingent Consideration Liability—Consists of the estimated fair values of expected future earn-out payments related to acquisitions completed over the past several years, including 2022. The earn-out liabilities are valued using a Monte Carlo simulation analysis. The fair value of the contingent consideration liabilities incorporates unobservable inputs, such as the probability of earn-out achievement, volatility rates, and discount rate, to determine the expected earn-out cash flows. The probability of the earn-out achievement is based on management’s estimate of the expected future performance and other financial metrics of each of the acquired entities, which are subject to significant uncertainty.

Derivative Instruments—Consist of interest rate lock commitments and forward sale agreements. These instruments are valued using discounted cash flow models developed based on changes in the U.S. Treasury rate and other observable market data. The value is determined after considering the potential impact of collateralization, adjusted to reflect nonperformance risk of both the counterparty and the Company.

Fair Value of Derivative Instruments and Loans Held for Sale—In the normal course of business, the Company enters into contractual commitments to originate and sell multifamily mortgage loans at fixed prices with fixed expiration dates. The commitments become effective when the borrowers "lock-in" a specified interest rate within time frames established by the Company. All mortgagors are evaluated for creditworthiness prior to the extension of the commitment. Market risk arises if interest rates move adversely between the time of the "lock-in" of rates by the borrower and the sale date of the loan to an investor.

To mitigate the effect of the interest rate risk inherent in providing rate lock commitments to borrowers, the Company enters into a sale commitment with the investor simultaneously with the rate lock commitment with the borrower. The sale contract with the investor locks in an interest rate and price for the sale of the loan. The terms of the contract with the investor and the rate lock with the borrower are matched in substantially all respects, with the objective of eliminating interest rate risk to the extent practical. Sale commitments with the investors have an expiration date that is longer than our related commitments to the borrower to allow, among other things, for the closing of the loan and processing of paperwork to deliver the loan into the sale commitment.

Both the rate lock commitments to borrowers and the forward sale contracts to buyers are undesignated derivatives and, accordingly, are marked to fair value through Loan origination and debt brokerage fees, net in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income. The fair value of the Company's rate lock commitments to borrowers and loans held for sale and the related input levels includes, as applicable:

●

the estimated gain of the expected loan sale to the investor (Level 2);

●

the expected net cash flows associated with servicing the loan, net of any guaranty obligations retained (Level 2);

●

the effects of interest rate movements between the date of the rate lock and the balance sheet date (Level 2); and

●

the nonperformance risk of both the counterparty and the Company (Level 3; derivative instruments only).

The estimated gain considers the origination fees the Company expects to collect upon loan closing (derivative instruments only) and premiums the Company expects to receive upon sale of the loan (Level 2). The fair value of the expected net cash flows associated with servicing the loan is calculated pursuant to the valuation techniques applicable to the fair value of future servicing, net at loan sale (Level 2).

To calculate the effects of interest rate movements, the Company uses applicable published U.S. Treasury prices, and multiplies the price movement between the rate lock date and the balance sheet date by the notional loan commitment amount (Level 2).

The fair value of the Company's forward sales contracts to investors considers effects of interest rate movements between the trade date and the balance sheet date (Level 2). The market price changes are multiplied by the notional amount of the forward sales contracts to measure the fair value.

The fair value of the Company’s interest rate lock commitments and forward sales contracts is adjusted to reflect the risk that the agreement will not be fulfilled. The Company’s exposure to nonperformance in interest rate lock commitments and forward sale contracts is represented by the contractual amount of those instruments. Given the credit quality of our counterparties and the short duration of interest rate lock commitments and forward sale contracts, the risk of nonperformance by the Company’s counterparties has historically been minimal (Level 3).

The following table presents the components of fair value and other relevant information associated with the Company’s derivative instruments and loans held for sale as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021:


			Fair Value Adjustment Components						Balance Sheet Location
													Fair Value
	Notional or		Estimated				Total						Adjustment
	Principal		Gain		Interest Rate		Fair Value		Derivative		Derivative		to Loans
(in thousands)	Amount		on Sale		Movement		Adjustment		Assets		Liabilities		Held for Sale
June 30, 2022
Rate lock commitments	$	820,439	$	20,105	$	12,556	$	32,661	$	33,386	$	(725)	$	—
Forward sale contracts		1,753,635		—		9,973		9,973		26,424		(16,451)		—
Loans held for sale		933,196		20,849		(22,529)		(1,680)		—		—		(1,680)
Total			$	40,954	$	—	$	40,954	$	59,810	$	(17,176)	$	(1,680)

December 31, 2021
Rate lock commitments	$	1,115,829	$	29,837	$	(4,604)	$	25,233	$	26,526	$	(1,293)	$	—
Forward sale contracts		2,881,224		—		5,728		5,728		10,838		(5,110)		—
Loans held for sale		1,765,395		47,315		(1,124)		46,191		—		—		46,191
Total			$	77,152	$	—	$	77,152	$	37,364	$	(6,403)	$	46,191