10-Q

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2022

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from _________________ to _________________

Commission File Number: 001-38233

CARGURUS, INC.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

Delaware	04-3843478
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
2 Canal Park, 4th Floor Cambridge, Massachusetts	02141
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (617) 354-0068

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class	Trading Symbol	Name of Exchange on Which Registered
Class A Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share	CARG	The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (Nasdaq Global Select Market)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☒	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Small reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of May 5, 2022, the registrant had 102,383,357 shares of Class A common stock, $0.001 par value per share, and 15,999,173 shares of Class B common stock, par value $0.001 per share, outstanding.

Table of Contents

		Page
PART I.	FINANCIAL INFORMATION	1
Item 1.	Financial Statements	1
	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets	1
	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Income Statements	2
	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income	3
	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest and Stockholders’ Equity	4
	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	5
	Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	6
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	16
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	30
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	31
PART II.	OTHER INFORMATION	32
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	32
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	32
Item 6.	Exhibits	47
Signatures		48

ii

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD‑LOOKING STATEMENTS

This report contains forward‑looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws, which statements involve substantial risks and uncertainties. Forward‑looking statements generally relate to future events or our future financial or operating performance. In some cases, you can identify forward‑looking statements because they contain words such as “anticipates,” “believes,” “could,” “estimates,” “expects,” “intends,” “likely,” “may,” “might,” “plans,” “potential,” “predicts,” “projects,” “seeks,” “should,” “target,” “will,” “would,” or similar expressions and the negatives of those terms. Forward-looking statements contained in this report include, but are not limited to, statements about:

•our future financial performance, including our expectations regarding our revenue, cost of revenue, gross profit or gross margin, operating expenses, ability to generate cash flow, and ability to achieve, and maintain, future profitability;

•our growth strategies and our ability to effectively manage any growth;

•the value proposition of our product offerings for dealers and consumers, and the return on investment that our dealers realize from our products;

•our evolution to becoming a transaction-enabled marketplace where consumers can shop, buy, seek financing, and sell their cars and dealers can source, market, and sell their vehicles;

•our ability to realize benefits from our acquisitions and successfully implement the integration strategies in connection therewith;

•our expectations regarding future share issuances and the exercise of put and call rights in connection with potentially acquiring additional equity interests in CarOffer, LLC, or CarOffer, as well as the associated valuation of redeemable noncontrolling interests;

•the value proposition of the CarOffer online wholesale platform, including our belief that as dealer enrollments increase, dealers will see a corresponding increase in inventory on the platform, further enabling liquidity, selection, choice and business efficiencies;

•our expectations for CarGurus Instant Max Cash Offer, as well as our digital retail offerings and continued investments;

•the impact of competition in our industry and innovation by our competitors;

•the impact of accounting pronouncements;

•the impact of litigation;

•our ability to hire and retain necessary qualified employees to expand our operations;

•our ability to adequately protect our intellectual property;

•our ability to stay abreast of, and effectively comply with, new or modified laws and regulations that currently apply or become applicable to our business and our beliefs regarding our compliance therewith;

•our ability to overcome challenges facing the automotive industry ecosystem, including inventory supply problems, global supply chain challenges, the global semiconductor chip shortage, changes to trade policies and other macroeconomic issues;

•our expectations regarding cash generation and the sufficiency of our cash to fund our operations;

•the future trading prices of our Class A common stock;

•our expectation regarding deferred tax assets;

•our expected returns on investments; and

•the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic.

iii

You should not rely upon forward‑looking statements as predictions of future events. We have based the forward‑looking statements contained in this report primarily on our current expectations and projections about future events and trends that we believe may affect our business, financial condition, operating results, and growth prospects. The outcome of the events described in these forward‑looking statements is subject to risks, uncertainties, and other factors described in the section titled “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this report. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risks and uncertainties emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for us to predict all risks and uncertainties that could have an impact on the forward‑looking statements contained in this report. Further, our forward‑looking statements do not reflect the potential impact of any future acquisitions, mergers, dispositions or joint ventures in which we may be involved, or investments we may make. We cannot assure you that the results, events, and circumstances reflected in the forward‑looking statements will be achieved or occur, and actual results, events, or circumstances could differ materially from those described in the forward‑looking statements.

The forward‑looking statements made in this report relate only to events as of the date on which the statements are made. We undertake no obligation to update any forward‑looking statement made in this report to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this report or to reflect new information or the occurrence of unanticipated events, except as required by law.

iv

PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements.

CarGurus, Inc.

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

(in thousands, except share and per share data)

	At March 31, 2022			At December 31, 2021
Assets
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	315,005		$	231,944
Investments		60,000			90,000
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $405     and $420, respectively		144,718			189,324
Inventory		20,992			19,656
Prepaid expenses, prepaid income taxes and other current assets		17,407			16,430
Deferred contract costs		8,731			9,045
Restricted cash		5,866			6,709
Total current assets		572,719			563,108
Property and equipment, net		33,101			32,210
Intangible assets, net		76,161			83,915
Goodwill		157,998			158,287
Operating lease right-of-use assets		57,359			60,609
Restricted cash		9,627			9,627
Deferred tax assets		26,439			13,378
Deferred contract costs, net of current portion		6,327			5,867
Other non-current assets		6,074			4,573
Total assets	$	945,805		$	931,574
Liabilities, redeemable noncontrolling interest and stockholders’ equity
Current liabilities
Accounts payable	$	61,873		$	66,153
Accrued expenses, accrued income taxes and other current liabilities		61,755			78,586
Deferred revenue		12,776			12,784
Operating lease liabilities		12,503			13,186
Total current liabilities		148,907			170,709
Operating lease liabilities		54,359			57,519
Deferred tax liabilities		28			58
Other non–current liabilities		37,896			23,639
Total liabilities		241,190			251,925
Commitments and contingencies (Note 7)
Redeemable noncontrolling interest		239,750			162,808
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value; 10,000,000 shares authorized;    no shares issued and outstanding		—			—
Class A common stock, $0.001 par value per share; 500,000,000 shares    authorized; 102,142,545 and 101,773,034 shares issued and outstanding    at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively		102			102
Class B common stock, $0.001 par value per share; 100,000,000 shares    authorized; 15,999,173 and 15,999,173 shares issued and outstanding    at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively		16			16
Additional paid-in capital		398,471			387,868
Retained earnings		67,168			129,258
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(892	)		(403	)
Total stockholders’ equity		464,865			516,841
Total liabilities, redeemable noncontrolling interest and stockholders’ equity	$	945,805		$	931,574

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

1

CarGurus, Inc.

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Income Statements

(in thousands, except share and per share data)

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2022			2021
Revenue
Marketplace	$	163,289		$	155,800
Wholesale		90,994			13,803
Product		176,325			1,765
Total revenue		430,608			171,368
Cost of revenue (1)
Marketplace		12,209			10,988
Wholesale		58,182			11,126
Product		178,342			1,944
Total cost of revenue		248,733			24,058
Gross profit		181,875			147,310
Operating expenses:
Sales and marketing		87,581			68,174
Product, technology, and development		30,653			25,164
General and administrative		33,121			20,514
Depreciation and amortization		3,861			7,667
Total operating expenses		155,216			121,519
Income from operations		26,659			25,791
Other (expense) income, net		(119	)		222
Income before income taxes		26,540			26,013
Provision for income taxes		7,702			6,462
Consolidated net income		18,838			19,551
Net loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest		(1,072	)		(2,810	)
Net income attributable to CarGurus, Inc.		19,910			22,361
Accretion of redeemable noncontrolling interest to redemption value		82,000			—
Net (loss) income attributable to common stockholders	$	(62,090	)	$	22,361
Net (loss) income per share attributable to common stockholders: (Note 9)
Basic	$	(0.53	)	$	0.19
Diluted	$	(0.53	)	$	0.19
Weighted-average number of shares of common stock used in    computing net (loss) income per share attributable to common stockholders:
Basic		118,031,325			116,316,464
Diluted		118,031,325			117,249,365

(1)Includes depreciation and amortization expense for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021 of $7,324 and $999, respectively.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

2

CarGurus, Inc.

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

(in thousands)

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2022			2021
Consolidated net income	$	18,838		$	19,551
Other comprehensive income:
Foreign currency translation adjustment		(489	)		(1,083	)
Consolidated comprehensive income		18,349			18,468
Comprehensive loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling   interests		(1,072	)		(2,810	)
Comprehensive income attributable to CarGurus, Inc.	$	19,421		$	21,278

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

3

CarGurus, Inc.

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest and Stockholders’ Equity

(in thousands, except share data)

	Redeemable Noncontrolling			Class A Common Stock					Class B Common Stock						Additional Paid–in			Retained			Accumulated Other Comprehensive			Total Stockholders’
	Interest			Shares			Amount		Shares			Amount			Capital			Earnings			Loss (Income)			Equity
Balance as of December 31, 2021	$	162,808			101,773,034		$	102		15,999,173		$	16		$	387,868		$	129,258		$	(403	)		516,841
Net (loss) income		(1,072	)		—			—		—			—			—			19,910			—			19,910
Stock–based compensation expense		—			—			—		—			—			15,353			—			—			15,353
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options		—			74,163			—		—			—			680			—			—			680
Issuance of common stock upon vesting of restricted stock units		—			451,084			—		—			—			—			—			—			—
Payment of withholding taxes on net share settlements of equity awards		—			(155,736	)		—		—			—			(5,430	)		—			—			(5,430	)
Accretion of redeemable noncontrolling interest to redemption value		82,000			—			—		—			—			—			(82,000	)		—			(82,000	)
Tax distributions to redeemable noncontrolling interest holders		(3,986	)		—			—		—			—			—			—			—			—
Foreign currency translation adjustment		—			—			—		—			—			—			—			(489	)		(489	)
Balance as of March 31, 2022	$	239,750			102,142,545		$	102		15,999,173		$	16		$	398,471		$	67,168		$	(892	)	$	464,865
Balance as of December 31, 2020	$	—			94,310,309		$	94		19,076,500		$	19		$	242,181		$	129,412		$	1,880			373,586
Net (loss) income		(2,810	)		—			—		—			—			—			22,361			—			22,361
Stock–based compensation expense		—			—			—		—			—			14,929			—			—			14,929
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options		—			93,455			—		—			—			258			—			—			258
Issuance of common stock upon vesting of restricted stock units		—			473,883			1		—			—			(1	)		—			—			—
Payment of withholding taxes on net share settlements of equity awards		—			(162,950	)		—		—			—			(5,041	)		—			—			(5,041	)
Conversion of common stock		—			929,597			1		(929,597	)		(1	)		—			—			—			—
Issuance of common stock upon for acquisition		—			3,115,282			3		—			—			103,642			—			—			103,645
Acquisition of a 51% interest in CarOffer, LLC		58,031			—			—		—			—			—			—			—			—
Foreign currency translation adjustment		—			—			—		—			—			—			—			(1,083	)		(1,083	)
Balance as of March 31, 2021	$	55,221			98,759,576		$	99		18,146,903		$	18		$	355,968		$	151,773		$	797		$	508,655

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

4

CarGurus, Inc.

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(in thousands)

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2022			2021
Operating Activities
Consolidated net income	$	18,838		$	19,551
Adjustments to reconcile consolidated net income to net cash provided    by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		11,185			8,666
Currency loss (gain) on foreign denominated transactions		84			(51	)
Deferred taxes		(13,091	)		60
Provision for doubtful accounts		150			379
Stock-based compensation expense		14,147			14,360
Amortization of deferred contract costs		2,806			3,195
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable, net		39,973			(2,423	)
Inventory		(1,336	)		(565	)
Prepaid expenses, prepaid income taxes, and other assets		(2,127	)		(1,652	)
Deferred contract costs		(2,997	)		(3,494	)
Accounts payable		(4,062	)		4,876
Accrued expenses, accrued income taxes, and other liabilities		30,087			(1,632	)
Deferred revenue		(5	)		2,857
Lease obligations		(592	)		(265	)
Net cash provided by operating activities		93,060			43,862
Investing Activities
Purchases of property and equipment		(1,230	)		(1,227	)
Capitalization of website development costs		(2,506	)		(966	)
Cash paid for acquisitions, net of cash acquired		—			(65,899	)
Maturities of certificates of deposit		30,000			—
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities		26,264			(68,092	)
Financing Activities
Proceeds from exercise of stock options		680			258
Payment of finance lease obligations		(19	)		(10	)
Payment of withholding taxes and option costs on net share settlement of    restricted stock units and stock options		(5,430	)		(5,041	)
Repayment of line of credit		—			(14,250	)
Payment of tax distributions to redeemable noncontrolling interest holders		(8,519	)		—
Payments received in advance from (payments made to) third party payment processor		(23,606	)		—
Net cash used in financing activities		(36,894	)		(19,043	)
Impact of foreign currency on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash		(212	)		(119	)
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash		82,218			(43,392	)
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of period		248,280			200,926
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of period	$	330,498		$	157,534
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
Cash paid for income taxes	$	1,066		$	79
Cash paid for operating lease liabilities	$	4,737		$	4,065
Supplemental noncash disclosure of cash flow information:
Unpaid purchases of property and equipment, capitalized website   development, capitalized internal-use software and capitalized hosting   arrangements	$	269		$	1,086
Capitalized stock-based compensation expense in website development and    internal-use software costs and hosting arrangements	$	1,206		$	569
Obtaining a right-of-use asset in exchange for a finance lease liability	$	—		$	664
Obtaining a right-of-use asset in exchange for an operating lease liability	$	—		$	12,336
Issuance of stock for acquisition	$	—		$	103,645
Accretion of redeemable noncontrolling interest to redemption value	$	82,000		$	—
Accrued tax distributions to redeemable noncontrolling interest holders	$	4,168		$	—

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

5

CarGurus, Inc.

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(dollars in thousands, except share and per share data, unless otherwise noted)

1. Organization and Business Description

CarGurus, Inc. (the “Company”) is a multinational, online automotive platform for buying and selling vehicles that is building upon its industry-leading listings marketplace with both digital retail solutions and the CarOffer online wholesale platform. The CarGurus marketplace gives consumers the confidence to purchase or sell a vehicle either online or in-person, and it gives dealerships the power to accurately price, effectively market, instantly acquire and quickly sell vehicles, all with a nationwide reach. The Company uses proprietary technology, search algorithms and data analytics to bring trust, transparency and competitive pricing to the automotive shopping experience.

The Company is headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts and was incorporated in the State of Delaware on June 26, 2015.

The Company operates principally in the United States. In the United States, it also operates as independent brands the Autolist online marketplace, which it wholly owns, and the CarOffer, LLC (“CarOffer”) digital wholesale marketplace, in which it has a 51% interest. In addition to the United States, the Company operates online marketplaces under the CarGurus brand in Canada and the United Kingdom. In the United Kingdom, it also operates as an independent brand the PistonHeads online marketplace, which it wholly owns.

The Company has subsidiaries in the United States, Canada, Ireland, and the United Kingdom and, prior to the first quarter of 2022, had two reportable segments – United States and International. Effective as of the first quarter of 2022, the Company revised its segment reporting from two reportable segments to one reportable segment. See Note 11 of the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report for further segment reporting and geographical information.

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying interim condensed consolidated financial statements (the “Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements”) are unaudited. The Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and related disclosures have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). Any reference in these notes to applicable guidance is meant to refer to GAAP as found in the Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) and Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”).

The Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements have also been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Accordingly, certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. The Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements reflect all adjustments, consisting of only normal recurring adjustments, necessary for the fair presentation of the Company’s financial position as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, results of operations, comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’ equity for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021 and cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021. These interim period results are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for any other interim period or the full year.

The Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021, filed with the SEC on February 25, 2022 (the “Annual Report”).

While the Company disclosed total revenue in the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Income Statements in the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2021, filed with the SEC on May 5, 2021, the accompanying Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Income Statements for the quarter ended March 31, 2021 presents revenues disaggregated into marketplace, wholesale, and product revenues to conform to the current year presentation, as a result of the acquisition of a 51% interest in CarOffer.

While the Company disclosed inventory within prepaid expenses, prepaid income taxes, and other assets in the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flow in the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2021, filed with the SEC on May 5, 2021, the accompanying Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flow for the quarter ended March 31, 2021 present inventory separately from prepaid expenses, prepaid income taxes, and other assets to conform to the current year presentation, as inventory met the threshold for separate disclosure.

6

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Subsequent Event Considerations

The Company considers events or transactions that occur after the balance sheet date but prior to the issuance of the financial statements to provide additional evidence for certain estimates or to identify matters that require additional disclosure. The Company has evaluated all subsequent events and determined that there are no material recognized or unrecognized subsequent events requiring disclosure, other than as disclosed in these Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period.

Although the Company regularly assesses these estimates, actual results could differ materially from these estimates. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from management’s estimates if these results differ from historical experience, or other assumptions do not turn out to be substantially accurate, even if such assumptions are reasonable when made. Changes in estimates are recognized in the period in which they become known.

Critical estimates relied upon in preparing the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements include the determination of sales allowance and variable consideration in the Company’s revenue recognition, allowance for doubtful accounts, the expensing and capitalization of product, technology, and development costs for website development and internal‑use software, the valuation and recoverability of goodwill, intangible assets and other long-lived assets, the valuation of redeemable noncontrolling interest, the recoverability of the Company’s net deferred tax assets and related valuation allowance and the valuation of equity and liability-classified compensation awards under ASC Topic 718, Stock-based Compensation ("ASC 718"). Accordingly, the Company considers these to be its critical accounting policies, and believes that of the Company’s significant accounting policies, these policies involve the greatest degree of judgment and complexity.

Concentration of Credit Risk

The Company has no significant off‑balance sheet risk, such as foreign exchange contracts, option contracts, or other foreign hedging arrangements. Financial instruments that potentially expose the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents, investments, and trade accounts receivable.

The Company maintains its cash, cash equivalents, and investments principally with accredited financial institutions of high credit standing. Although the Company deposits its cash, cash equivalents, and investments with multiple financial institutions, its deposits may often exceed governmental insured limits.

The Company is exposed to credit losses primarily through its trade accounts receivable, which includes receivables in transit from a third-party payment processor. The third-party payment processor collects customer payments on the Company's behalf and remits them to the Company. Customer payments received, but not remitted as of period end are deemed to be receivables in transit. Additionally, the third-party payment processer provides payments in advance for certain customers to the Company. If the third-party payment processor does not receive customer payments related to the payments in advance, the balance is deducted from future remittances to the Company.

The Company offsets gross trade accounts receivable with payments received in advance from a third-party payment processer as it has the right of offset. As of March 31, 2022, gross trade accounts receivable from receivables in transit from the third-party payment processor was $24,171, offset by payments received in advance of $23,217, which resulted in a net asset of $954 recognized within accounts receivable, net in the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of December 31, 2021, gross trade accounts receivable from receivables in transit from the third-party payment processor was $18,747, offset by payments received in advance of $46,822, which resulted a net liability of $28,075 recognized within accrued expenses, accrued income taxes and other current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. Payments received in advance are deductible from future payments from the third-party payment processor if the third-party payment processor does not receive the payment from the customer. Payments received in advance are presented as cash flows from financing activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows.

7

Credit risk with respect to accounts receivable is dispersed due to the large number of customers. The Company routinely assesses the creditworthiness of its customers. The Company generally has not experienced any material losses related to receivables from individual customers, or groups of customers. The Company does not require collateral. Due to these factors, no additional credit risk beyond amounts provided for collection losses is believed by management to be probable in the Company’s accounts receivable.

The majority of the Company's accounts receivable results from the acquisition of a 51% interest in CarOffer, which uses a third-party payment processor for wholesale revenue transactions. The Company has had no material losses related to CarOffer receivables, as it does not release the title until successfully collecting funds from the buying dealer.

As of March 31, 2022, two customers accounted for 25% and 22% of net accounts receivable, respectively. As of December 31, 2021, two customers accounted for 47% and 18% of net accounts receivable, respectively.

As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, $8,198 and $7,356, respectively, was included in net accounts receivable, representing unbilled accounts receivable relating primarily to advertising customers invoiced in the subsequent period to services rendered.

For the three months ended March 31, 2022, one customer accounted for 13% of total revenue due to continued growth of the CarOffer business. For the three months ended March 31, 2021, no individual customer accounted for more than 10% of total revenue.

Significant Accounting Policies

The Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements reflect the application of certain significant accounting policies as described below and elsewhere in these notes to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. As of March 31, 2022, there have been no material changes in the Company’s significant accounting policies, which are detailed in the Annual Report.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

From time to time, new accounting pronouncements are issued by the FASB or other standard setting bodies and adopted by the Company on or prior to the specified effective date. Unless otherwise discussed, the Company believes that the impact of recently issued standards that are not yet effective will not have a material impact on its financial position or results of operations upon adoption. As of March 31, 2022, there are no new material accounting pronouncements that the Company is considering adopting.

3. Revenue Recognition

The Company provides disaggregation of revenue based on marketplace, wholesale and product revenue classification on the face of its Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Income Statements and based on geographic region (see Note 11). The Company believes these categories best depict how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors.

ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”) requires that the Company disclose the aggregate amount of transaction price that is allocated to performance obligations that have not yet been satisfied as of the relevant quarter end.

For contracts with an original expected duration greater than one year, the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to the performance obligations that were unsatisfied as of March 31, 2022 was approximately $15.5 million, which the Company expects to recognize over the next 12 months.

For contracts with an original expected duration of one year or less, the Company has applied the practical expedient available under ASC 606 to not disclose the amount of transaction price allocated to unsatisfied performance obligations as of March 31, 2022. For performance obligations not satisfied as of March 31, 2022, and to which this expedient applies, the nature of the performance obligations, the variable consideration and any consideration from contracts with customers not included in the transaction price is consistent with performance obligations satisfied as of March 31, 2022.

For the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, revenue recognized from amounts included in deferred revenue at the beginning of the period, was $12,784 and $9,137, respectively.

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4. Fair Value of Financial Instruments Including Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Investments

As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis consist of the following:

	As of March 31, 2022
	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1 Inputs)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2 Inputs)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3 Inputs)		Total
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds	$	227,547	$	—	$	—	$	227,547
Investments:
Certificates of deposit		—		60,000		—		60,000
Total	$	227,547	$	60,000	$	—	$	287,547

	As of December 31, 2021
	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1 Inputs)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2 Inputs)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3 Inputs)		Total
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds	$	157,525	$	—	$	—	$	157,525
Investments:
Certificates of deposit		—		90,000		—		90,000
Total	$	157,525	$	90,000	$	—	$	247,525

The Company measures eligible assets and liabilities at fair value with changes in value recognized in earnings. As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, there were no liabilities that were measured at fair value. Fair value treatment may be elected either upon initial recognition of an eligible asset or liability or, for an existing asset or liability, if an event triggers a new basis of accounting. During the three months ended March 31, 2022 and year ended December 31, 2021, the Company did not elect to remeasure any of its existing financial assets and did not elect the fair value option for any financial assets transacted.

Cash and cash equivalents primarily consist of cash on deposit with banks and amounts held in interest-bearing money market accounts. Cash equivalents are carried at cost, which approximates their fair market value.

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of 90 days or less at the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. Investments not classified as cash equivalents with maturities one year or less from the balance sheet date are classified as short-term investments, while investments with maturities in excess of one year from the balance sheet date are classified as long-term investments. Management determines the appropriate classification of investments at the time of purchase and re-evaluates such determination at each balance sheet date. Investments are carried at cost, which approximates their fair market value.

As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, investments consist of the following:

	As of March 31, 2022
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross  Unrealized  Losses		Estimated Fair Value
Investments:
Certificates of deposit due in one year or less	$	60,000	$	—	$	—	$	60,000
Total	$	60,000	$	—	$	—	$	60,000

	As of December 31, 2021
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross  Unrealized  Losses		Estimated Fair Value
Investments:
Certificates of deposit due in one year or less	$	90,000	$	—	$	—	$	90,000
Total	$	90,000	$	—	$	—	$	90,000

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5. Property and Equipment, Net

As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, property and equipment, net consist of the following:

	As of March 31, 2022			As of December 31, 2021
Server and computer equipment	$	8,077		$	8,349
Capitalized internal-use software		3,869			3,041
Capitalized website development		25,255			22,037
Furniture and fixtures		8,613			8,615
Leasehold improvements		24,078			24,082
Construction in progress		1,073			854
Finance lease right-of-use assets		520			556
		71,485			67,534
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization		(38,384	)		(35,324	)
Property and equipment, net	$	33,101		$	32,210

For the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, depreciation and amortization expense, excluding amortization of intangible assets and amortization of capitalized hosting arrangements, was $3,480 and $2,020, respectively.

During the three months ended March 31, 2022, capitalized website development costs increased $3,218 due to continued investment in the Company's product offerings.

6. Accrued Expenses, Accrued Income Taxes and Other Current Liabilities and Other Non-Current Liabilities

As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, accrued expenses, accrued income taxes and other current liabilities consist of the following:

	As of March 31, 2022		As of December 31, 2021
Accrued bonus	$	4,536	$	11,777
Accrued income taxes		25,885		6,344
Accrued tax distributions to redeemable noncontrolling interest holders		4,168		8,701
Payments received in advance from third-party payment processor		—		28,075
Other accrued expenses and other current liabilities		27,166		23,689
Total	$	61,755	$	78,586

O

The decrease of $28,075 in the payments received in advance from third-party payment processor is due to the timing of payments remitted by the third-party, resulting in an accounts receivable position as of March 31, 2022 and liability position as of December 31, 2021.

The increase of $19,541 in accrued income taxes is primarily due to the impact of the newly effected amended IRC Section 174 research and expenditure (“R&E”) rules for U.S. income tax purposes and the exhaustion of available carryover tax attributes. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Act”) amended the R&E rules to require capitalization and amortization of product, technology and software development costs paid or incurred in tax years beginning after December 31, 2021.

The decrease of $7,241 in accrued bonus is primarily due to the payout of the fiscal year 2021 bonuses in the first quarter of 2022.

The decrease of $4,533 in accrued tax distributions to redeemable noncontrolling interest holders is primarily due to cash settlement of the balance as of December 31, 2021 during the three months ended March 31, 2022, offset by the accrual for tax distributions to noncontrolling interest holders for the estimated tax liability on their respective taxable income earned as of March 31, 2022.

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As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, other non-current liabilities consist of the following:

	As of March 31, 2022		As of December 31, 2021
CO Incentive Unit and Subject Unit liability-classified awards	$	34,790	$	21,095
Other non-current liabilities		3,106		2,544
Total	$	37,896	$	23,639

In connection with the Company's acquisition of a 51% interest in CarOffer, the then-outstanding unvested incentive units ("CO Incentive Units") of CarOffer and unvested Class CO CarOffer units (the "Subject Units") remained outstanding. The increase of $13,695 related to CO Incentive Unit and Subject Unit liability-classified awards is due to the mark to market valuation and the continued recognition over the vesting period.

7. Commitments and Contingencies

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

As of March 31, 2022, all of the Company’s property, equipment, and internal-use software have been purchased with cash with the exception of amounts related to unpaid property and equipment, capitalized website development, capitalized internal-use software and capitalized hosting arrangements and amounts related to obligations under finance leases as disclosed in the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. The Company has no material long-term purchase obligations outstanding with any vendor or third party.

Leases

The Company’s primary operating lease obligations consist of various leases for office space in: Boston, Massachusetts; Cambridge, Massachusetts; San Francisco, California; Addison, Texas; and Dublin, Ireland. The Company also has an operating lease obligation for data center space in Needham, Massachusetts.

As of March 31, 2022, there were no material changes in the Company’s leases from those disclosed in the Annual Report.

The Company’s leases in Boston, Massachusetts, Cambridge, Massachusetts and San Francisco, California have associated letters of credit, which are recognized within restricted cash in the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, restricted cash was $15,493 and $16,336, respectively, and primarily related to cash held at a financial institution in an interest‑bearing cash account as collateral for the letters of credit related to the contractual provisions for the Company’s building leases and pass-through payments from customers related to the Company’s wholesale business. As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, portions of restricted cash were classified as a short-term asset and long‑term asset, as disclosed on the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.

Acquisitions

On January 14, 2021 the Company completed the acquisition of a 51% interest in CarOffer, an automated instant vehicle trade platform based in Addison, Texas, with the option to acquire portions of the remaining equity in the future. Details of this acquisition are more fully described in Note 4 to the financial statements contained within the Annual Report. On May 6, 2022, the CarOffer Operating Agreement (as defined in Note 4 to the financial statements contained within the Annual Report) was amended with retroactive effect to correct a clerical error in connection with the November 23, 2021 amendment and restatement of the CarOffer Operating Agreement.

Legal Matters

From time to time the Company may become involved in legal proceedings or be subject to claims arising in the ordinary course of its business. The Company is not presently subject to any pending or threatened litigation that it believes, if determined adversely to the Company, individually, or taken together, would reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect on its business or financial results. However, litigation is inherently unpredictable and the future outcome of legal proceedings and other contingencies could be unexpected or differ from the Company’s estimated liabilities, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s future financial results.

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Guarantees and Indemnification Obligations

In the ordinary course of business, the Company enters into agreements with its customers, partners and service providers that include commercial provisions with respect to licensing, infringement, guarantees, indemnification, and other common provisions.

CarOffer provides certain guarantees to dealers through its 45-Day Guaranteed Bid and OfferGuard product offerings, which are accounted for under ASC Topic 460, Guarantees.

45-Day Guaranteed Bid is an arrangement through which a selling dealer lists a car on the CarOffer platform, and CarOffer provides an offer to purchase the vehicle listed at a specified price at any time over a 45-day period. This provides the seller with a put option, where they have the right, but not the obligation, to require CarOffer to purchase the vehicle during this window. OfferGuard is an arrangement through which a buying dealer purchases a car on the CarOffer platform, and CarOffer provides an offer to purchase the vehicle at a specified price between days 1 and 3, and days 42 and 45 if the dealer is not able to sell the vehicle after 42 days.

A guarantee liability is initially measured using the amount of consideration received from the dealer for the purchase of the guarantee. The initial liability is released, and guarantee income is recognized, upon the earliest of the following: the vehicle sells during the guarantee period, the seller exercises it’s put option during the guarantee period, or the option expires unexercised at the end of the guarantee period. Guarantee income is recognized within wholesale revenue in the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Income Statements. When it is probable and reasonably estimable that CarOffer will incur a loss on a vehicle that it is required to purchase, a liability, and a corresponding charge to cost of sales is recognized for the amount of the loss in the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. Gains and losses resulting from the dealers exercise of guarantees are recognized within cost of sales in the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

For the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, income for guarantees purchased by dealers was $3,303 and $647, respectively. For the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, the net loss resulting from the dealer's exercise of guarantees was immaterial.

As of March 31, 2022, the maximum potential amount of future payments that CarOffer could be required to make under these guarantees was $162,109. Of the maximum potential amount of future payments, none are considered probable. The exercise of guarantees has historically been infrequent and even when such exercises did occur the losses were immaterial. As such, as of March 31, 2022, CarOffer had no contingent loss liabilities.

8. Stock-based Compensation

For the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, stock compensation expense by award type and where the stock compensation expense was recognized in the Company’s Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Income Statements is as follows:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2022		2021
Options	$	644	$	617
Restricted stock units		13,503		13,743
CO Incentive Units and Subject Units		13,695		1,033
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	27,842	$	15,393

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2022		2021
Cost of revenue	$	136	$	92
Sales and marketing expense		3,983		2,752
Product, technology, and development expense		6,368		5,772
General and administrative expense		17,355		6,777
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	27,842	$	15,393

For the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, excluded from stock-based compensation expense is $1,206 and $569 of capitalized website development costs, capitalized internal-use software costs and capitalized hosting arrangements, respectively.

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During the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company withheld 155,736 and 162,950 shares of Class A common stock, respectively, to satisfy employee tax withholding requirements and for option exercise costs due to net share settlements and cashless exercises of options, as applicable. The shares withheld return to the authorized, but unissued pool under the Company's Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan and can be reissued by the Company. For the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, total payments to satisfy employee tax withholding requirements and for option exercise costs due to net share settlements and cashless exercises of options were $5,430 and $5,041, respectively, and are reflected as a financing activity in the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

9. Earnings Per Share

The Company has two classes of common stock authorized: Class A common stock and Class B common stock. The rights of the holders of Class A and Class B common stock are identical, except with respect to voting and conversion. Each share of Class A common stock is entitled to one vote per share and each share of Class B common stock is entitled to ten votes per share. Each share of Class B common stock is convertible into one share of Class A common stock at the option of the holder at any time or automatically upon certain events described in the Company’s amended and restated certificate of incorporation, including upon either the death or voluntary termination of the Company’s Executive Chairman. The Company allocates undistributed earnings attributable to common stock between the common stock classes on a one‑to‑one basis when computing net income per share. As a result, basic and diluted net income per share of Class A common stock and per share of Class B common stock are equivalent.

During the three months ended March 31, 2022, no shares of Class B common stock were converted to Class A common stock. During the three months ended March 31, 2021, holders of Class B common stock converted 929,597 shares of Class B common stock to Class A common stock.

Basic net income per share (“Basic EPS”) is computed by dividing net (loss) income attributable to common stockholders and adjusted to reflect changes in the redemption value of the redeemable noncontrolling interest, if applicable, by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the reporting period. The Company computes the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the reporting period using the total number of shares of Class A common stock and Class B common stock outstanding as of the last day of the previous year plus the weighted-average of any additional shares issued and outstanding during the reporting period.

Diluted net income per share (“Diluted EPS”) gives effect to all potentially dilutive securities. Diluted EPS is computed by dividing net (loss) income attributable to common stockholders and adjusted to reflect adjustments for net income (loss) attributable to the noncontrolling interest and redemption adjustments to redeemable noncontrolling interest, if applicable and dilutive, by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the reporting period using (i) the number of shares of common stock used in the Basic EPS calculation as indicated above, (ii) if dilutive, the incremental weighted-average common stock that the Company would issue upon the exercise of stock options and the vesting of RSUs, (iii) if dilutive, market-based performance awards based on the number of shares that would be issuable as of the end of the reporting period assuming the end of the reporting period was also the end of the contingency period. The dilutive effect of these common stock equivalents is reflected in diluted earnings per share by application of the treasury stock method. The if-converted method is used to calculate the number of shares issuable upon exercise of the 2024 Put Right (as defined in Note 4 to the financial statements contained within the Annual Report), inclusive of CarOffer noncontrolling interest and incentive units, that would be issuable as of the end of the reporting period assuming the end of the reporting period was also the end of the contingency period.

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For the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, a reconciliation of the numerator and denominator used in the calculation of basic and diluted net income per share is as follows:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2022			2021
Numerator:
Consolidated net income	$	18,838		$	19,551
Net loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest		(1,072	)		(2,810	)
Accretion of redeemable noncontrolling interest to redemption value		82,000			—
Net (loss) income attributable to common stockholders	$	(62,090	)	$	22,361
Denominator:
Weighted-average number of shares of common stock used    in computing net income per share attributable to    common stockholders — basic		118,031,325			116,316,464
Dilutive effect of share equivalents resulting from stock    options		—			513,092
Dilutive effect of share equivalents resulting from    unvested restricted stock units		—			419,809
Weighted-average number of shares of common stock used in computing net income per share attributable to common stockholders — diluted		118,031,325			117,249,365
Net (loss) income per share attributable to common stockholders:
Basic	$	(0.53	)	$	0.19
Diluted	$	(0.53	)	$	0.19

For the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, potentially dilutive common stock equivalents that have been excluded from the calculation of diluted weighted-average shares outstanding as their effect would have been anti-dilutive are as follows:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2022		2021
Stock options outstanding		944,193		326,939
Restricted stock units outstanding		4,076,681		2,492,820
CO Incentive Units, Subject Units and noncontrolling    interest		7,790,110		—

For the three months ended March 31, 2021, shares of Class A common stock potentially issuable under market-based performance awards of approximately 282,921 were excluded from the calculation of weighted average shares used to compute Diluted EPS, as the market-based vesting conditions had not been achieved as of the reporting period end date and as such there were zero contingently issuable shares.

For the three months ended March 31, 2021, there were no shares included in diluted EPS for the number of shares issuable upon exercise of the 2024 Put Right, inclusive of CO Incentive Units, as no shares would be issuable as of the end of March 31, 2021 had that been the end of the contingency period.

For the three months ended March 31, 2022, there was no effect of potentially dilutive shares as the numerator was negative. Additionally, during the three months ended March 31, 2022, the Company modified its market-based performance awards to contain only service-based vesting conditions in line with the Company's other restricted stock unit awards.

10. Income Taxes

During the three months ended March 31, 2022, the Company recorded an income tax provision of $7,702, representing an effective tax rate of 27.9%. The effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2022 was greater than the statutory tax rate of 21%, principally due to state and local income taxes, shortfalls on the taxable compensation of share-based awards and the Section 162(m) excess officer compensation limitation, partially offset by federal and state research and development tax credits.

During the three months ended March 31, 2021, the Company recorded an income tax provision of $6,462, representing an effective tax rate of 22.4%. The effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2021 was greater than the statutory tax rate of 21% principally due to state and local income taxes, partially offset by federal and state research and development tax credits.

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The Company and its subsidiaries are subject to various U.S. federal, state, and foreign income tax examinations. The Company is currently not subject to income tax examination for the tax years of 2018 and prior as a result of applicable statute of limitations of the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and state jurisdictions. The Company is currently not subject to examination in its foreign jurisdictions for tax years 2019 and prior.

11. Segment and Geographic Information

Effective the first quarter of 2022, the Company revised its segment reporting from two reportable segments, United States and International, to one reportable segment. The Company concluded the change in segment reporting was not a triggering event for goodwill impairment. The change in segment reporting was made to align with changes made in the manner the Company’s chief operating decision maker (the “CODM”) reviews the Company’s operating results in assessing performance and allocating resources. The CODM now assesses the Company's performance on a consolidated basis rather than by geographical location as a result of the international segment becoming less significant relative to the overall business. The CODM reviews revenue and operating income (loss) as a proxy for the operating performance of the Company’s operations. The Company’s Chief Executive Officer is the CODM.

For the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, information regarding the Company’s operations by segment is represented within the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Income Statements.

For the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, information regarding the Company’s revenue by geographical region is as follows:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2022		2021
Revenue by Geographic Region:
United States	$	419,208	$	163,011
International		11,400		8,357
Total revenue	$	430,608	$	171,368

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, and the related notes thereto, appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, or Quarterly Report, and our consolidated financial statements and the related notes and other financial information included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, on February 25, 2022, or our Annual Report. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or elsewhere in this Quarterly Report, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business and our performance and future success, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. See “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.” You should review the “Risk Factors” section of this Quarterly Report for a discussion of important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in the following discussion and analysis. In this discussion, we use financial measures that are considered non-GAAP financial measures under SEC rules. These rules regarding non-GAAP financial measures require supplemental explanation and reconciliation, which are included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report. Investors should not consider non-GAAP financial measures in isolation from or in substitution for, financial information presented in compliance with United States generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP. The period-to-period comparison of financial results is not necessarily indicative of future results.

Company Overview

CarGurus is a multinational, online automotive platform for buying and selling vehicles that is building upon its industry-leading listings marketplace with both digital retail solutions and the CarOffer online wholesale platform. The CarGurus marketplace gives consumers the confidence to purchase or sell a vehicle either online or in-person, and it gives dealerships the power to accurately price, effectively market, instantly acquire and quickly sell vehicles, all with a nationwide reach. We use our proprietary technology, search algorithms and data analytics to bring trust, transparency and competitive pricing to the automotive shopping experience.

We are headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts and were incorporated in the State of Delaware on June 26, 2015.

We operate principally in the United States. In the United States, we also operate as independent brands the Autolist online marketplace, which we wholly own, and CarOffer digital wholesale marketplace, in which we have a 51% interest. In addition to the United States, we operate online marketplaces under the CarGurus brand in Canada and the United Kingdom. In the United Kingdom, we also operate as an independent brand the PistonHeads online marketplace, which we wholly own.

We have subsidiaries in the United States, Canada, Ireland, and the United Kingdom and, prior to the first quarter of 2022, we had two reportable segments – United States and International. Effective as of the first quarter of 2022, we revised our segment reporting from two reportable segments to one reportable segment. See Note 11 of the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report for further segment reporting and geographical information.

We generate marketplace revenue primarily from (i) dealer subscriptions to our Listings packages and Real-time Performance Marketing, or RPM, digital advertising suite, (ii) advertising revenue from auto manufacturers and other auto‑related brand advertisers and (iii) partnerships with financing services companies. We generate wholesale revenue primarily from transaction fees earned by CarOffer from facilitating the purchase and sale of vehicles between dealers. We generate product revenue primarily from aggregate proceeds received on the sale of vehicles.

For the three months ended March 31, 2022, we generated revenue of $430.6 million, a 151% increase from $171.4 million of revenue in the three months ended March 31, 2021.

For the three months ended March 31, 2022, we generated consolidated net income of $18.8 million and Adjusted EBITDA of $58.0 million, compared to consolidated net income of $19.6 million and Adjusted EBITDA of $50.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021.

See “Adjusted EBITDA” below for more information regarding our use of Adjusted EBITDA, a non-GAAP financial measure, and a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to our consolidated net income.

COVID-19 Update

The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in significant disruptions to the global economy as well as businesses and capital markets around the world. The continued impact of COVID-19 and, in particular, existing and new variants that may emerge, cannot be predicted at this time, and could depend on a number of factors, including the availability of vaccines in different parts of the world, vaccination rates among the population, and the effectiveness of vaccines against any variants.

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Our recent operations have been affected by a range of factors related to the COVID-19 pandemic, including continued temporary office closures and remote work for most employees. Fluctuation in infection rates in the regions in which we operate has resulted in periodic changes in restrictions that vary from region to region and may require rapid response to new or reinstated orders. Many of these orders at times have resulted in restrictions on the ability of consumers to buy and sell automobiles by restricting operations at dealerships and/or by closing or reducing the services provided by certain service providers upon which dealerships rely. In addition, these restrictions and continued concern about the spread of the disease have impacted car shopping by consumers and disrupted the operations of car dealerships, which has adversely affected the market for automobile purchases.

The automotive industry is also facing inventory supply problems, including for reasons attributable to the COVID-19 pandemic and other macroeconomic issues, such as the global semiconductor chip shortage, which have adversely affected the amount of inventory on our websites.

We continue to monitor and assess the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, including the effects of variants, on our commercial operations, including the impact on our revenue. See the “Risk Factors” section of this Quarterly Report for further discussion of the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business.

Key Business Metrics

We regularly review a number of metrics, including the key metrics listed below, to evaluate our business, measure our performance, identify trends affecting our business, formulate financial projections, and make operating and strategic decisions. We believe it is important to evaluate these metrics for the United States and International geographic regions. The International region derives revenues from marketplace revenue from customers outside of the United States. International markets perform differently from the United States market due to a variety of factors, including our operating history in each market, our rate of investment, market size, market maturity, competition and other dynamics unique to each country. The metrics presented below exclude CarOffer as we believe such metrics are either not applicable for the CarOffer business or do not provide a meaningful way to evaluate the CarOffer business.

Monthly Unique Users

For each of our websites, we define a monthly unique user as an individual who has visited any such website within a calendar month, based on data as measured by Google Analytics. We calculate average monthly unique users as the sum of the monthly unique users of each of our websites in a given period, divided by the number of months in that period. We count a unique user the first time a computer or mobile device with a unique device identifier accesses any of our websites during a calendar month. If an individual accesses a website using a different device within a given month, the first access by each such device is counted as a separate unique user. If an individual uses multiple browsers on a single device and/or clears their cookies and returns to our site within a calendar month, each such visit is counted as a separate unique user. We view our average monthly unique users as a key indicator of the quality of our user experience, the effectiveness of our advertising and traffic acquisition, and the strength of our brand awareness. Measuring unique users is important to us and we believe it provides useful information to our investors because our marketplace revenue depends, in part, on our ability to provide dealers with connections to our users and exposure to our marketplace audience. We define connections as interactions between consumers and dealers on our marketplace through phone calls, email, managed text and chat, and clicks to access the dealer’s website or map directions to the dealership.

	Three Months Ended March 31,
Average Monthly Unique Users	2022		2021
	(in thousands)
United States		31,051		36,324
International		6,878		7,898
Total		37,929		44,222

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Monthly Sessions

We define monthly sessions as the number of distinct visits to our websites that take place each month within a given time frame, as measured and defined by Google Analytics. We calculate average monthly sessions as the sum of the monthly sessions in a given period, divided by the number of months in that period. A session is defined as beginning with the first page view from a computer or mobile device and ending at the earliest of when a user closes their browser window, after 30 minutes of inactivity, or each night at midnight (i) Eastern Time for our United States and Canada websites, other than the Autolist website, (ii) Pacific Time for the Autolist website, and (iii) Greenwich Mean Time for our U.K. websites. A session can be made up of multiple page views and visitor actions, such as performing a search, visiting vehicle detail pages, and connecting with a dealer. We believe that measuring the volume of sessions in a time period, when considered in conjunction with the number of unique users in that time period, is an important indicator to us of consumer satisfaction and engagement with our marketplace, and we believe it provides useful information to our investors because the more satisfied and engaged consumers we have, the more valuable our service is to dealers.

	Three Months Ended March 31,
Average Monthly Sessions	2022		2021
	(in thousands)
United States		84,851		90,668
International		15,817		18,249
Total		100,668		108,917

Number of Paying Dealers

We define a paying dealer as a dealer account with an active, paid marketplace subscription at the end of a defined period. The number of paying dealers we have is important to us and we believe it provides valuable information to investors because it is indicative of the value proposition of our marketplace products, as well as our sales and marketing success and opportunity, including our ability to retain paying dealers and develop new dealer relationships.

	As of March 31
Number of Paying Dealers	2022		2021
United States		24,219		24,371
International		6,648		6,842
Total		30,867		31,213

Quarterly Average Revenue per Subscribing Dealer (QARSD)

We define QARSD, which is measured at the end of a fiscal quarter, as the marketplace revenue primarily from subscriptions to our Listings packages and RPM digital advertising suite during that trailing quarter divided by the average number of paying dealers in that marketplace during the quarter. We calculate the average number of paying dealers for a period by adding the number of paying dealers at the end of such period and the end of the prior period and dividing by two. This information is important to us, and we believe it provides useful information to investors, because we believe that our ability to grow QARSD is an indicator of the value proposition of our products and the return on investment, or ROI, that our paying dealers realize from our products. In addition, increases in QARSD, which we believe reflect the value of exposure to our engaged audience in relation to subscription cost, are driven in part by our ability to grow the volume of connections to our users and the quality of those connections, which result in increased opportunity to upsell package levels and cross-sell additional products to our paying dealers.

	As of March 31
Quarterly Average Revenue per Subscribing Dealer (QARSD)	2022		2021
United States	$	5,713	$	5,466
International	$	1,556	$	1,113
Consolidated	$	4,806	$	4,513

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Adjusted EBITDA

To provide investors with additional information regarding our financial results, we monitor and have presented within this Quarterly Report, Adjusted EBITDA, which is a non‑GAAP financial measure. This non‑GAAP financial measure is not based on any standardized methodology prescribed by United States generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP, and is not necessarily comparable to any similarly titled measures presented by other companies.

We define Adjusted EBITDA as consolidated net income, adjusted to exclude: depreciation and amortization, stock‑based compensation expense, acquisition-related expenses, other (expense) income, net, provision for income taxes, and net loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest.

We have presented Adjusted EBITDA within this Quarterly Report, because it is a key measure used by our management and board of directors to understand and evaluate our operating performance, generate future operating plans, and make strategic decisions regarding the allocation of capital. In particular, we believe that the exclusion of certain items in calculating Adjusted EBITDA can produce a useful measure for period‑to‑period comparisons of our business.

We use Adjusted EBITDA to evaluate our operating performance and trends and make planning decisions. We believe Adjusted EBITDA helps identify underlying trends in our business that could otherwise be masked by the effect of the expenses that we exclude. Accordingly, we believe that Adjusted EBITDA provides useful information to investors and others in understanding and evaluating our operating results, enhancing the overall understanding of our past performance and future prospects, and allowing for greater transparency with respect to key financial metrics used by our management in its financial and operational decision‑making. In addition, we evaluate our Adjusted EBITDA in relation to our revenue. We refer to this as Adjusted EBITDA margin and define it as Adjusted EBITDA divided by total revenue.

Our Adjusted EBITDA is not prepared in accordance with GAAP, and should not be considered in isolation of, or as an alternative to, measures prepared in accordance with GAAP. There are a number of limitations related to the use of Adjusted EBITDA rather than consolidated net income, which is the most directly comparable GAAP equivalent. Some of these limitations are:

•Adjusted EBITDA excludes depreciation and amortization expense and, although these are non‑cash expenses, the assets being depreciated may have to be replaced in the future;

•Adjusted EBITDA excludes stock‑based compensation expense, which will be, for the foreseeable future, a significant recurring expense for our business and an important part of our compensation strategy;

•Adjusted EBITDA excludes transaction and one-time acquisition-related expenses incurred by us during a reporting period, which may not be reflective of our operational performance during such period, for acquisitions that have been completed as of the filing date of our annual or quarterly report (as applicable) relating to such period;

•Adjusted EBITDA excludes other expense (income), net which primarily includes interest income earned on our cash, cash equivalents, and investments, and net foreign exchange gains and losses;

•Adjusted EBITDA excludes the provision for income taxes;

•Adjusted EBITDA excludes the loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest, adjusted for all prior limitations to Adjusted EBITDA as described above; and

•other companies, including companies in our industry, may calculate Adjusted EBITDA differently, which reduces its usefulness as a comparative measure.

Because of these limitations, we consider, and you should consider, Adjusted EBITDA together with other operating and financial performance measures presented in accordance with GAAP.

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For the three months ended March 31, 2022, the following table presents a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to consolidated net income, the most directly comparable measure calculated in accordance with GAAP, for each of the periods presented.

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2022			2021
Reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA:	(in thousands)
Consolidated net income	$	18,838		$	19,551
Depreciation and amortization		11,185			8,666
Stock-based compensation expense		27,842			15,393
Acquisition-related expenses		—			644
Other expense (income), net		119			(222	)
Provision for income taxes		7,702			6,462
Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA		65,686			50,494
Adjusted EBITDA attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest		(7,736	)		68
Adjusted EBITDA	$	57,950		$	50,562

Components of Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Income Statements

Revenue

We derive revenue from three sources: (i) marketplace revenue, which consists primarily of dealer subscriptions to our Listings packages and RPM digital advertising suite, advertising revenue from auto manufacturers and other auto‑related brand advertisers, and revenue from partnerships with financing services companies; (ii) wholesale revenue, which consists primarily of transaction fees earned by CarOffer from facilitating the purchase and sale of vehicles between dealers; and (iii) product revenue, which consists primarily of aggregate proceeds received on the sale of vehicles.

Marketplace Revenue

We offer multiple types of marketplace Listings packages to our dealers for our CarGurus U.S. platform (availability varies on our other marketplaces): Restricted Listings, which is free; and various levels of Listings packages, which each require a paid subscription under a monthly, quarterly, semiannual, or annual subscription basis.

Our subscriptions for customers generally auto-renew on a monthly basis and are cancellable by dealers with 30 days’ advance notice prior to the commencement of the applicable renewal term. Subscription pricing is determined based on a dealer’s inventory size, region, and our assessment of the connections and ROI the platform will provide them and is subject to discounts and/or fee reductions that we may offer from time to time. We also offer all dealers on our platform access to our Dealer Dashboard, which includes a performance summary, Dealer Insights tool, and user review management platform. Only dealers subscribing to a paid Listings package have access to the Pricing Tool, Market Analysis tool and our IMV Scan tool.

In addition to displaying inventory in our marketplace and providing access to the Dealer Dashboard, we offer dealers subscribing to certain of our Listings packages other subscription advertising and customer acquisition products and enhancements marketed under our RPM digital advertising suite. Through RPM, dealers can buy advertising that appears in our marketplace, on other sites on the internet and/or on high-converting social media platforms. Such advertisements can be targeted by the user’s geography, search history, CarGurus website activity and a number of other targeting factors, allowing dealers to increase their visibility with in-market consumers and drive qualified traffic for dealers.

We also offer paid Listings packages for the Autolist website and paid Listings and advertising products for the PistonHeads website.

Marketplace revenue also consists of non-dealer advertising revenue from auto manufacturers and other auto-related brand advertisers sold on a cost per thousand impressions, or CPM, basis. An impression is an advertisement loaded on a web page. In addition to advertising sold on a CPM basis, we also have advertising sold on a cost per click basis. Auto manufacturers and other brand advertisers can execute advertising campaigns that are targeted across a wide variety of parameters, including demographic groups, behavioral characteristics, specific auto brands, categories such as Certified Pre-Owned, and segments such as hybrid vehicles.

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Marketplace revenue also includes revenue from partnerships with certain financing services companies pursuant to which we enable eligible consumers on our CarGurus U.S. website to pre-qualify for financing on cars from dealerships that offer financing through such companies. We primarily generate revenue from these partnerships based on the number of funded loans from consumers who pre-qualify with our lending partners through our site.

We also offer non-dealer advertising products for the Autolist and PistonHeads websites.

Wholesale Revenue

Wholesale revenue includes transaction fees earned by CarOffer from facilitating the purchase and sale of vehicles between dealers, where CarOffer collects fees from both the buyer and seller. CarOffer also sells vehicles to dealers that CarOffer acquires at other marketplaces – in these instances, CarOffer collects a transaction fee from the buyer.

Wholesale revenue also includes fees earned by CarOffer from performing inspection and transportation services, where CarOffer collects fees from the buyer. Inspection and transportation service revenue is inclusive of dealer to dealer transactions, other marketplace to dealer transactions, and customer to dealer transactions.

Wholesale revenue also includes fees earned by CarOffer from certain guarantees offered to dealers, where CarOffer collects fees from the buying dealer or selling dealer, as applicable.

Product Revenue

Product revenue includes the aggregate proceeds received on the sale of vehicles. This revenue relates to vehicles sold to dealers that CarOffer acquires directly from customers, inclusive of transaction fees collected from the buyer, and in limited situations across all CarOffer transactions, vehicles CarOffer resells after acquiring a vehicle via arbitration. Arbitration is the process by which CarOffer investigates and resolves claims from buying dealers.

Cost of Revenue

Marketplace Cost of Revenue

Marketplace cost of revenue includes expenses related to supporting and hosting digital product offerings. These expenses include personnel and related expenses for our customer support team, including salaries, benefits, incentive compensation, and stock-based compensation, third-party service provider expenses such as advertising, data center and networking expenses, depreciation expense associated with our property and equipment, amortization of developed technology, amortization of capitalized website development and allocated overhead expenses. We allocate overhead expenses, such as rent and facility expenses, information technology expense, and employee benefit expense, to all departments based on headcount. As such, general overhead expenses are reflected in cost of revenue and each operating expense category.

Wholesale Cost of Revenue

Wholesale cost of revenue includes expenses related to supporting the facilitation of the purchase and sale of vehicles between dealers, the sale by CarOffer to dealers of vehicles that it acquires at other marketplaces, and net losses on vehicles related to guarantees offered to dealers. These expenses include vehicle transportation and inspection expenses, personnel and related expenses for employees directly involved in the fulfillment and support of transactions, including salaries, benefits, incentive compensation and stock-based compensation, third-party service provider expenses, amortization of developed technology, amortization of capitalized website development and allocated overhead expenses.

Product Cost of Revenue

Product cost of revenue includes expenses related to vehicles sold to dealers that CarOffer acquires directly from consumers, inclusive of transportation expenses, and in limited situations across all CarOffer transactions, in which CarOffer acquires the vehicle via arbitration. These expenses include expenses for vehicles in which CarOffer controls the vehicle and therefore acts as a principal in the transaction.

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Operating Expenses

Sales and Marketing

Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of personnel and related expenses for our sales and marketing team, including salaries, benefits, incentive compensation, commissions, and stock-based compensation; expenses associated with consumer marketing, such as traffic acquisition, brand building, and public relations activities; expenses associated with dealer marketing, such as content marketing, customer and promotional events, and industry events; amortization of hosting arrangements; and allocated overhead expenses. A portion of our commissions that are related to obtaining a new contract are capitalized and amortized over the estimated benefit period of customer relationships. All other sales and marketing expenses are expensed as incurred. We expect sales and marketing expenses to fluctuate from quarter to quarter as we respond to the COVID-19 pandemic and changes in the macroeconomic and competitive landscapes affecting our existing dealers, consumer audience and brand awareness, which will impact our results of operations.

Product, Technology, and Development

Product, technology, and development expenses, consist primarily of personnel and related expenses for our research and development team, including salaries, benefits, incentive compensation, stock-based compensation and allocated overhead expense. Other than website development and internal-use software expenses, research and development expenses are expensed as incurred. We expect product, technology, and development expenses to increase as we invest in additional engineering resourcing to develop new solutions and make improvements to our existing platform.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel and related expenses for our executive, finance, legal, people & talent, and administrative teams, including salaries, benefits, incentive compensation, and stock-based compensation, in addition to the expenses associated with professional fees for external legal, accounting and other consulting services, insurance premiums, payment processing and billing expenses, and allocated overhead expenses. General and administrative expenses are expensed as incurred. We expect general and administrative expenses to increase as we continue to scale our business.

Depreciation and Amortization

Depreciation and amortization expenses consist of depreciation on property and equipment and amortization of intangible assets and internal-use software.

Other (Expense) Income, Net

Other (expense) income, net consists primarily of interest income earned on our cash, cash equivalents, and investments, and net foreign exchange gains and losses.

Provision for Income Taxes

We are subject to federal and state income taxes in the United States and taxes in foreign jurisdictions in which we operate. For the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, we have recognized a provision for income taxes as a result of our consolidated taxable income position. We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities based on temporary differences between the financial reporting and income tax bases of assets and liabilities using statutory rates. We regularly assess the need to record a valuation allowance against net deferred tax assets if, based upon the available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, our valuation allowance against our net deferred tax assets was immaterial.

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Results of Operations

For the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Income Statements are as follows:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2022			2021
	(dollars in thousands)
Revenue:
Marketplace	$	163,289		$	155,800
Wholesale		90,994			13,803
Product		176,325			1,765
Total revenue		430,608			171,368
Cost of revenue
Marketplace		12,209			10,988
Wholesale		58,182			11,126
Product		178,342			1,944
Total cost of revenue		248,733			24,058
Gross profit		181,875			147,310
Operating expenses:
Sales and marketing		87,581			68,174
Product, technology, and development		30,653			25,164
General and administrative		33,121			20,514
Depreciation and amortization		3,861			7,667
Total operating expenses		155,216			121,519
Income from operations		26,659			25,791
Other (expense) income, net		(119	)		222
Income before income taxes		26,540			26,013
Provision for income taxes		7,702			6,462
Consolidated net income		18,838			19,551
Net loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest		(1,072	)		(2,810	)
Net income attributable to CarGurus, Inc.	$	19,910		$	22,361

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For the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Income Statements as a percentage of revenue are as follows (amounts in tables below may not sum due to rounding):

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2022			2021
Revenue:
Marketplace		38	%		91	%
Wholesale		21			8
Product		41			1
Total revenue		100			100
Cost of Revenue
Marketplace		3			6
Wholesale		14			6
Product		41			1
Total cost of revenue		58			14
Gross profit		42			86
Operating expenses:
Sales and marketing		20			40
Product, technology, and development		7			15
General and administrative		8			12
Depreciation and amortization		1			4
Total operating expenses		36			71
Income from operations		6			15
Other (expense) income, net		(0	)		0
Income before income taxes		6			15
Provision for income taxes		2			4
Consolidated net income		4			11
Net loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest		(0	)		(2	)
Net income attributable to CarGurus, Inc.		5	%		13	%

For the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021

Revenue

Revenue by Source

	Three Months Ended March 31,						Change
	2022			2021			Amount		%
	(dollars in thousands)
Revenue:
Marketplace	$	163,289		$	155,800		$	7,489		5	%
Wholesale		90,994			13,803			77,191		559
Product		176,325			1,765			174,560		9,890
Total	$	430,608		$	171,368		$	259,240		151	%
Percentage of total revenue:
Marketplace		38	%		91	%
Wholesale		21			8
Product		41			1
Total		100	%		100	%

Overall revenue increased $259.2 million, or 151%, in the three months ended March 31, 2022 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2021.

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Marketplace revenue increased $7.5 million, or 5%, in the three months ended March 31, 2022 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2021 and represented 38% of total revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 91% of total revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2021. The increase in marketplace revenue was due in part to a 6% growth in our QARSD for paying dealers to $4,806 at March 31, 2022 from $4,513 at March 31, 2021. The increase in QARSD was due primarily to signing on new dealers with higher average monthly recurring revenue and revenue expansion through product upgrades for existing dealers.

Wholesale revenue increased $77.2 million, or 559%, in the three months ended March 31, 2022 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2021 and represented 21% of total revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 8% of total revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2021. The increase was primarily due to an increase in dealer to dealer transactions, inclusive of transaction, transportation and inspection fees. The increase was also due in part to guarantee revenue.

Product revenue increased by $174.6 million, or 9,890%, in the three months ended March 31, 2022 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2021 and represented 41% of total revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 1% of total revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2021. The increase was primarily due to the launch of our consumer to dealer offering, CarGurus Instant Max Cash Offer, or IMCO, which resulted in a $151.7 million increase in proceeds and buy fees received on the sale of vehicles acquired by CarOffer directly from customers. The increase was also due, in part, to a $22.9 million increase in proceeds received from the sale of vehicles acquired via arbitration.

Cost of Revenue

	Three Months Ended March 31,						Change
	2022			2021			Amount		%
	(dollars in thousands)
Cost of Revenue:
Marketplace	$	12,209		$	10,988		$	1,221		11	%
Wholesale		58,182			11,126			47,056		423
Product		178,342			1,944			176,398		9,074
Total	$	248,733		$	24,058		$	224,675		934	%
Percentage of total revenue:
Marketplace		3	%		6	%
Wholesale		14			6
Product		41			1
Total		58	%		14	%

Overall cost of revenue increased $224.7 million, or 934%, in the three months ended March 31, 2022 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2021.

Marketplace cost of revenue increased $1.2 million, or 11%, in the three months ended March 31, 2022 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2021 and represented 3% of total revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 6% of total revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2021. The increase was primarily due to a $0.5 million increase in amortization of capitalized website development and developed technology, a $0.4 million increase in data and hosting costs, and a $0.3 million increase in fees related to provisioning advertising campaigns on our websites.

Wholesale cost of revenue increased $47.1 million, or 423%, in the three months ended March 31, 2022 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2021 and represented 14% of total revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 6% of total revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2021. The increase was primarily due to expenses for dealer to dealer transactions, inclusive of transportation expenses, amortization of developed technology and capitalized website development, inspection expenses and salaries and employee-related expenses.

Product cost of revenue increased $176.4 million, or 9,074%, in the three months ended March 31, 2022 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2021 and represented 41% of the total revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 1% of total revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2021. The increase was primarily due to the launch of IMCO, which resulted in a $145.7 million increase in expenses related to vehicles acquired by CarOffer directly from customers. The increase was also due, in part, to a $30.7 million increase in expenses related to vehicles acquired via arbitration.

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Operating Expenses

Sales and Marketing Expenses

	Three Months Ended March 31,						Change
	2022			2021			Amount		%
	(dollars in thousands)
Sales and marketing	$	87,581		$	68,174		$	19,407		28	%
Percentage of total revenue		20	%		40	%

Sales and marketing expenses increased $19.4 million, or 28%, in the three months ended March 31, 2022 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2021. The increase was due primarily to a $7.6 million increase in salaries and employee-related expense, exclusive of commissions expense, which increased $6.5 million. The increase in salaries and employee-related expense was due primarily a 31% increase in headcount. The increase in commissions expense was due to the increase in headcount and sales growth. The increase in sales and marketing expenses was also due in part to a $3.3 million increase in advertising and marketing expenses, primarily related to marketing of our consumer to dealer product, a $0.6 million increase in software subscription expense and a $0.6 million increase in consulting expense.

Product, Technology, and Development Expenses

	Three Months Ended March 31,						Change
	2022			2021			Amount		%
	(dollars in thousands)
Product, technology, and development	$	30,653		$	25,164		$	5,489		22	%
Percentage of total revenue		7	%		15	%

Product, technology, and development expenses increased $5.5 million, or 22%, in the three months ended March 31, 2022 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2021. The increase was due primarily to a $6.6 million increase in salaries and employee-related expense. The increase in salaries and employee-related expense was due primarily to a 30% increase in headcount. The increase in product, technology, and development expenses was offset in part by a $2.1 million decrease resulting from increased capitalizable projects.

General and Administrative Expenses

	Three Months Ended March 31,						Change
	2022			2021			Amount		%
	(dollars in thousands)
General and administrative	$	33,121		$	20,514		$	12,607		61	%
Percentage of total revenue		8	%		12	%

General and administrative expenses increased $12.6 million, or 61%, in the three months ended March 31, 2022 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2021. The increase was due primarily to a $1.8 million increase in salaries and employee-related expense, exclusive of stock-based compensation expense, which increased $10.6 million. The increase in salaries and employee-related expense was due primarily to a 19% increase in headcount. The increase in stock-based compensation expense was due primarily to the revaluation of certain liability-based stock awards.

Depreciation and Amortization Expenses

	Three Months Ended March 31,						Change
	2022			2021			Amount			%
	(dollars in thousands)
Depreciation and amortization	$	3,861		$	7,667		$	(3,806	)		(50	)%
Percentage of total revenue		1	%		4	%

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Depreciation and amortization expenses decreased $3.8 million, or 50%, in the three months ended March 31, 2022 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2021, due primarily to a reclassification of amortization of acquired developed technology intangible assets to cost of revenue in the beginning of the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2021. We had previously recorded amortization expense as a component of operating expenses but given the underlying nature of the asset we believe the amortization more closely aligns with cost of goods sold. We assessed the materiality of this reclass on the historical financial statements, individually and in aggregate, and concluded the effect of the reclass was not material to our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Other (Expense) Income, Net

	Three Months Ended March 31,						Change
	2022			2021			Amount			%
	(dollars in thousands)
Other (expense) income, net	$	(119	)	$	222		$	(341	)		(154	)%
Percentage of total revenue		(0	)%		0	%

Total other (expense) income, net remained relatively flat in the three months ended March 31, 2022 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2021.

Provision for Income Taxes

	Three Months Ended March 31,						Change
	2022			2021			Amount		%
	(dollars in thousands)
Provision for income taxes	$	7,702		$	6,462		$	1,240		19	%
Percentage of total revenue		2	%		4	%

Provision for income taxes increased $1.2 million, or 19% in the three months ended March 31, 2022 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2021 due primarily to increased profitability in excess of tax attributes available to offset. Additionally, there was an aggregated $1.2 million tax expense related to shortfalls on the taxable compensation of share-based awards and the Section 162(m) excess officer compensation limitation recorded during the three months ended March 31, 2022, compared to an immaterial amount of tax expense related to excess stock-based compensation recorded during the three months ended March 31, 2021. Section 162(m) excess officer compensation limitation was not applicable until May 2021, upon the expiration of the transition period permitted following our initial public offering.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Investments

As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, our principal sources of liquidity were cash and cash equivalents of $315.0 million and $231.9 million, respectively, and investments in certificates of deposit with terms of greater than 90 days but less than one year of $60.0 million and $90.0 million, respectively.

Sources and Uses of Cash

During the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, our cash flows from operating, investing, and financing activities, as reflected in the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, are as follows:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2022			2021
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	93,060		$	43,862
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities		26,264			(68,092	)
Net cash used in financing activities		(36,894	)		(19,043	)
Impact of foreign currency on cash		(212	)		(119	)
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	$	82,218		$	(43,392	)

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Our operations have been financed primarily from operating activities. During the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, we generated cash from operating activities of $93.1 million and $43.9 million, respectively.

We believe that our existing sources of liquidity will be sufficient to fund our operations for at least the next 12 months from the date of the filing of this Quarterly Report. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including: the further impact of the COVID-19 pandemic; our revenue; expenses associated with our sales and marketing activities and the support of our product, technology, and development efforts; expenses associated with our facilities build out under our 1001 Boylston Street lease, other than those which qualify for landlord reimbursement; payments received in advance from a third-party payment processor; our investments in international markets; and the potential exercise of call rights in the second half of 2022, or the 2022 Call Right, exercisable in our sole discretion, to acquire up to twenty-five percent (25%) of the fully diluted outstanding capitalization of CarOffer at an implied value equal to seven (7) times CarOffer’s trailing twelve months gross profit as of June 30, 2022 (as calculated in accordance with the defined terms and subject to the adjustments set forth in the CarOffer Operating Agreement (as defined in Note 4 to the financial statements contained within our Annual Report)). If the 2022 Call Right is exercised, the consideration to be paid will be in the form of cash and/or shares of our Class A common stock, as determined in our sole discretion. A cash payment made in connection with the 2022 Call Right is reasonably likely to reduce our net cash in future quarters. Cash from operations could also be affected by various risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and other risks detailed in the “Risk Factors” section of this Quarterly Report.

To the extent that existing cash, cash equivalents, and investments and cash from operations are insufficient to fund our future activities, we may need to raise additional funds through a public or private equity or debt financing. Additional funds may not be available on terms favorable to us, or at all.

Operating Activities

Cash provided by operating activities of $93.1 million during the three months ended March 31, 2022 was due primarily to consolidated net income of $18.8 million, adjusted for $14.1 million of stock-based compensation expense for equity classified awards $11.2 million of depreciation and amortization, $2.8 million of amortization of deferred contract costs, and $0.2 million of provision for doubtful accounts, partially offset by $13.1 million of deferred taxes. Cash provided by operating activities was also attributable to a $40.0 million decrease in accounts receivable, net and a $30.1 million increase in accrued expenses, accrued income taxes, and other liabilities. The increases in cash flow from operations were partially offset by a $4.1 million decrease in accounts payable, a $3.0 million increase in deferred contract costs, a $2.1 million increase in prepaid expenses, prepaid income taxes, and other assets, a $1.3 million increase in inventory, and a $0.6 million decrease in lease obligations.

Cash provided by operating activities of $43.9 million during the three months ended March 31, 2021 was due primarily to consolidated net income of $19.6 million, adjusted for $14.4 million of stock-based compensation expense for equity classified awards, $8.7 million of depreciation and amortization, $3.2 million of amortization of deferred contract costs, and $0.4 million of provision for doubtful accounts. Cash provided by operating activities was also attributable to a $4.9 million increase in accounts payable and a $2.9 million increase in deferred revenue. The increases in cash flow from operations were partially offset by a $3.5 million increase in deferred contract costs, a $2.4 million increase in accounts receivable, net, a $1.7 million increase in prepaid expenses, prepaid income taxes, and other assets, a $1.6 million decrease in accrued expenses, accrued income taxes, and other liabilities, and a $0.6 million increase in inventory.

Investing Activities

Cash provided by investing activities of $26.3 million during the three months ended March 31, 2022 was due to $30.0 million in maturities of certificates of deposit, offset by $2.5 million of capitalization of website development costs and $1.2 million of purchases of property and equipment.

Cash used in investing activities of $68.1 million during the three months ended March 31, 2021 was due to $65.9 million of cash paid for acquisitions, net of cash acquired, $1.2 million of purchases of property and equipment and $1.0 million of capitalization of website development costs.

Financing Activities

Cash used in financing activities of $36.9 million during the three months ended March 31, 2022 was due primarily to $23.6 million of payments made to third-party payment processor, $8.5 million of payment of tax distributions to redeemable noncontrolling interest holders, and $5.4 million of payment of withholding taxes on net share settlements of restricted stock units, offset in part by $0.7 million of proceeds from the issuance of common stock related to the exercise of vested stock options.

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Cash used in financing activities of $19.0 million during the three months ended March 31, 2021 was due primarily to $14.3 million of CarOffer's repayment of a line of credit and $5.0 million of payment of withholding taxes on net share settlements of restricted stock units, offset in part by $0.3 million of proceeds from the issuance of common stock related to the exercise of vested stock options.

Contractual Obligations and Known Future Cash Requirements

As of March 31, 2022, there were no material changes in our contractual obligations and commitments from those disclosed in our Annual Report, other than those appearing in the notes to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report, which are hereby incorporated by reference.

Seasonality

Across the retail automotive industry, consumer purchases are typically greatest in the first three quarters of each year, due in part to the introduction of new vehicle models from manufacturers and the seasonal nature of consumer spending. Additionally, the volume of vehicles sold through our CarOffer platform generally fluctuates from quarter to quarter. This seasonality is caused by several factors, including holidays, weather, the timing of used vehicles available for sale from selling customers, the seasonality of the retail market for used vehicles and/or inventory challenges in the automotive industry, which affect the demand side of the wholesale industry. Macroeconomic conditions, such as the global semiconductor chip shortage, can also effect the volume of wholesale vehicle sales. As a result, revenue and cost of revenue related to volume will fluctuate accordingly on a quarterly basis. Typical seasonality trends may not be observed in periods where other external factors more significantly impact the wholesale industry.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, we did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements, or material leases that are less than twelve months in duration, other than leases signed but not commenced, that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future material effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures, or capital resources.

Critical Accounting Estimates

The preparation of the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period.

Although we regularly assess these estimates, actual results could differ materially from these estimates. We base our estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from our estimates if these results differ from historical experience, or other assumptions do not turn out to be substantially accurate, even if such assumptions are reasonable when made. Changes in estimates are recognized in the period in which they become known.

Critical estimates relied upon in preparing the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements include the determination of sales allowance and variable consideration in our revenue recognition, allowance for doubtful accounts, the expensing and capitalization of product, technology, and development costs for website development and internal-use software, the valuation and recoverability of goodwill, intangible assets and other long-lived assets, the valuation of redeemable noncontrolling interest, the recoverability of our net deferred tax assets and related valuation allowance and the valuation of equity and liability-classified compensation awards under ASC Topic 718, Stock-based Compensation, or ASC 718. Accordingly, we consider these to be our critical accounting policies and believe that of our significant accounting policies, these policies involve the greatest degree of judgment and complexity.

For a detailed explanation of the judgments made in these areas, refer to Note 2 to our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in our Annual Report.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

Information concerning recently issued accounting pronouncements may be found in Note 2 to our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report.

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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Market risk represents the risk of loss that may affect our financial position due to adverse changes in financial market prices and rates. We are exposed to market risks as described below.

Interest Rate Risk

As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, we did not have any long-term borrowings.

As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, we had cash, cash equivalents, and investments of $375.0 million and $321.9 million, respectively, which consisted of bank deposits, money market funds and certificates of deposit with maturity dates of nine months.

Such interest-earning instruments carry a degree of interest rate risk. Given recent changes in the interest rate environment and in an effort to ensure liquidity, we expect lower returns from our investments for the foreseeable future. To date, fluctuations in interest income have not been material to the operations of the business.

We do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes and have not used any derivative financial instruments to manage our interest rate risk exposure.

Inflation Risk

We do not believe that inflation has had a material effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations to date. However, if our costs were to become subject to significant inflationary pressures, we may not be able to fully offset such higher costs through price increases. Our inability or failure to do so could harm our business, operating results, and financial condition.

Foreign Currency Exchange Risk

Historically, because our operations and sales have been primarily in the United States, we have not faced any significant foreign currency risk. As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, we had foreign currency exposures in the British pound, the Euro and the Canadian dollar, although such exposure is not significant.

Our foreign subsidiaries have intercompany transactions that are eliminated upon consolidation, and these transactions expose us to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations. Exchange rate fluctuations on short‑term intercompany transactions are recognized within other (expense) income, net in our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Income Statements. Exchange rate fluctuations on long-term intercompany transactions are recognized within accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income in our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Income Statements.

As we seek to grow our international operations in Canada and the United Kingdom, our risks associated with fluctuation in currency rates may become greater, and we will continue to reassess our approach to managing these risks.

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Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act), as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report. Based on such evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded that as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during the period covered by this Quarterly Report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II—OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings.

From time to time we may become involved in legal proceedings or be subject to claims arising in the ordinary course of our business. We are not presently subject to any pending or threatened litigation that we believe, if determined adversely to us, would individually, or taken together, reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect on our business or financial results.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

Investing in our Class A common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below, together with all of the other information contained in this Quarterly Report, including “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes, before evaluating our business. Our business, financial condition, operating results, cash flow, and prospects could be materially and adversely affected by any of these risks or uncertainties. In that event, the trading price of our Class A common stock could decline. See “Special Note Regarding Forward‑Looking Statements.”

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

Our business has been, and we expect it to continue to be, adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused an international health crisis and resulted, and may continue to result, in significant disruptions to the global economy as well as businesses and capital markets around the world. More transmissible and contagious variants have caused an increase in the number of COVID-19 cases globally. The continued impact of COVID-19 cannot be predicted at this time, and could depend on a number of factors, including the availability of vaccines in different parts of the world, vaccination rates among the population, and the effectiveness of vaccines against any variants.

Our operations have been and may continue to be materially adversely affected by a range of factors related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Fluctuation in infection rates in the regions in which we operate has resulted in periodic changes in restrictions that vary from region to region and may require rapid response to new or reinstated orders. Many of these orders resulted in, and may continue to result in, restrictions on the ability of consumers to buy and sell automobiles by restricting operations at dealerships and/or by closing or reducing the services provided by certain service providers upon which dealerships rely. In addition, these restrictions and continued concern about the spread of the disease have impacted car shopping by consumers and disrupted the operations of car dealerships, which has adversely affected and may continue to adversely affect the market for automobile purchases.

The automotive industry is also facing, and may continue to face, inventory supply problems, including for reasons attributable to the COVID-19 pandemic and other macroeconomic issues, such as the global semiconductor chip shortage, and the war in Ukraine and Russian sanctions. This decline in vehicle inventory has led to an increase in bids per vehicle at auction and corresponding increases to wholesale auction prices. As the price of replenishing inventory through wholesale auctions has increased, dealers have increased, and may continue to increase, the prices they charge consumers. A high volume of price increases on vehicle sales at a rapid rate could impact our proprietary IMV and distribution of Deal Ratings. In addition, if our paying dealers continue to operate at reduced inventory levels or with increased costs, they may reduce or be unwilling to increase their advertising spend with us and/or may terminate their subscriptions prior to the commencement of the applicable renewal term. Our ability to add new paying dealers or increase our fees with dealers may be impeded if dealers perceive they have less of a need for our products and services because of their limited inventory. Inventory challenges in the automotive industry have adversely impacted, and could continue to adversely impact, the amount of inventory on our websites and have contributed to higher prices and reduced lease options for new vehicles, which in turn has reduced, and may continue to reduce, consumer demand, which could contribute to a decline in the number of consumer visits to our websites and/or the number of connections between consumers and dealers through our marketplaces. These inventory-related issues and other macroeconomic issues may materially and adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

As a result of the travel and commerce restrictions that have been implemented or that may be implemented as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and new variants, and the corresponding impact on their businesses, a number of our dealer customers have, or are, temporarily closed or are operating on a reduced capacity, and many dealerships are facing significant financial challenges. Such closures and circumstances led, and may in the future lead, some paying dealers to cancel their subscriptions and/or reduce their spending with us, which has had and may continue to have a material adverse effect on our revenues and on our business. Additionally, we reduced our spending on brand advertising and traffic acquisition at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in response to increasing cancelations and reduced consumer demand, which contributed to a year-over-year decline in the number of consumers using our platform for each of the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, which in turn may continue to materially and adversely affect our

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business. While we have since restored a portion of that historical consumer spend, we may not in the future fully restore prior spending levels if we elect to redirect our investments elsewhere, including in favor of new product development. If such a strategy were not to result in the benefits that we expect, our business could be harmed. Our business relies on the ability of consumers to borrow funds to acquire automobiles and banks and other financing companies may limit or restrict lending to consumers as a result of the economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, which may also materially and adversely affect our business.

Further, in the past, we have taken measures to help our paying dealers maintain their business health during the COVID-19 pandemic, including by proactively reducing the subscription fees for paying dealers for certain service periods, and we may decide to re-institute further billing relief as we continue to assess the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on our paying dealers and business operations. Any further billing relief could result in a decline in our revenue and have a material adverse effect to our business. During the COVID-19 pandemic, we have also experienced, and may continue to experience, increased account delinquencies from dealer customers challenged by the COVID-19 pandemic that failed to pay us on time or at all.

These effects from the COVID-19 pandemic on our revenue caused us to implement certain cost-savings measures across our business, which previously disrupted our business and operations and, if we implement future similar cost saving measures, may affect our future business and operations and may yield unintended consequences, such as loss of key employees, increased costs in hiring new employees, undesired attrition, and the risk that we may not achieve the anticipated cost savings at the levels we expect, any of which may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and/or financial condition.

We continue to monitor and assess the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, including the effects of variants, on our commercial operations, including the impact on our revenue. However, we cannot at this time accurately predict what effects these conditions will ultimately have on our operations due to uncertainties relating to the duration of the pandemic, the extent and effectiveness of governmental responses and other preventative, treatment and containment actions or developments, including the distribution and acceptance of vaccines, shifts in behavior going forward, and the length or severity of the travel and commerce restrictions that are currently in effect and may be imposed in the future by relevant governmental authorities. Nor can we predict the adverse impact on the global economies and financial markets in which we operate, which may have a significant negative impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business is substantially dependent on our relationships with dealers. If a significant number of dealers terminate their subscription agreements with us, our business and financial results would be materially and adversely affected.

A significant source of our revenue consists of subscription fees paid to us by dealers for access to enhanced features on our automotive marketplaces. Our subscription agreements with dealers generally may be terminated by us with 30 days’ notice and by dealers with 30 days’ notice prior to the commencement of the applicable renewal term. The majority of our contracts with dealers currently provide for one-month committed terms and do not contain contractual obligations requiring a dealer to maintain its relationship with us beyond the committed term. Accordingly, these dealers may cancel their subscriptions with us in accordance with the terms of their subscription agreements. A dealer’s decision to cancel its subscription with us may be influenced by several factors, including national and regional dealership associations, national and local regulators, automotive manufacturers, consumer groups, and consolidated dealer groups. If any of these influential groups indicate that dealers should not enter into or maintain subscription agreements with us, this belief could become shared by dealers and we may lose a number of our paying dealers. If a significant number of our paying dealers terminate their subscriptions with us, our business and financial results would be materially and adversely affected.

If we fail to maintain or increase the number of dealers that pay subscription fees to us, or fail to maintain or increase the fees paid to us for subscriptions, our business and financial results would be materially and adversely affected.

As a result of the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, many paying dealers cancelled their subscriptions with us (including, in some cases, with our permission prior to the end of the applicable contract term and notice period), and it is possible that additional dealers will cancel their subscriptions in the future for a variety of reasons, including as a result of the continuing effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. If paying dealers do not receive the volume of consumer connections that they expect during their subscription period, do not experience the level of car sales they expect from those connections, or fail to attribute consumer connections or sales to our platform, they may terminate their subscriptions prior to the commencement of the applicable renewal term. If we fail to maintain or expand our base of paying dealers or fail to maintain or increase the level of fees that we receive from them, our business and financial results would be materially and adversely affected.

We allow dealers to list their inventory in CarGurus marketplaces for free; however, we impose certain limitations on such free listings, such as capping the number of leads that non-paying dealers in the U.S. may receive, not displaying non-paying dealer identity and contact information, and prohibiting access to the paid features of our marketplaces. We continue to adapt our free listings product, Restricted Listings, in our CarGurus marketplaces and in the future, we may decide to impose additional restrictions on Restricted Listings or modify the services available to non-paying dealers. These changes to our Restricted Listings product may result in less inventory being displayed to consumers, which may impair our efforts to attract consumers, and cause paying and non-paying dealers to receive fewer leads and connections, which may make it more difficult for us to convert non-paying dealers to paying dealers or

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maintain or expand our base of paying dealers. If dealers do not subscribe to our paid offerings at the rates we expect, our business and financial results would be materially and adversely affected.

If we fail to continue to realize transaction synergies from our acquisition of a 51% interest in CarOffer, or if the CarOffer business and/or our combined offerings such as IMCO fail to continue to grow at the rate we expect, our revenue and business would be significantly harmed.

In January 2021 we completed our acquisition of a 51% interest in CarOffer, which added wholesale vehicle acquisition and selling capabilities to our portfolio of dealer offerings. In 2021, this acquisition also helped facilitate our launch of a newer consumer offering, IMCO, which allows consumers in certain states to sell their vehicles to dealers entirely online through CarGurus. A significant amount of our revenue is now derived from the wholesale sale of automobiles and IMCO. Continued achievement of our transaction synergies and our ability to continue to grow the CarOffer business and the revenue associated with it depends on a number of factors, including, but not limited to, our ability to continue to: expand the number of dealers engaging on the CarOffer platform; retain existing customers and increase the share of wholesale transactions which they complete on the CarOffer platform; attract prospective customers who have historically purchased or sold vehicles through physical auctions and may choose not to transact online; and successfully compete with competitors, including other online vehicle auction companies and large, national offline vehicle auction companies that are expanding into the online channel and have launched online auctions in connection with their physical auctions. Additionally, our ability to continue to grow IMCO and the revenue associated with it also depends on a number of factors, including, but not limited to, our ability to continue to: effectively scale and market IMCO; attract prospective consumers to sell their vehicles online through IMCO; and successfully compete with competitors, including online dealerships. If our anticipated transaction synergies do not fully materialize or the CarOffer business and/or IMCO fail to continue to grow at the rate we expect, our revenue and business would be significantly harmed.

Industry conditions such as a significant change in vehicle retail prices or a decline in the used vehicle inventory supply coming to the wholesale market could also adversely impact CarOffer’s business and growth. For example, if retail prices for used vehicles rise relative to retail prices for new vehicles, it could make buying a new vehicle more attractive to consumers than buying a used vehicle, which could result in reduced used vehicle wholesale sales on the CarOffer platform. Used vehicle dealers may also decide to retail more of their vehicles on their own rather than selling them on the CarOffer platform, which could adversely impact the volume of vehicles offered for sale on the CarOffer platform and the demand for those used vehicles. Inventory challenges in the automotive industry, including for reasons attributable to the COVID-19 pandemic, has contributed and could continue to contribute to a decrease in the supply of vehicles coming to the wholesale market and reduce the number of vehicles sold on the CarOffer platform and/or transacted via IMCO. An inability by CarOffer to retain customers and/or increase or find alternative sources of vehicle supply would adversely impact our revenue and business.

If dealers or other advertisers reduce their advertising spending with us and we are unable to replace the reduced advertising spending, our advertising revenue and business would be harmed.

A portion of our revenue is derived from advertising revenues generated primarily through advertising sales, including on-site advertising and audience targeting services, to dealers, auto manufacturers, and other auto-related brand advertisers. We compete for this advertising revenue with other online automotive marketplaces and with television, print media, and other traditional advertising channels. Our ability to attract and retain advertisers and to generate advertising revenue depends on a number of factors, including our ability to: increase the number of consumers using our marketplaces; compete effectively for advertising spending with other online automotive marketplaces; continue to develop our advertising products; keep pace with changes in technology and the practices and offerings of our competitors; and offer an attractive ROI to our advertisers for their advertising spend with us.

Our agreements with dealers for advertising generally include terms ranging from one month to one year and may be terminated by us with 30 days’ notice and by dealers with 30 days’ notice prior to the commencement of the applicable renewal term. The contracts do not contain contractual obligations requiring an advertiser to maintain its relationship with us beyond the committed term. Certain of our other advertising contracts, including those with auto manufacturers, typically do not have ongoing commitments to advertise in our marketplaces beyond a committed term. As a result of the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, some advertisers cancelled or reduced their advertising with us and it is possible that advertising customers will cancel or reduce their advertising with us in the future for a variety of reasons, including as a result of the continuing effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, the year-over-year decline in the number of consumer visits to our sites as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in the delivery of fewer impressions for our advertising customers than anticipated year-over-year for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, which has caused, and may continue to cause, an adverse impact on our advertising revenues. We may not succeed in capturing a greater share of our advertisers’ spending if we are unable to convince advertisers of the effectiveness or superiority of our advertising offerings as compared to alternative channels. If current advertisers reduce their advertising spending with us and we are unable to replace such reduced advertising spending, our advertising revenue and business and financial results would be harmed.

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If we are unable to provide a compelling vehicle search experience to consumers through our platform, the number of connections between consumers and dealers using our marketplaces may decline and our business and financial results would be materially and adversely affected.

If we fail to continue to provide a compelling vehicle search experience to consumers, the number of connections between consumers and dealers through our marketplaces could decline, which in turn could lead dealers to suspend listing their inventory in our marketplaces, cancel their subscriptions, or reduce their spending with us. If dealers pause or cancel listing their inventory in our marketplaces, we may not be able to attract a large consumer audience, which may cause other dealers to pause or cancel their use of our marketplaces. This reduction in the number of dealers using our marketplaces would likely materially and adversely affect our marketplaces and our business and financial results. As consumers increasingly use their mobile devices to access the internet and our marketplaces, our success depends, in part, on our ability to provide consumers with a robust and user-friendly experience through their mobile devices. We believe that our ability to provide a compelling vehicle search experience, both on desktop computers and through mobile devices, is subject to a number of factors, including our ability to: maintain attractive marketplaces for consumers and dealers; continue to innovate and introduce products for our marketplaces; launch new products that are effective and have a high degree of consumer engagement; display a wide variety of automobile inventory to attract more consumers to our websites; provide mobile applications that engage consumers; maintain the compatibility of our mobile applications with operating systems, such as iOS and Android, and with popular mobile devices running such operating systems; and access and analyze a sufficient amount of data to enable us to provide relevant information to consumers, including pricing information and accurate vehicle details.

Any inability by us to develop new products, or achieve widespread consumer and dealer adoption of those products, could negatively impact our business and financial results.

Our success depends on our continued innovation to provide products that make our marketplaces, websites, and mobile applications useful for consumers and dealers or that otherwise provide value to consumers and dealers. For example, during 2021 we launched IMCO in furtherance of our evolution to a transaction-enabled marketplace. We also continue to develop digital retail offerings, including those that expand a dealer’s geographic footprint and others that bring additional elements of the car buying experience online through our websites. A failure by us to capture the benefits that we expect from our rollout of IMCO and these digital retail investments could have an adverse effect on our business and financial results.

In addition to introducing new offerings within our existing products, we anticipate that over time we may reach a point when investments in our current products are less productive and the growth of our revenue will require more focus on developing new products for consumers and dealers. These new products, in the aggregate, must be widely adopted by consumers and dealers in order for us to continue to attract consumers to our marketplaces and dealers to our products and services. Accordingly, we must continually invest resources in product, technology, and development in order to improve the attractiveness and comprehensiveness of our marketplaces and their related products and effectively incorporate new internet and mobile technologies into them. Our ability to engage in these activities may decline as a result of the continued impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and any cost-savings initiatives on our business. These product, technology, and development expenses may include costs of hiring additional personnel, engaging third-party service providers and conducting other research and development activities. There can be no assurance that innovations to our products like IMCO, or the development of future products, will increase consumer or dealer engagement, achieve market acceptance, create additional revenue or become profitable. In addition, revenue relating to new products is typically unpredictable and our new products may have lower gross margins, lower retention rates, and higher marketing and sales costs than our existing products. We are likely to continue to modify our pricing models for both existing and new products so that our prices for our offerings reflect the value those offerings are providing to consumers and dealers. Our pricing models may not effectively reflect the value of products to dealers, and, if we are unable to provide marketplaces and products that consumers and dealers want to use, they may reduce or cease the use of our marketplaces and products. Without innovative marketplaces and related products, we may be unable to attract additional, unique consumers or retain current consumers, which could affect the number of dealers that become paying dealers and the number of advertisers that want to advertise in our marketplaces, as well as the amounts that they are willing to pay for our products, which could, in turn, negatively impact our business and financial results.

We rely on internet search engines to drive traffic to our websites, and if we fail to appear prominently in the search results, our traffic would decline and our business would be adversely affected.

We rely, in part, on internet search engines such as Google, Bing, and Yahoo! to drive traffic to our websites. The number of consumers we attract to our marketplaces from search engines is due in part to how and where our websites rank in unpaid search results. These rankings can be affected by a number of factors, many of which are not under our direct control and may change frequently. For example, when a consumer searches for a vehicle in an internet search engine, we rely on a high organic search ranking of our webpages to refer the consumer to our websites. Our competitors’ internet search engine optimization efforts may result in their websites receiving higher search result rankings than ours, or internet search engines could change their methodologies in a way that would adversely affect our search result rankings. If internet search engines modify their methodologies in ways that are detrimental to us, if our efforts to improve our search engine optimization are unsuccessful or less successful than our competitors’ internet search engine optimization efforts, our ability to attract a large consumer audience could diminish and traffic to our marketplaces could decline. In addition, internet

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search engine providers could provide dealer and pricing information directly in search results, align with our competitors, or choose to develop competing products. Reductions in our own search advertising spend or more aggressive spending by our competitors could also cause us to incur higher advertising costs and/or reduce our market visibility to prospective users. Our websites have experienced fluctuations in organic and paid search result rankings in the past, and we anticipate fluctuations in the future. Any reduction in the number of consumers directed to our websites through internet search engines could harm our business and operating results.

We may be unable to maintain or grow relationships with data providers, or may experience interruptions in the data they provide, which may create a less valuable or transparent shopping experience and negatively affect our business and operating results.

We obtain data from many third-party data providers, including inventory management systems, automotive website providers, customer relationship management systems, dealer management systems, governmental entities, and third-party data licensors. Our business relies on our ability to obtain data for the benefit of consumers and dealers using our marketplaces. For example, our success in each market is dependent in part upon our ability to obtain and maintain inventory data and other vehicle information for those markets. The large amount of inventory and vehicle information available in our marketplaces is critical to the value we provide for consumers. The loss or interruption of such inventory data or other vehicle information could decrease the number of consumers using our marketplaces. We could experience interruptions in our data access for a number of reasons, including difficulties in renewing our agreements with data providers, changes to the software used by data providers, efforts by industry participants to restrict access to data, increased fees we may be charged by data providers and the continuing effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Our marketplaces could be negatively affected if any current provider terminates its relationship with us or our service from any provider is interrupted. If there is a material disruption in the data provided to us, the information that we provide to consumers and dealers using our marketplaces may be limited. In addition, the quality, accuracy, and timeliness of this information may suffer, which may lead to a less valuable and less transparent shopping experience for consumers using our marketplaces and could negatively affect our business and operating results.

The failure to build, maintain and protect our brands would harm our ability to attract a large consumer audience and to expand the use of our marketplaces by consumers and dealers.

While we are focused on building our brand recognition, maintaining and enhancing our brands will depend largely on the success of our efforts to maintain the trust of consumers and dealers and to deliver value to each consumer and dealer using our marketplaces. Our ability to protect our brands is also impacted by the success of our efforts to optimize our significant brand spend and overcome the intense competition in brand marketing across our industry, including competitors that may imitate our messaging. In addition, we have reduced our brand spend in comparison to our pre-COVID-19 pandemic levels, and it is possible that we may in the future decide to further suppress such spend depending on the continued impact of the COVID-19 pandemic or other macro-economic effects. If consumers believe that we are not focused on providing them with a better automobile shopping experience, or if we fail to overcome brand marketing competition and maintain a differentiated value proposition in consumers’ minds, our reputation and the strength of our brands may be adversely affected.

Complaints or negative publicity about our business practices and culture, our management team and employees, our marketing and advertising campaigns, our compliance with applicable laws and regulations, the integrity of the data that we provide to consumers, data privacy and security issues, and other aspects of our business, irrespective of their validity, could diminish consumers’ and dealers’ confidence and participation in our marketplaces and could adversely affect our brands. There can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain or enhance our brands, and failure to do so would harm our business growth prospects and operating results.

Portions of our platform enable consumers and dealers using our marketplaces to communicate with one another and other persons seeking information or advice on the internet. Claims of defamation or other injury could be made against us for content posted on our websites. In addition, negative publicity and user sentiment generated as a result of fraudulent or deceptive conduct by users of our marketplaces could damage our reputation, reduce our ability to attract new users or retain our current users, and diminish the value of our brands.

Our recent, rapid growth is not indicative of our future growth, and our revenue growth rate in the future is uncertain, including due to the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Our revenue increased to (i) $951.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 from $551.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, representing a 73% increase between such periods, and (ii) $430.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 from $171.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021, representing a 151% increase between such periods. Our revenue for the remainder of 2022 and beyond may not grow at such a rate and could potentially be impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, as it was for the year ended December 31, 2020. In addition, we will not be able to grow as expected, or at all, if we fail to: increase the number of consumers using our marketplaces; maintain and expand the number of dealers that subscribe to our marketplaces and maintain and increase the fees that they are paying; attract and retain advertisers placing advertisements in our marketplaces; further improve the quality of our marketplaces and introduce high quality new products; and increase the number of connections between consumers and dealers using our marketplaces and connections to paying dealers, in particular. If our revenue declines or fails to grow, investors’ perceptions of our business may be adversely affected, and the market price of our Class A common stock could decline.

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We may require additional capital to pursue our business objectives and respond to business opportunities, challenges, or unforeseen circumstances. If we are unable to generate sufficient cash flows or if capital is not available to us, our business, operating results, financial condition, and prospects could be adversely affected.

If we are unable to generate sufficient cash flows, we would require additional capital to pursue our business objectives and respond to business opportunities, challenges, or unforeseen circumstances, including the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as to make marketing expenditures to improve our brand awareness, develop new products, further improve our platform and existing products, enhance our operating infrastructure, and acquire complementary businesses and technologies. Accordingly, we may need to engage in equity or debt financings to secure additional funds. However, additional funds may not be available when we need them on terms that are acceptable to us or at all. Volatility in the equity and credit markets, including due to the COVID-19 pandemic, may also have an adverse effect on our ability to obtain equity or debt financing. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us when we require it, our ability to continue to pursue our business objectives and to respond to business opportunities, challenges, or unforeseen circumstances could be significantly limited, and our business, operating results, financial condition, and prospects could be adversely affected.

Our international operations involve risks that may differ from, or are in addition to, our domestic operational risks.

In addition to the United States, we operate marketplaces in the United Kingdom and Canada, which are less familiar competitive environments and involve various risks, including the need to invest significant resources and the likelihood that returns on such investments will not be achieved for several years, or possibly at all. We have incurred losses in prior periods in the United Kingdom and Canada and may incur losses there again in the future. We also face various other challenges in those jurisdictions. For example, our competitors may be more established or otherwise better positioned than we are to succeed in the United Kingdom and Canada. Our competitors may offer services to dealers that make dealers dependent on them, such as hosting dealers’ websites and providing inventory feeds for dealers, which would make it difficult to attract dealers to our marketplaces. Dealers may also be parties to agreements with other dealers and syndicates that prevent them from being able to access our marketplaces. Any of these barriers could impede our operations in our international markets, which could affect our business and potential growth.

In addition to English, we have made portions of our marketplaces available in French and Spanish. We may have difficulty in modifying our technology and content for use in non-English-speaking market segments or gaining acceptance by users in non-English-speaking market segments. Our ability to manage our business and conduct our operations internationally requires considerable management attention and resources, and is subject to the particular challenges of supporting a business in an environment of multiple languages, cultures, customs, legal and regulatory systems, alternative dispute resolution systems, and commercial infrastructures. Operating internationally may subject us to different risks or increase our exposure in connection with current risks, including risks associated with: recruiting, managing and retaining qualified multilingual employees, including sales personnel; adapting our websites and mobile applications to conform to local consumer behavior; increased competition from local websites and mobile applications and potential preferences by local populations for local providers; compliance with applicable foreign laws and regulations, including different privacy, censorship, and liability standards and regulations, and different intellectual property laws; providing solutions in different languages and for different cultures, which may require that we modify our solutions and features so they are culturally relevant in different countries; the enforceability of our intellectual property rights; credit risk and higher levels of payment fraud; compliance with anti-bribery laws, including compliance with the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the United Kingdom Bribery Act; currency exchange rate fluctuations; adverse changes in trade relationships among foreign countries and/or between the United States and such countries, including as related to the United Kingdom’s exit from the European Union, or the EU, commonly referred to as “Brexit”; double taxation of our international earnings and potentially adverse tax consequences arising from the tax laws of the United States or the foreign jurisdictions in which we operate; and higher costs of doing business internationally.

Dealer closures or consolidations could reduce demand for our products, which may decrease our revenue.

In the past, the number of United States dealers has declined due to dealership closures and consolidations as a result of factors such as global economic downturns or other macroeconomic issues. When dealers consolidate, the services they previously purchased separately are often purchased by the combined entity in a lesser quantity or for a lower aggregate price than before, leading to volume compression and loss of revenue. Further dealership consolidations or closures could reduce the aggregate demand for our products and services. If dealership closures and consolidations occur in the future, our business, financial position and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

We depend on key personnel to operate our business, and if we are unable to retain, attract and integrate qualified personnel, or if we experience turnover of our key personnel, our ability to develop and successfully grow our business could be materially and adversely affected.

We believe our success has depended, and continues to depend, on the efforts and talents of our executives and employees. Our future success depends on our continuing ability to attract, develop, motivate, and retain highly qualified and skilled employees. Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, we have encountered increased rates of turnover of our employee base and encountered intense competition for retaining and attracting qualified and skilled employees. Accordingly, we have incurred, and we may continue to incur,

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significant costs to attract new employees and retain existing ones, and we may in the future become less competitive in attracting and retaining employees as a result of any expense reduction efforts that we may initiate or our compliance with any COVID-19 healthcare standards to which we may become subject.

In addition, any unplanned turnover or our failure to develop an adequate succession plan for any of our executive officers or key employees, or the reduction in their involvement in the management of our business, could materially adversely affect our ability to execute our business plan and strategy, and we may not be able to find adequate replacements on a timely basis, or at all. Our executive officers and other employees are at-will employees, which means they may terminate their employment relationships with us at any time, and their knowledge of our business and industry would be extremely difficult to replace. We cannot ensure that we will be able to retain the services of any members of our senior management or other key employees. If we do not succeed in attracting well-qualified employees or retaining and motivating existing employees, our business could be materially and adversely affected. Additionally, we may face risks related to the transitions that occurred in our senior management team during 2021 and other future transitions in our leadership team, including the disruption of our operations and the depletion of our institutional knowledge base.

We may be subject to disputes regarding the accuracy of Instant Market Values, Deal Ratings, Dealer Ratings, New Car Price Guidance and other features of our marketplaces.

We provide consumers using our CarGurus marketplaces with our proprietary IMV, Deal Ratings, and Dealer Ratings, as well as other features to help them evaluate vehicle listings, including price guidance for new car listings, or New Car Price Guidance. Our valuation models depend on the inventory listed on our sites as well as public information regarding automotive sales. If the inventory on our site declines significantly, or if the number of automotive sales declines significantly or used car sales prices become volatile, whether as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic or otherwise, our valuation models may not perform as expected. Revisions to or errors in our automated valuation models, or the algorithms that underlie them, may cause the IMV, the Deal Rating, New Car Price Guidance, or other features to vary from our expectations regarding the accuracy of these tools. In addition, from time to time, regulators, consumers, dealers and other industry participants may question or disagree with our IMV, Deal Rating, Dealer Rating or New Car Price Guidance. Any such questions or disagreements could result in distraction from our business or potentially harm our reputation, could result in a decline in consumers’ confidence in, or use of, our marketplaces and could result in legal disputes.

We are subject to a complex framework of laws and regulations, many of which are unsettled, still developing and contradictory, which have in the past, and could in the future, subject us to claims, challenge our business model, or otherwise harm our business.

Various aspects of our business are, may become, or may be viewed by regulators from time to time as subject, directly or indirectly, to United States federal, state and local laws and regulations, and to foreign laws and regulations.

Local Motor Vehicle Sales, Advertising and Brokering, and Consumer Protection Laws

The advertising and sale of new and used motor vehicles is highly regulated by the jurisdictions in which we do business. Although we do not sell motor vehicles, and although we believe that vehicle listings on our sites are not themselves advertisements, regulatory authorities or third parties could take the position that some of the laws or regulations applicable to dealers or to the manner in which motor vehicles are advertised and sold generally are directly applicable to our business. These advertising laws and regulations are frequently subject to multiple interpretations and are not uniform from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, sometimes imposing inconsistent requirements with respect to new or used motor vehicles. If our marketplaces and related products are determined to not comply with relevant regulatory requirements, we or dealers could be subject to civil and criminal penalties, including fines, or the award of significant damages in class actions or other civil litigation, as well as orders interfering with our ability to continue providing our marketplaces and related products and services in certain jurisdictions. In addition, even absent such a determination, to the extent dealers are uncertain about the applicability of such laws and regulations to our business, we may lose, or have difficulty increasing the number of paying dealers, which would affect our future growth.

If regulators or other third parties take the position that our marketplaces or related products violate applicable brokering, bird-dog, consumer protection, consumer finance or advertising laws or regulations, responding to such allegations could be costly, could require us to pay significant sums in settlements, could require us to pay civil and criminal penalties, including fines, could interfere with our ability to continue providing our marketplaces and related products in certain jurisdictions, or could require us to make adjustments to our marketplaces and related products or the manner in which we derive revenue from dealers using our platform, any or all of which could result in substantial adverse publicity, termination of subscriptions by dealers, decreased revenues, distraction for our employees, increased expenses, and decreased profitability.

Federal Laws and Regulations

The United States Federal Trade Commission, or the FTC, has the authority to take actions to remedy or prevent acts or practices that it considers to be unfair or deceptive and that affect commerce in the United States. If the FTC takes the position in the future that any aspect of our business, including our advertising and privacy practices, constitutes an unfair or deceptive act or practice, responding to such allegations could require us to defend our practices and pay significant damages, settlements, and civil penalties, or could require

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us to make adjustments to our marketplaces and related products and services, any or all of which could result in substantial adverse publicity, distraction for our employees, loss of participating dealers, lost revenues, increased expenses, and decreased profitability.

Our platforms enable us, dealers, and users to send and receive text messages and other mobile phone communications. The Telephone Consumer Protection Act, or the TCPA, as interpreted and implemented by the United States Federal Communications Commission, or the FCC, and federal and state courts, impose significant restrictions on utilization of telephone calls and text messages to residential and mobile telephone numbers as a means of communication, particularly if the prior express consent of the person being contacted has not been obtained. Violations of the TCPA may be enforced by the FCC, by state attorneys general, or by others through litigation, including class actions. Furthermore, several provisions of the TCPA, as well as applicable rules and orders, are open to multiple interpretations, and compliance may involve fact-specific analyses.

Any failure by us, or the third parties on which we rely, to adhere to, or successfully implement, appropriate processes and procedures in response to existing or future laws and regulations could result in legal and monetary liability, fines and penalties, or damage to our reputation in the marketplace, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Even if the claims are meritless, we may be required to expend resources and pay costs to defend against regulatory actions or third-party claims. Additionally, any change to applicable laws or their interpretations that further restricts the way consumers and dealers interact through our platforms, or any governmental or private enforcement actions related thereto, could adversely affect our ability to attract customers and could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

Antitrust and Other Laws

Antitrust and competition laws prohibit, among other things, any joint conduct among competitors that would lessen competition in the marketplace. A governmental or private civil action alleging the improper exchange of information, or unlawful participation in price maintenance or other unlawful or anticompetitive activity, even if unfounded, could be costly to defend and could harm our business, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.

Claims could be made against us under both United States and foreign laws, including claims for defamation, libel, invasion of privacy, false advertising, intellectual property infringement, or claims based on other theories related to the nature and content of the materials disseminated by our marketplaces and on portions of our websites. Our defense against any of these actions could be costly and involve significant time and attention of our management and other resources. If we become liable for information transmitted in our marketplaces, we could be directly harmed and we may be forced to implement new measures to reduce our exposure to this liability.

The foregoing description of laws and regulations to which we are or may be subject is not exhaustive, and the regulatory framework governing our operations is subject to continuous change. We are, and we will continue to be, exposed to legal and regulatory risks including with respect to privacy, tax, law enforcement, content, intellectual property, competition, and other matters. The enactment of new laws and regulations or the interpretation of existing laws and regulations, both domestically and internationally, may affect the operation of our business, directly or indirectly, which could result in substantial regulatory compliance costs, civil or criminal penalties, including fines, adverse publicity, loss of subscribing dealers, lost revenues, increased expenses, and decreased profitability. Further, investigations by governmental agencies, including the FTC, into allegedly anticompetitive, unfair, deceptive or other business practices by us or dealers using our marketplaces, could cause us to incur additional expenses and, if adversely concluded, could result in substantial civil or criminal penalties and significant legal liability, or orders requiring us to make adjustments to our marketplaces and related products and services.

Our business is subject to risks related to the larger automotive industry ecosystem, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, revenue, results of operations, and financial condition.

Decreases in consumer demand could adversely affect the market for automobile purchases and, as a result, reduce the number of consumers using our platform. Consumer purchases of new and used automobiles generally decline during recessionary periods and other periods in which disposable income is adversely affected. Purchases of new and used automobiles are typically discretionary for consumers and have been, and may continue to be, affected by negative trends in the economy, including: the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, the cost of energy and gasoline; the availability and cost of credit; rising interest rates; reductions in business and consumer confidence; stock market volatility; and increased unemployment.

Further, in recent years the market for motor vehicles has experienced rapid changes in technology and consumer demands. Self-driving technology, ride sharing, transportation networks, and other fundamental changes in transportation could impact consumer demand for the purchase of automobiles. A reduction in the number of automobiles purchased by consumers could adversely affect dealers and car manufacturers and lead to a reduction in other spending by these groups, including targeted incentive programs.

In addition, our business has been and may continue to be negatively affected by challenges to the larger automotive industry ecosystem, including global supply chain challenges, the global semiconductor chip shortage, changes to trade policies, including tariff rates and customs duties, trade relations between the United States and China and other macroeconomic issues, including the war in

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Ukraine and Russian sanctions, as well as the ongoing effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. These factors could have a material adverse effect on our business, revenue, results of operations, and financial condition.

We rely on third-party service providers and strategic partners for many aspects of our business, and any failure to maintain these relationships or to successfully integrate certain third-party platforms could harm our business.

Our success depends upon our relationships with third parties, including, among others: our payment processor; our data center hosts; our information technology providers; our data providers for inventory and vehicle information; and our partners for vehicle transportation, inspection and other logistics associated with our CarOffer business and IMCO. If these third parties experience difficulty meeting our requirements or standards, have adverse audit results, violate the terms of our agreements or applicable law, fail to obtain or maintain applicable licenses, or if the relationships we have established with such third parties expire or otherwise terminate, it could make it difficult for us to operate some aspects of our business, which could damage our business and reputation. In addition, if such third-party service providers or strategic partners were to cease operations, temporarily or permanently, face financial distress or other business disruptions, increase their fees, or if our relationships with these providers or partners deteriorate or terminate, whether as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic or otherwise, we could suffer increased costs and we may be unable to provide similar services until an equivalent provider could be found or we could develop replacement technology or operations. In addition, if we are unsuccessful in identifying or finding high-quality partners, if we fail to negotiate cost-effective relationships with them, or if we ineffectively manage these relationships, it could have an adverse impact on our business and financial results.

Our enterprise systems require that we integrate the platforms hosted by certain third-party service providers. We are responsible for integrating these platforms and updating them to maintain proper functionality. Issues with these integrations, our failure to properly update third-party platforms or any interruptions to our internal enterprise systems could harm our business by causing delays in our ability to quote, activate service and bill new and existing customers on our platform.

A significant disruption in service on our websites or mobile applications could damage our reputation and result in a loss of consumers, which could harm our business, brands, operating results, and financial condition.

Our brands, reputation, and ability to attract consumers, dealers, and advertisers depend on the reliable performance of our technology infrastructure and content delivery. We have experienced, and we may in the future experience, interruptions with our systems. Interruptions in these systems, whether due to system failures, computer viruses, ransomware, physical break-ins, electronic breaches, or otherwise, could affect the security or availability of our marketplaces on our websites and mobile applications, and prevent or inhibit the ability of dealers and consumers to access our marketplaces. For example, past disruptions have impacted our ability to activate customer accounts and manage our billing activities in a timely manner. Such interruptions have resulted, and may in the future result, in third parties accessing our confidential and proprietary information, including our intellectual property. Problems with the reliability or security of our systems could harm our reputation, harm our ability to protect our confidential and proprietary information, result in a loss of consumers and dealers, and result in additional costs.

Substantially all of the communications, network, and computer hardware used to operate our platforms is located in the Eastern region of the United States, and internationally near each of London, England and Frankfurt, Germany. Although we can host our U.S. CarGurus’ marketplace from two alternative locations and we believe our systems are redundant, there may be exceptions for certain hardware or software. In addition, we do not own or control the operation of these facilities. We also use third-party hosting services to back up some data but do not maintain redundant systems or facilities for some of the services. A disruption to one or more of these systems has caused, and may in the future cause, us to experience an extended period of system unavailability, which could negatively impact our relationship with consumers, customers and advertisers. Our systems and operations are vulnerable to damage or interruption from fire, flood, power loss, telecommunications failure, terrorist attacks, acts of war, electronic breaches, physical break-ins, computer viruses, earthquakes, and similar events. The occurrence of any of these events could result in damage to our systems and hardware or could cause them to fail. In addition, we may not have sufficient protection or recovery plans in certain circumstances.

Problems faced by our third-party web hosting providers could adversely affect the experience consumers have while using our marketplaces. Our third-party web hosting providers could close their facilities without adequate notice. Any financial difficulties, up to and including bankruptcy, faced by our third-party web hosting providers or any of the service providers whose services they use, which may be exacerbated as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, may have negative effects on our business, the nature and extent of which are difficult to predict. If our third-party web hosting providers are unable to keep up with our capacity needs, our business could be harmed.

Any errors, defects, disruptions, or other performance or reliability problems with our network operations could cause interruptions in access to our marketplaces as well as delays and additional expense in arranging new facilities and services and could harm our reputation, business, operating results, and financial condition. Although we carry insurance, it may not be sufficient to compensate us for the potentially significant losses, including the potential harm to the future growth of our business, that may result from interruptions in our service as a result of system failures.

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We collect, process, store, transfer, share, disclose, and use consumer information and other data, and our actual or perceived failure to protect such information and data or respect users’ privacy could damage our reputation and brands and harm our business and operating results.

Some functions of our marketplaces involve the storage and transmission of consumers’ information, such as IP addresses, contact information of users who connect with dealers, credit applications and other financial data, and profile information of users who create accounts on our marketplaces, as well as dealers’ information. We also process and store personal and confidential information of our vendors, partners, and employees. Some of this information may be private, and security breaches could expose us to a risk of loss or exposure of this information, which could result in potential liability, litigation, and remediation costs. For example, hackers could steal our users’ profile passwords, names, email addresses, phone numbers, and other personal information. We rely on encryption and authentication technology licensed from third parties to effect secure transmission of such information. Like all information systems and technology, our websites, mobile applications, and information systems are subject to computer viruses, break-ins, phishing attacks, attempts to overload the systems with denial-of-service or other attacks, ransomware, and similar incidents or disruptions from unauthorized use of our computer systems, any of which could lead to interruptions, delays, or website shutdowns, and could cause loss of critical data and the unauthorized disclosure, access, acquisition, alteration, and use of personal or other confidential information. If we experience compromises to our security that result in website or mobile application performance or availability problems, the complete shutdown of our websites or mobile applications, or the loss or unauthorized disclosure, access, acquisition, alteration, or use of confidential information, consumers, customers, advertisers, partners, vendors, and employees may lose trust and confidence in us, and consumers may decrease the use of our websites or stop using our websites entirely, dealers may stop or decrease their subscriptions with us, and advertisers may decrease or stop advertising on our websites.

Further, outside parties have attempted and will likely continue to attempt to fraudulently induce employees, consumers, or advertisers to disclose sensitive information in order to gain access to our information or our consumers’, dealers’, advertisers’, and employees’ information. As cyber-attacks increase in frequency and sophistication, our cyber-security and disaster recovery plans may not be effective in anticipating, preventing and effectively responding to all potential cyber-risk exposures. In addition, because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access, disable or degrade service, or sabotage systems change frequently, often are not recognized until after having been launched against a target, and may originate from less regulated and remote areas around the world, we may be unable to proactively address these techniques or to implement adequate preventative measures.

Any or all of the issues above could adversely affect our brand reputation, negatively impact our ability to attract new consumers and increase engagement by existing consumers, cause existing consumers to reduce or stop the use of our marketplaces or close their accounts, cause existing dealers and advertisers to cancel their contracts, cause employees to terminate their employment, cause employment candidates to be unwilling to pursue employment opportunities or accept employment offers, and/or subject us to governmental or third-party lawsuits, investigations, regulatory fines, or other actions or liability, thereby harming our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

There are numerous federal, national, state, and local laws and regulations in the United States and around the world regarding privacy and the collection, processing, storage, sharing, disclosure, use, cross-border transfer, and protection of personal information and other data. These laws and regulations are evolving, are subject to differing interpretations, may be costly to comply with, may result in regulatory fines or penalties, may subject us to third-party lawsuits, may be inconsistent between countries and jurisdictions, and may conflict with other requirements.

We seek to comply with industry standards and are subject to the terms of our privacy policies and privacy-related obligations to third parties, as well as all applicable laws and regulations relating to privacy and data protection. However, it is possible that these obligations may be interpreted and applied in new ways or in a manner that is inconsistent from one jurisdiction to another and may conflict with other rules or our practices and that new regulations could be enacted. Several proposals have recently become effective or are pending, as applicable, before federal, state, local, and foreign legislative and regulatory bodies that could significantly affect our business, including the General Data Protection Regulation in the EU, or the GDPR, which went into effect on May 25, 2018, the California Consumer Privacy Act, or the CCPA, which went into effect on January 1, 2020, and the California Privacy Rights Act, or the CPRA, the Virginia Consumer Data Protection Act, or the VCDPA, each of which goes into effect on January 1, 2023, the Colorado Privacy Act, or the CPA, which goes into effect on July 1, 2023, and the Utah Consumer Privacy Act, or the UCPA, which goes into effect on December 31, 2023. The GDPR and CCPA in particular have already required, and along with the CPRA, VCDPA, CPA, and UCPA, may further require, us to change our policies and procedures and may in the future require us to make changes to our marketplaces and other products. These and other requirements could reduce demand for our marketplaces and other offerings, require us to take on more onerous obligations in our contracts and restrict our ability to store, transfer, and process data, which may seriously harm our business. Similarly, Brexit and the Schrems II decision of the Court of Justice of the EU, which effectively invalided the EU-U.S. Privacy Shield Framework, may require us to change our policies and procedures and, if we are not in compliance, may also seriously harm our business. We may not be entirely successful in our efforts to comply with the evolving regulations to which we are subject due to various factors within our control, such as limited internal resource allocation, or outside our control, such as a lack of vendor cooperation, new regulatory interpretations, or lack of regulatory guidance in respect of certain GDPR, CCPA, CPA, CPRA, VCDPA, or UCPA requirements.

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Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with United States and international data protection laws and regulations, our privacy policies, or our privacy-related obligations to consumers, customers, employees and other third parties, or any compromise of security that results in the unauthorized release or transfer of data, which could include personal information or other user data, may result in governmental investigations, enforcement actions, regulatory fines, litigation, criminal penalties, or public statements against us by consumer advocacy groups or others, and could cause consumers and dealers to lose trust in us, which could significantly impact our brand reputation and have an adverse effect on our business. Additionally, if any third party that we share information with experiences a security breach or fails to comply with its privacy-related legal obligations or commitments to us, such matters may put employee, consumer or dealer information at risk and could in turn expose us to claims for damages or regulatory fines or penalties and harm our reputation, business, and operating results.

Our ability to attract consumers to our own websites and to provide certain services to our customers depends on the collection of consumer data from various sources, which may be restricted by consumer choice, privacy restrictions, and developments in laws, regulations and industry standards.

The success of our consumer marketing and the delivery of internet advertisements for our customers depends on our ability to leverage data, including data that we collect from our customers, data we receive from our publisher partners and third parties, and data from our operations. Using cookies and non-cookie-based technologies, such as mobile advertising identifiers, we collect information about the interactions of users with our customers’ and publishers’ digital properties (including, for example, information about the placement of advertisements and users’ shopping or other interactions with our customers’ websites or advertisements). Our ability to successfully leverage such data depends on our continued ability to access and use such data, which could be restricted by a number of factors, including: increasing consumer adoption of “do not track” mechanisms as a result of legislation including GDPR, CCPA, CPA, CPRA, VCDPA, and UCPA; privacy restrictions imposed by web browser developers, advertising partners or other software developers that impair our ability to understand the preferences of consumers by limiting the use of third-party cookies or other tracking technologies or data indicating or predicting consumer preferences; and new developments in, or new interpretations of, privacy laws, regulations and industry standards.

Each of these developments could materially impact our ability to collect consumer data and deliver relevant internet advertisements to attract consumers to our websites or to deliver targeted advertising for our advertising customers. If we are unsuccessful in evolving our advertising and marketing strategies to adapt to and mitigate these evolving consumer data limitations, our business results could be materially impacted.

We have been, and may again be, subject to intellectual property disputes, which are costly to defend and could harm our business and operating results.

We have been, and expect in the future to be, subject to claims and litigation alleging that we infringe others’ intellectual property rights, including the trademarks, copyrights, patents, and other intellectual property rights of third parties, including from our competitors or non-practicing entities. We may also learn of possible infringement to our trademarks, copyrights, patents, and other intellectual property. In addition, we could be subject to lawsuits where consumers and dealers posting content on our websites disseminate materials that infringe the intellectual property rights of third parties.

Patent and other intellectual property litigation may be protracted and expensive, and the results are difficult to predict and may result in significant settlement costs or payment of substantial damages. Many potential litigants, including patent holding companies, have the ability to dedicate substantially greater resources to enforce their intellectual property rights and to defend claims that may be brought against them. Furthermore, a successful claimant could secure a judgment that requires us to stop offering some features or prevents us from conducting our business as we have historically done or may desire to do in the future. We might also be required to seek a license and pay royalties for the use of such intellectual property, which may not be available on commercially acceptable terms, or at all. Alternatively, we may be required to modify our marketplaces and features while we develop non-infringing substitutes, which could require significant effort and expense and may ultimately not be successful.

In addition, we use open source software in our platform and will use open source software in the future. From time to time, we may face claims from companies that incorporate open source software into their products, claiming ownership of, or demanding release of, the source code, the open source software, or derivative works that were developed using such software, or otherwise seeking to enforce the terms of the applicable open source license. These claims could also result in litigation, require us to purchase a costly license or require us to devote additional product, technology, and development resources to change our platforms or services, any of which would have a negative effect on our business and operating results. Even if these matters do not result in litigation or are resolved in our favor or without significant cash settlements, these matters, and the time and resources necessary to litigate or resolve them, could harm our business, our operating results, and our reputation.

Failure to adequately protect our intellectual property could harm our business and operating results.

Our business depends on our intellectual property, the protection of which is crucial to the success of our business. We rely on a combination of patent, trademark, trade secret, and copyright law and contractual restrictions to protect our intellectual property. In

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addition, we attempt to protect our intellectual property, technology, and confidential information by requiring our employees and consultants to enter into confidentiality and assignment of inventions agreements and third parties to enter into nondisclosure agreements as we deem appropriate. Despite our efforts to protect our proprietary rights, unauthorized parties may attempt to copy aspects of our platform’s features, software, and functionality or obtain and use information that we consider proprietary.

Competitors may adopt trademarks or trade names similar to ours, thereby harming our ability to build brand identity and possibly leading to user confusion. In addition, there could be potential trade name or trademark infringement claims asserted against us by owners of other registered or unregistered trademarks logos or slogans, for our use of registered or unregistered trademarks, logos or slogans, or third party trademarks that incorporate variations of our trademarks. We have registered the CARGURUS and CG logos, as well as the word-mark CARGURUS, in the U.S., Canada, and the United Kingdom. Additionally, CarOffer has a number of registered and unregistered trademarks, including “CarOffer” and the CarOffer logo, and related marks, which CarOffer has registered as trademarks in the U.S.

We currently hold the “CarGurus.com” internet domain name and various other related domain names relating to our brands. The regulation of domain names is subject to change. Regulatory bodies could establish additional top-level domains, appoint additional domain name registrars, or modify the requirements for holding domain names. As a result, we may not be able to acquire or maintain all domain names that use the names of our brands. In addition, third parties have created and may in the future create copycat or squatter domains to deceive consumers, which could harm our brands, interfere with our ability to register domain names, and result in additional costs.

We may be unable to halt the operations of websites that aggregate or misappropriate our data.

From time to time, third parties may misappropriate our data through website scraping, robots, or other means and aggregate this data with data from other sources. In addition, copycat websites may misappropriate data in our marketplaces and attempt to imitate our brands or the functionality of our websites. If we become aware of such activities, we intend to employ technological or legal measures in an attempt to halt their operations. However, we may be unable to detect and remedy all such activities in a timely manner. In some cases, our available remedies may not be adequate to protect us against the impact of such operations. Regardless of whether we can successfully enforce our rights against these third parties, any measures that we may take could require us to expend significant financial or other resources, which could harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition. In addition, to the extent that such activity creates confusion among consumers or advertisers, our brands and business could be harmed.

Seasonality and other factors may cause fluctuations in our operating results and our marketing spend.

Across the retail automotive industry, consumer purchases are typically greatest in the first three quarters of each year, due in part to the introduction of new vehicle models from manufacturers and the seasonal nature of consumer spending, and our consumer-marketing spend generally fluctuates accordingly. This seasonality has not been immediately apparent historically due to the overall growth of other operating expenses. In addition, any reduction of our marketing spend in response to COVID-19-related expense management or otherwise, and shifts in demand from dealers and consumers could impact the efficiency of our marketing spend. As our growth rates moderate or cease, the impact of these seasonality trends and other influences on our results of operations could become more pronounced. In addition, the volume of wholesale vehicle sales fluctuates from quarter to quarter as a result of macroeconomic issues, such as the global semiconductor chip shortage, which may have a corresponding impact on our results of operations. This variability is caused by several factors including the timing of used vehicles available for sale from selling customers, the seasonality of the retail market for used vehicles and/or inventory challenges in the automotive industry, which affect the demand side of the wholesale industry.

Failure to deal effectively with fraud or other illegal activity could lead to potential legal liability, harm our business, cause us to lose paying dealer customers and adversely affect our reputation, financial performance and prospects for growth.

Based on the nature of our business, we are exposed to potential fraudulent and illegal activity in our marketplaces, including: listings of automobiles that are not owned by the purported dealer or that the dealer has no intention of selling at the listed price; receipt of fraudulent leads that we may send to our dealers; and deceptive practices in our peer-to-peer marketplace. The measures we have in place to detect and limit the occurrence of such fraudulent and illegal activity in our marketplaces may not always be effective or account for all types of fraudulent or other illegal activity. Further, the measures that we use to detect and limit the occurrence of fraudulent and illegal activity must be dynamic, as technologies and ways to commit fraud and illegal activity are continually evolving. Failure to limit the impact of fraudulent and illegal activity on our websites could lead to potential legal liability, harm our business, cause us to lose paying dealer customers and adversely affect our reputation, financial performance and prospects for growth.

Risks Related to Our Class A Common Stock

Our founder controls a majority of the voting power of our outstanding capital stock, and, therefore, has control over key decision-making and could control our actions in a manner that conflicts with the interests of other stockholders.

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Primarily by virtue of his holdings in shares of our Class B common stock, which has a ten-to-one voting ratio compared to our Class A common stock, Langley Steinert, our founder, Chairman of the Board and Executive Chairman, is able to exercise voting rights with respect to a majority of the voting power of our outstanding capital stock and therefore has the ability to control the outcome of matters submitted to our stockholders for approval, including the election of directors and any merger, consolidation, or sale of all or substantially all of our assets. This concentrated control could delay, defer, or prevent a change of control, merger, consolidation, or sale of all or substantially all of our assets that our other stockholders support, or conversely this concentrated control could result in the consummation of such a transaction that our other stockholders do not support. This concentrated control could also discourage a potential investor from acquiring our Class A common stock, which might harm the trading price of our Class A common stock. In addition, Mr. Steinert has significant influence in the management and major strategic investments of our company as a result of his position as Executive Chairman, and his ability to control the election or replacement of our directors. As Chairman of the Board and our Executive Chairman, Mr. Steinert owes a fiduciary duty to our stockholders and must act in good faith in a manner he reasonably believes to be in the best interests of our stockholders. If Mr. Steinert’s status as an officer and a director is terminated, his fiduciary duties to our stockholders will also terminate, but his voting power as a stockholder will not be reduced as a result of such termination unless such termination is either made voluntarily by Mr. Steinert or due to Mr. Steinert’s death, or if the sum of the number of shares of our capital stock held by Mr. Steinert, by any Family Member of Mr. Steinert, and by any Permitted Entity of Mr. Steinert (as such capitalized terms are defined in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation attached to our Annual Report as Exhibit 3.1), assuming the exercise and settlement in full of all outstanding options and convertible securities and calculated on an as-converted to Class A common stock basis, is less than 9,091,484 shares. As a stockholder, even a controlling stockholder, Mr. Steinert is entitled to vote his shares in his own interests, which may not always be aligned with the interests of our other stockholders.

We believe that Mr. Steinert’s continued control of a majority of the voting power of our outstanding capital stock is beneficial to us and is in the best interests of our stockholders. In the event that Mr. Steinert no longer controls a majority of the voting power, whether as a result of the disposition of some or all his shares of Class A or Class B common stock, the conversion of the Class B common stock into Class A common stock in accordance with its terms, or otherwise, our business or the trading price of our Class A common stock may be adversely affected.

The multiple class structure of our common stock has the effect of concentrating voting control with our founder and certain other holders of our Class B common stock, which will limit or preclude the ability of our stockholders to influence corporate matters.

Our Class B common stock has ten votes per share and our Class A common stock has one vote per share. Our founder and certain of his affiliates hold a substantial number of the outstanding shares of our Class B common stock and therefore hold a substantial majority of the voting power of our outstanding capital stock. Because of the ten-to-one voting ratio between our Class B and Class A common stock, the holders of our Class B common stock collectively control a majority of the combined voting power of our common stock and therefore are able to control all matters submitted to our stockholders for approval so long as the shares of Class B common stock represent at least 9.1% of all outstanding shares of our Class A and Class B common stock. This concentrated control will limit or preclude the ability of our other stockholders to influence corporate matters for the foreseeable future.

Transfers by holders of Class B common stock will generally result in those transferred shares converting into Class A common stock, subject to limited exceptions, such as certain transfers effected for estate planning or charitable purposes. The conversion of Class B common stock into Class A common stock has had and will continue to have the effect, over time, of increasing the relative voting power of those holders of Class B common stock who retain such shares. If, for example, Mr. Steinert retains a significant portion of his holdings of Class B common stock, he could continue to control a majority of the combined voting power of our outstanding capital stock.

Our status as a “controlled company” could make our Class A common stock less attractive to some investors or otherwise harm the trading price of our Class A common stock.

More than 50% of our voting power is held by Mr. Steinert. As a result, we are a “controlled company” under the corporate governance rules for Nasdaq-listed companies and may elect not to comply with certain Nasdaq corporate governance requirements. We rely and have relied on certain or all of these exemptions. Accordingly, should the interests of our controlling stockholder differ from those of other stockholders, the other stockholders may not have the same protections afforded to stockholders of companies that are subject to all of the corporate governance rules for Nasdaq-listed companies. Our status as a controlled company could make our Class A common stock less attractive to some investors or otherwise harm our stock price.

The trading price of our Class A common stock has been and may continue to be volatile and the value of our stockholders’ investment in our stock could decline.

The trading price of our Class A common stock has been and may continue to be volatile and fluctuate substantially. The trading price of our Class A common stock depends on a number of factors, including those described in this “Risk Factors” section, many of which are beyond our control and may not be related to our operating performance. Factors that could cause fluctuations in the trading price of our Class A common stock include the following: changes in the operating performance and stock market valuations of other technology companies generally, or those in our industry in particular; sales of shares of our Class A common stock by us or our

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stockholders; adverse changes to recommendations regarding our stock by securities analysts that cover us; failure of securities analysts to maintain coverage of us, changes in financial estimates by any securities analysts who follow our company, or our failure to meet these estimates or the expectations of investors; announcements by us or our competitors of new products; the public’s reaction to our issuances of earnings guidance or other public announcements and filing; real or perceived inaccuracies in our key metrics; actions of an activist stockholder; actual or anticipated changes in our operating results or fluctuations in our operating results or developments in our business, our competitors’ businesses, or the competitive landscape generally; litigation involving us or investigations by regulators into our operations or those of our competitors; developments or disputes concerning our proprietary rights; announced or completed acquisitions of businesses or technologies by us or our competitors; new laws or regulations or new interpretations of existing laws or regulations applicable to our business; changes in accounting standards, policies, or guidelines; any significant change in our management; changes in the automobile industry; and general economic conditions, including as related to the continuing effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.

General Risk Factors

We participate in a highly competitive market, and pressure from existing and new companies may adversely affect our business and operating results.

We face significant competition from companies that provide listings, car-shopping information, lead generation, marketing, wholesale, and digital car-buying and -selling services designed to help consumers and dealers shop for cars and to enable dealers to reach these consumers. Our competitors include: online automotive marketplaces and websites; internet search engines; peer-to-peer marketplaces; social media marketplaces; sites operated by automobile dealers; online dealerships; and vehicle auction companies. We compete with these and other companies for a share of dealers’ overall marketing budget for online and offline media marketing spend and we compete with these and other companies in attracting consumers to our websites. To the extent that dealers view alternative marketing and media strategies to be superior to our marketplaces, we may not be able to maintain or grow the number of dealers subscribing to, and advertising on, our marketplaces, and our business and financial results may be adversely affected. We also expect that new competitors will continue to enter the online automotive retail and wholesale industries with competing marketplaces, products, and services, and that existing competitors will expand to offer competing products or services, which could have an adverse effect on our business and financial results.

Our competitors could significantly impede our ability to expand the number of dealers using our marketplaces or could offer discounts that could significantly impede our ability to maintain our pricing structure. Our competitors may also develop and market new technologies that render our existing or future platforms and associated products less competitive, unmarketable, or obsolete. In addition, if our competitors develop platforms with similar or superior functionality to ours, or if our web traffic declines, we may need to decrease our subscription and advertising fees. If we are unable to maintain our current pricing structure due to competitive pressures, our revenue would likely be reduced and our financial results would be negatively affected.

Our existing and potential competitors may have significantly more financial, technical, marketing, and other resources than we have, which may allow them to offer more competitive pricing and the ability to devote greater resources to the development, promotion, and support of their marketplaces, products, and services. They may also have more extensive automotive industry relationships than we have, longer operating histories, and greater name recognition. In addition, these competitors may be able to respond more quickly with technological advances and to undertake more extensive marketing or promotional campaigns than we can. To the extent that any competitor has existing relationships with dealers or auto manufacturers for marketing or data analytics solutions, those dealers and auto manufacturers may be unwilling to partner with us. If we are unable to compete with these competitors, the demand for our marketplaces and related products and services could substantially decline.

We must maintain proper and effective internal control over financial reporting and any failure to maintain the adequacy of these internal controls may adversely affect investor confidence in our company and, as a result, the value of our Class A common stock.

We are required, pursuant to Section 404 and the related rules adopted by the SEC, to furnish a report by management on, among other things, the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting on an annual basis. This assessment includes disclosure of any material weaknesses identified by our management in our internal control over financial reporting. During the evaluation and testing process, if we identify and fail to remediate one or more material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, we will be unable to assert that our internal controls are effective.

In addition, our independent registered public accounting firm must attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting under Section 404. Our independent registered public accounting firm may issue a report that is adverse to us in the event it is not satisfied with the level at which our controls are documented, designed or operating. We may not be able to remediate any future material weaknesses, or to complete our evaluation, testing and required remediation in a timely fashion. We are also required to disclose significant changes made to our internal control procedures on a quarterly basis. Our compliance with Section 404 requires that we incur substantial accounting expense and expend significant management efforts.

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Any failure to maintain internal control over financial reporting could severely inhibit our ability to accurately report our financial condition or results of operations. If we are unable to assert that our internal control over financial reporting is effective or our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to express an opinion on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting when it is required to issue such opinion, we could lose investor confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, the market price of our Class A common stock could decline, and we could be subject to sanctions or investigations by Nasdaq, the SEC or other regulatory authorities.

We expect our results of operations to fluctuate on a quarterly and annual basis.

Our revenue and results of operations could vary significantly from period to period and may fail to match expectations as a result of a variety of factors, some of which are outside of our control, including the continued effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and other macroeconomic issues, such as the global semiconductor chip shortage. Our results may vary as a result of fluctuations in the number of dealers subscribing to our marketplaces, the size and seasonal variability of our advertisers’ marketing budgets, and the impact of vehicle arbitrations in a given quarter in connection with our IMCO product and the wholesale sale of automobiles. As a result of the potential variations in our revenue and results of operations, period-to-period comparisons may not be meaningful and the results of any one period should not be relied on as an indication of future performance. In addition, our results of operations may not meet the expectations of investors or public market analysts who follow us, which may adversely affect the trading price of our Class A common stock.

We could be subject to adverse changes in tax laws, regulations and interpretations, plus challenges to our tax positions.

We are subject to taxation in the United States and certain other jurisdictions in which we operate. Changes in applicable tax laws or regulations may be proposed or enacted that could materially and adversely affect our effective tax rate, tax payments, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. In addition, tax laws and regulations are complex and subject to varying interpretations. There is also uncertainty over sales tax liability as a result of the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc., which could precipitate reactions by legislators, regulators and courts that could adversely increase our tax administrative costs and tax risk, and negatively affect our overall business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. We are also regularly subject to audits by tax authorities. Any adverse development or outcome in connection with any such tax audits, and any other audits or litigation, could materially and adversely impact our effective tax rate, tax payments, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

Confidentiality agreements may not adequately prevent disclosure of our trade secrets and other proprietary information.

In order to protect our technologies and processes, we rely in part on confidentiality agreements with our employees, independent contractors, and other advisors. These agreements may not effectively prevent disclosure of confidential information, including trade secrets, and may not provide an adequate remedy in the event of unauthorized disclosure of confidential information. To the extent that our employees, contractors, or other third parties with whom we do business use intellectual property owned by others in their work for us, disputes may arise as to the rights to related or resulting know-how and inventions. In addition, any changes in, or unexpected interpretations of, intellectual property laws may compromise our ability to enforce our trade secret and intellectual property rights. Costly and time-consuming litigation could be necessary to enforce and determine the scope of our proprietary rights, and failure to obtain or maintain protection of our trade secrets or other proprietary information could harm our business, results of operations, reputation, and competitive position.

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Item 6. Exhibits.

The exhibits listed below are filed or incorporated by reference into this Quarterly Report.

		Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit Number	Exhibit Description	Form	File Number	Filing Date	Exhibit Number	Filed Herewith
10.1	First Amendment to Sublease, dated March 23, 2022, by and between the Registrant and Amylyx Pharmaceuticals, Inc.					X
10.2#	Offer Letter, dated January 17, 2020, by and between the Registrant and Andrea Eldridge.					X
10.3#	Offer Letter, dated November 15, 2021, by and between the Registrant and Dafna Sarnoff.					X
10.4#	Form of Amendment to Performance Restricted Stock Unit Agreement.	10-K	001-38233	February 25, 2022	10.31
10.5	Corrective Amendment, dated May 6, 2022, to Third Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement of CarOffer, LLC, dated November 23, 2021, by and among the Registrant, CarOffer, LLC, TopCo, and CarOffer MidCo, LLC.					X
31.1	Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.					X
31.2	Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.					X
32.1*	Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.					X
32.2*	Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.					X
101.INS	Inline XBRL Instance Document – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded with the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.					X
101.CAL	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.					X
101.DEF	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.					X
101.LAB	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.					X
101.PRE	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.					X
104	The cover page from the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2022, formatted in Inline XBRL.					X

# Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan.

* The certifications furnished in Exhibit 32.1 and Exhibit 32.2 hereto are deemed to accompany this Quarterly Report and will not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, except to the extent that the registrant specifically incorporates it by reference.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

	CarGurus, Inc.
Date: May 9, 2022	By:	/s/ Jason Trevisan
		Jason Trevisan
		Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)
Date: May 9, 2022	By:	/s/ Scot Fredo
		Scot Fredo
		Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)

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EX-10.1

Exhibit 10.1

FIRST Amendment to SUBlease

This FIRST AMENDMENT TO SUBLEASE (this “Amendment”), dated as of March 23, 2022, is entered into by and between CARGURUS, INC., a Delaware corporation (“Sublessor”), and AMYLYX PHARMACEUTICALS, INC., a Delaware corporation (“Sublessee”).

W I T N E S S E T H

WHEREAS, Sublessor and Sublessee are parties that certain Sublease dated as of December 23, 2021, as modified by that certain Sublease Commencement Letter dated January 10, 2022 (the “Sublease”), pursuant to which Sublessee subleases certain premises comprised of 24,393 rentable square feet of space on the entire second (2nd) and third (3rd) floors and a portion of the first (1st) floor (the “Subleased Premises”) of that certain building known and numbered as 121 First Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts (the “Building”), as more fully set forth in the Sublease; and

WHEREAS, Sublessor and Sublessee wish to enter into this Amendment to correct the Monthly Base Rent amounts set forth in the Lease.

NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the covenants herein reserved and contained, and other good and valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of which are hereby acknowledged, Sublessor and Sublessee hereby agree as follows:

1.Recitals; Capitalized Terms. The recitals set forth above are incorporated herein and hereby made an integral part of this Amendment. All capitalized terms not otherwise modified or defined herein shall have the same meanings as are ascribed to them in the Sublease. All references in the Sublease to the “Sublease” or “this Sublease” or “the Sublease” or “herein” or “hereunder” or similar terms or to any section thereof shall mean the Sublease, or such section thereof, as amended by this Amendment.

2.Monthly Base Rent. The first sentence of Section 4 (Monthly Base Rent) of the Sublease is hereby deleted and restated in its entirety as follows:

“Commencing on the date occurring one hundred eighty (180) days after theCommencement Date (the “Rent Commencement Date”), and continuing during the Sublease Term, Sublessee shall pay to Sublessor, base rent (“Base Rent”) at the annual rental rate of (i) $76.00 per rentable square foot in the Subleased Premises from the Rent Commencement Date through the date immediately preceding the first anniversary of the Rent Commencement Date, which is equal to $154,489.00 per month, (ii) $77.90 per rentable square foot in the Subleased Premises from the first anniversary of the Rent Commencement Date through the date immediately preceding the second anniversary of the Rent Commencement Date, which is equal to $158,351.23 per month, and (iii) $79.85 per rentable square foot in the Subleased Premises from the second anniversary of the Rent Commencement Date through the date immediately preceding the third anniversary of the Rent Commencement Date, which is equal to $162,310.01 per month.”

All other terms and conditions of said Section 4 shall continue to apply in all respects.

3.Brokers. Sublessor and Sublessee each represent and warrant to the other that it has had no dealings with any broker or agent in connection with this Amendment. Sublessor and Sublessee each hereby agreed to indemnify and hold the other harmless from and against any claims by any broker or

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agent claiming a commission or other form of compensation by virtue of having dealt with Sublessor or Sublessee, as applicable, with regard to this Amendment.

4.Ratification. Except as expressly modified by this Amendment, the Sublease shall remain in full force and effect, and as further modified by this Amendment, is expressly ratified and confirmed by the parties hereto. This Amendment shall be binding upon and inure to the benefit of the parties hereto and their respective successors and assigns, subject to the provisions of the Sublease regarding assignment and subletting.

5.Governing Law; Interpretation and Partial Invalidity. This Amendment shall be governed and construed in accordance with the laws of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. If any term of this Amendment, or the application thereof to any person or circumstances, shall to any extent be invalid or unenforceable, the remainder of this Amendment, or the application of such term to persons or circumstances other than those as to which it is invalid or unenforceable, shall not be affected thereby, and each term of this Amendment shall be valid and enforceable to the fullest extent permitted by law. The titles for the paragraphs are for convenience only and are not to be considered in construing this Amendment. This Amendment contains all of the agreements of the parties with respect to the subject matter hereof, and supersedes all prior dealings between them with respect to such subject matter. No delay or omission on the part of either party to this Amendment in requiring performance by the other party or exercising any right hereunder shall operate as a waiver of any provision hereof or any rights hereunder, and no waiver, omission, or delay in requiring performance or exercising any right hereunder on any one occasion shall be construed as a bar to or waiver of such performance or right on any future occasion.

6.Binding Agreement. This document shall become effective and binding only upon (a) the execution and delivery of this Amendment by both Sublessor and Sublessee, and (b) Lessor’s consent to this Amendment.

7.Counterparts and Authority. This Amendment may be executed in one or more counterparts and, when executed by each party, shall constitute an agreement binding on all parties notwithstanding that all parties are not signatories to the original or the same counterpart provided that all parties are furnished a copy or copies thereof reflecting the signature of all parties. Transmission of a facsimile or by email of a pdf copy of the signed counterpart of this Amendment shall be deemed the equivalent of the delivery of the original, and any party so delivering a facsimile or pdf copy of the signed counterpart of this Amendment by email transmission shall in all events deliver to the other party an original signature promptly upon request. This Amendment may be signed and/or transmitted by electronic mail of a .PDF document or electronic signature (e.g., DocuSign or similar electronic signature technology) and thereafter maintained in electronic form, and such electronic record shall be valid and as effective to bind the party so signing as a paper copy bearing such party’s handwritten signature. The electronic signatures appearing on this Amendment shall be treated, for purpose of validity, enforceability, and admissibility, the same as handwritten signatures. Sublessor and Sublessee each warrant to the other that the person or persons executing this Amendment on its behalf has or have authority to do so and that such execution has fully obligated and bound such party to all terms and provisions of this Amendment.

[Remainder of page intentionally left blank; Signatures on next page]

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IN WITNESS WHEREOF, Sublessor and Sublessee have caused this Amendment to be executed as of the date set forth above.

SUBLESSOR:

CARGURUS, INC.

By: /s/ Jason Trevisan

Name: Jason Trevisan

Title: CEO

SUBLESSEE:

AMYLYX PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

By: /s/ Jim Frates

Name: Jim Frates

Title: CFO

EX-10.2

EXHIBIT 10.2

January 16, 2020

Andrea Eldridge

[ADDRESS]

Dear Andrea:

I am very pleased to offer you the position of Chief People Officer at CarGurus, Inc. (“CarGurus” or the “Company”), reporting to Jason Trevisan, Chief Financial Officer. This letter will clarify the terms and conditions of your at-will employment with CarGurus, should you accept our offer.

1.Position. Your employment will begin on February 3, 2020 (the “Start Date”). Your primary place of work will be the Company’s main offices, currently located at 2 Canal Park, Cambridge, MA, 02141.

2.Compensation & Benefits.

(a)Your semi-monthly salary of $11,458.33, annualized at $275,000, will be paid semimonthly on the 15th day and last day of each month and subject to taxes and other withholdings required by law. As an exempt employee you are required to exercise your specialized expertise, independent judgment and discretion to provide high-quality services. You arc expected to work the number of hours required to meet the needs of the business.

(b)You will be eligible to participate in the CarGurus Annual Incentive Plan, through which you may be eligible to earn a discretionary bonus up to $125,000, less applicable taxes and withholdings. For the current fiscal year, the amount you are eligible to earn under the CarGurus Annual Incentive Plan will be prorated based upon your start date. Whether to grant a bonus, and in what amount, are determinations to be made in the sole discretion of the Company based on a variety of factors, including, but not limited to, your performance and the Company’s performance. In order to remain eligible and receive a bonus award, if any, you must be employed by the Company at the time it makes bonus payments to employees for that year. This discretionary bonus is not intended to and shall not be deemed a “wage” under any state or federal wage hour law.

(c)You will be eligible for a one time sign-on bonus of $10,000 (the “Sign-On Bonus”), less applicable taxes and withholdings, to be paid within your first sixty (60) days of employment. Should your employment with CarGurus terminate, for any reason, within twelve (12) months of your Start Date, you must immediately repay to CarGurus the Sign-On Bonus you received, and CarGurus may, in its discretion, deduct any unpaid Sign-On Bonus amount from any compensation, severance, commission or other amount due to you, subject to applicable laws.

(d)You will be eligible to participate in the Company’s benefit plans on your first day of employment. Your participation in these plans will be subject to the terms of the applicable plan documents and generally applicable policies of the Company, as the same may be in effect from time to time. No representation is made, however, that any specific benefits now available will continue or that any other benefits will be made available. During your first two (2) years of employment with the Company, you will be entitled to four (4) weeks’ paid vacation annually at such reasonable times as you and the Company may determine. Commencing with your third year of employment with the Company, you will be entitled to the number of paid vacation days annually in accordance with the Company’s

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then-standard vacation and paid time off policies. Additional information regarding the Company’s benefit plans will be provided under separate cover.

3.Eligibility to Participate in Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan. You will be eligible to participate in the Company’s Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan (the “Plan”), under which the Company grants to employees Restricted Stock Units (“RSUs”) that are subject to service-based vesting conditions. We are prepared to recommend to the Company’s Board of Directors (or its committee) an award to you of a one-time grant consisting of RSUs representing shares of the Company’s Class A common stock with an award value of $450,000 (the “RSU Award Value”). Any such grant of RSUs is subject to the approval of the Company’s Board of Directors (or its committee) and to the terms and conditions of the Plan and the Company’s standard form of RSU grant agreement for executive officers evidencing the terms and conditions of the grant, including the service-based vesting schedule. The Company’s Board of Directors (or its committee) retains the discretion to change the RSU Award Value and/or vesting terms, or to determine not to grant any RSUs to you whatsoever. The number of RSUs to be awarded to you will be based on dividing the RSU Award Value by the average of the closing price of CarGurus’ Class A common stock on the Nasdaq Stock Market for the thirty (30) trading days immediately preceding the date of grant, rounded down to the nearest whole share. The RSUs granted hereunder will be subject to a service-based vesting requirement, pursuant to which vesting will commence on the first day of the month immediately following the Start Date (the “Vesting Commencement Date”) and then vest as follows: the first 25% of the RSUs shall vest on the first anniversary of the Vesting Commencement Date and an additional 6.25% shall vest at the end of each three month period thereafter until the fourth anniversary of the Vesting Commencement Date. Vesting shall be subject to acceleration as set forth in the Company’s standard form of RSU grant agreement for executive officers.

4.Representations and Warranties. You represent that you are not bound by any employment contract, restrictive covenant or other restriction preventing you from entering into employment with, or carrying out your responsibilities for, CarGurus, or which is in any way inconsistent with the terms of this offer letter. Also, we understand that you may have an obligation to your present and/or prior employers to safeguard their confidential information. The Company respects these obligations, and expects you to honor them as well. You should not bring with you to the Company, or use in the performance of your responsibilities for the Company, any confidential information of any current or former employer.

5.Proof of Legal Right to Work; Background Check; NDA.

(a)As a condition of employment, you will be required to provide us with proof of your identity and legal authorization to work in the United States. You will receive an email from HireRight to complete your Form 1-9. Please bring the appropriate documents listed on this form with on your Start Date. If you fail to submit such proof, federal law prohibits us from commencing employment.

(b)In order to protect the Company’s substantial investment of time and money in the creation and maintaining of its trade secrets and other confidential and proprietary information, as well as its goodwill with its clients and business partners, including vendors, suppliers and others, as a condition of employment you will also be required to sign the Company’s standard Non-Disclosure Agreement (“NDA”), a copy of which is attached to this letter, on or prior to your Start Date. The terms and conditions of the NDA will remain in effect regardless of any change in the nature of your duties, compensation or employment with the Company and its affiliates.

(c)In addition, CarGurus conducts a background investigation on all new employees, which includes, but is not limited to, previous employment, education, and criminal history. Your employment is contingent on our review of the results of such investigation.

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6.Termination of Employment.

(a)At-Will Employment. If you accept the Company’s offer of employment, your employment will be on an “at-will” basis, meaning either you or the Company may terminate the employment relationship at any time, for any reason or no reason, with or without cause and with or without notice. Although your job duties, title, compensation and benefits, as well as the Company’s personnel policies and procedures, may change from time to time, the “at-will” nature of your employment may only be changed by a written agreement signed by you and by an authorized representative of the Company, which expressly states the intention to modify the at-will nature of your employment.

(b)Termination of Employment by the Company without Cause. In connection with the foregoing, the Company agrees that should your employment be terminated by the Company without Cause, you will receive accrued compensation through the date of termination and, provided that you sign and not revoke a written release, in a form reasonably acceptable to the Company, of any and all claims against the Company and all related parties with respect to all matters arising out of your employment by the Company, or the termination thereof (the “Release”), the Company will pay you a cash severance payment equal to $100,000 (the “Severance Payment”). The Severance Payment will be paid in a lump sum within sixty (60) days following the date of your termination of employment by the Company other than for Cause. If you are a participant in the Company’s health plans at the time of termination of employment, COBRA rights will be available to you.

(c)Termination of Employment by the Company for Cause. If your employment is terminated by the Company for Cause or you terminate your employment with the Company for any reason, you will receive as your sole and only payments on account of such termination (and subject to execution of appropriate documentation to this effect) accrued compensation and benefits through the date of termination. If you are a participant in the Company’s health plans at the time of termination of employment, COBRA rights will be available to you.

(d)Definition of Cause. For purposes of this offer letter, “Cause” means a finding by the Company’s Board of Directors (or its committee) that you have (A) materially breached this offer letter, which breach has not been remedied by you within thirty (30) days after written notice has been provided to you of such breach, (B) engaged in disloyalty to the Company, including, without limitation, fraud, embezzlement, theft, commission of a felony or proven dishonesty, (C) disclosed trade secrets or confidential information of the Company to persons not entitled to receive such information, (D) breached the NDA, or (E) engaged in such other behavior detrimental to the interests of the Company as its Board of Directors (or its committee) reasonably determines.

(e)Section 409A. This offer letter is intended to comply with Section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and its corresponding regulations (“Section 409A”), or an exemption, and payments may only be made under this offer letter upon an event and in a manner permitted by Section 409A, to the extent applicable. Severance benefits under this offer letter are intended to be exempt from Section 409A under the “short-term deferral” exception. For purposes of Section 409A of the Code, all payments to be made upon a termination of employment under this offer letter may only be made upon a “separation from service” within the meaning of such term under Section 409A and each payment made under this offer letter shall be treated as a separate payment. In no event shall you, directly or indirectly, designate the calendar year of payment. All reimbursements and in-kind benefits provided under this offer letter shall be made or provided in accordance with the requirements of Section 409A. To the extent you are a “specified employee” for purposes of Section 409A and it is necessary to postpone the commencement of any severance payments otherwise payable pursuant to this offer letter as a result of such separation from service to prevent any accelerated or additional tax under Section 409A, then the Company will postpone the commencement of the payment of any such payments hereunder (without any reduction

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in such payments ultimately paid or provided to you) that are not otherwise exempt from Section 409A, until the first payroll date that occurs after the date that is six months following the your separation from service with the Company. If you die during the postponement period prior to the payment of the postponed amount, the amounts withheld on account of Section 409A shall be paid to the personal representative of your estate within sixty (60) days after the date of your death.

7.Miscellaneous. The foregoing terms supersede any prior discussions, oral or written, which we have had relating to your employment and the other matters discussed in this letter. The resolution of any disputes under this letter will be governed by Massachusetts law. Additionally, it is understood that from time to time, CarGurus reviews its benefits, policies and practices and may alter or change them at its discretion.

Andrea, we look forward to you joining our organization. In order to confirm your intention to commence employment with CarGurus on the Start Date on the terms set forth in this letter, please sign one copy of this letter and return it to me. The other copy is for your records. If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to speak with me.

Sincerely,

/s/ Jason Trevisan

Jason Trevisan

Chief Financial Officer

CarGurus, Inc.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT AND AGREEMENT

I agree with the terms of this letter and will commence employment on the Start Date on the terms set forth in this letter.

/s/ Andrea Eldridge

Andrea Eldridge

1/17/2020

Date

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EX-10.3

EXHIBIT 10.3

November 15, 2021

Dafna Sarnoff

[ADDRESS]

Dear Dafna,

I am very pleased to offer you the position of Chief Marketing Officer at CarGurus, Inc. (“CarGurus” or the “Company”), reporting to Sam Zales, President and COO. This letter will clarify the terms and conditions of your at-will employment with CarGurus, should you accept our offer.

1.Position. Your employment will begin on December 8, 2021 (the “Start Date”). It is understood that you will primarily work remotely from your home office in New York State, except that you are expected to work from the Company’s headquarters, currently located at 2 Canal Park, Cambridge, MA, 02141, on an as-needed basis. We expect that you will perform the duties and responsibilities typically associated with your position, and other duties assigned to you, in a satisfactory manner and to the best of your abilities. During the course of your employment with CarGurus, your position and duties are subject to change. Also, you are required to follow the policies and procedures of the Company, as they may exist and be revised during your employment. While you will be reporting to Mr. Zales, should organizational structure changes occur at the Company during the course of your employment, then, unless otherwise mutually agreed, you shall alternatively report to Jason Trevisan, CEO, or Mr. Trevisan’s successor.

2.Compensation & Benefits.

(a)Your semi-monthly salary of $15,625, annualized at $375,000 (the “Base Salary”), will be paid semimonthly on the 15th day and last day of each month and subject to taxes and other withholdings required by law. As an exempt employee you are required to exercise your specialized expertise, independent judgment and discretion to provide high-quality services. You are expected to work the number of hours required to meet the needs of the business.

(b)You will be eligible to participate in the CarGurus Annual Incentive Plan, through which you may be eligible to earn a discretionary bonus up to $250,000, less applicable taxes and withholdings. For the current fiscal year, the amount you are eligible to earn under the CarGurus Annual Incentive Plan will be prorated based upon your start date. Whether to grant a bonus, and in what amount, are determinations to be made in the sole discretion of the Company based on a variety of factors, including, but not limited to, your performance and the Company’s performance. In order to remain eligible and receive a bonus award, if any, you must be employed by the Company at the time it makes bonus payments to employees for that year. This discretionary bonus is not intended to and shall not be deemed a “wage” under any state or federal wage hour law.

(c)You will be eligible for a one time Sign-On Bonus of $200,000 (the “Sign-On Bonus”), less applicable taxes and withholdings, to be paid as follows: (i) 50% of the Sign-On Bonus within the first sixty days from your Start Date; and (ii) 50% of the Sign-On Bonus within sixty days following the six-month anniversary of your Start Date. Should your employment with CarGurus terminate, for any reason, within 12 months, or on the one-year anniversary of your Start Date (the “Repayment Period”), you must immediately repay to CarGurus the Sign-On Bonus (or portion(s) thereof) that you received. In the event of such termination, CarGurus may, in its discretion, also deduct any unreturned Sign-On Bonus amount from any compensation, severance, commission or other amount due to you, subject to applicable laws. For the avoidance of doubt, you will not be required to repay to CarGurus the Sign-On Bonus if you remain employed with CarGurus following the Repayment Period.

(d)You will be eligible to participate in the Company’s benefit plans on your first day of employment. Your participation in these plans will be subject to the terms of the applicable plan documents and generally applicable policies of the Company, as the same may be in effect from time to time. No representation is made, however, that any specific benefits now available will continue or that any other benefits will be made available. During your first two (2) years of employment with the Company, you will be entitled to four (4) weeks’ paid vacation annually at such reasonable times as you and the Company may determine. Commencing with your third year of employment with the company, you will be entitled to the number of paid vacation days annually in accordance with the Company’s then standard vacation and paid time off policies. Additional information regarding the Company’s benefit plans will be provided under separate cover.

(e)The Company will reimburse you for all reasonable travel and other business expenses incurred in connection with traveling from your home office in New York State to the Company’s headquarters in Cambridge, Massachusetts, consistent with the terms and conditions of the Company’s travel and expense reimbursement policies.

4.Eligibility to Participate in Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan. You will be eligible to participate in the Company’s Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan (the “Plan”), under which the Company grants to employees nonqualified stock options (“Options”) and restricted stock units (“RSUs”) that are subject to service- and performance-based vesting conditions. We are prepared to recommend to the Company’s Board of Directors (or its committee) an award to you of one-time grants consisting of: (i) RSUs subject to service-based vesting conditions representing shares of the Company’s Class A common stock with an award value of $1,125,000 (the “RSU Award Value”); (ii) RSUs subject to performance-based vesting conditions (“PSUs”), the target amount of which shall represent shares of the Company’s Class A common stock with an award value of $562,500 (the “PSU Award Value”); and (iii) Options to purchase the number of shares of the Company’s Class A common stock with an award value of $562,500 (the “Options Award Value”), subject to service-based vesting conditions and a maximum term of ten years. Any such grants of RSUs, PSUs and Options are subject to the approval of the Company’s Board of Directors (or its committee) and to the terms and conditions of the Plan and the RSU, PSU or Option grant agreement (as applicable) on the form for executive officers evidencing the terms and conditions of such grant, including the applicable vesting schedule, acceleration provisions and – in the case of PSUs – the performance goals, performance period(s) and maximum number of PSUs that may be earned over such period(s). The Board of Directors (or its committee) retains the discretion to change the RSU Award Value, PSU Award Value and/or Options Award Value, or to determine not to grant any RSUs, PSUs and/or Options to you whatsoever. The number of RSUs to be awarded to you will be based on dividing the RSU Award Value by the closing price of CarGurus’ Class A common stock on the Nasdaq Stock Market on the grant approval date, rounded down to the nearest whole share. The target number of PSUs to be awarded to you will be based on dividing the PSU Award Value by the closing price of CarGurus’ Class A common stock on the Nasdaq Stock Market on the grant approval date, rounded down to the nearest whole share. The number of shares of the Company’s Class A Common Stock underlying the Options to be awarded to you will be based on the Black-Scholes value on the grant approval date, rounded down to the nearest whole share.

5.Modification of Compensation and Incentive Plans. The Company reserves the right, in its sole discretion, to modify, change or eliminate, on a prospective basis, the compensation, bonus and incentive plans, as applicable, addressed in Sections 2 and 3 above.

6.Protection of the Company’s Confidential Information and Goodwill. In order to protect the Company’s substantial investment of time and money in the creation and maintaining of its trade secrets and other confidential and proprietary information, as well as its goodwill with its clients and business partners, including vendors, suppliers and others, you are required to sign the Company’s standard Protection of Confidential Information Agreement (“NDA”), a copy of which is attached to this letter. The terms and conditions of the NDA will remain in effect regardless of any change in the nature of your duties, compensation or employment with the Company and its affiliates.

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6.Representations and Warranties. You represent that you are not bound by any employment contract, restrictive covenant or other restriction that may prevent you from entering into employment with, or carrying out your responsibilities for, CarGurus, or that is in any way inconsistent with the terms of this offer letter. Also, we understand that you may have an obligation to your present and/or prior employers to safeguard their confidential information. The Company respects these obligations, and expects you to honor them as well. You should not bring with you to the Company, or use in the performance of your responsibilities for the Company, any confidential information of any current or former employer.

7.Proof of Legal Right to Work; Background Check; NDA.

(a)As a condition of employment, you will be required to provide us with proof of your identity and legal authorization to work in the United States. You will receive an email from HireRight to complete your Form I-9. Please bring the appropriate documents listed on this form with on your Start Date. If you fail to submit such proof, federal law prohibits us from commencing employment.

(b)As a condition of employment, you will also be required to execute the NDA on or prior to

your Start Date.

(c)In addition, CarGurus conducts a background investigation on all new employees, which includes, but is not limited to, previous employment, education, and criminal history. Your employment is contingent on our review of the results of such investigation.

8.Payment on Termination by the Company without Cause or by you for Good Reason. Should your employment be terminated by the Company without “Cause” (as that term is defined in the NDA) or by you for “Good Reason” (as defined below), then in addition to payment of all wages earned through the effective date of such termination (the “Termination Date”), which will be made on or about the Termination Date, and subject to (i) your signing a Separation Agreement and Release in a form and manner satisfactory to the Company, as further described below; and (ii) the Separation Agreement and Release becoming irrevocable, all within 60 days after the Termination Date (or such shorter period as set forth in the Separation Agreement and Release), including any applicable seven (7) business day revocation period provided therein:

(a)the Company will pay you an amount equal to nine (9) months of your Base Salary (the “Severance Amount”);

(b)subject to your copayment of premium amounts at the applicable active employees’ rate and your proper election to receive benefits under the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985, as amended (“COBRA”), the Company will pay to the group health plan provider, the COBRA provider or you a monthly payment equal to the monthly employer contribution that the Company would have made to provide health insurance to you if you had remained employed by the Company until the earliest of (A) the nine (9)-month anniversary of the Termination Date; (B) your eligibility for group medical plan benefits under any other employer’s group medical plan; or (C) the cessation of your continuation rights under COBRA; provided, however, if the Company determines that it cannot pay such amounts to the group health plan provider or the COBRA provider (if applicable) without potentially violating applicable law (including, without limitation, Section 2716 of the Public Health Service Act), then the Company will convert such payments to payroll payments directly to you for the time period specified above (the “COBRA Subsidy”). Such payments shall be subject to tax-related deductions and withholdings and paid on the Company’s regular payroll dates.

The amounts payable under this Section 8, to the extent taxable, will be paid out in substantially equal installments in accordance with the Company’s payroll practice over six (6) months commencing within 60 days after the Termination Date; provided, however, that if the 60-day period begins in one calendar year and ends in a second calendar year, the Severance Amount, to the extent it qualifies as “non-qualified deferred compensation” within the meaning of Section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), shall begin to be paid in the second calendar year by the last day of such 60-day period; provided, further, that the initial payment

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will include a catch-up payment to cover amounts retroactive to the day immediately following the Termination Date. Each payment pursuant to this Agreement is intended to constitute a separate payment for purposes of Treasury Regulation Section 1.409A-2(b)(2).

Your receipt of the Severance Pay and COBRA Subsidy will be conditional on your signing (and, if applicable, not revoking) a Separation Agreement and Release in a form acceptable to the Company, including a general release of claims against the Company and all related persons and entities, a reaffirmation of all of your post-employment obligations under the NDA, and, in the Company’s sole discretion, a one-year post-employment noncompetition agreement substantially similar to or the same as the noncompetition provision of the NDA. Further, the Separation Agreement and Release will provide that if you breach the NDA, all payments of the Severance Amount and COBRA Subsidy will immediately cease and be recoverable by the Company.

For purposes of this letter, “Good Reason” means you have complied with the Good Reason Process (as defined below) following the occurrence of any of the following events, without your consent: (i) a material diminution in the your title, responsibilities, authority or duties; (ii) a material diminution in your base salary or target bonus, except for across-the-board reductions based on the Company’s financial performance similarly affecting all or substantially all senior management employees of the Company; (iii) a material change in the principal geographic location at which you provide services to the Company (with the exception of travel related to your duties to the Company); or (iv) the material breach by the Company of the written employment agreement, offer letter or severance agreement between you and the Company; and “Good Reason Process” means (i) you reasonably determine in good faith that a “Good Reason” condition has occurred; (ii) you have notified the Company in writing of the first occurrence of the Good Reason condition within thirty (30) days of the first occurrence of such condition; (iii) you cooperate in good faith with the Company’s efforts, for a period not less than thirty (30) days following such notice (the “Cure Period”), to remedy the condition; (iv) notwithstanding such efforts, the Good Reason condition continues to exist; and (v) you terminate your employment within thirty (30) days after the end of the Cure Period. If the Company cures the Good Reason condition during the Cure Period, Good Reason shall be deemed not to have occurred.

9.Nature of Relationship; Choice of Law. While we are hopeful and confident that our relationship will be mutually rewarding, satisfactory and sustaining, your employment with the Company is at will, which means that both you and the Company remain free to end the employment relationship at any time and for any reason. Accordingly, this letter shall not be construed as an agreement, either express or implied, to employ you for any particular term, and does not alter the Company’s at will employment policy with respect to your employment. Similarly, nothing in this letter shall be construed as an agreement, either express or implied, to pay you any compensation of any kind, or grant you any benefit, beyond the end of your employment with the Company, other than any payments for which you may become eligible by operation of Section 8.

If you will regularly perform your duties at any of the Company’s business locations in Massachusetts, then all aspects of your employment shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, excluding choice of law rules thereof. If you reside and you will regularly perform your duties for the Company outside of Massachusetts, then all aspects of your employment (except for the NDA, which in such case would be governed by Delaware law), shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of state where you reside.

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Dafna, we look forward to you joining our organization. In order to confirm your intention to commence employment with CarGurus on the Start Date on the terms set forth in this letter, please sign one copy of this letter and the NDA and return them to me. The other copy is for your records. If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to speak with me.

Sincerely,

/s/ Andrea Eldridge

Andrea Eldridge Chief People Officer CarGurus, Inc.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT AND AGREEMENT

I agree with the terms of this letter and will commence employment on the Start Date on the terms set forth in this letter.

/s/ Dafna Sarnoff

Dafna Sarnoff

11/15/2021

Date

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EX-10.5

EXHIBIT 10.5

CORRECTIVE AMENDMENT

THIS CORRECTIVE AMENDMENT (this “Amendment”) to that certain Third Amended and Restated Limited liability Company Agreement of CarOffer, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (the “Company”), dated as of November 23, 2021 (the “Existing Agreement”), is entered into as of the 6th day of May, 2022 with an effective date as of November 23, 2021 (the “Effective Date”).

WHEREAS, on the Effective Date, the Company, Parent, TopCo and MidCo, among other parties, entered into the Existing Agreement, which amended and restated the Prior Agreement;

WHEREAS, the parties hereto have become aware of certain drafting errors in the Existing Agreement that do not reflect the understandings and agreements of the parties that were intended to be reflected in the Existing Agreement;

WHEREAS, Parent, TopCo, and MidCo, which collectively with the Board represent the requisite parties whose consent or approval is required to amend the Existing Agreement under Section 13.2 thereof, desire to enter into this Amendment in order to correct such drafting errors;

WHEREAS, the Board has approved this Amendment by written consent dated May 6, 2022; and

WHEREAS, capitalized terms used but not defined herein have the respect meanings ascribed to such terms in the Existing Agreement.

NOW, THEREFORE, for good and valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of which are hereby acknowledged, the parties hereto agree that the Existing Agreement is hereby amended as follows:

1.Amendments.

(a) The definition of “First Determination Date Company Value” in Annex 1 to the Existing Agreement is hereby amended and restated in its entirety as follows:

““First Determination Date Company Value” means the difference of (i) the product of (A) First Determination Date TTM Gross Profit, multiplied by (B) seven (7), minus (ii) the sum of (X) the amount of any outstanding Third Party Indebtedness, plus (Y) the amount of any Extraordinary Losses, in each case, determined as of the First Determination Date.”

(b)The definition of “First Determination Date Per Unit Price” in Annex 1 to the Existing Agreement is hereby amended and restated in its entirety as follows:

“First Determination Date Per Unit Price” means in the case of the Class CO-A Units, $10.00 per Unit, and in the case of the other First Call Units, the difference of (i) the quotient of (A) First Determination Date Company Value, divided by (B) the number of Fully Diluted Units as of the First Determination Date, minus (ii) the sum of (X) the Per Unit Reduction Amount, determined as of the First Determination Date, plus (Y) the quotient of (I) the aggregate First Determination Date Per Unit Price of Class CO-A Units being purchased by Parent at the First Call Closingdividedby, (II) the number of First Call Units that are not Class CO-A Units; provided, however, in the case of each Incentive Unit that is a Vested Unit as of the

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First Determination Date, the First Determination Date Per Unit Price will be reduced by the applicable Participation Threshold of such Vested Unit, if any, but not below $0.00.

(c)The definition of “Second Determination Date Company Call Value” in Annex 1 to the Existing Agreement is hereby amended and restated in its entirety as follows:

““Second Determination Date Company Call Value” means the greater of (i) the Second Determination Date Company Floor Value and (ii) the difference of (A) the product of (1) Second Determination Date TTM EBITDA, multipliedby (2) twelve (12), minus (B) the sum of (1) the amount of any outstanding Third Party Indebtedness, plus (2) the amount of any Extraordinary Losses, in each case, determined as of the Second Determination Date.”

(d)The definition of “Second Determination Date Per Unit Call Price” in Annex 1 to the Existing Agreement is hereby amended and restated in its entirety as follows:

“Second Determination Date Per Unit Call Price” means in the case of the Class CO-A Units, $10.00 per Unit, and the case of the other Second Call/Put Units, the difference of (i) the quotient of (A) the Second Determination Date Company Call Value, dividedby (B) the number of Fully Diluted Units as of the Second Determination Date, minus (ii) the sum of (X) the Per Unit Reduction Amount determined as of the Second Determination Date, plus (Y) the quotient of (I) the aggregate Second Determination Date Per Unit Call Price of Class CO-A Units being purchased by Parent at the Second Call Closing (if any) dividedby (II) the number of Second Call/Put Units that are not Class CO-A Units; provided, however, in the case of each Incentive Unit that is a Vested Unit, the Second Determination Date Per Unit Call Price will be reduced by the applicable Participation Threshold of such Vested Unit, but not below $0.00.

(e)The definition of “Second Determination Date Company Put Value” in Annex 1 to the Existing Agreement is hereby amended and restated in its entirety as follows:

““Second Determination Date Company Put Value” means the difference of (i) the product of (A) Second Determination Date TTM EBITDA, multipliedby (B) twelve (12), minus (ii) the sum of (A) the amount of any outstanding Third Party Indebtedness, plus (B) the amount of any Extraordinary Losses, in each case, determined as of the Second Determination Date.”

(f)The definition of “Second Determination Date Per Unit Put Price” in Annex 1 to the Existing Agreement is hereby amended and restated in its entirety as follows:

Second Determination Date Per Unit Put Price” means in the case of the Class CO-A Units, $10.00 per Unit, and the case of the other Second Call/Put Units, the difference of (i) the quotient of (A) the Second Determination Date Company Put Value, dividedby (B) the number of Fully Diluted Units as of the Second Determination Date, minus (ii) the sum of (X) the Per Unit Reduction Amount determined as of the Second Determination Date, plus (Y) the quotient of (I) the aggregate Second Determination Date Per Unit Put Price of Class CO-A Units being purchased by Parent at the Put Closing (if any) dividedby (II) the number of Second Call/Put Units that are not Class CO-A Units; provided, however, in the case of each Incentive Unit that is a Vested Unit, the Second Determination Date Per Unit Put Price will be reduced by the applicable Participation Threshold of such Vested Unit, but not below $0.00.

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2.Full Force and Effect. Except as expressly amended hereby, the terms, conditions, covenants, agreements and other provisions set forth in the Existing Agreement shall remain in full force and effect.

3.Counterparts. This Amendment may be executed in any number of counterparts each of which shall be deemed an original of this Amendment binding on the parties hereto.

[Signature pages to follow]

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IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have executed this Amendment effective as of the Effective Date.

THE COMPANY:

CAROFFER LLC

By: /s/ Bruce Thompson

Name: Bruce Thompson

Title: Manager and Chief Executive Officer

PARENT:

CARGURUS, INC.

By: /s/ Jason Trevisan

Name: Jason Trevisan

Title: Chief Executive Officer

TOPCO:

CAROFFER INVESTORS HOLDING, LLC

By: /s/ Bruce Thompson

Name: Bruce Thompson

Title: Chief Executive Officer

MIDCO:

CAROFFER MIDCO, LLC

By: /s/ Bruce Thompson

Name: Bruce Thompson

Title: Chief Executive Officer

EX-31.1

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

RULES 13a-14(a) AND 15d-14(a) UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Jason Trevisan, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of CarGurus, Inc.;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Date: May 9, 2022	By:	/s/ Jason Trevisan
		Jason Trevisan
		Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)

EX-31.2

Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

RULES 13a-14(a) AND 15d-14(a) UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Scot Fredo, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of CarGurus, Inc.;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Date: May 9, 2022	By:	/s/ Scot Fredo
		Scot Fredo
		Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)

EX-32.1

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of CarGurus, Inc. (the “Company”) for the period ending March 31, 2022 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Jason Trevisan, Chief Executive Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that, based on my knowledge:

(1)The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2)The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: May 9, 2022	By:	/s/ Jason Trevisan
		Jason Trevisan
		Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)

EX-32.2

Exhibit 32.2

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of CarGurus, Inc. (the “Company”) for the period ending March 31, 2022 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Scot Fredo, Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that, based on my knowledge:

(1)The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2)The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: May 9, 2022	By:	/s/ Scot Fredo
		Scot Fredo
		Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)

XML

Document and Entity Information - shares	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2022	May 05, 2022
Document And Entity Information [Line Items]
Document Type	10-Q
Amendment Flag	false
Document Period End Date	Mar. 31, 2022
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2022
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q1
Entity Registrant Name	CARGURUS, INC.
Trading Symbol	CARG
Entity Central Index Key	0001494259
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Entity Filer Category	Large Accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	false
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity File Number	001-38233
Entity Tax Identification Number	04-3843478
Entity Address, Address Line One	2 Canal Park
Entity Address, Address Line Two	4th Floor
Entity Address, City or Town	Cambridge
Entity Address, State or Province	MA
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	02141
City Area Code	617
Local Phone Number	354-0068
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Document Quarterly Report	true
Document Transition Report	false
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	DE
Title of 12(b) Security	Class A Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ
Class A Common Stock
Document And Entity Information [Line Items]
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		102,383,357
Class B Common Stock
Document And Entity Information [Line Items]
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		15,999,173

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Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 315,005	$ 231,944
Investments	60,000	90,000
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $405 and $420, respectively	144,718	189,324
Inventory	20,992	19,656
Prepaid expenses, prepaid income taxes and other current assets	17,407	16,430
Deferred contract costs	8,731	9,045
Restricted cash	5,866	6,709
Total current assets	572,719	563,108
Property and equipment, net	33,101	32,210
Intangible assets, net	76,161	83,915
Goodwill	157,998	158,287
Operating lease right-of-use assets	57,359	60,609
Restricted cash	9,627	9,627
Deferred tax assets	26,439	13,378
Deferred contract costs, net of current portion	6,327	5,867
Other non-current assets	6,074	4,573
Total assets	945,805	931,574
Current liabilities
Accounts payable	61,873	66,153
Accrued expenses, accrued income taxes and other current liabilities	61,755	78,586
Deferred revenue	12,776	12,784
Operating lease liabilities	12,503	13,186
Total current liabilities	148,907	170,709
Operating lease liabilities	54,359	57,519
Deferred tax liabilities	28	58
Other non–current liabilities	37,896	23,639
Total liabilities	241,190	251,925
Commitments and contingencies (Note 7)
Redeemable noncontrolling interest	239,750	162,808
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value; 10,000,000 shares authorized; no shares issued and outstanding
Additional paid-in capital	398,471	387,868
Retained earnings	67,168	129,258
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(892)	(403)
Total stockholders’ equity	464,865	516,841
Total liabilities, redeemable noncontrolling interest and stockholders’ equity	945,805	931,574
Class A Common Stock
Stockholders’ equity:
Common stock	102	102
Class B Common Stock
Stockholders’ equity:
Common stock	$ 16	$ 16

XML

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Allowance for doubtful accounts	$ 405	$ 420
Preferred stock, par value	$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Preferred stock, shares authorized	10,000,000	10,000,000
Preferred stock, shares issued	0	0
Preferred stock, shares outstanding	0	0
Class A Common Stock
Common stock, par value	$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Common stock, shares authorized	500,000,000	500,000,000
Common stock, shares issued	102,142,545	101,773,034
Common stock, shares outstanding	102,142,545	101,773,034
Class B Common Stock
Common stock, par value	$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Common stock, shares authorized	100,000,000	100,000,000
Common stock, shares issued	15,999,173	15,999,173
Common stock, shares outstanding	15,999,173	15,999,173

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Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Income Statements - USD ($) $ in Thousands		3 Months Ended
		Mar. 31, 2022	Mar. 31, 2021
Revenue		$ 430,608	$ 171,368
Cost of revenue	[1]	248,733	24,058
Gross profit		181,875	147,310
Operating expenses:
Sales and marketing		87,581	68,174
Product, technology, and development		30,653	25,164
General and administrative		33,121	20,514
Depreciation and amortization		3,861	7,667
Total operating expenses		155,216	121,519
Income from operations		26,659	25,791
Other (expense) income, net		(119)	222
Income before income taxes		26,540	26,013
Provision for income taxes		7,702	6,462
Consolidated net income		18,838	19,551
Net income attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest		(1,072)	(2,810)
Net income attributable to CarGurus, Inc.		19,910	22,361
Accretion of redeemable noncontrolling interest to redemption value		82,000
Net (loss) income attributable to common stockholders		$ (62,090)	$ 22,361
Net (loss) income per share attributable to common stockholders: (Note 9)
Basic		$ (0.53)	$ 0.19
Diluted		$ (0.53)	$ 0.19
Weighted-average number of shares of common stock used in computing net (loss) income per share attributable to common stockholders:
Basic		118,031,325	116,316,464
Diluted		118,031,325	117,249,365
Marketplace [Member]
Revenue		$ 163,289	$ 155,800
Cost of revenue	[1]	12,209	10,988
Wholesale [Member]
Revenue		90,994	13,803
Cost of revenue	[1]	58,182	11,126
Product [Member]
Revenue		176,325	1,765
Cost of revenue	[1]	$ 178,342	$ 1,944

[1] Includes depreciation and amortization expense for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021 of $7,324 and $999, respectively.

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Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Income Statements (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2022	Mar. 31, 2021
Income Statement [Abstract]
Depreciation and amortization expense	$ 7,324	$ 999

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Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2022	Mar. 31, 2021
Statement of Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
Consolidated net income	$ 18,838	$ 19,551
Other comprehensive income:
Foreign currency translation adjustment	(489)	(1,083)
Consolidated comprehensive income	18,349	18,468
Comprehensive loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests	(1,072)	(2,810)
Comprehensive income attributable to CarGurus, Inc.	$ 19,421	$ 21,278

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Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest and Stockholders' Equity - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Total	Class A Common Stock	Class B Common Stock	Common Stock Class A Common Stock	Common Stock Class B Common Stock	Additional Paid-in Capital	Retained Earnings	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2020	$ 373,586			$ 94	$ 19	$ 242,181	$ 129,412	$ 1,880
Beginning balance, Shares at Dec. 31, 2020				94,310,309	19,076,500
Net income (loss)	22,361						22,361
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest, Net income (loss)	(2,810)
Stock–based compensation expense	14,929					14,929
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options	258					258
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options, Shares				93,455
Issuance of common stock upon vesting of restricted stock units				$ 1		(1)
Issuance of common stock upon vesting of restricted stock units, Shares				473,883
Payment of withholding taxes on net share settlements of equity awards	(5,041)					5,041
Payment of withholding taxes on net share settlements of equity awards, Shares		(162,950)		162,950
Conversion of common stock				$ 1	$ (1)
Conversion of common stock, shares issued				929,597	(929,597)
Issuance of common stock upon for acquisition	103,645			$ 3		103,642
Issuance of common stock upon for acquisition, Shares				3,115,282
Acquisition of a 51% interest in CarOffer, LLC	58,031
Foreign currency translation adjustment	(1,083)							(1,083)
Ending balance at Mar. 31, 2021	508,655			$ 99	$ 18	355,968	151,773	797
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest, Ending balance at Mar. 31, 2021	55,221
Ending balance, Shares at Mar. 31, 2021				98,759,576	18,146,903
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2021	516,841			$ 102	$ 16	387,868	129,258	(403)
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest, Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2021	162,808
Beginning balance, Shares at Dec. 31, 2021		101,773,034	15,999,173	101,773,034	15,999,173
Net income (loss)	19,910						19,910
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest, Net income (loss)	(1,072)
Stock–based compensation expense	15,353					15,353
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options	680					680
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options, Shares				74,163
Redeemable noncontrolling interest , accretion to redemption value	82,000
Accretion of redeemable noncontrolling interest to redemption value	(82,000)						(82,000)
Issuance of common stock upon vesting of restricted stock units, Shares				451,084
Payment of withholding taxes on net share settlements of equity awards	(5,430)					5,430
Payment of withholding taxes on net share settlements of equity awards, Shares		(155,736)		(155,736)
Tax distribution to redeemable noncontrolling interest holders	(3,986)
Foreign currency translation adjustment	(489)							(489)
Ending balance at Mar. 31, 2022	464,865			$ 102	$ 16	$ 398,471	$ 67,168	$ (892)
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest, Ending balance at Mar. 31, 2022	$ 239,750
Ending balance, Shares at Mar. 31, 2022		102,142,545	15,999,173	102,142,545	15,999,173

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Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest and Stockholders' Equity (Parenthetical)	Mar. 31, 2022	Jan. 14, 2021
Car Offer
Business acquisition, percentage of interest acquired	51.00%	51.00%

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Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2022	Mar. 31, 2021
Operating Activities
Consolidated net income	$ 18,838	$ 19,551
Adjustments to reconcile consolidated net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	11,185	8,666
Currency loss (gain) on foreign denominated transactions	84	(51)
Deferred taxes	(13,091)	60
Provision for doubtful accounts	150	379
Stock-based compensation expense	14,147	14,360
Amortization of deferred contract costs	2,806	3,195
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable, net	39,973	(2,423)
Inventory	(1,336)	(565)
Prepaid expenses, prepaid income taxes, and other assets	(2,127)	(1,652)
Deferred contract costs	(2,997)	(3,494)
Accounts payable	(4,062)	4,876
Accrued expenses, accrued income taxes, and other liabilities	30,087	(1,632)
Deferred revenue	(5)	2,857
Lease obligations	(592)	(265)
Net cash provided by operating activities	93,060	43,862
Investing Activities
Purchases of property and equipment	(1,230)	(1,227)
Capitalization of website development costs	(2,506)	(966)
Cash paid for acquisitions, net of cash acquired		(65,899)
Maturities of certificates of deposit	30,000
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities	26,264	(68,092)
Financing Activities
Proceeds from exercise of stock options	680	258
Payment of finance lease obligations	(19)	(10)
Payment of withholding taxes and option costs on net share settlement of restricted stock units and stock options	(5,430)	(5,041)
Repayment of line of credit		(14,250)
Payment of tax distributions to redeemable noncontrolling interest holders	(8,519)
Payments received in advance from (payment made to) third party payment processor	(23,606)
Net cash used in financing activities	(36,894)	(19,043)
Impact of foreign currency on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	(212)	(119)
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	82,218	(43,392)
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of period	248,280	200,926
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of period	330,498	157,534
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
Cash paid for income taxes	1,066	79
Cash paid for operating lease liabilities	4,737	4,065
Supplemental noncash disclosure of cash flow information:
Unpaid purchases of property and equipment, capitalized website development, capitalized internal-use software and capitalized hosting arrangements	269	1,086
Capitalized stock-based compensation expense in website development and internal-use software costs and hosting arrangements	1,206	569
Obtaining a right-of-use asset in exchange for a finance lease liability		664
Obtaining a right-of-use asset in exchange for an operating lease liability		12,336
Issuance of stock for acquisition		$ 103,645
Accretion of Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest to Redemption Value	82,000
Accrued tax distributions to redeemable noncontrolling interest holders	$ 4,168

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Organization and Business Description

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2022

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Organization and Business Description

1. Organization and Business Description

CarGurus, Inc. (the “Company”) is a multinational, online automotive platform for buying and selling vehicles that is building upon its industry-leading listings marketplace with both digital retail solutions and the CarOffer online wholesale platform. The CarGurus marketplace gives consumers the confidence to purchase or sell a vehicle either online or in-person, and it gives dealerships the power to accurately price, effectively market, instantly acquire and quickly sell vehicles, all with a nationwide reach. The Company uses proprietary technology, search algorithms and data analytics to bring trust, transparency and competitive pricing to the automotive shopping experience.

The Company is headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts and was incorporated in the State of Delaware on June 26, 2015.

The Company operates principally in the United States. In the United States, it also operates as independent brands the Autolist online marketplace, which it wholly owns, and the CarOffer, LLC (“CarOffer”) digital wholesale marketplace, in which it has a 51% interest. In addition to the United States, the Company operates online marketplaces under the CarGurus brand in Canada and the United Kingdom. In the United Kingdom, it also operates as an independent brand the PistonHeads online marketplace, which it wholly owns.

The Company has subsidiaries in the United States, Canada, Ireland, and the United Kingdom and, prior to the first quarter of 2022, had two reportable segments – United States and International. Effective as of the first quarter of 2022, the Company revised its segment reporting from two reportable segments to one reportable segment. See Note 11 of the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report for further segment reporting and geographical information.

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2022

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying interim condensed consolidated financial statements (the “Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements”) are unaudited. The Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and related disclosures have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). Any reference in these notes to applicable guidance is meant to refer to GAAP as found in the Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) and Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”).

The Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements have also been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Accordingly, certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. The Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements reflect all adjustments, consisting of only normal recurring adjustments, necessary for the fair presentation of the Company’s financial position as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, results of operations, comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’ equity for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021 and cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021. These interim period results are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for any other interim period or the full year.

The Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021, filed with the SEC on February 25, 2022 (the “Annual Report”).

While the Company disclosed total revenue in the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Income Statements in the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2021, filed with the SEC on May 5, 2021, the accompanying Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Income Statements for the quarter ended March 31, 2021 presents revenues disaggregated into marketplace, wholesale, and product revenues to conform to the current year presentation, as a result of the acquisition of a 51% interest in CarOffer.

While the Company disclosed inventory within prepaid expenses, prepaid income taxes, and other assets in the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flow in the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2021, filed with the SEC on May 5, 2021, the accompanying Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flow for the quarter ended March 31, 2021 present inventory separately from prepaid expenses, prepaid income taxes, and other assets to conform to the current year presentation, as inventory met the threshold for separate disclosure.

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Subsequent Event Considerations

The Company considers events or transactions that occur after the balance sheet date but prior to the issuance of the financial statements to provide additional evidence for certain estimates or to identify matters that require additional disclosure. The Company has evaluated all subsequent events and determined that there are no material recognized or unrecognized subsequent events requiring disclosure, other than as disclosed in these Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period.

Although the Company regularly assesses these estimates, actual results could differ materially from these estimates. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from management’s estimates if these results differ from historical experience, or other assumptions do not turn out to be substantially accurate, even if such assumptions are reasonable when made. Changes in estimates are recognized in the period in which they become known.

Critical estimates relied upon in preparing the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements include the determination of sales allowance and variable consideration in the Company’s revenue recognition, allowance for doubtful accounts, the expensing and capitalization of product, technology, and development costs for website development and internal‑use software, the valuation and recoverability of goodwill, intangible assets and other long-lived assets, the valuation of redeemable noncontrolling interest, the recoverability of the Company’s net deferred tax assets and related valuation allowance and the valuation of equity and liability-classified compensation awards under ASC Topic 718, Stock-based Compensation ("ASC 718"). Accordingly, the Company considers these to be its critical accounting policies, and believes that of the Company’s significant accounting policies, these policies involve the greatest degree of judgment and complexity.

Concentration of Credit Risk

The Company has no significant off‑balance sheet risk, such as foreign exchange contracts, option contracts, or other foreign hedging arrangements. Financial instruments that potentially expose the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents, investments, and trade accounts receivable.

The Company maintains its cash, cash equivalents, and investments principally with accredited financial institutions of high credit standing. Although the Company deposits its cash, cash equivalents, and investments with multiple financial institutions, its deposits may often exceed governmental insured limits.

The Company is exposed to credit losses primarily through its trade accounts receivable, which includes receivables in transit from a third-party payment processor. The third-party payment processor collects customer payments on the Company's behalf and remits them to the Company. Customer payments received, but not remitted as of period end are deemed to be receivables in transit. Additionally, the third-party payment processer provides payments in advance for certain customers to the Company. If the third-party payment processor does not receive customer payments related to the payments in advance, the balance is deducted from future remittances to the Company.

The Company offsets gross trade accounts receivable with payments received in advance from a third-party payment processer as it has the right of offset. As of March 31, 2022, gross trade accounts receivable from receivables in transit from the third-party payment processor was $24,171, offset by payments received in advance of $23,217, which resulted in a net asset of $954 recognized within accounts receivable, net in the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of December 31, 2021, gross trade accounts receivable from receivables in transit from the third-party payment processor was $18,747, offset by payments received in advance of $46,822, which resulted a net liability of $28,075 recognized within accrued expenses, accrued income taxes and other current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. Payments received in advance are deductible from future payments from the third-party payment processor if the third-party payment processor does not receive the payment from the customer. Payments received in advance are presented as cash flows from financing activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows.

Credit risk with respect to accounts receivable is dispersed due to the large number of customers. The Company routinely assesses the creditworthiness of its customers. The Company generally has not experienced any material losses related to receivables from individual customers, or groups of customers. The Company does not require collateral. Due to these factors, no additional credit risk beyond amounts provided for collection losses is believed by management to be probable in the Company’s accounts receivable.

The majority of the Company's accounts receivable results from the acquisition of a 51% interest in CarOffer, which uses a third-party payment processor for wholesale revenue transactions. The Company has had no material losses related to CarOffer receivables, as it does not release the title until successfully collecting funds from the buying dealer.

As of March 31, 2022, two customers accounted for 25% and 22% of net accounts receivable, respectively. As of December 31, 2021, two customers accounted for 47% and 18% of net accounts receivable, respectively.

As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, $8,198 and $7,356, respectively, was included in net accounts receivable, representing unbilled accounts receivable relating primarily to advertising customers invoiced in the subsequent period to services rendered.

For the three months ended March 31, 2022, one customer accounted for 13% of total revenue due to continued growth of the CarOffer business. For the three months ended March 31, 2021, no individual customer accounted for more than 10% of total revenue.

Significant Accounting Policies

The Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements reflect the application of certain significant accounting policies as described below and elsewhere in these notes to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. As of March 31, 2022, there have been no material changes in the Company’s significant accounting policies, which are detailed in the Annual Report.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

From time to time, new accounting pronouncements are issued by the FASB or other standard setting bodies and adopted by the Company on or prior to the specified effective date. Unless otherwise discussed, the Company believes that the impact of recently issued standards that are not yet effective will not have a material impact on its financial position or results of operations upon adoption. As of March 31, 2022, there are no new material accounting pronouncements that the Company is considering adopting.

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Revenue Recognition

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2022

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

Revenue Recognition

3. Revenue Recognition

The Company provides disaggregation of revenue based on marketplace, wholesale and product revenue classification on the face of its Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Income Statements and based on geographic region (see Note 11). The Company believes these categories best depict how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors.

ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”) requires that the Company disclose the aggregate amount of transaction price that is allocated to performance obligations that have not yet been satisfied as of the relevant quarter end.

For contracts with an original expected duration greater than one year, the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to the performance obligations that were unsatisfied as of March 31, 2022 was approximately $15.5 million, which the Company expects to recognize over the next 12 months.

For contracts with an original expected duration of one year or less, the Company has applied the practical expedient available under ASC 606 to not disclose the amount of transaction price allocated to unsatisfied performance obligations as of March 31, 2022. For performance obligations not satisfied as of March 31, 2022, and to which this expedient applies, the nature of the performance obligations, the variable consideration and any consideration from contracts with customers not included in the transaction price is consistent with performance obligations satisfied as of March 31, 2022.

For the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, revenue recognized from amounts included in deferred revenue at the beginning of the period, was $12,784 and $9,137, respectively.

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments Including Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Investments

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2022

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair Value of Financial Instruments Including Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Investments

. Fair Value of Financial Instruments Including Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Investments

As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis consist of the following:

	As of March 31, 2022
	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1 Inputs)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2 Inputs)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3 Inputs)		Total
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds	$	227,547	$	—	$	—	$	227,547
Investments:
Certificates of deposit		—		60,000		—		60,000
Total	$	227,547	$	60,000	$	—	$	287,547

	As of December 31, 2021
	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1 Inputs)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2 Inputs)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3 Inputs)		Total
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds	$	157,525	$	—	$	—	$	157,525
Investments:
Certificates of deposit		—		90,000		—		90,000
Total	$	157,525	$	90,000	$	—	$	247,525

The Company measures eligible assets and liabilities at fair value with changes in value recognized in earnings. As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, there were no liabilities that were measured at fair value. Fair value treatment may be elected either upon initial recognition of an eligible asset or liability or, for an existing asset or liability, if an event triggers a new basis of accounting. During the three months ended March 31, 2022 and year ended December 31, 2021, the Company did not elect to remeasure any of its existing financial assets and did not elect the fair value option for any financial assets transacted.

Cash and cash equivalents primarily consist of cash on deposit with banks and amounts held in interest-bearing money market accounts. Cash equivalents are carried at cost, which approximates their fair market value.

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of 90 days or less at the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. Investments not classified as cash equivalents with maturities one year or less from the balance sheet date are classified as short-term investments, while investments with maturities in excess of one year from the balance sheet date are classified as long-term investments. Management determines the appropriate classification of investments at the time of purchase and re-evaluates such determination at each balance sheet date. Investments are carried at cost, which approximates their fair market value.

As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, investments consist of the following:

	As of March 31, 2022
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross  Unrealized  Losses		Estimated Fair Value
Investments:
Certificates of deposit due in one year or less	$	60,000	$	—	$	—	$	60,000
Total	$	60,000	$	—	$	—	$	60,000

	As of December 31, 2021
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross  Unrealized  Losses		Estimated Fair Value
Investments:
Certificates of deposit due in one year or less	$	90,000	$	—	$	—	$	90,000
Total	$	90,000	$	—	$	—	$	90,000

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Property and Equipment, Net

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2022

Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]

Property and Equipment, Net

. Property and Equipment, Net

As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, property and equipment, net consist of the following:

	As of March 31, 2022			As of December 31, 2021
Server and computer equipment	$	8,077		$	8,349
Capitalized internal-use software		3,869			3,041
Capitalized website development		25,255			22,037
Furniture and fixtures		8,613			8,615
Leasehold improvements		24,078			24,082
Construction in progress		1,073			854
Finance lease right-of-use assets		520			556
		71,485			67,534
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization		(38,384	)		(35,324	)
Property and equipment, net	$	33,101		$	32,210

For the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, depreciation and amortization expense, excluding amortization of intangible assets and amortization of capitalized hosting arrangements, was $3,480 and $2,020, respectively.

During the three months ended March 31, 2022, capitalized website development costs increased $3,218 due to continued investment in the Company's product offerings.

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Accrued Expenses, Accrued Income Taxes and Other Current Liabilities and Other Non-Current Liabilities

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2022

Payables and Accruals [Abstract]

Accrued Expenses, Accrued Income Taxes and Other Current Liabilities and Other Non-Current Liabilities

6. Accrued Expenses, Accrued Income Taxes and Other Current Liabilities and Other Non-Current Liabilities

As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, accrued expenses, accrued income taxes and other current liabilities consist of the following:

	As of March 31, 2022		As of December 31, 2021
Accrued bonus	$	4,536	$	11,777
Accrued income taxes		25,885		6,344
Accrued tax distributions to redeemable noncontrolling interest holders		4,168		8,701
Payments received in advance from third-party payment processor		—		28,075
Other accrued expenses and other current liabilities		27,166		23,689
Total	$	61,755	$	78,586

O

The decrease of $28,075 in the payments received in advance from third-party payment processor is due to the timing of payments remitted by the third-party, resulting in an accounts receivable position as of March 31, 2022 and liability position as of December 31, 2021.

The increase of $19,541 in accrued income taxes is primarily due to the impact of the newly effected amended IRC Section 174 research and expenditure (“R&E”) rules for U.S. income tax purposes and the exhaustion of available carryover tax attributes. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Act”) amended the R&E rules to require capitalization and amortization of product, technology and software development costs paid or incurred in tax years beginning after December 31, 2021.

The decrease of $7,241 in accrued bonus is primarily due to the payout of the fiscal year 2021 bonuses in the first quarter of 2022.

The decrease of $4,533 in accrued tax distributions to redeemable noncontrolling interest holders is primarily due to cash settlement of the balance as of December 31, 2021 during the three months ended March 31, 2022, offset by the accrual for tax distributions to noncontrolling interest holders for the estimated tax liability on their respective taxable income earned as of March 31, 2022.

As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, other non-current liabilities consist of the following:

	As of March 31, 2022		As of December 31, 2021
CO Incentive Unit and Subject Unit liability-classified awards	$	34,790	$	21,095
Other non-current liabilities		3,106		2,544
Total	$	37,896	$	23,639

In connection with the Company's acquisition of a 51% interest in CarOffer, the then-outstanding unvested incentive units ("CO Incentive Units") of CarOffer and unvested Class CO CarOffer units (the "Subject Units") remained outstanding. The increase of $13,695 related to CO Incentive Unit and Subject Unit liability-classified awards is due to the mark to market valuation and the continued recognition over the vesting period.

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Commitments and Contingencies

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2022

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Commitments and Contingencies

. Commitments and Contingencies

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

As of March 31, 2022, all of the Company’s property, equipment, and internal-use software have been purchased with cash with the exception of amounts related to unpaid property and equipment, capitalized website development, capitalized internal-use software and capitalized hosting arrangements and amounts related to obligations under finance leases as disclosed in the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. The Company has no material long-term purchase obligations outstanding with any vendor or third party.

Leases

The Company’s primary operating lease obligations consist of various leases for office space in: Boston, Massachusetts; Cambridge, Massachusetts; San Francisco, California; Addison, Texas; and Dublin, Ireland. The Company also has an operating lease obligation for data center space in Needham, Massachusetts.

As of March 31, 2022, there were no material changes in the Company’s leases from those disclosed in the Annual Report.

The Company’s leases in Boston, Massachusetts, Cambridge, Massachusetts and San Francisco, California have associated letters of credit, which are recognized within restricted cash in the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, restricted cash was $15,493 and $16,336, respectively, and primarily related to cash held at a financial institution in an interest‑bearing cash account as collateral for the letters of credit related to the contractual provisions for the Company’s building leases and pass-through payments from customers related to the Company’s wholesale business. As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, portions of restricted cash were classified as a short-term asset and long‑term asset, as disclosed on the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.

Acquisitions

On January 14, 2021 the Company completed the acquisition of a 51% interest in CarOffer, an automated instant vehicle trade platform based in Addison, Texas, with the option to acquire portions of the remaining equity in the future. Details of this acquisition are more fully described in Note 4 to the financial statements contained within the Annual Report. On May 6, 2022, the CarOffer Operating Agreement (as defined in Note 4 to the financial statements contained within the Annual Report) was amended with retroactive effect to correct a clerical error in connection with the November 23, 2021 amendment and restatement of the CarOffer Operating Agreement.

Legal Matters

From time to time the Company may become involved in legal proceedings or be subject to claims arising in the ordinary course of its business. The Company is not presently subject to any pending or threatened litigation that it believes, if determined adversely to the Company, individually, or taken together, would reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect on its business or financial results. However, litigation is inherently unpredictable and the future outcome of legal proceedings and other contingencies could be unexpected or differ from the Company’s estimated liabilities, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s future financial results.

Guarantees and Indemnification Obligations

In the ordinary course of business, the Company enters into agreements with its customers, partners and service providers that include commercial provisions with respect to licensing, infringement, guarantees, indemnification, and other common provisions.

CarOffer provides certain guarantees to dealers through its 45-Day Guaranteed Bid and OfferGuard product offerings, which are accounted for under ASC Topic 460, Guarantees.

45-Day Guaranteed Bid is an arrangement through which a selling dealer lists a car on the CarOffer platform, and CarOffer provides an offer to purchase the vehicle listed at a specified price at any time over a 45-day period. This provides the seller with a put option, where they have the right, but not the obligation, to require CarOffer to purchase the vehicle during this window. OfferGuard is an arrangement through which a buying dealer purchases a car on the CarOffer platform, and CarOffer provides an offer to purchase the vehicle at a specified price between days 1 and 3, and days 42 and 45 if the dealer is not able to sell the vehicle after 42 days.

A guarantee liability is initially measured using the amount of consideration received from the dealer for the purchase of the guarantee. The initial liability is released, and guarantee income is recognized, upon the earliest of the following: the vehicle sells during the guarantee period, the seller exercises it’s put option during the guarantee period, or the option expires unexercised at the end of the guarantee period. Guarantee income is recognized within wholesale revenue in the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Income Statements. When it is probable and reasonably estimable that CarOffer will incur a loss on a vehicle that it is required to purchase, a liability, and a corresponding charge to cost of sales is recognized for the amount of the loss in the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. Gains and losses resulting from the dealers exercise of guarantees are recognized within cost of sales in the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

For the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, income for guarantees purchased by dealers was $3,303 and $647, respectively. For the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, the net loss resulting from the dealer's exercise of guarantees was immaterial.

As of March 31, 2022, the maximum potential amount of future payments that CarOffer could be required to make under these guarantees was $162,109. Of the maximum potential amount of future payments, none are considered probable. The exercise of guarantees has historically been infrequent and even when such exercises did occur the losses were immaterial. As such, as of March 31, 2022, CarOffer had no contingent loss liabilities.

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Stock-based Compensation

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2022

Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Stock-based Compensation

. Stock-based Compensation

For the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, stock compensation expense by award type and where the stock compensation expense was recognized in the Company’s Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Income Statements is as follows:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2022		2021
Options	$	644	$	617
Restricted stock units		13,503		13,743
CO Incentive Units and Subject Units		13,695		1,033
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	27,842	$	15,393

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2022		2021
Cost of revenue	$	136	$	92
Sales and marketing expense		3,983		2,752
Product, technology, and development expense		6,368		5,772
General and administrative expense		17,355		6,777
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	27,842	$	15,393

For the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, excluded from stock-based compensation expense is $1,206 and $569 of capitalized website development costs, capitalized internal-use software costs and capitalized hosting arrangements, respectively.

During the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company withheld 155,736 and 162,950 shares of Class A common stock, respectively, to satisfy employee tax withholding requirements and for option exercise costs due to net share settlements and cashless exercises of options, as applicable. The shares withheld return to the authorized, but unissued pool under the Company's Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan and can be reissued by the Company. For the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, total payments to satisfy employee tax withholding requirements and for option exercise costs due to net share settlements and cashless exercises of options were $5,430 and $5,041, respectively, and are reflected as a financing activity in the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

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Earnings Per Share

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2022

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Earnings Per Share

. Earnings Per Share

The Company has two classes of common stock authorized: Class A common stock and Class B common stock. The rights of the holders of Class A and Class B common stock are identical, except with respect to voting and conversion. Each share of Class A common stock is entitled to one vote per share and each share of Class B common stock is entitled to ten votes per share. Each share of Class B common stock is convertible into one share of Class A common stock at the option of the holder at any time or automatically upon certain events described in the Company’s amended and restated certificate of incorporation, including upon either the death or voluntary termination of the Company’s Executive Chairman. The Company allocates undistributed earnings attributable to common stock between the common stock classes on a one‑to‑one basis when computing net income per share. As a result, basic and diluted net income per share of Class A common stock and per share of Class B common stock are equivalent.

During the three months ended March 31, 2022, no shares of Class B common stock were converted to Class A common stock. During the three months ended March 31, 2021, holders of Class B common stock converted 929,597 shares of Class B common stock to Class A common stock.

Basic net income per share (“Basic EPS”) is computed by dividing net (loss) income attributable to common stockholders and adjusted to reflect changes in the redemption value of the redeemable noncontrolling interest, if applicable, by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the reporting period. The Company computes the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the reporting period using the total number of shares of Class A common stock and Class B common stock outstanding as of the last day of the previous year plus the weighted-average of any additional shares issued and outstanding during the reporting period.

Diluted net income per share (“Diluted EPS”) gives effect to all potentially dilutive securities. Diluted EPS is computed by dividing net (loss) income attributable to common stockholders and adjusted to reflect adjustments for net income (loss) attributable to the noncontrolling interest and redemption adjustments to redeemable noncontrolling interest, if applicable and dilutive, by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the reporting period using (i) the number of shares of common stock used in the Basic EPS calculation as indicated above, (ii) if dilutive, the incremental weighted-average common stock that the Company would issue upon the exercise of stock options and the vesting of RSUs, (iii) if dilutive, market-based performance awards based on the number of shares that would be issuable as of the end of the reporting period assuming the end of the reporting period was also the end of the contingency period. The dilutive effect of these common stock equivalents is reflected in diluted earnings per share by application of the treasury stock method. The if-converted method is used to calculate the number of shares issuable upon exercise of the 2024 Put Right (as defined in Note 4 to the financial statements contained within the Annual Report), inclusive of CarOffer noncontrolling interest and incentive units, that would be issuable as of the end of the reporting period assuming the end of the reporting period was also the end of the contingency period.

For the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, a reconciliation of the numerator and denominator used in the calculation of basic and diluted net income per share is as follows:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2022			2021
Numerator:
Consolidated net income	$	18,838		$	19,551
Net loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest		(1,072	)		(2,810	)
Accretion of redeemable noncontrolling interest to redemption value		82,000			—
Net (loss) income attributable to common stockholders	$	(62,090	)	$	22,361
Denominator:
Weighted-average number of shares of common stock used    in computing net income per share attributable to    common stockholders — basic		118,031,325			116,316,464
Dilutive effect of share equivalents resulting from stock    options		—			513,092
Dilutive effect of share equivalents resulting from    unvested restricted stock units		—			419,809
Weighted-average number of shares of common stock used in computing net income per share attributable to common stockholders — diluted		118,031,325			117,249,365
Net (loss) income per share attributable to common stockholders:
Basic	$	(0.53	)	$	0.19
Diluted	$	(0.53	)	$	0.19

For the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, potentially dilutive common stock equivalents that have been excluded from the calculation of diluted weighted-average shares outstanding as their effect would have been anti-dilutive are as follows:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2022		2021
Stock options outstanding		944,193		326,939
Restricted stock units outstanding		4,076,681		2,492,820
CO Incentive Units, Subject Units and noncontrolling    interest		7,790,110		—

For the three months ended March 31, 2021, shares of Class A common stock potentially issuable under market-based performance awards of approximately 282,921 were excluded from the calculation of weighted average shares used to compute Diluted EPS, as the market-based vesting conditions had not been achieved as of the reporting period end date and as such there were zero contingently issuable shares.

For the three months ended March 31, 2021, there were no shares included in diluted EPS for the number of shares issuable upon exercise of the 2024 Put Right, inclusive of CO Incentive Units, as no shares would be issuable as of the end of March 31, 2021 had that been the end of the contingency period.

For the three months ended March 31, 2022, there was no effect of potentially dilutive shares as the numerator was negative. Additionally, during the three months ended March 31, 2022, the Company modified its market-based performance awards to contain only service-based vesting conditions in line with the Company's other restricted stock unit awards.

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Income Taxes

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2022

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Income Taxes

10. Income Taxes

During the three months ended March 31, 2022, the Company recorded an income tax provision of $7,702, representing an effective tax rate of 27.9%. The effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2022 was greater than the statutory tax rate of 21%, principally due to state and local income taxes, shortfalls on the taxable compensation of share-based awards and the Section 162(m) excess officer compensation limitation, partially offset by federal and state research and development tax credits.

During the three months ended March 31, 2021, the Company recorded an income tax provision of $6,462, representing an effective tax rate of 22.4%. The effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2021 was greater than the statutory tax rate of 21% principally due to state and local income taxes, partially offset by federal and state research and development tax credits.

The Company and its subsidiaries are subject to various U.S. federal, state, and foreign income tax examinations. The Company is currently not subject to income tax examination for the tax years of 2018 and prior as a result of applicable statute of limitations of the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and state jurisdictions. The Company is currently not subject to examination in its foreign jurisdictions for tax years 2019 and prior.

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Segment and Geographic Information

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2022

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Segment and Geographic Information

11. Segment and Geographic Information

Effective the first quarter of 2022, the Company revised its segment reporting from two reportable segments, United States and International, to one reportable segment. The Company concluded the change in segment reporting was not a triggering event for goodwill impairment. The change in segment reporting was made to align with changes made in the manner the Company’s chief operating decision maker (the “CODM”) reviews the Company’s operating results in assessing performance and allocating resources. The CODM now assesses the Company's performance on a consolidated basis rather than by geographical location as a result of the international segment becoming less significant relative to the overall business. The CODM reviews revenue and operating income (loss) as a proxy for the operating performance of the Company’s operations. The Company’s Chief Executive Officer is the CODM.

For the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, information regarding the Company’s operations by segment is represented within the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Income Statements.

For the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, information regarding the Company’s revenue by geographical region is as follows:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2022		2021
Revenue by Geographic Region:
United States	$	419,208	$	163,011
International		11,400		8,357
Total revenue	$	430,608	$	171,368

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2022

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Basis of Presentation

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying interim condensed consolidated financial statements (the “Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements”) are unaudited. The Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and related disclosures have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). Any reference in these notes to applicable guidance is meant to refer to GAAP as found in the Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) and Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”).

The Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements have also been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Accordingly, certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. The Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements reflect all adjustments, consisting of only normal recurring adjustments, necessary for the fair presentation of the Company’s financial position as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, results of operations, comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’ equity for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021 and cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021. These interim period results are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for any other interim period or the full year.

The Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021, filed with the SEC on February 25, 2022 (the “Annual Report”).

While the Company disclosed total revenue in the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Income Statements in the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2021, filed with the SEC on May 5, 2021, the accompanying Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Income Statements for the quarter ended March 31, 2021 presents revenues disaggregated into marketplace, wholesale, and product revenues to conform to the current year presentation, as a result of the acquisition of a 51% interest in CarOffer.

While the Company disclosed inventory within prepaid expenses, prepaid income taxes, and other assets in the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flow in the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2021, filed with the SEC on May 5, 2021, the accompanying Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flow for the quarter ended March 31, 2021 present inventory separately from prepaid expenses, prepaid income taxes, and other assets to conform to the current year presentation, as inventory met the threshold for separate disclosure.

Principles of Consolidation

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Subsequent Event Considerations

Subsequent Event Considerations

The Company considers events or transactions that occur after the balance sheet date but prior to the issuance of the financial statements to provide additional evidence for certain estimates or to identify matters that require additional disclosure. The Company has evaluated all subsequent events and determined that there are no material recognized or unrecognized subsequent events requiring disclosure, other than as disclosed in these Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Use of Estimates

Use of Estimates

The preparation of the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period.

Although the Company regularly assesses these estimates, actual results could differ materially from these estimates. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from management’s estimates if these results differ from historical experience, or other assumptions do not turn out to be substantially accurate, even if such assumptions are reasonable when made. Changes in estimates are recognized in the period in which they become known.

Critical estimates relied upon in preparing the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements include the determination of sales allowance and variable consideration in the Company’s revenue recognition, allowance for doubtful accounts, the expensing and capitalization of product, technology, and development costs for website development and internal‑use software, the valuation and recoverability of goodwill, intangible assets and other long-lived assets, the valuation of redeemable noncontrolling interest, the recoverability of the Company’s net deferred tax assets and related valuation allowance and the valuation of equity and liability-classified compensation awards under ASC Topic 718, Stock-based Compensation ("ASC 718"). Accordingly, the Company considers these to be its critical accounting policies, and believes that of the Company’s significant accounting policies, these policies involve the greatest degree of judgment and complexity.

Concentration of Credit Risk

Concentration of Credit Risk

The Company has no significant off‑balance sheet risk, such as foreign exchange contracts, option contracts, or other foreign hedging arrangements. Financial instruments that potentially expose the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents, investments, and trade accounts receivable.

The Company maintains its cash, cash equivalents, and investments principally with accredited financial institutions of high credit standing. Although the Company deposits its cash, cash equivalents, and investments with multiple financial institutions, its deposits may often exceed governmental insured limits.

The Company is exposed to credit losses primarily through its trade accounts receivable, which includes receivables in transit from a third-party payment processor. The third-party payment processor collects customer payments on the Company's behalf and remits them to the Company. Customer payments received, but not remitted as of period end are deemed to be receivables in transit. Additionally, the third-party payment processer provides payments in advance for certain customers to the Company. If the third-party payment processor does not receive customer payments related to the payments in advance, the balance is deducted from future remittances to the Company.

The Company offsets gross trade accounts receivable with payments received in advance from a third-party payment processer as it has the right of offset. As of March 31, 2022, gross trade accounts receivable from receivables in transit from the third-party payment processor was $24,171, offset by payments received in advance of $23,217, which resulted in a net asset of $954 recognized within accounts receivable, net in the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of December 31, 2021, gross trade accounts receivable from receivables in transit from the third-party payment processor was $18,747, offset by payments received in advance of $46,822, which resulted a net liability of $28,075 recognized within accrued expenses, accrued income taxes and other current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. Payments received in advance are deductible from future payments from the third-party payment processor if the third-party payment processor does not receive the payment from the customer. Payments received in advance are presented as cash flows from financing activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows.

Credit risk with respect to accounts receivable is dispersed due to the large number of customers. The Company routinely assesses the creditworthiness of its customers. The Company generally has not experienced any material losses related to receivables from individual customers, or groups of customers. The Company does not require collateral. Due to these factors, no additional credit risk beyond amounts provided for collection losses is believed by management to be probable in the Company’s accounts receivable.

The majority of the Company's accounts receivable results from the acquisition of a 51% interest in CarOffer, which uses a third-party payment processor for wholesale revenue transactions. The Company has had no material losses related to CarOffer receivables, as it does not release the title until successfully collecting funds from the buying dealer.

As of March 31, 2022, two customers accounted for 25% and 22% of net accounts receivable, respectively. As of December 31, 2021, two customers accounted for 47% and 18% of net accounts receivable, respectively.

As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, $8,198 and $7,356, respectively, was included in net accounts receivable, representing unbilled accounts receivable relating primarily to advertising customers invoiced in the subsequent period to services rendered.

For the three months ended March 31, 2022, one customer accounted for 13% of total revenue due to continued growth of the CarOffer business. For the three months ended March 31, 2021, no individual customer accounted for more than 10% of total revenue.

Significant Accounting Policies

Significant Accounting Policies

The Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements reflect the application of certain significant accounting policies as described below and elsewhere in these notes to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. As of March 31, 2022, there have been no material changes in the Company’s significant accounting policies, which are detailed in the Annual Report.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements not Yet Adopted

Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

From time to time, new accounting pronouncements are issued by the FASB or other standard setting bodies and adopted by the Company on or prior to the specified effective date. Unless otherwise discussed, the Company believes that the impact of recently issued standards that are not yet effective will not have a material impact on its financial position or results of operations upon adoption. As of March 31, 2022, there are no new material accounting pronouncements that the Company is considering adopting.

Earnings Per Share

The Company has two classes of common stock authorized: Class A common stock and Class B common stock. The rights of the holders of Class A and Class B common stock are identical, except with respect to voting and conversion. Each share of Class A common stock is entitled to one vote per share and each share of Class B common stock is entitled to ten votes per share. Each share of Class B common stock is convertible into one share of Class A common stock at the option of the holder at any time or automatically upon certain events described in the Company’s amended and restated certificate of incorporation, including upon either the death or voluntary termination of the Company’s Executive Chairman. The Company allocates undistributed earnings attributable to common stock between the common stock classes on a one‑to‑one basis when computing net income per share. As a result, basic and diluted net income per share of Class A common stock and per share of Class B common stock are equivalent.

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments Including Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Investments (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2022

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Schedule of Fair Value Levels, Assets Measured at Fair Value on Recurring Basis

assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis consist of the following:

	As of March 31, 2022
	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1 Inputs)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2 Inputs)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3 Inputs)		Total
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds	$	227,547	$	—	$	—	$	227,547
Investments:
Certificates of deposit		—		60,000		—		60,000
Total	$	227,547	$	60,000	$	—	$	287,547

	As of December 31, 2021
	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1 Inputs)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2 Inputs)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3 Inputs)		Total
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds	$	157,525	$	—	$	—	$	157,525
Investments:
Certificates of deposit		—		90,000		—		90,000
Total	$	157,525	$	90,000	$	—	$	247,525

Schedule of Investments

of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, investments consist of the following:

	As of March 31, 2022
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross  Unrealized  Losses		Estimated Fair Value
Investments:
Certificates of deposit due in one year or less	$	60,000	$	—	$	—	$	60,000
Total	$	60,000	$	—	$	—	$	60,000

	As of December 31, 2021
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross  Unrealized  Losses		Estimated Fair Value
Investments:
Certificates of deposit due in one year or less	$	90,000	$	—	$	—	$	90,000
Total	$	90,000	$	—	$	—	$	90,000

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Property and Equipment, Net (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2022

Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]

Schedule of Property and Equipment, Net

roperty and equipment, net consist of the following:

	As of March 31, 2022			As of December 31, 2021
Server and computer equipment	$	8,077		$	8,349
Capitalized internal-use software		3,869			3,041
Capitalized website development		25,255			22,037
Furniture and fixtures		8,613			8,615
Leasehold improvements		24,078			24,082
Construction in progress		1,073			854
Finance lease right-of-use assets		520			556
		71,485			67,534
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization		(38,384	)		(35,324	)
Property and equipment, net	$	33,101		$	32,210

For the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, d

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Accrued Expenses, Accrued Income Taxes and Other Current Liabilities and Other Non-Current Liabilities (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2022

Payables and Accruals [Abstract]

Schedule of Accrued Expenses, Accrued Income Taxes and Other Current Liabilities

As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, accrued expenses, accrued income taxes and other current liabilities consist of the following:

	As of March 31, 2022		As of December 31, 2021
Accrued bonus	$	4,536	$	11,777
Accrued income taxes		25,885		6,344
Accrued tax distributions to redeemable noncontrolling interest holders		4,168		8,701
Payments received in advance from third-party payment processor		—		28,075
Other accrued expenses and other current liabilities		27,166		23,689
Total	$	61,755	$	78,586

Schedule of Other Non-Current Liabilities

As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, other non-current liabilities consist of the following:

	As of March 31, 2022		As of December 31, 2021
CO Incentive Unit and Subject Unit liability-classified awards	$	34,790	$	21,095
Other non-current liabilities		3,106		2,544
Total	$	37,896	$	23,639

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Stock-based Compensation (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2022

Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Summary of Stock-based Compensation Expense by Award Type

stock compensation expense by award type and where the stock compensation expense was recognized in the Company’s Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Income Statements is as follows:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2022		2021
Options	$	644	$	617
Restricted stock units		13,503		13,743
CO Incentive Units and Subject Units		13,695		1,033
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	27,842	$	15,393

Summary of Allocation of Stock-based Compensation Expense

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2022		2021
Cost of revenue	$	136	$	92
Sales and marketing expense		3,983		2,752
Product, technology, and development expense		6,368		5,772
General and administrative expense		17,355		6,777
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	27,842	$	15,393

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Earnings Per Share (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2022

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Schedule of Reconciliation of Numerator and Denominator Used in Calculation of Basic and Diluted Net Income Per Share

For the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, a reconciliation of the numerator and denominator used in the calculation of basic and diluted net income per share is as follows:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2022			2021
Numerator:
Consolidated net income	$	18,838		$	19,551
Net loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest		(1,072	)		(2,810	)
Accretion of redeemable noncontrolling interest to redemption value		82,000			—
Net (loss) income attributable to common stockholders	$	(62,090	)	$	22,361
Denominator:
Weighted-average number of shares of common stock used    in computing net income per share attributable to    common stockholders — basic		118,031,325			116,316,464
Dilutive effect of share equivalents resulting from stock    options		—			513,092
Dilutive effect of share equivalents resulting from    unvested restricted stock units		—			419,809
Weighted-average number of shares of common stock used in computing net income per share attributable to common stockholders — diluted		118,031,325			117,249,365
Net (loss) income per share attributable to common stockholders:
Basic	$	(0.53	)	$	0.19
Diluted	$	(0.53	)	$	0.19

Schedule of Potentially Dilutive Common Stock Equivalents Excluded from Calculation of Diluted Weighted-average Shares Outstanding

For the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, potentially dilutive common stock equivalents that have been excluded from the calculation of diluted weighted-average shares outstanding as their effect would have been anti-dilutive are as follows:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2022		2021
Stock options outstanding		944,193		326,939
Restricted stock units outstanding		4,076,681		2,492,820
CO Incentive Units, Subject Units and noncontrolling    interest		7,790,110		—

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Segment and Geographic Information (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2022

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Summary of Operations by Segment and Geographical Area

For the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, information regarding the Company’s revenue by geographical region is as follows:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2022		2021
Revenue by Geographic Region:
United States	$	419,208	$	163,011
International		11,400		8,357
Total revenue	$	430,608	$	171,368

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Organization and Business Description - Additional Information (Details) - Segment	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Jan. 14, 2021
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
State of incorporation	DE
Date of incorporation	Jun. 26, 2015
Number of reportable segments	1	2
Car Offer
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Business acquisition, percentage of interest acquired	51.00%		51.00%

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Additional Information (Details) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2022 USD ($) Customer $ / shares	Mar. 31, 2021 Customer	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($) Customer $ / shares	Jan. 14, 2021
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Description of significant off-balance sheet risk	The Company has no significant off‑balance sheet risk, such as foreign exchange contracts, option contracts, or other foreign hedging arrangements.
Accounts receivable, net	$ 144,718		$ 189,324
Accrued expenses, accrued income taxes and other current liabilities	61,755		78,586
Trade Accounts Receivable [Member]
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Gross trade accounts receivable from receivables in transit from the third-party payment processor	24,171		18,747
Receivables offset by payments received in advance	23,217		46,822
Accounts receivable, net	$ 954
Accrued expenses, accrued income taxes and other current liabilities			$ 28,075
Class A Common Stock
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Common stock, par value | $ / shares	$ 0.001		$ 0.001
Car Offer
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Business acquisition, percentage of interest acquired	51.00%			51.00%
Sales Revenue, Net | Concentration of Credit Risk
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Number of major customers | Customer	1	0
Sales Revenue, Net | Concentration of Credit Risk | Customer One
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Concentration of credit risk, percentage	13.00%
Net Accounts Receivable | Advertising Customers
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Unbilled accounts receivable	$ 8,198		$ 7,356
Net Accounts Receivable | Concentration of Credit Risk
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Number of major customers | Customer	2		2
Net Accounts Receivable | Concentration of Credit Risk | Customer One
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Concentration of credit risk, percentage	25.00%		47.00%
Net Accounts Receivable | Concentration of Credit Risk | Customer Two
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Concentration of credit risk, percentage	22.00%		18.00%

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Revenue Recognition - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2022	Mar. 31, 2021
Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]
Revenue recognized	$ 12,784	$ 9,137
Performance obligation unsatisfied	$ 15,500

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments Including Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Investments - Schedule of Fair Value Levels, Assets Measured at Fair Value on Recurring Basis (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Investments:	$ 60,000	$ 90,000
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Investments:	$ 60,000	$ 90,000
Debt Securities Held To Maturity Type Extensible List	us-gaap:CertificatesOfDepositMember	us-gaap:CertificatesOfDepositMember
Total	$ 287,547	$ 247,525
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1 Inputs)
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Total	227,547	157,525
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2 Inputs)
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Investments:	$ 60,000	$ 90,000
Debt Securities Held To Maturity Type Extensible List	us-gaap:CertificatesOfDepositMember	us-gaap:CertificatesOfDepositMember
Total	$ 60,000	$ 90,000
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Money Market Funds
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Cash equivalents:	227,547	157,525
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Money Market Funds | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1 Inputs)
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Cash equivalents:	$ 227,547	$ 157,525

XML

Fair Value of Financial Instruments Including Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Investments - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]
Liabilities, fair value	$ 0	$ 0

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments Including Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Investments - Schedule of Investments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]
Certificates of deposit due in one year or less, Amortized Cost	$ 60,000	$ 90,000
Held to maturity amortized cost	60,000	90,000
Certificates of deposit due in one year or less, Estimated Fair Value	60,000	90,000
Held to maturity fair value	$ 60,000	$ 90,000

XML

Property and Equipment, Net - Schedule of Property and Equipment, Net (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Property Plant And Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	$ 71,485	$ 67,534
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization	(38,384)	(35,324)
Property and equipment, net	33,101	32,210
Server and computer equipment
Property Plant And Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	8,077	8,349
Capitalized internal-use software
Property Plant And Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	3,869	3,041
Capitalized Website Development
Property Plant And Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	25,255	22,037
Furniture and Fixtures
Property Plant And Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	8,613	8,615
Leasehold Improvements
Property Plant And Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	24,078	24,082
Construction in Progress
Property Plant And Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	1,073	854
Finance Lease Right-of-use Assets
Property Plant And Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	$ 520	$ 556

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Property and Equipment, Net - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2022	Mar. 31, 2021
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Depreciation and amortization excluding amortization of intangible assets and capitalized hosting arrangements	$ 3,480	$ 2,020
Capitalized Website Development
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Increase (decrease) in property and equipment	$ 3,218

XML

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets - Summary of Changes in Carrying Value of Goodwill (Details) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2022 USD ($)
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]
Balance at December 31, 2020	$ 158,287
Balance at June 30, 2021	$ 157,998

XML

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets - Summary of Other Intangible Assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Finite Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Net Carrying Amount	$ 76,161	$ 83,915

XML

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets - Summary of Estimated Amortization Expense of Intangible Assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]
Net Carrying Amount	$ 76,161	$ 83,915

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Accrued Expenses, Accrued Income Taxes and Other Current Liabilities and Other Non-Current Liabilities - Schedule of Accrued Expenses, Accrued Income Taxes and Other Current Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Accrued Liabilities, Current [Abstract]
Accrued bonus	$ 4,536	$ 11,777
Accrued income taxes	25,885	6,344
Accrued tax distributions to redeemable noncontrolling interest holders	4,168	8,701
Payments received in advance from third-party payment processor		28,075
Other accrued expenses and other current liabilities	27,166	23,689
Total	$ 61,755	$ 78,586

XML

Accrued Expenses, Accrued Income Taxes and Other Current Liabilities and Other Non-Current Liabilities - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2022	Jan. 14, 2021
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Decrease in payments received in advance from third-party payment processor	$ 28,075
Increase in accrued income taxes	19,541
Decrease in accrued bonus	7,241
Decrease in accrued tax distributions to redeemable noncontrolling interest	4,533
Increase In CO incentive unit and subject unit liability-classified awards	$ 13,695
Car Offer
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Business acquisition, percentage of interest acquired	51.00%	51.00%

XML

Accrued Expenses, Accrued Income Taxes and Other Current Liabilities and Other Non-Current Liabilities - Schedule of Other Non-Current Liabilities - (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Payables and Accruals [Abstract]
CO Incentive Unit and Subject Unit liability-classified awards	$ 34,790	$ 21,095
Other non-current liabilities	3,106	2,544
Total	$ 37,896	$ 23,639

XML

Commitments and Contingencies - Additional Information (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2022 USD ($) Days	Mar. 31, 2021 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)	Jan. 14, 2021
Commitments And Contingencies [Line Items]
Restricted cash	$ 15,493		$ 16,336
Guarantee income	$ 3,303	$ 647
Car Offer
Commitments And Contingencies [Line Items]
Business acquisition, percentage of interest acquired	51.00%			51.00%
Guarantees, description	CarOffer provides certain guarantees to dealers through its 45-Day Guaranteed Bid and OfferGuard product offerings, which are accounted for under ASC Topic 460, Guarantees.
Number of days guarantee period | Days	45
Guarantees	$ 162,109
Loss contingent liabilities	$ 0

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Stock-based Compensation - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2022	Mar. 31, 2021
Employee Service Share Based Compensation Allocation Of Recognized Period Costs [Line Items]
Capitalized website development and internal-use software costs excluded from stock-based compensation expense	$ 1,206	$ 569
Total payments for employees' tax obligations to taxing authorities due to net share settlements and cashless exercises of options	$ 5,430	$ 5,041
Class A Common Stock
Employee Service Share Based Compensation Allocation Of Recognized Period Costs [Line Items]
Employee tax withholding requirements and option costs due to net share settlement	155,736	162,950

XML

Stock-based Compensation - Summary of Stock-based Compensation Expense by Award Type (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2022	Mar. 31, 2021
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation expense	$ 27,842	$ 15,393
Stock Options
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation expense	644	617
Restricted Stock Units
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation expense	13,503	13,743
CarOffer Incentive Units and Subject Units
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation expense	$ 13,695	$ 1,033

XML

Stock-based Compensation - Summary of Allocation of Stock-based Compensation Expense (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2022	Mar. 31, 2021
Employee Service Share Based Compensation Allocation Of Recognized Period Costs [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation expense	$ 27,842	$ 15,393
Cost of Revenue
Employee Service Share Based Compensation Allocation Of Recognized Period Costs [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation expense	136	92
Sales and Marketing Expense
Employee Service Share Based Compensation Allocation Of Recognized Period Costs [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation expense	3,983	2,752
Product, Technology, and Development Expense
Employee Service Share Based Compensation Allocation Of Recognized Period Costs [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation expense	6,368	5,772
General and Administrative
Employee Service Share Based Compensation Allocation Of Recognized Period Costs [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation expense	$ 17,355	$ 6,777

XML

Earnings Per Share - Additional Information (Details)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2022 Vote shares	Mar. 31, 2021 shares
Earnings Per Share Basic [Line Items]
Conversion of stock, description	Each share of Class B common stock is convertible into one share of Class A common stock at the option of the holder at any time or automatically upon certain events described in the Company’s amended and restated certificate of incorporation, including upon either the death or voluntary termination of the Company’s Executive Chairman.
Undistributed earnings ratio used to calculate allocation to class of stock	100.00%
CO Incentive Units
Earnings Per Share Basic [Line Items]
Potentially dilutive common stock equivalents excluded from calculation of diluted weighted-average shares outstanding		0
Market Based Performance Awards
Earnings Per Share Basic [Line Items]
Potentially dilutive common stock equivalents excluded from calculation of diluted weighted-average shares outstanding		282,921
2024 Put Right
Earnings Per Share Basic [Line Items]
Potentially dilutive common stock equivalents excluded from calculation of diluted weighted-average shares outstanding		0
Class A Common Stock
Earnings Per Share Basic [Line Items]
Right to voting	one vote per share
Number of votes entitled to stockholders per share | Vote	1
Conversion of stock	0	929,597
Class B Common Stock
Earnings Per Share Basic [Line Items]
Right to voting	ten votes per share
Number of votes entitled to stockholders per share | Vote	10
Class of share converted to another class	one share of Class A common stock
Conversion of stock	1

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Earnings Per Share - Schedule of Reconciliation of Numerator and Denominator Used in Calculation of Basic and Diluted Net Income Per Share (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2022	Mar. 31, 2021
Numerator:
Consolidated net income	$ 18,838	$ 19,551
Net income attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest	(1,072)	(2,810)
Accretion of redeemable noncontrolling interest to redemption value	82,000
Net (loss) income attributable to common stockholders	$ (62,090)	$ 22,361
Denominator:
Weighted-average number of shares of common stock used in computing net income per share attributable to common stockholders — basic	118,031,325	116,316,464
Dilutive effect of share equivalents resulting from stock options		513,092
Dilutive effect of share equivalents resulting from unvested restricted stock units		419,809
Weighted-average number of shares of common stock used in computing net income per share attributable to common stockholders — diluted	118,031,325	117,249,365
Net income per share attributable to common stockholders:
Basic	$ (0.53)	$ 0.19
Diluted	$ (0.53)	$ 0.19

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Earnings Per Share - Schedule of Potentially Dilutive Common Stock Equivalents Excluded from Calculation of Diluted Weighted-average Shares Outstanding (Details) - shares	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2022	Mar. 31, 2021
Stock Options Outstanding
Antidilutive Securities Excluded From Computation Of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Potentially dilutive common stock equivalents excluded from calculation of diluted weighted-average shares outstanding	944,193	326,939
Restricted Stock Units Outstanding
Antidilutive Securities Excluded From Computation Of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Potentially dilutive common stock equivalents excluded from calculation of diluted weighted-average shares outstanding	4,076,681	2,492,820
CO Incentive Units, Subject Units and noncontrolling interest
Antidilutive Securities Excluded From Computation Of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Potentially dilutive common stock equivalents excluded from calculation of diluted weighted-average shares outstanding	7,790,110

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Income Taxes - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2022	Mar. 31, 2021
Income Tax Examination [Line Items]
Income tax provision (benefit)	$ 7,702	$ 6,462
Effective income tax rate	27.90%	22.40%
Statutory tax rate	21.00%	21.00%
Foreign
Income Tax Examination [Line Items]
Closed tax year	2019
Internal Revenue Service (IRS) | Foreign
Income Tax Examination [Line Items]
Closed tax year	2018
Internal Revenue Service (IRS) | State
Income Tax Examination [Line Items]
Closed tax year	2018
Internal Revenue Service (IRS) | Domestic Tax Authority
Income Tax Examination [Line Items]
Closed tax year	2018

XML

Segment and Geographic Information - Additional Information (Details) - Segment	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Number of reportable segments	1	2

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Segment and Geographic Information - Summary of Operations by Segment and Geographical Area (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2022	Mar. 31, 2021
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Revenue	$ 430,608	$ 171,368
United States
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Revenue	419,208	163,011
International
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Revenue	$ 11,400	$ 8,357