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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2017
Accounting Policies [Abstract]  
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
 
Basis of Presentation
 
The Company’s financial statements have been prepared in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”). Any reference in these notes to applicable guidance is meant to refer to the authoritative United States GAAP as defined in the Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) and Accounting Standards Updates (“ASU”) of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”). The Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiary, T2 Biosystems Securities Corporation. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.

We have evaluated subsequent events from March 31, 2017 through the date of the issuance of these consolidated financial statements and have determined that no material subsequent events have occurred that would affect the information presented in these consolidated financial statements.
 
Unaudited Interim Financial Information
 
Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in the Company’s annual financial statements have been condensed or omitted.  Accordingly, these interim condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto contained in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016.
 
The accompanying interim condensed consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2017, the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016 and the related financial data and other information disclosed in these notes are unaudited. The unaudited interim financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the audited annual financial statements, and, in the opinion of management, reflect all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for the fair presentation of the Company’s financial position as of March 31, 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016. The results for the three months ended March 31, 2017 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the year ending December 31, 2017, any other interim periods, or any future year or period.
 
Segment Information
 
Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise about which separate discrete information is available for evaluation by the chief operating decision maker, or decision‑making group, in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The Company’s chief operating decision maker is the Chief Executive Officer. The Company views its operations and manages its business in one operating segment, which is the business of developing and, upon regulatory clearance, launching commercially its diagnostic products aimed at lowering mortality rates, improving patient outcomes and reducing the cost of healthcare by helping medical professionals make targeted treatment decisions earlier.
 
Net Loss Per Share
 
Basic net loss per share is calculated by dividing net loss by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period, without consideration for common stock equivalents. Diluted net loss per share is calculated by adjusting the weighted-average number of shares outstanding for the dilutive effect of common stock equivalents outstanding for the period, determined using the treasury-stock method. For purposes of the diluted net loss per share calculation, stock options and unvested restricted stock are considered to be common stock equivalents, but have been excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share, as their effect would be anti-dilutive for all periods presented. Therefore, basic and diluted net loss per share applicable to common stockholders was the same for all periods presented.

Guarantees
 
As permitted under Delaware law, the Company indemnifies its officers and directors for certain events or occurrences while each such officer or director is, or was, serving at the Company’s request in such capacity. The term of the indemnification is the officer’s or director’s lifetime. The maximum potential amount of future payments the Company could be required to make is unlimited; however, the Company has directors’ and officers’ liability insurance coverage that limits its exposure and enables the Company to recover a portion of any future amounts paid.
 
The Company leases office, laboratory and manufacturing space under noncancelable operating leases. The Company has standard indemnification arrangements under the leases that require it to indemnify the landlords against all costs, expenses, fines, suits, claims, demands, liabilities, and actions directly resulting from any breach, violation or nonperformance of any covenant or condition of the Company’s leases.
 
In the ordinary course of business, the Company enters into indemnification agreements with certain suppliers and business partners where the Company has certain indemnification obligations limited to the costs, expenses, fines, suits, claims, demands, liabilities and actions directly resulting from the Company’s gross negligence or willful misconduct, and in certain instances, breaches, violations or nonperformance of covenants or conditions under the agreements.
 
As of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the Company had not experienced any material losses related to these indemnification obligations, and no material claims with respect thereto were outstanding. The Company does not expect significant claims related to these indemnification obligations and, consequently, concluded that the fair value of these obligations is negligible, and no related reserves were established.
 
Revenue Recognition
 
The Company generates revenue from product sales, which includes the sale of instruments, consumable diagnostic tests and related services, and research and development agreements with third parties. The Company recognizes revenue in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 605, Revenue Recognition (“ASC 605”). Accordingly, the Company recognizes revenue when all of the following criteria have been met:
 
i.    Persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists
ii.    Delivery has occurred or services have been rendered
iii.    The seller’s price to the buyer is fixed or determinable
iv.    Collectability is reasonably assured
 
If any of the above criteria have not been met, the Company defers revenue until such time each of the criteria have been satisfied.
 
Product revenue is generated by the sale of instruments and consumable diagnostic tests predominantly through the Company's direct sales force in the United States and distributors in geographic regions outside the United States. The Company does not offer product return or exchange rights (other than those relating to defective goods under warranty) or price protection allowances to its customers, including its distributors. Payment terms granted to distributors are the same as those granted to end-user customers and payments are not dependent upon the distributors’ receipt of payment from their end-user customers. The Company either sells instruments to customers and international distributors, or retains title and places the instrument at the customer site pursuant to a reagent rental agreement.  When the instrument is directly purchased by a customer, the Company recognizes revenue when all applicable revenue recognition criteria are met. When the instrument is placed under a reagent rental agreement, the Company’s customers generally agree to fixed term agreements, which can be extended, certain of which may include minimum purchase commitments and/or incremental charges on each consumable diagnostic test purchased, which varies based on the volume of test cartridges purchased. Revenue from the sale of consumable diagnostic tests, which includes the incremental charge, is recognized upon delivery as a component of product revenue in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.
 
Direct sales of instruments include warranty, maintenance and technical support services for one year following the installation of the purchased instrument (“Maintenance Services”). After the completion of the initial Maintenance Services period, customers have the option to renew the Maintenance Services for additional one year periods in exchange for additional consideration. In addition, the Company may provide training to customers. The Company defers revenue from the initial sale of the instrument equal to the relative fair value of the one year of Maintenance Services and training and recognizes the amounts ratably over the service delivery period.

The Company warrants that consumable diagnostic tests will be free from defects, when handled according to product specifications, for the stated life of the product. To fulfill valid warranty claims, the Company either provides a credit to its customers on future orders or provides a replacement product. Accordingly, the Company defers revenue associated with the estimated defect rates of the consumable diagnostic tests.

The Company does not offer rights of return for instruments or consumable diagnostic tests.

Shipping and handling costs incurred associated with products sold to customers are recorded as a cost of product revenue in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss. Shipping and handling costs billed to customers in connection with a product sale are recorded as a component of product revenue in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

For multiple-element arrangements, the Company identifies the deliverables included within each agreement and evaluates which deliverables represent separate units of accounting. The determination that multiple elements in an arrangement meet the criteria for separate units of accounting requires the Company’s management to exercise judgment. The Company accounts for those components as separate elements when the following criteria are met: (1) the delivered items have value to the customer on a stand-alone basis; and, (2) if there is a general right of return relative to the delivered items, delivery or performance of the undelivered items is considered probable and within its control.

The consideration received is allocated among the separate units of accounting based on a selling price hierarchy. The selling price hierarchy is based on: (1) vendor specific objective evidence (“VSOE”), if available; (2) third party evidence of selling price if VSOE is not available; or (3) best estimated selling price (“BESP”) if neither VSOE nor third party evidence is available. The Company generally expects that it will not be able to establish selling price using third-party evidence due to the nature of our products and the markets in which the Company competes, and, as such, the Company typically will determine selling price using VSOE or BESP. 

When the Company establishes selling price using BESP, consideration is given to both market and Company-specific factors, including the cost to produce the deliverable and the anticipated margin on that deliverable, as well as the characteristics of markets in which the deliverable is sold.

Revenue earned from activities performed pursuant to research and development agreements is reported as research revenue in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, using the proportional performance method as the work is completed, limited to payments earned, and the related costs are expensed as incurred as research and development expense. The timing of receipt of cash from the Company’s research and development agreements generally differs from when revenue is recognized.
 
Product Recall
 
In July 2016, the Company initiated a voluntary recall and replacement of its T2Candida cartridges at certain customer sites because T2Candida was experiencing higher than normal invalid test rates as the T2Candida cartridges aged.  As of June 30, 2016, as a result of this voluntary recall, the Company deferred revenue totaling $0.1 million and recorded additional costs of product revenue of $41,000 related to returned products, which are no longer usable. As of March 31, 2017, the Company had $37,000 of deferred revenue and $2,000 of warranty reserve remaining, both related to this voluntary recall. The impact of the voluntary recall on T2Candida cartridges in inventory was not material to the condensed consolidated financial statements.
 
Cost of Product Revenue
 
Cost of product revenue includes the cost of materials, direct labor and manufacturing overhead costs used in the manufacture of consumable diagnostic tests sold to customers and related license and royalty fees. Cost of product revenue also includes depreciation on revenue generating T2Dx that have been placed with customers under reagent rental agreements; costs of materials, direct labor and manufacturing overhead costs on the T2Dx sold to customers; and other costs such as customer support costs, royalties and license fees, warranty and repair and maintenance expense on the T2Dx that have been placed with customers under reagent rental agreements.

Research and Development Costs
 
Costs incurred in the research and development of the Company’s product candidates are expensed as incurred. Research and development expenses consist of costs incurred in performing research and development activities, including activities associated with performing services under research revenue arrangements, and include salaries and benefits, stock compensation, research‑related facility and overhead costs, laboratory supplies, equipment and contract services.
 
Recent Accounting Standards
 
From time to time, new accounting pronouncements are issued by the FASB or other standard setting bodies and adopted by the Company as of the specified effective date. Unless otherwise discussed, the Company believes that the impact of recently issued standards that are not yet effective will not have a material impact on its financial position or results of operations upon adoption.
 
Accounting Standards Adopted

In July 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-11, Inventory (Topic 330): Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory (“ASU 2015-11”). The standard simplifies the subsequent measurement of inventory by requiring inventory to be measured at the lower of cost and net realizable value for entities using the first-in-first out method of valuing inventory. ASU 2015-11 eliminates other measures required by current guidance to determine net realizable value. ASU 2015-11 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016 and interim periods within those fiscal years and early adoption is permitted. The Company's adoption of this standard did not have a material effect on its condensed consolidated financial statements.

In March 2016, the FASB released ASU No. 2016-09 Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting (“ASU 2016-09”) which is intended to simplify income tax accounting for excess tax benefits, accounting for forfeitures, and employer statutory withholding. Under the current guidance, excess tax benefits that result from an award vesting or settling are recognized in additional paid-in capital in the period that they reduce cash taxes payable. This requires the provision to be computed on a with and without option basis and may result in net operating loss and credit carryforwards on the balance sheet being less than what is available on the tax return. Under the new guidance, the income tax effects of awards will be recognized as a component of income tax expense when the awards vest or are settled (regardless if cash taxes are reduced). For interim reporting purposes, companies will account for excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies as discrete items in the period during which they occurred. The guidance is effective for public entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within those years. Early adoption is permitted, however all of the guidance included in the update must be applied when adopted. The Company must use a modified retrospective transition method for adopting and record the cumulative effect of all unrecognized benefits and any change in valuation allowances at the end of the prior tax period as an adjustment to retained earnings. The Company's adoption of this standard did not have a material effect on its condensed consolidated financial statements and prior periods have not been adjusted. As a result, the Company established a net operating loss deferred tax asset of $1.2 million to account for prior period excess tax benefits through retained earnings, however an offsetting valuation allowance of $1.2 million will also be established through retained earnings because it is not more likely than not that the deferred tax asset will be realized due to historical and expected future losses, such that there is no impact on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements. The Company also elected to maintain the use of estimated forfeitures in the calculation of stock based compensation.

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-06, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Contingent Put and Call Options in Debt Instruments (“ASU 2016-06”), which applies to all issuers of or investors in debt instruments with embedded call or put options. ASU 2016-06 clarifies the requirements for assessing whether contingent call or put options that can accelerate the payment of principal on debt instruments are clearly and closely related to their debt hosts. Entities performing the assessment under the guidance of ASU 2016-06 are required to assess the embedded call or put options solely in accordance with the four-step decision process. In addition, ASU 2016-06 clarifies what steps are required when assessing whether the economic characteristics and risks of call or put options are clearly and closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of their debt hosts. ASU 2016-06 is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016 and interim periods within those fiscal years using the modified retrospective method for existing debt instruments. The Company's adoption of this standard did not have a material effect on its condensed consolidated financial statements.
 
Accounting Standards Issued, Not Adopted
 
In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments ("ASC 2016-15"), which provides guidance on the classification of certain specific cash flow issues including debt prepayment or extinguishment costs, settlement of certain debt instruments, contingent consideration payments made after a business combination, proceeds from the settlement of certain insurance claims and distributions received from equity method investees. The standard requires the use of a retrospective approach to all periods presented, but may be applied prospectively if retrospective application would be impracticable. The guidance is effective for public entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those years, and early application is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of its pending adoption of ASU 2016-15 on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (“ASU 2016-02”), which applies to all leases.  Under ASU 2016-02, a right-of-use asset and lease obligation will be recorded for all leases, whether operating or financing leases, while the statement of operations will reflect lease expense for operating leases and amortization and interest expense for financing leases. ASU 2016-02 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018 and interim periods within those years, which is the year ended December 31, 2019 for the Company.  Entities are required to use a modified retrospective approach of adoption for leases that exist or are entered into after the beginning of the earliest comparative period in the financial statements.  Full retrospective application is prohibited.  The Company is evaluating the new guidance and the expected effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. 
 
In June 2014, the FASB issued amended guidance, ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASU 2014-09”), which is applicable to revenue recognition that will now be effective for the Company for the year ending December 31, 2018, as a result of the deferral of the effective date adopted by the FASB in July 2015. The new guidance must be adopted using either a full retrospective approach for all periods presented or a modified retrospective approach.  Early adoption prior to the original adoption date of ASU 2014-09 is not permitted.  The new guidance applies a more principles-based approach to revenue recognition.  The Company currently anticipates adoption of the new standard effective January 1, 2018 under the full retrospective method. The Company’s revenue is primarily comprised of product sales and research services, and the Company is in the process of determining the impact of the new standard on its financial statements.