RESTRUCTURING

In September 2015, we commenced a restructuring plan relating primarily to workforce reductions in our international operations. We have also undertaken workforce reductions in our North America segment. In addition to workforce reductions in our ongoing markets, we ceased operations in 17 countries within our International segment as part of the restructuring plan between September 2015 and March 2016. Those country exits, which generally comprised our smallest international markets, resulted from a series of separate decisions made at different times during that period that were not part of an overall strategic shift. Costs related to the restructuring plan are classified as Restructuring charges on the condensed consolidated statements of operations. The actions under our restructuring plan were completed as of September 30, 2017 and substantially all of the cash payments for actions under that plan are expected to be disbursed through December 31, 2018.

We incurred cumulative costs for employee severance and benefits and other exit costs of $80.1 million under the plan since its inception in September 2015. In addition to those costs, we incurred cumulative long-lived asset impairment charges of $7.5 million resulting from our restructuring activities. The amounts presented in Restructuring charges for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 reflect changes in estimates related to prior actions.

The following tables summarize costs incurred by segment related to the restructuring plan for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands):



	Three Months Ended September 30, 2018
	Employee Severance and Benefit Costs		Other Exit Costs			Total Restructuring Charges
North America	$	—	$	—		$	—
International	48		(13		)	35
Consolidated	$	48	$	(13	)	$	35



	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
	Employee Severance and Benefit Costs			Other Exit Costs		Total Restructuring Charges (Credits)
North America	$	—		$	177	$	177
International	(298		)	40		(258		)
Consolidated	$	(298	)	$	217	$	(81	)



	Three Months Ended September 30, 2017
	Employee Severance and Benefit Costs ⁽¹⁾		Other Exit Costs		Total Restructuring Charges
North America	$	3,662	$	3,309	$	6,971
International	4,296		236		4,532
Consolidated	$	7,958	$	3,545	$	11,503



	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
	Employee Severance and Benefit Costs ⁽¹⁾		Other Exit Costs		Total Restructuring Charges
North America	$	8,127	$	3,774	$	11,901
International	4,905		2,012		6,917
Consolidated	$	13,032	$	5,786	$	18,818


(1)	The employee severance and benefit costs for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 related to the termination of approximately 400 and 750 employees, respectively.

The following table summarizes restructuring liability activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 (in thousands):



	Employee Severance and Benefit Costs			Other Exit Costs			Total
Balance as of December 31, 2017	$	3,817		$	304		$	4,121
Charges payable in cash	(298		)	217			(81		)
Cash payments	(2,028		)	(521		)	(2,549		)
Foreign currency translation	(69		)	—			(69		)
Balance as of September 30, 2018	$	1,422		$	—		$	1,422