Our operations are managed by senior executives who report to our Chief Executive Officer, the chief operating decision maker. Discrete financial information is available for each of the segments, and our Chief Executive Officer uses the operating results of each of the operating segments for performance evaluation and resource allocation. The activities of each of our segments from which they earn revenues and incur expenses are described below:

•Olefins and Polyolefins—Americas (“O&P—Americas”). Our O&P—Americas segment produces and markets olefins and co-products, polyethylene and polypropylene.

•Olefins and Polyolefins—Europe, Asia, International (“O&P—EAI”). Our O&P—EAI segment produces and markets olefins and co-products, polyethylene and polypropylene.

•Intermediates and Derivatives (“I&D”). Our I&D segment produces and markets propylene oxide and its derivatives, oxyfuels and related products, and intermediate chemicals such as styrene monomer, acetyls, ethylene oxide and ethylene glycol.

•Advanced Polymer Solutions (“APS”). Our APS segment produces and markets compounding and solutions, such as polypropylene compounds, engineered plastics, masterbatches, engineered composites, colors and powders, and advanced polymers, which includes Catalloy and polybutene-1.

•Refining. Our Refining segment refines heavy, high-sulfur crude oil and other crude oils of varied types and sources available on the U.S. Gulf Coast into refined products, including gasoline and distillates.

•Technology. Our Technology segment develops and licenses chemical and polyolefin process technologies and manufactures and sells polyolefin catalysts.

Our chief operating decision maker uses EBITDA as the primary measure for reviewing profitability of our segments, and therefore, we have presented EBITDA for all segments. We define EBITDA as earnings before interest, income taxes, and depreciation and amortization.

“Other” includes intersegment eliminations and items that are not directly related or allocated to business operations, such as foreign exchange gains or losses and components of pension and other postretirement benefit costs other than service costs. Sales between segments are made primarily at prices approximating prevailing market prices.

Summarized financial information concerning reportable segments is shown in the following tables for the periods presented:


	Three Months Ended June 30, 2020
Millions of dollars	O&P– Americas		O&P– EAI		I&D		APS		Refining		Technology		Other		Total
Sales and other operating revenues:
Customers	$	1,073	$	1,642	$	1,140	$	700	$	854	$	137	$	—	$	5,546
Intersegment	360		60		17		5		65		40		(547)		—
	1,433		1,702		1,157		705		919		177		(547)		5,546
Income from equity investments	7		51		3		—		—		—		—		61
EBITDA	248		185		101		(44)		165		112		(7)		760


	Three Months Ended June 30, 2019
Millions of dollars	O&P– Americas		O&P– EAI		I&D		APS		Refining		Technology		Other		Total
Sales and other operating revenues:
Customers	$	1,325	$	2,283	$	2,020	$	1,257	$	2,011	$	152	$	—	$	9,048
Intersegment	789		222		42		1		169		21		(1,244)		—
	2,114		2,505		2,062		1,258		2,180		173		(1,244)		9,048
Income (loss) from equity investments	12		52		2		(2)		—		—		—		64
EBITDA	635		331		448		120		(66)		107		4		1,579


	Six Months Ended June 30, 2020
Millions of dollars	O&P– Americas		O&P– EAI		I&D		APS		Refining		Technology		Other		Total
Sales and other operating revenues:
Customers	$	2,246	$	3,706	$	2,872	$	1,793	$	2,190	$	233	$	—	$	13,040
Intersegment	979		220		55		8		177		66		(1,505)		—
	3,225		3,926		2,927		1,801		2,367		299		(1,505)		13,040
Income (loss) from equity investments	9		48		5		(1)		—		—		—		61
EBITDA	614		374		304		69		(107)		168		(16)		1,406


	Six Months Ended June 30, 2019
Millions of dollars	O&P– Americas		O&P– EAI		I&D		APS		Refining		Technology		Other		Total
Sales and other operating revenues:
Customers	$	2,718	$	4,626	$	3,872	$	2,595	$	3,754	$	261	$	—	$	17,826
Intersegment	1,507		414		84		2		308		53		(2,368)		—
	4,225		5,040		3,956		2,597		4,062		314		(2,368)		17,826
Income (loss) from equity investments	23		103		4		(2)		—		—		—		128
EBITDA	1,151		627		838		268		(81)		190		14		3,007

Operating results for our O&P–Americas segment includes LCM inventory valuation charges of $73 million during the first six months of 2020, primarily driven by declines in the prices of heavy liquids and ethylene. During the second quarter of 2020, operating results for our O&P–Americas segment include a LCM inventory valuation benefit of $38 million largely driven by recovery of market prices of heavy liquids and ethylene which were partially offset by declines in the price of polymers.

Our O&P–EAI segment results for the second quarter and first six months of 2020 were negatively impacted by $34 million and $70 million of LCM inventory valuation charges, respectively, largely due to a decline in the price of naphtha in the first quarter of 2020 and a decline in the price of polymers in the second quarter of 2020.

Operating results for our I&D segment in the second quarter and first six months of 2020 reflect $20 million and $98 million LCM inventory valuation charges, respectively, driven by declines in the prices of various gasoline blending components and butane in the first quarter of 2020 and declines in the prices of benzene and styrene, partially offset by recoveries in the prices of various gasoline blending components and butane, during the second quarter of 2020.

Our APS segment results for the second quarter and first six months of 2020 were negatively impacted by $67 million and $69 million LCM inventory valuation charges, respectively, mainly due to a decline in the price of polymers.

In our Refining segment, operating results include LCM inventory valuation charges of $13 million during the first six months of 2020, primarily driven by declines in the prices of crude oil and refined products. During the second quarter of 2020, our Refining segment operating results include a LCM inventory valuation benefit of $179 million primarily due to the recovery of market prices of crude oil and refined products.

Our APS segment results include integration costs associated with our 2018 acquisition of A. Schulman for the second quarter of 2020 and 2019 of $16 million and $19 million, respectively, and for the first six months of 2020 and 2019 of $30 million and $35 million, respectively.

A reconciliation of EBITDA to Income from continuing operations before income taxes is shown in the following table for each of the periods presented:


	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
Millions of dollars	2020		2019		2020		2019
EBITDA:
Total segment EBITDA	$	767	$	1,575	$	1,422	$	2,993
Other EBITDA	(7)		4		(16)		14
Less:
Depreciation and amortization expense	(356)		(328)		(698)		(650)
Interest expense	(125)		(81)		(214)		(173)
Add:
Interest income	4		5		7		11
Income from continuing operations before income taxes	$	283	$	1,175	$	501	$	2,195