Loans, net of deferred costs and fees, consist of the following as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (in thousands):

The Bank has taken several steps to assess the financial impact of COVID-19 on its business, including contacting customers to determine how their business was being affected and analyzing the impact of the virus on the different industries that the Bank serves. As of June 30, 2020, total loans consisted primarily of commercial real estate loans (“CRE”), commercial and industrial loans (“C&I”) and multi-family mortgage loans. At June 30, 2020, the Bank’s loan portfolio includes loans to the following industries (dollars in thousands):

The largest concentration in the loan portfolio is to the healthcare industry amounting to $757.1 million or 26.1% of total loans and including $649.6 million in loans to skilled nursing facilities (“SNF”). As of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, the Bank has not noted any significant impact on SNF loans as a result of COVID-19 as the demand for nursing home beds remains strong and cash flows have not been significantly affected.

The portfolio segments in the tables below represent the categories that the Bank uses to determine its Allowance for Loan Losses (“ALLL”). As part of the determination of the ALLL, the Bank considered the effects of COVID-19 on macro-economic conditions such as sharply increasing unemployment rates and the shut-down of all non-essential businesses. The Bank also analyzed the impact of COVID-19 on its primary market, which is the New York metropolitan area, as well as the impact on the Bank’s market sectors and its specific clients.

In the first quarter of 2020, as part of its estimation of an adjustment to the ALLL due to COVID-19, the Bank identified those market sectors or industries that were more likely to be affected, such as hospitality, transportation and outpatient care centers. To determine the potential impact on the Bank’s customers, particularly in these industries, management primarily relied on the results of the Bank’s semi-annual stress tests. The scenarios used in these stress tests include significant revenue declines in a borrower’s business as well as reductions in its operating cash flows and the impact on its ability to repay its loans. Using the stress test results, management estimated the probability of default and loss-given-default for the various loan categories at March 31, 2020 and assigned a weighting to each scenario. Based on this analysis, management estimated the potential impact of a stressed environment, such as the one resulting from COVID-19, and the adjustment to the ALLL as of March 31, 2020. In addition to the stress tests, the Bank also established an additional qualitative loss factor solely related to the impact of COVID-19 and included that analysis in its ALLL calculations. As a result of management’s assessment, the Bank recorded an additional unallocated loan loss provision of $3.1 million in the first quarter of 2020.

In the second quarter of 2020, the Bank engaged a third-party vendor to develop a COVID-19-specific ALLL qualitative adjustment framework, which addresses those credit risk factors presented by the pandemic that are not covered by the traditional allowance process. The qualitative adjustment framework was designed to be used as a supplement to the Bank’s existing ALLL process. The framework examines three factors: the relationship between historical net charge-offs and macroeconomic variables, the institution-level efficacy of stimulus relief funding and the Bank’s geographical exposure and the regional sensitivity to the economic shock based on criteria such as exposure to virus, demographics and trade disruption in the region. Using these three factors, the framework built a correlation between the COVID-19-specific ALLL loss rate for the Bank’s loan portfolio and the rate of unemployment, the geographical exposure of the Bank’s loans and the impact of stimulus relief. Based on management’s assessment, the Bank did not record an additional loan provision related to the impact of COVID-19.

Based on current economic conditions, particularly the unemployment rate, and the Bank’s ALLL methodology, the total provision for loan losses for the six months ended June 30, 2020 was $6.6 million, of which $3.1 million relates to the economic impact of COVID-19 and is allocated to the portfolio segments in the tables below. Included in the $3.1 million provision for loan losses was $544,000 related to one C&I loan, included in the Bank’s transportation segment, with a principal balance of $5.4 million. This loan became impaired due to COVID-19.

However, this is a period of great uncertainty and the impact of COVID-19 is likely to be felt over the next several quarters, particularly as the term of loan modifications expire and borrowers return to a normal debt service schedule as well as the commencement of a repayment schedule for payments that were deferred. As such, significant adjustments to the ALLL may be required as the full impact of COVID-19 on the Bank’s borrowers becomes known.

The following tables present the activity in the ALLL by segment for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):

Net charge-offs were $185,000 and $69,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Net charge-offs were $323,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2020, as compared to net recoveries of $3.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019. Included in the net recoveries during the six months ended June 30, 2019 were $4.2 million in recoveries related to taxi medallion loans charged-off in 2016 and 2017.

The following tables present the balance in the ALLL and the recorded investment in loans by portfolio segment, including the impact of COVID-19, based on impairment method as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (in thousands):


	Commercial		Commercial				Multi		One-to-four
At June 30, 2020	Real Estate		& Industrial		Construction		Family		Family		Consumer		Total
Allowance for loan losses:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	—	$	1,408	$	—	$	—	$	58	$	527	$	1,993
Collectively evaluated for impairment		18,690		7,724		741		2,739		184		434		30,512
Total ending allowance balance	$	18,690	$	9,132	$	741	$	2,739	$	242	$	961	$	32,505
Loans:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	363	$	6,482	$	—	$	—	$	1,016	$	1,926	$	9,787
Collectively evaluated for impairment		1,875,401		437,783		59,378		393,342		67,310		54,291		2,887,505
Total ending loan balance	$	1,875,764	$	444,265	$	59,378	$	393,342	$	68,326	$	56,217	$	2,897,292


	Commercial		Commercial				Multi		One-to-four
At December 31, 2019	Real Estate		& Industrial		Construction		Family		Family		Consumer		Total
Allowance for loan losses:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	—	$	805	$	—	$	—	$	64	$	311	$	1,180
Collectively evaluated for impairment		15,317		6,265		411		2,453		203		443		25,092
Total ending allowance balance	$	15,317	$	7,070	$	411	$	2,453	$	267	$	754	$	26,272
Loans:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	367	$	1,047	$	—	$	—	$	3,384	$	728	$	5,526
Collectively evaluated for impairment		1,667,869		447,572		30,827		375,611		79,286		71,228		2,672,393
Total ending loan balance	$	1,668,236	$	448,619	$	30,827	$	375,611	$	82,670	$	71,956	$	2,677,919

The following tables present loans individually evaluated for impairment recognized as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (in thousands):


	Unpaid Principal				Allowance for Loan
At June 30, 2020	Balance		Recorded Investment		Losses Allocated
With an allowance recorded:
One-to-four family	$	621	$	492	$	58
Consumer		1,926		1,926		527
Commercial & industrial		6,482		6,482		1,408
Total	$	9,029	$	8,900	$	1,993

Without an allowance recorded:
One-to-four family	$	672	$	524	$	—
Commercial real estate		363		363		—
Commercial & industrial		—		—		—
Total	$	1,035	$	887	$	—


	Unpaid Principal				Allowance for Loan
At December 31, 2019	Balance		Recorded Investment		Losses Allocated
With an allowance recorded:
One-to-four family	$	633	$	503	$	64
Consumer		731		728		311
Commercial & industrial		1,047		1,047		805
Total	$	2,411	$	2,278	$	1,180

Without an allowance recorded:
One-to-four family		3,028	$	2,881	$	—
Commercial real estate		367		367		—
Total	$	3,395	$	3,248	$	—

The recorded investment in loans excludes accrued interest receivable and loan origination fees.

The following tables present the average recorded investment and interest income of loans individually evaluated for impairment recognized by class of loans for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):


	Average Recorded		Interest Income
Three months ended June 30, 2020	Investment		Recognized
With an allowance recorded:
One-to-four family	$	494	$	3
Consumer		1,147		27
Commercial & industrial		3,765		—
Total	$	5,406	$	30

Without an allowance recorded:
One-to-four family	$	528	$	—
Commercial real estate		363		—
Commercial & industrial		2,377		—
Total	$	3,268	$	—


	Average Recorded		Interest Income
Three months ended June 30, 2019	Investment		Recognized
With an allowance recorded:
One-to-four family	$	521	$	7
Consumer		91		2
Total	$	612	$	9

Without an allowance recorded:
One-to-four family	$	1,732	$	79
Commercial real estate		377		4
Total	$	2,109	$	83


	Average Recorded		Interest Income
Six months ended June 30, 2020	Investment		Recognized
With an allowance recorded:
One-to-four family	$	497	$	8
Consumer		1,008		31
Commercial & industrial		2,859		—
Total	$	4,364	$	39

Without an allowance recorded:
One-to-four family	$	1,312	$	10
Commercial real estate		364		4
Total	$	1,676	$	14


	Average Recorded		Interest Income
Six months ended June 30, 2019	Investment		Recognized
With an allowance recorded:
One-to-four family	$	347	$	10
Consumer		90		4
Total	$	437	$	14

Without an allowance recorded:
One-to-four family	$	3,891	$	90
Commercial real estate		379		8
Total	$	4,270	$	98

For a loan to be considered impaired, management determines after review whether it is probable that the Bank will not be able to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Management applies its normal loan review procedures in making these judgments. Impaired loans include individually classified non-accrual loans and troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”). Impairment is determined based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate. For loans that are collateral dependent, the fair value of the collateral is used to determine the fair value of the loan. The fair value of the collateral is determined based on recent appraised values. The fair value of the collateral or present value of expected cash flows is compared to the carrying value to determine if any write-down or specific loan loss allowance allocation is required.

For discussion on modification of loans to borrowers impacted by COVID-19, refer to the “Troubled Debt Restructuring” section herein.

The following tables present the recorded investment in non-accrual loans and loans past due over 90 days and still accruing, by class of loans, as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (in thousands):


At June 30, 2020	Non-accrual		Loans Past Due Over 90 Days Still Accruing
Commercial & industrial	$	6,482	$	54
Consumer		601		1,311
Total	$	7,083	$	1,365


At December 31, 2019	Non-accrual			Loans Past Due Over 90 Days Still Accruing
Commercial & industrial	$	1,047	$	408
One-to-four family		2,345		—
Consumer		693		—
Total	$	4,085	$	408

Interest income that would have been recorded for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 had non-accrual loans been current according to their original terms, was immaterial.

The following tables present the aging of the recorded investment in past due loans by class of loans as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (in thousands):


					Greater
	30-59		60-89		than 90		Total past		Current
At June 30, 2020	Days		Days		days		due		loans		Total
Commercial real estate	$	6,400	$	—	$	—	$	6,400	$	1,869,364	$	1,875,764
Commercial & industrial		18		2		6,536		6,556		437,709		444,265
Construction		—		—		—		—		59,378		59,378
Multifamily		—		—		—		—		393,342		393,342
One-to-four family		—		—		—		—		68,326		68,326
Consumer		68		25		1,912		2,005		54,212		56,217
Total	$	6,486	$	27	$	8,448	$	14,961	$	2,882,331	$	2,897,292


					Greater
	30-59		60-89		than 90		Total past		Current
At December 31, 2019	Days		Days		days		due		loans		Total
Commercial real estate	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	1,668,236	$	1,668,236
Commercial & industrial		346		—		1,455		1,801		446,818		448,619
Construction		—		—		—		—		30,827		30,827
Multifamily		—		—		—		—		375,611		375,611
One-to-four family		—		—		—		—		82,670		82,670
Consumer		636		14		693		1,343		70,613		71,956
Total	$	982	$	14	$	2,148	$	3,144	$	2,674,775	$	2,677,919

Troubled Debt Restructurings:

Loans for which the terms have been modified resulting in a concession, and for which the borrower is experiencing financial difficulties, are considered TDRs and classified as impaired. On March 22, 2020, the banking regulators and the FASB issued guidance to financial institutions who are working with borrowers affected by COVID-19 (“COVID-19 Guidance”). The COVID-19 Guidance indicated that regulatory agencies will not criticize institutions for working with borrowers and will not direct banks to automatically categorize all COVID-19 related loan modifications as TDRs. In addition, the COVID-19 Guidance noted that modification or deferral programs mandated by the federal or a state

government related to COVID-19 would not be in the scope of Accounting Standards Codification Subtopic 310-40 – Receivables – Troubled Debt Restructurings by Creditors (“ASC 310-40”), such as a state program that requires all institutions within that state to suspend mortgage payments for a specified period.

On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”) was signed into law. Section 4013 of the CARES Act, “Temporary Relief from Troubled Debt Restructurings,” allows banks to temporarily suspend certain requirements under GAAP related to TDRs for a limited period of time to account for the effects of COVID-19. A bank may elect to account for modifications on certain loans under Section 4013 of the CARES Act or, if a loan modification is not eligible under Section 4013, a bank may use the criteria in the COVID-19 Guidance to determine when a loan modification is not a TDR in accordance with ASC 310-40.

All loans classified as TDRs as of June 30, 2020 were restructured prior to the introduction of the COVID-19 Guidance. As of June 30, 2020, 300 loans amounting to $527.6 million were modified in accordance with the COVID-19 Guidance and the CARES Act. As of July 31, 2020, 116 loans totaling $91.0 million that were included in modified loans have returned to repayment status.

Included in impaired loans at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 were $1.4 million of loans modified as TDRs. The Bank allocated specific reserves amounting to $65,000 and $81,000 for TDRs as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. There were no loans modified as a TDR during the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 or the year ended December 31, 2019. The Bank has not committed to lend additional amounts as of June 30, 2020 to customers with outstanding loans that are classified as TDRs. During the six months ended June 30, 2020 and June 30, 2019 there were no payment defaults on any loans previously identified as TDRs. A loan is considered to be in payment default once it is 90 days contractually past due under the modified terms. In order to determine whether a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, an evaluation is performed of the probability that the borrower will be in payment default on any of its debt in the foreseeable future without the modification. This evaluation is performed under the Bank’s internal underwriting policy.

The following tables present the recorded investment in TDRs by class of loans as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (in thousands):


	June 30, 2020		December 31, 2019
Troubled debt restructurings:
Real Estate:
Commercial real estate	$	363	$	367
One-to-four family		1,016		1,039
Consumer		14		35
Total troubled debt restructurings	$	1,393	$	1,441

All TDRs at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 were performing in accordance with their restructured terms.

Credit Quality Indicators:

The Bank categorizes loans into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt such as: current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, public information, and current economic trends, among other factors. The Bank generally analyzes all loans over $500,000, other than one-to-four family and consumer loans, individually by classifying the loans as to credit risk at least annually. For one-to-four family loans and consumer loans, the Bank evaluates credit quality based on the aging status of the loan and by performance status. An analysis is performed on a quarterly basis for loans classified as special mention, substandard, or doubtful. The Bank uses the following definitions for risk ratings:

Special Mention - Loans classified as special mention have a potential weakness that deserves management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the loan or of the institution’s credit position at some future date.

Substandard - Loans classified as substandard are inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Loans so classified have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that the institution will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.

Doubtful - Loans classified as doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in those classified as substandard, with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable.

Loans not meeting the criteria above are considered to be pass-rated loans. Based on the most recent analysis performed, the risk category of loans by class of loans is as follows (in thousands):


			Special
At June 30, 2020	Pass		Mention		Substandard		Doubtful			Total
Commercial real estate	$	1,875,401	$	363	$	—	$	—	$	1,875,764
Commercial & industrial		437,729		—		5,489		1,047		444,265
Construction		59,378		—		—		—		59,378
Multifamily		393,342		—		—		—		393,342
Total	$	2,765,850	$	363	$	5,489	$	1,047	$	2,772,749


			Special
At December 31, 2019	Pass		Mention		Substandard		Doubtful			Total
Commercial real estate	$	1,667,869	$	367	$	—	$	—	$	1,668,236
Commercial & industrial		446,612		—		960		1,047		448,619
Construction		30,827		—		—		—		30,827
Multi-family		375,611		—		—		—		375,611
Total	$	2,520,919	$	367	$	960	$	1,047	$	2,523,293