3. Income Taxes

As at December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company had no accrued interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions. Reconciliation of the statutory tax rate of 21% (2019 - 21%) and income tax benefits at those rates to the effective income tax rates and income tax benefits reported in the statements of operations and comprehensive loss is as follows:

Income tax rate	21.0%	21.0%
	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2020	2019

Loss before income tax	(860,557)	(2,027,604)

Expected income tax recovery	(180,717)	(425,797)
Unrealized foreign exchange	(1,401)	(1,360)
Other permanent difference	3,921	43,330
Stock-based compensation	42,000	-
Change in valuation allowance	136,197	383,827
Income tax expense	-	-

The following table summarizes the significant components of deferred tax:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2020	2019
Deferred tax asset:
Net operating loss carry forward	1,271,948	1,246,012
Exploration and development costs	685,774	569,359
Valuation allowance	(1,957,722)	(1,815,371)

The Company has net operating loss carryovers of approximately $6,057,000 for federal and state income tax purposes, which begin to expire in 2030. The ultimate realization of the net operating loss is dependent upon future taxable income, if any, of the Company. Based on losses from inception, the Company determined that as of December 31, 2020 it is more likely than not that the Company will not realize benefits from the deferred tax assets. The Company will not record income tax benefits in the financial statements until it is determined that it is more likely than not that the Company will generate sufficient taxable income to realize the deferred income tax assets. As a result of the analysis, the Company determined that a valuation allowance against the deferred tax assets was required.

The tax years that remain subject to examination by major taxing jurisdictions are those for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, 2017, 2016, 2015, 2014, 2013, 2012, 2011 and 2010.