ORGANIZATION AND NATURE OF BUSINESS AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2025

ORGANIZATION AND NATURE OF BUSINESS AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

ORGANIZATION AND NATURE OF BUSINESS

NOTE 2 – ORGANIZATION AND NATURE OF BUSINESS AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Cosmos Health Inc. and its subsidiaries (Nasdaq: COSM), (“us”, “we”, the “Group”, or the “Company”) are an international healthcare group headquartered in Thessaloniki, Greece. The Group is engaged in the nutraceuticals sector through its own proprietary lines of products “Sky Premium Life” and “Mediterranation”. The Company is operating in the pharmaceutical sector as well, through the provision of a broad line of branded generics and OTC medications. In addition, the Group is involved in the healthcare distribution sector through its subsidiaries in Greece and the UK, serving retail pharmacies and wholesale distributors. The Company is strategically focusing on the research and development (“R&D”) of novel patented nutraceuticals and specialized root extracts, as well as on the R&D of proprietary complex generics and innovative OTC products. The Company has developed a global distribution platform and is currently expanding throughout Europe, Asia, the UAE and North America. The Company has offices and distribution centers in Thessaloniki and Athens, Greece and Harlow, UK.

The Company was incorporated in the State of Nevada under the name Prime Estates and Developments, Inc. on July 21, 2009. On November 14, 2013, we changed our name to Cosmos Holdings Inc., and on November 29, 2022, we changed our name to Cosmos Health Inc. Through its acquisition of Amplerissimo Ltd, on September 27, 2013, the Company changed its principal activities into trading of products, providing representation, and provision of consulting services to various sectors. On August 1, 2014, the Company formed SkyPharm S.A., a Greek Company (“SkyPharm”), a subsidiary that used to focus on the trading, sourcing and export of nutraceutical and pharmaceutical products. In February 2017, the Company acquired Decahedron Ltd., a UK Company (“Decahedron”) which is a fully licensed second-generation wholesaler specializing in imports and exports of generics and OTC pharmaceutical products within the EEA (European Economic Area) and distributor of Sky Premium Life nutraceutical products in the UK. On December 19, 2018, the Company acquired Cosmofarm S.A. (“Cosmofarm”), a pharmaceutical wholesaler specializing in the distribution and export of pharmaceutical products through its extensive pharmacies network. On April 3, 2023, the Company completed the acquisition of ZipDoctor Inc. (“ZipDoctor”), a telehealth company, a direct-to-consumer subscription-based telemedicine platform. On June 30, 2023, the Company acquired Laboratories Holdings (Cyprus) Limited (“Cana”), which wholly owned an operating subsidiary, Pharmaceutical Laboratories Cana S.A. (“Cana SA”), a Greek pharmaceutical company that manufactures, sells, distributes, and markets original branded products researched and developed by leading global pharmaceutical and healthcare companies.

Acquisition Accounting

Cloudscreen

On January 23, 2024, the Company completed the acquisition of Cloudscreen, a cutting-edge Artificial Intelligence (AI) powered platform. The acquisition was pursuant to the purchase agreement announced on October 11, 2023. Cloudscreen is a multimodal platform specialized in drug repurposing, a process that involves uncovering new target proteins or indications for existing drugs for use in treating different diseases. The total purchase price amounted to $637,080 and consisted of 280,000 shares of common stock with a fair value of $319,200 and an amount of $317,880 to be settled in cash during 2024 based on the Promissory Note signed on October 10, 2023. The Company accounted for the acquisition as an asset acquisition in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 805, Business Combinations, (“ASC 805”) and recorded $637,080 as “Other assets” related to the technology platform acquired. The total amount was reclassified to “Goodwill and intangible assets, net” in January 2024 with the closing of the agreement (refer to Note 5).

ZipDoctor

On April 3, 2023, the Company completed the acquisition of ZipDoctor Inc. (“ZipDoctor”), a telehealth company for a total sum of $150,000 in cash and $8,788 in fees. The Company accounted for the acquisition as an asset acquisition in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 805, Business Combinations, (“ASC 805”) and recorded $158,788 as an intangible asset related to the technology platform acquired.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company recognized an impairment charge of $131,032 related to the technology platform. This decision followed management’s assessment that the asset’s recoverability was no longer supportable due to changes in market conditions and a shift in strategic priorities. Specifically, the telehealth platform was no longer in use and did not generate revenues, as the Company elected not to focus on the telehealth business segment. As a result, the unamortized balance of the intangible asset was effectively written off. The impairment charge was recorded within “Other income (expense), net” in the Consolidated Statement of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2024. 

Bikas

On June 15, 2023, Cosmos Health Inc. entered into an Assignment and Assumption Agreement (the “Agreement”) with Ioannis Bikas O.E., a Greek Company (“Bikas”). Bikas is owner of a pharmaceutical distribution network in Greece and agreed to sell to the Company their distribution network and customer base. The purchase price of the network was €100,000 ($109,330) of cash, and €300,000 ($316,081) of the Company’s stock. The Company issued 99,710 shares of common stock related to the acquisition of the customer base, based on the fair value of the stock on the acquisition date. The Company accounted for the acquisition as an asset acquisition in accordance with ASC 805 and recorded $425,411 as an intangible asset related to the customer base acquired.

Buildings Acquisitions

On April 24, 2023, the Company purchased a building for a total sum of $1,054,872 in cash. The Company accounted for the acquisition as an asset acquisition in accordance with ASC 805 and recorded the cost of the building as “Property, plant and equipment” on the consolidated balance sheets.

On January 6, 2023, the Company agreed to purchase land and building located in Montreal, Canada from a third-party vendor. The total purchase price amounts to $3,950,000 and the closing date of the agreement based on the amendment signed on July 19, 2023, was December 31, 2023. Pursuant to the last amendment signed on December 31, 2024 the closing date was extended to December 31, 2025. As of June 30, 2025, the Company has made prepayments of $2,000,020 classified as “Advances for building’s acquisition” on the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Cana

On June 30, 2023, the Company acquired Cana Laboratories Holding (Cyprus) Limited (“Cana”), which wholly owned an operating subsidiary, Pharmaceutical Laboratories Cana S.A. (“Cana SA”) for €800,000 ($873,600) in cash and 46,377 shares of common stock, with fair value of $138,667 as of the date of acquisition. Moreover, on February 28, 2023, the Company had signed a Secured Promissory Note with Cana, whereby Cana borrowed the sum of €4,100,000 ($4,457,520), included in the total consideration of $5,469,787. The Company accounted for the acquisition as a business acquisition in accordance with ASC 805. The fair value of Cana assets acquired, and liabilities assumed was based upon management’s estimates assisted by an independent third-party valuation firm. The fixed assets of Cana (which included land, building & machinery) were valued as of December 31, 2022 and the Company believes that nothing has materially changed between such date and the acquisition date (June 30, 2023). The following table summarizes the preliminary allocation of purchase price of the acquisition:

Consideration
Cash	$	5,331,120
Fair value of common stock issued		138,667
Fair value of total consideration transferred	$	5,469,787
Recognized amounts of identifiable assets acquired
Financial assets	$	1,796,911
Inventory		297,340
Property, plant and equipment		7,488,818
Identifiable intangible assets		562,200
Financial liabilities		(3,235,233	)
Total identifiable net assets	$	6,910,036
Bargain purchase gain	$	1,440,249

During the prior year period, Cana had minimal operations as it was in financial difficulties and seeking for an investor.

Basis of Financial Statement Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

Principles of Consolidation

Our consolidated accounts include our accounts and the accounts of our wholly owned subsidiaries, SkyPharm S.A., Decahedron Ltd., Cosmofarm S.A., Cana Laboratories Holdings (Cyprus) Limited and ZipDoctor Inc. The Group’s financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“US GAAP”). The consolidated financial statements reflect the consolidation of all entities in which the Company has control, as determined by the ability to direct the activities that significantly affect the entities’ economic performance. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.

Transactions in and Translations of Foreign Currency

The functional currency for the Greek subsidiaries of the Company (CANA Laboratories, Cosmofarm S.A. and SkyPharm SA) is Euro (€) and for the UK subsidiary (Decahedron Ltd) is GBP (£). ZipDoctor Inc. is a U.S. based entity. As a result, the financial statements of the subsidiaries (except for ZipDoctor Inc.) have been translated from the local currency into U.S. dollars using (i) year-end exchange rates for balance sheet accounts, and (ii) average exchange rates for the reporting period for all income statements accounts. Foreign currency translations gains and losses are reported as a separate component of the condensed consolidated statements of changes in stockholders’ equity.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Credit Losses

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses of Financial Instruments, which amends the requirement on the measurement and recognition of expected credit losses for financial assets held. Furthermore, amendments ASU 2019-10 and ASU 2019-11 provided additional clarification for implementing ASU 2016-13. ASU 2016-13 is effective for the Company beginning January 1, 2023, with early adoption permitted. The Company adopted the standard on January 1, 2023, and the standard did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. The Company is exposed to credit losses primarily through sales to its customers and the loans that it has provided. The Company assesses each customer’s/ borrower’s ability to pay, and a credit loss estimate by conducting a credit review which includes consideration of established credit rating, or an internal assessment of the customer’s creditworthiness based on an analysis of their payment history when a credit rating is not available. The Company monitors credit exposure through active review of customer balances. In accordance with ASC 326 and the Current Expected Credit Loss (CECL) framework, the Company has elected to apply the practical expedient available for its trade receivables, which are short-term in nature and do not contain a significant financing component. The Company applies a loss-rate method for calculating expected credit losses (“ECL”) on accounts receivable, based on a combination of historical experience, industry data, and adjustments for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Receivables are grouped into four aging buckets, with loss rates applied as follows: 1% for receivables aged 0–30 days, 2% for receivables aged 31–60 days, 3% for receivables aged 61–90 days, and 5% for receivables aged over 90 days. These loss rates are based on management’s expectations, which are further supported by external benchmarks, due to the Company’s limited history of actual write-offs. The resulting provision for expected credit losses is recognized in net income and is included in “General and administrative expenses”. Receivables that are deemed uncollectible are written off against the allowance when it is determined that they are no longer recoverable.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

For purposes of the statement of cash flows, the Company considers all highly liquid investments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents.

The Company maintains bank accounts in the United States denominated in U.S. Dollars, in Greece denominated in Euros, U.S. Dollars and Great Britain Pounds (British Pounds Sterling), and in Bulgaria denominated in Euros. The Company also maintains bank accounts in the United Kingdom, denominated in Euros and Great Britain Pounds (British Pounds Sterling).

Accounts Receivable, net

Accounts receivable are stated at their net realizable value. The allowance for doubtful accounts against gross accounts receivable, prepaid expenses and other current assets and other assets reflects the best estimate of probable losses inherent in the receivables’ portfolio determined on the basis of historical experience, specific allowances for known troubled accounts and other currently available information. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company’s allowance for doubtful accounts was $25,830,462 and $22,799,219, respectively. Below is the summary of changes in the allowance for doubtful accounts:

	June 30, 2025
Balance as of January 1, 2025	$	22,799,219
Provisions for credit losses		-
Write-offs		-
Foreign exchange adjustments		3,031,243
Other adjustments		-
Balance as of June 30, 2025	$	25,830,462

Tax Receivables

The Company pays Value Added Tax (“VAT”) or similar taxes (“input VAT”), income taxes, and other taxes within the normal course of its business in most of the countries in which it operates related to the procurement of merchandise and/or services it acquires and/or on sales and taxable income. The Company also collects VAT or similar taxes on behalf of the government (“output VAT”) for merchandise and/or services it sells. If the output VAT exceeds the input VAT, this creates a VAT payable to the government. If the input VAT exceeds the output VAT, this creates a VAT receivable from the government. The VAT tax return is filed on a monthly basis offsetting the payables against the receivables. In observance of EU regulations for intra-EU cross-border sales, our subsidiaries in Greece, SkyPharm and Cosmofarm, do not charge VAT for sales to wholesale drug distributors registered in other European Union member states. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had a VAT net receivable balance of $574,985 and $534,263 respectively, recorded in the condensed consolidated balance sheet as prepaid expenses and other current assets and accounts payable and accrued expenses, respectively.

Inventory

Inventory is stated at the lower-of-cost or net realizable value using the weighted average method. Inventory consists primarily of finished goods and packaging materials, i.e., packaged pharmaceutical products and the wrappers and containers they are sold in. A periodic inventory system is maintained by 100% count. Inventory is replaced periodically to maintain the optimum stock on hand available for immediate shipment.

The Company writes down inventories to net realizable value based on physical condition, expiration date, and current market conditions, as well as forecasted demand. The Company’s inventories are not highly susceptible to obsolescence. Many of the Company’s inventory items are eligible for return to our suppliers when pre-agreed product requirements, including, but not limited to, physical condition and expiration date, are not met. No significant judgments have been applied in estimating the selling price of our inventory.

Property and Equipment, net

Property and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is calculated on a straight-line basis over the useful lives (except for leasehold improvements which are depreciated over the lesser of the lease term or the useful life) of the assets as follows:

	Estimated Useful Life
Leasehold improvements and technical works	Lesser of lease term or 25 years
Buildings	25-30 years
Vehicles	6 years
Machinery	20 years
Furniture, fixtures and equipment	5–10 years
Computers and software	3-5 years

Depreciation expense was $97,539 and $103,558 for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively and $212,553 and $216,432 for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Property and Equipment additions

Property and Equipment additions are recognized as assets when it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the asset will flow to the entity and the cost of the asset can be measured reliably. Additions are initially measured at cost, which includes all costs directly attributable to bringing the asset to its working condition and location for its intended use. This may include purchase price, freight, installation, and any directly attributable professional fees. They are capitalized if their cost exceeds a certain threshold. The threshold is determined based on materiality considerations. Costs below the threshold are typically expensed as incurred. After initial recognition, additions are measured at cost less accumulated depreciation and any accumulated impairment losses. Depreciation is calculated systematically over the estimated useful life of the asset. They are tested for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. If the carrying amount exceeds the recoverable amount, an impairment loss is recognized, and the carrying amount of the asset is adjusted accordingly. Borrowing costs directly attributable to the acquisition, construction, or production of qualifying assets, including Property and Equipment additions, are capitalized as part of the cost of those assets.

Intangibles, net

Intangible assets with definite useful lives are recorded on the basis of cost and are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives. The Company uses a useful life of 5 years for an import/export license and a useful life of 10 years for the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical products licenses included in Note 4 as “Licenses”. A useful life of 10 years is also used for the platforms included in Note 5 as “Software” and the customer bases. The Company evaluates the remaining useful life of intangible assets annually to determine whether events and circumstances warrant a revision to the remaining amortization period. If the estimate of the intangible asset’s remaining useful life is changed, the remaining carrying amount of the intangible asset will be amortized prospectively over that revised remaining useful life. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, no revision to the remaining amortization period of the intangible assets was made.

Amortization expense was $249,811 and $193,518 for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $458,644 and $383,373 for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

In accordance with ASC 360-10, Long-lived Assets, property and equipment and intangible assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of long-lived assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to the estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If the carrying amount of an asset exceeds its estimated undiscounted future cash flows, an impairment charge is recognized by the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds the fair value of the assets. Fair value is generally determined using the asset’s expected future discounted cash flows or market value, if readily determinable. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, and 2024, the Company has recorded no impairment charge.

Equity Method Investment

For those investments in common stock or in-substance common stock in which the Company has the ability to exercise significant influence over the operating and financial policies of the investee, the investment is accounted for under the equity method. The Company records its share in the earnings of the investee and is included in “Equity earnings of affiliate” in the consolidated statement of operations. The Company assesses its investment for other-than-temporary impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the investment might not be recoverable and recognizes an impairment loss to adjust the investment to its then current fair value.

Investments in Equity Securities

Investments in equity securities are accounted for at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income (loss). Equity securities are classified as short-term or long-term based on the nature of the securities and their availability to meet current operating requirements. Equity securities that are readily available for sale in current operations are reported as a component of current assets on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Equity securities that are not considered available for use in current operations would be reported as a component of long-term assets on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. For equity securities with no readily determinable fair value, the Company elects a measurement alternative to fair value. Under this alternative, the Company measures the investments at cost, less any impairment, and adjusted for changes resulting from observable price changes in transactions for identical or similar investments of the investee. The election to use the measurement alternative is made for each eligible investment.

As of June 30, 2025, investments consisted of 16,666 shares which traded at a closing price of $1.08 per share or value of $18,049 of National Bank of Greece. Additionally, the Company has $7,665 in equity securities of Pancreta Bank, which are revalued annually.

Fair Value Measurement

The Company applies ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, (“ASC 820”), for assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis. ASC 820 establishes a common definition for fair value to be applied to existing generally accepted accounting principles that require the use of fair value measurements establishes a framework for measuring fair value and expands disclosure about such fair value measurements.

ASC 820 defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Additionally, ASC 820 requires the use of valuation techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. These inputs are prioritized below:

Level 1: Observable inputs such as quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2: Inputs other than quoted prices that are observable, either directly or indirectly. These include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets and quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active.

Level 3: Unobservable inputs in which little or no market data exists, therefore developed using estimates and assumptions developed by us, which reflect those that a market participant would use.

In addition, ASC 825-10-25, Fair Value Option, (“ASC 825-10-25”), expands opportunities to use fair value measurements in financial reporting and permits entities to choose to measure many financial instruments and certain other items at fair value. The Company did not elect the fair value options for any of its qualifying financial instruments.

Our financials also included the following financial instruments as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024: cash, accounts receivable, inventory, prepaid expenses, loans receivable, accounts payable, notes payable and lines of credit. Except for the loans receivable which carry fixed interest rates, the carrying value of the remaining instruments, approximates fair value due to their short-term nature.

Customer Advances

The Company receives prepayments from certain customers for pharmaceutical products prior to those customers taking possession of the Company’s products. The Company records these receipts as current liabilities until it has met all the criteria for recognition of revenue including passing control of the products to its customer, at such point, the Company will reduce the customer advances balance and credit the Company’s revenues.

Revenue Recognition

In accordance with ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”), the Company uses a five-step model for recognizing revenue by applying the following steps:

1)	Identification of the Contract: The Company identifies a contract with a customer when it enters into an agreement that creates enforceable rights and obligations.
2)	Identification of Performance Obligations: The Company identifies distinct performance obligations within each contract, which represent promises to transfer goods or services to the customer.
3)	Determination of Transaction Price: The Company determines the transaction price, which represents the amount of consideration to which it expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring promised goods or services to the customer, excluding any amounts collected on behalf of third parties.
4)	Allocation of Transaction Price: The Company allocates the transaction price to each distinct performance obligation based on its standalone selling price. If the standalone selling price is not observable, the Company estimates it using an appropriate method.
5)	Recognition of Revenue: Revenue is recognized when (or as) the Company satisfies a performance obligation by transferring a promised good or service to the customer. This typically occurs at a point in time or over time, depending on the nature of the performance obligation.

Wholesale revenue and sales of own branded nutraceutical and pharmaceutical products

The Company has contracts or signed partnership forms (usual in the wholesale sector of the pharma industry) with its customers, stipulating the enforceable rights and obligations. The Company is responsible for transferring the goods to the customer’s location, which represents its sole performance obligation. Thus, the transaction price, which is predetermined in most of the products sold, is exclusively allocated to this performance obligation. Revenue is recognized at a single point in time, which is upon issuance of the corresponding sales invoice. The Company has assessed the impact of the items invoiced but not delivered to the customer’s location as of June 30, 2025 and 2024 and deemed that it had no material effect.

Pharma manufacturing

The Company has active contracts with its customers, stipulating the enforceable rights and obligations. The Company is responsible for the manufacturing and the packaging of specific products assigned by its customers, which represents its performance obligations to which the Company allocates the transaction price determined. The customers are responsible for providing the raw materials to the Company. Revenue is recognized over a period of time, which is during the production and packaging period of the respective products. As of June 30, 2025 and 2024 there were no products or batches of products for which the production or packaging phase was in progress.

Medihelm SA

Effective January 1, 2023, and pursuant to the distribution agreement with Medihelm SA (“Medihelm”), the exclusive distributor of the Company’s proprietary line of nutraceutical products, the Company determined that the transaction price for sales to Medihelm was variable in nature. In accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, and specifically ASC 606-10-32-5, the Company applied the “expected value” method to estimate the transaction price, subject to the constraint on variable consideration.

This approach was necessitated by the existence of significant overdue receivables from Medihelm, which raised substantial doubt regarding full collectability of the contractual amounts. The Company reassessed the estimate of the transaction price at each reporting date, considering changes in facts and circumstances.

There was no impact on revenue recognition for the three and six-month periods ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 and no further adjustments to variable consideration were necessary.

Stock-based Compensation

The Company records stock-based compensation in accordance with ASC 718, Stock Compensation (“ASC 718”) and Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 107 (“SAB 107”) regarding its interpretation of ASC 718. ASC 718 requires the fair value of all stock-based employee compensation awarded to employees to be recorded as an expense over the related requisite service period. The Company values any employee or non-employee stock-based compensation at fair value using the Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model.

The Company accounts for non-employee share-based awards in accordance with the measurement and recognition criteria of ASU 2018-07, “Compensation-Stock Compensation-Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting.”

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method, as required by the accounting standard for income taxes ASC 740. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis, as well as net operating loss carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.

The Company is liable for income taxes in Greece and the United Kingdom The corporate income tax rate is 22% in Greece and 25% in the United Kingdom. Losses may also be subject to limitation under certain rules regarding change of ownership.

We regularly review deferred tax assets to assess their potential realization and establish a valuation allowance for portions of such assets to reduce the carrying value if we do not consider it to be more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will be realized. Our review includes evaluating both positive (e.g., sources of taxable income) and negative (e.g., recent historical losses) evidence that could impact the realizability of our deferred tax assets. At June 30, 2025, we believe our United Kingdom and Greece deferred tax assets will not be realized, as such, we did not record a reversal on the full valuation approach we followed during the year ended December 31, 2024.

Leases

The Company accounts for leases in accordance with ASC 842. For all leases, the Company recognizes a right-of-use (ROU) asset and a lease liability on the balance sheet. The ROU asset represents the Company's right to use the underlying asset for the lease term, and the lease liability represents the obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease, both measured at the present value of future lease payments. Lease payments are recognized as an operating expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The interest on the lease liability and the amortization of the ROU asset are recognized separately in the income statement. Initial direct costs incurred by the Company in negotiating and securing leases are capitalized and amortized over the lease term on a straight-line basis. The assets and liabilities from operating and finance leases are recognized at the commencement date based on the present value of remaining lease payments over the lease term using the Company’s secured incremental borrowing rates or implicit rates, when readily determinable. Short-term leases, which have an initial term of 12 months or less, are not recorded on the balance sheet. The Company’s operating leases do not provide an implicit rate that can readily be determined. Therefore, we use a discount rate based on our incremental borrowing rate, which is determined using the average interest rate of our long-term debt on the date of inception. 

Retirement and Termination Benefits

Under Greek labor law, employees are entitled to lump-sum compensation in the event of termination or retirement. The amount depends on the employee’s work experience and remuneration as of the day of termination or retirement. If an employee remains with the company until full-benefit retirement, the employee is entitled to a lump-sum equal to 40% of the compensation to be received if the employee were to be dismissed on the same day. The Company periodically reviews the uncertainties and judgments related to the application of the relevant labor law regulations to determine retirement and termination benefits obligations of its Greek subsidiaries. The Company has evaluated the impact of these regulations and has identified a potential retirement and termination benefits liability. The amount of the liability as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, was $434,821 and $377,264, respectively, and has been recorded as a long-term liability within the consolidated balance sheets (“Other liabilities”). The Company engaged an actuarial expert for the first time, during the period ended December 31, 2023. Management did not engage an actuarial expert since then, since there were no circumstances indicating that there would be a significant change to the liability recorded and thus the movement compared to 2023, solely relates to the foreign exchange effect.

Basic and Diluted Net Loss per Common Share

Basic income per share is calculated by dividing the income available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted income per share is calculated by dividing income available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period and, when dilutive, potential shares from stock options and warrants to purchase common stock, using the treasury stock method. In accordance with ASC 260, Earnings Per Share, the following tables reconcile basic shares outstanding to fully diluted shares outstanding for the three- and six-month periods ended June 30, 2025 and 2024.

	Three months ended,
	June 30, 2025		June 30, 2024
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding Basic		28,753,492		17,834,023
Potentially dilutive common stock equivalents
Weighted average number of common and equivalent shares outstanding – Diluted		28,753,492		17,834,023

	Six months ended,
	June 30, 2025		June 30, 2024
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding Basic		27,403,053		17,025,203
Potentially dilutive common stock equivalents		-		-
Weighted average number of common and equivalent shares outstanding – Diluted		27,403,053		17,025,203

The following table summarizes potential common shares that were excluded as their effect is anti-dilutive:

	June 30, 2025		June 30, 2024
Warrants		12,926,506		8,558,380
Shares issuable upon conversion of convertible debt		4,943,260		-
Total		17,860,766		8,558,380

Common stock equivalents are included in the diluted income per share calculation only when option exercise prices are lower than the average market price of the common shares for the period presented.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

ASU 2025‑01 – Income Statement: Clarifying Effective Date of Expense Disaggregation (Subtopic 220‑40)

Issued January 7, 2025

This update clarifies that ASU 2024‑03’s requirement to disclose disaggregated expense categories applies for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within annual periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Public business entities may early adopt. Entities with non‑calendar year ends should note that interim adoption in early periods is not required under this clarification.

ASU 2025‑02 – Liabilities (Topic 405): Amendments Pursuant to SAB No. 122

Issued March 2025

This update rescinds SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 121—specifically the SAB 121 liability recognition requirement for safeguarding crypto‑assets held for platform users—through amendments to ASC 405 SEC paragraphs. Full retrospective application is mandated for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with earlier adoption permitted, including in interim periods.

ASU 2025‑03 – Business Combinations: Identifying the Accounting Acquirer in a VIE Transaction (Topics 805 and 810)

Issued May 12, 2025

This update amends ASC 805 and ASC 810 to require entities to consider the ASC 805‑10‑55‑12 through 55‑15 factors when identifying the accounting acquirer in business combinations effected primarily via equity exchange—even when the acquiree qualifies as a variable interest entity (VIE). The amendment enhances comparability with voting interest entity combinations and may result in reverse-acquisition accounting in more cases. It is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, including interims, and must be applied prospectively to combinations after adoption. Early adoption is permitted.