485BPOS 1 d631156d485bpos.htm MARTIN CURRIE SMASH SERIES EM FUND Martin Currie SMASh Series EM Fund
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As filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on November 23, 2018

Securities Act File No. 333-162441

Investment Company Act File No. 811-22338

 

 

 

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

 

 

FORM N-1A

REGISTRATION STATEMENT

UNDER

   THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933   
   Pre-Effective Amendment No.   
   Post-Effective Amendment No. 174   

and

REGISTRATION STATEMENT

UNDER

   THE INVESTMENT COMPANY ACT OF 1940   
   Amendment No. 175   

 

 

LEGG MASON GLOBAL ASSET MANAGEMENT TRUST

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Charter)

 

 

100 International Drive

Baltimore, Maryland 21202

(Address of principal executive offices)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (410) 539-0000

 

 

 

Name and address of agent for service:

 

ROBERT I. FRENKEL

Legg Mason & Co., LLC

100 First Stamford Place

Stamford, Connecticut 06902

 

Copy to:

 

ROGER P. JOSEPH, ESQ.

Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP

One Federal Street

Boston, Massachusetts 02110

 

 

Approximate Date of Proposed Public Offering: Continuous

It is proposed that this filing will become effective:

 

 

immediately upon filing pursuant to paragraph (b)

 

on November 30, 2018 pursuant to paragraph (b)

 

60 days after filing pursuant to paragraph (a)(1)

 

on                      pursuant to paragraph (a)(1)

 

75 days after filing pursuant to paragraph (a)(2)

 

on                     pursuant to paragraph (a)(2) of Rule 485.

If appropriate, check the following box:

 

 

This post-effective amendment designates a new effective date for a previously filed post-effective amendment.

 

 

 


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Legg Mason Global Asset Management Trust

Contents of Registration Statement

This Registration Statement consists of the following papers and documents:

Contents of Registration Statement

Part A – Prospectus

Martin Currie SMASh Series EM Fund

Part B - Statement of Additional Information

Martin Currie SMASh Series EM Fund

Part C - Other Information

Signatures

Exhibits

This registration statement does not affect the registration of any series or any class of a series of the Registrant not included herein.


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LOGO

 

 

 

Prospectus   LOGO   November 30, 2018

 

Symbol: LCSMX

 

 

MARTIN CURRIE

SMASh SERIES EM FUND

 

LOGO

 

The Securities and Exchange Commission has not approved or disapproved these securities or determined whether this Prospectus is accurate or complete. Any statement to the contrary is a crime.

 

INVESTMENT PRODUCTS: NOT FDIC INSURED • NO BANK GUARANTEE • MAY LOSE VALUE


Table of Contents
Contents       
Investment objective      2  
Fees and expenses of the fund      2  
Principal investment strategies      3  
Principal risks      3  
Performance      7  
Management      8  
Purchase and sale of fund shares      8  
Tax information      8  
Payments to broker/dealers and other financial intermediaries      8  
More on the fund’s investment strategies, investments and risks      9  
More on fund management      15  
Buying shares      17  
Redeeming shares      18  
Other things to know about transactions      19  
Dividends, other distributions and taxes      20  
Share price      21  
Financial highlights      22  

Investment objective

Long-term capital appreciation.

Fees and expenses of the fund

The accompanying table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold shares of the fund. Shareholders should be aware that, as shown under “Management fees” in the table below, the fund pays no fees under its management and advisory agreements to the fund’s manager and subadviser. However, fund shares are only offered to participants in separately managed account programs who pay fees to program sponsors for the costs and expenses of the programs, including fees for investment advice, custody and portfolio execution. When a program participant, alone or with his or her program sponsor, elects to allocate assets to an investment strategy managed or advised by the fund’s subadviser or an affiliate of the subadviser, the subadviser or that affiliate typically receives a fee from the program sponsor for providing such management or advisory services to the managed account, including with respect to assets that may be invested in the fund. In certain cases, a program participant will pay a fee for investment advice directly to the subadviser or an affiliate in its capacity as manager, adviser or subadviser to the participant’s managed account.

 

Shareholder fees
(fees paid directly from your investment)     
Maximum sales charge (load) imposed on purchases (as a % of offering price)    None
Maximum deferred sales charge (load) (as a % of the lower of net asset value at purchase or redemption)    None
  
Annual fund operating expenses (%)     
(expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)     
Management fees1    0.00
Distribution and/or service (12b-1) fees    None
Other expenses2,3    6.52
Total annual fund operating expenses    6.52
Expense Reimbursement4    (6.48)
Total annual fund operating expenses after reimbursing expenses5    0.04

 

1 

Neither the fund’s manager nor the fund’s subadviser charges a management fee to the fund. Shareholders should be aware, however, that the fund is an integral part of separately managed account programs, and the fund’s manager, the fund’s subadviser or their affiliates will be compensated directly or indirectly by separately managed account program sponsors or program participants for managed account advisory services.

2 

“Other expenses” have been restated to exclude non-recurring costs relating to commencement of the fund’s operations. Had such costs been included, “Other expenses” for the fund would have been 10.37%.

3 

“Other expenses” have been restated to reflect current fees.

4 

The manager has agreed to reimburse 100% of the fund’s operating expenses (other than custody holdings charges, interest, brokerage, taxes, extraordinary expenses and acquired fund fees and expenses). This arrangement cannot be terminated prior to December 31, 2020 without the Board of Trustees’ consent.

5 

Total annual fund operating expenses after reimbursing expenses reflect custody holdings charges, which are excluded from the reimbursement.

Example

This example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds. The example assumes:

 

 

You invest $10,000 in the fund for the time periods indicated

 

 

Your investment has a 5% return each year and the fund’s operating expenses remain the same

 

 

You reinvest all distributions and dividends without a sales charge

Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:

 

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Number of years you own your shares ($)                            
       1 year      3 years      5 years      10 years
Martin Currie SMASh Series EM Fund      4      721      2,114      5,415

Portfolio turnover. The fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in annual fund operating expenses or in the example, affect the fund’s performance. During the period January 10, 2018 to July 31, 2018, the fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 11% of the average value of its portfolio.

Principal investment strategies

Under normal market conditions, the fund pursues its objective by investing at least 80% of its net assets plus borrowings for investment purposes, if any, in securities of issuers with substantial economic ties to one or more emerging market countries and other investments with similar economic characteristics. The material factors the subadviser considers when determining whether an issuer has substantial economic ties to an emerging market country include whether the issuer:

 

 

is included in the MSCI Emerging Markets Index;

 

 

is organized or headquartered in an emerging market country, or maintains most of its assets in one or more such countries;

 

 

has a primary listing for its securities on a stock exchange of an emerging market country; or

 

 

derives a majority of its exposure (e.g. percentage of sales, income or other material factors) from one or more emerging market countries.

Emerging market countries are predominantly found currently in regions including Asia, the Indian subcontinent, South and Central America, the Middle and Near East, Eastern and Central Europe and Africa.

The fund will invest primarily in equity and equity-related securities, which may include common stocks, preferred stock, convertible bonds, other securities convertible into common stock, depositary receipts, real estate investment trusts, securities of other investment companies including, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), and synthetic foreign equity securities, including international warrants. The fund will primarily invest in securities directly in foreign markets, but may gain exposure to foreign markets indirectly through depositary receipts and synthetic foreign equity securities. American Depositary Receipts are receipts issued by a bank that demonstrate ownership of underlying foreign securities and trade on U.S. markets. Synthetic foreign equity securities are a type of derivative issued by a bank or other financial institution designed to replicate the economic exposure of buying an equity security directly in a particular foreign market. The fund will use synthetic foreign equity securities to obtain market exposure where direct access is not otherwise available. The fund may also enter into index futures contracts, a form of derivative contract, as a substitute for buying or selling securities, to obtain market exposure, in an attempt to enhance returns and to manage cash.

Within an emerging market country, the subadviser selects securities that it believes have favorable investment potential. For example, the fund may purchase stocks of companies with prices that reflect a value lower than that which the subadviser places on the company. The subadviser may also consider factors it believes will cause the stock price to rise. In general, the subadviser will consider, among other factors, an issuer’s valuation, financial strength, competitive position in its industry, projected future earnings, cash flows and dividends when deciding whether to buy or sell investments. The fund may invest in companies of any size and market capitalization.

The fund may invest in companies domiciled in any country that the subadviser believes to be appropriate to the fund’s investment objective. Subject to the fund’s 80% investment policy, the fund may invest a substantial amount of assets (i.e. more than 25%) in issuers located in a single country or a limited number of countries, but will always be invested in or have exposure to no less than three different emerging market countries. The fund may invest in securities denominated in foreign currencies or in U.S. dollars.

The fund is classified as “non-diversified,” which means it may invest a larger percentage of its assets in a smaller number of issuers than a diversified fund.

Principal risks

Risk is inherent in all investing. The value of your investment in the fund, as well as the amount of return you receive on your investment, may fluctuate significantly. You may lose part or all of your investment in the fund or your investment may not perform as well as other similar investments. An investment in the fund is not insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or by any bank or government agency. The following is a summary description of certain risks of investing in the fund. The fund is intended to be used as part of a managed account program. The performance and objectives of the fund should be evaluated in the context of the investor’s managed account program. The fund is not designed to be used as a stand-alone investment.

Stock market and equity securities risk. The stock markets are volatile and the market prices of the fund’s equity securities may decline generally. Equity securities may have greater price volatility than other asset classes, such as fixed income securities, and may fluctuate in price based on actual or perceived changes in a company’s financial condition and overall market and economic conditions and perceptions. If the market prices of the equity securities owned by the fund fall, the value of your investment in the fund will decline. If the fund holds equity securities in a company that becomes insolvent, the fund’s interests in the company will be subordinated to the interests of debtholders and general creditors of the company.

 

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Foreign investments and emerging markets risk. The fund’s investments in securities of foreign issuers or issuers with significant exposure to foreign markets involve additional risk. Foreign countries in which the fund may invest may have markets that are less liquid, less regulated and more volatile than U.S. markets. The value of the fund’s investments may decline because of factors affecting the particular issuer as well as foreign markets and issuers generally, such as unfavorable or unsuccessful government actions, reduction of government or central bank support and political or financial instability. Lack of information may also affect the value of these securities. To the extent the fund focuses its investments in a single country or only a few countries in a particular geographic region, economic, political, regulatory or other conditions affecting such country or region may have a greater impact on fund performance relative to a more geographically diversified fund.

The risks of foreign investments are heightened when investing in issuers in emerging market countries. Emerging market countries tend to have economic, political and legal systems that are less fully developed and are less stable than those of more developed countries. Less developed markets are more likely to experience problems with the clearing and settling of trades and the holding of securities by banks, agents and depositories. They are often particularly sensitive to market movements because their market prices tend to reflect speculative expectations. Low trading volumes may result in a lack of liquidity and in extreme price volatility.

Issuer risk. The market price of a security can go up or down more than the market as a whole and can perform differently from the value of the market as a whole, due to factors specifically relating to the security’s issuer, such as disappointing earnings reports by the issuer, unsuccessful products or services, loss of major customers, changes in management, corporate actions, negative perception in the marketplace, major litigation against the issuer or changes in government regulations affecting the issuer or the competitive environment. The fund may experience a substantial or complete loss on an individual security.

Non-diversification risk. The fund is classified as “non-diversified,” which means it may invest a larger percentage of its assets in a smaller number of issuers than a diversified fund. To the extent the fund invests its assets in a smaller number of issuers, the fund will be more susceptible to negative events affecting those issuers than a diversified fund.

Large capitalization company risk. Large capitalization companies may fall out of favor with investors based on market and economic conditions. In addition, larger companies may not be able to attain the high growth rates of successful smaller companies and may be less capable of responding quickly to competitive challenges and industry changes. As a result, the fund’s value may not rise as much as, or may fall more than, the value of funds that focus on companies with smaller market capitalizations.

Small and medium capitalization company risk. The fund will be exposed to additional risks as a result of its investments in the securities of small and medium capitalization companies. Small and medium capitalization companies may fall out of favor with investors; may have limited product lines, operating histories, markets or financial resources; or may be dependent upon a limited management group. The prices of securities of small and medium capitalization companies generally are more volatile than those of large capitalization companies and are more likely to be adversely affected than large capitalization companies by changes in earnings results and investor expectations or poor economic or market conditions, including those experienced during a recession. Securities of small and medium capitalization companies may underperform large capitalization companies, may be harder to sell at times and at prices the portfolio managers believe appropriate and may have greater potential for losses.

Model risk. The subadviser’s investment models may not adequately take into account certain factors and may result in the fund having a lower return than if the fund were managed using another model or investment strategy. When a model or data used in managing the fund contains an error, or is incorrect or incomplete, any investment decision made in reliance on the model or data may not produce the desired results and the fund may realize losses.

Market sector risk. The fund may be significantly overweight or underweight in certain companies, industries or market sectors, which (when overweight) may cause the fund’s performance to be more sensitive to developments affecting those companies, industries or market sectors.

Portfolio management risk. The value of your investment may decrease if the subadviser’s judgment about the attractiveness or value of, or market trends affecting a particular security, industry, sector or region, or about market movements, is incorrect or does not produce the desired results, or if there are imperfections, errors or limitations in the models, tools and data used by the subadviser. In addition, the fund’s investment strategies or policies may change from time to time. Those changes may not lead to the results intended by the subadviser and could have an adverse effect on the value or performance of the fund.

Liquidity risk. Some assets held by the fund may be impossible or difficult to sell, particularly during times of market turmoil. These illiquid assets may also be difficult to value. Markets may become illiquid when, for instance, there are few, if any, interested buyers or sellers or when dealers are unwilling or unable to make a market for certain securities. As a general matter, dealers recently have been less willing to make markets for fixed income securities. If the fund is forced to sell an illiquid asset to meet redemption requests or other cash needs, the fund may be forced to sell at a loss.

Currency risk. The value of investments in securities denominated in foreign currencies increases or decreases as the rates of exchange between those currencies and the U.S. dollar change. Currency conversion costs and currency fluctuations could erase investment gains or add to investment losses. Currency exchange rates can be volatile, and are affected by factors such as general economic conditions, the actions of the U.S. and foreign governments or central banks, the imposition of currency controls and speculation.

 

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Derivatives risk. Using derivatives can increase fund losses and reduce opportunities for gains when market prices, interest rates, currencies, or the derivatives themselves, behave in a way not anticipated by the fund. Using derivatives also can have a leveraging effect and increase fund volatility. Certain derivatives have the potential for unlimited loss, regardless of the size of the initial investment. Derivatives may be difficult to sell, unwind or value, and the counterparty may default on its obligations to the fund. Derivatives are generally subject to the risks applicable to the assets, rates, indices or other indicators underlying the derivative. The value of a derivative may fluctuate more than the underlying assets, rates, indices or other indicators to which it relates. Use of derivatives may have different tax consequences for the fund than an investment in the underlying security, and those differences may affect the amount, timing and character of income distributed to shareholders. The U.S. government and non-U.S. governments are in the process of adopting and implementing regulations governing derivatives markets, including mandatory clearing of certain derivatives, margin and reporting requirements. The ultimate impact of the regulations remains unclear. Additional regulation of derivatives may make derivatives more costly, limit their availability or utility, otherwise adversely affect their performance or disrupt markets. A synthetic foreign equity security in which the fund may invest is a form of derivative instrument that may be subject to all the risks of derivatives described above.

Investment company and ETF risk. Investing in securities issued by investment companies, including ETFs, involves risks similar to those of investing directly in the securities and other assets held by the investment company. Unlike shares of typical mutual funds, shares of ETFs are generally traded on an exchange throughout a trading day and bought and sold based on market values and not at net asset value. For this reason, shares could trade at either a premium or discount to net asset value. The trading price of an index-based ETF is expected to (but may not) closely track the net asset value of the ETF, and the fund will generally gain or lose value consistent with the performance of the ETF’s portfolio securities. The fund will pay brokerage commissions in connection with the purchase and sale of shares of ETFs. In addition, the fund will indirectly bear its pro rata share of the fees and expenses incurred by a fund in which it invests, including advisory fees. These expenses are in addition to expenses that the fund bears directly in connection with its own operations. An index-based ETF may not replicate exactly the performance of the benchmark index it seeks to track for a number of reasons, including transaction costs incurred by the ETF, the temporary unavailability of certain index securities in the secondary market or discrepancies between the ETF and the index with respect to the weighting of securities or the number of securities held.

REITs risk. The value of real estate investment trusts (“REITs”) may be affected by factors including the condition of the economy as a whole and changes in the value of the underlying real estate, the creditworthiness of the issuer of the investments and property taxes, interest rates, liquidity of the credit markets and the real estate regulatory environment. REITs that concentrate their holdings in specific businesses, such as apartments, offices or retail space, will be affected by conditions affecting those businesses.

Valuation risk. The sales price the fund could receive for any particular portfolio investment may differ from the fund’s valuation of the investment, particularly for securities that trade in thin or volatile markets or that are valued using a fair value methodology. Investors who purchase or redeem fund shares on days when the fund is holding fair-valued securities may receive fewer or more shares or lower or higher redemption proceeds than they would have received if the fund had not fair-valued securities or had used a different valuation methodology. The fund’s ability to value its investments may be impacted by technological issues and/or errors by pricing services or other third party service providers.

Market events risk. In the past decade financial markets throughout the world have experienced increased volatility, depressed valuations, decreased liquidity and heightened uncertainty. Governmental and non-governmental issuers have defaulted on, or been forced to restructure, their debts. These conditions may continue, recur, worsen or spread. Events that have contributed to these market conditions include, but are not limited to, major cybersecurity events; geopolitical events (including wars and terror attacks); measures to address budget deficits; downgrading of sovereign debt; changes in oil and commodity prices; dramatic changes in currency exchange rates; and public sentiment.

U.S. and non-U.S. governments and central banks have provided significant support to financial markets, including by keeping interest rates at historically low levels. The U.S. Federal Reserve is reducing its market support activities and has begun raising interest rates. Certain non-U.S. governments and central banks have implemented or may implement so-called negative rates (e.g., charging depositors who keep their cash at a bank) to spur economic growth. Further Federal Reserve or other U.S. or non-U.S. governmental or central bank actions, including interest rate increases or contrary actions by different governments, could negatively affect financial markets generally, increase market volatility and reduce the value and liquidity of securities in which the fund invests.

Policy and legislative changes in the United States and in other countries and other events affecting global markets, such as the United Kingdom’s expected exit from the European Union (or Brexit) are affecting many aspects of financial regulation and may in some instances contribute to decreased liquidity and increased volatility in the financial markets. The impact of these changes on the markets, and the practical implications for market participants, may not be fully known for some time.

Economies and financial markets throughout the world are increasingly interconnected. Economic, financial or political events, trading and tariff arrangements, terrorism, natural disasters and other circumstances in one country or region could have profound impacts on global economies or markets. As a result, whether or not the fund invests in securities of issuers located in or with significant exposure to the countries directly affected, the value and liquidity of the fund’s investments may be negatively affected.

Cybersecurity risk. Cybersecurity incidents, both intentional and unintentional, may allow an unauthorized party to gain access to fund assets, fund or customer data (including private shareholder information), or proprietary information, cause the fund, the manager, the subadvisers and/or their service providers (including, but not limited to, fund accountants, custodians, sub-custodians, transfer agents and financial intermediaries) to suffer data breaches, data corruption or loss of operational functionality or prevent fund investors from purchasing, redeeming or exchanging shares or receiving distributions. The fund, the manager, and the subadvisers have limited ability to prevent or mitigate cybersecurity incidents affecting third

 

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party service providers. Cybersecurity incidents may result in financial losses to the fund and its shareholders, and substantial costs may be incurred in order to prevent any future cybersecurity incidents.

These and other risks are discussed in more detail in the Prospectus or in the Statement of Additional Information.

 

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Performance

The fund has not yet operated for a full calendar year. Once the fund has a performance record of at least one calendar year, a bar chart and performance table will be included in this Prospectus. The fund will make updated performance information available by calling the fund at 1-877-721-1926. The fund is only offered to participants in certain managed account programs, and the fund’s performance will differ from the performance of a client’s overall managed account. For more information about your managed account’s performance, contact your program sponsor.

 

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Management

Investment manager: Legg Mason Partners Fund Advisor, LLC (“LMPFA”)

Subadviser: Martin Currie Inc. (“Martin Currie”)

Portfolio managers: Kim Catechis and Andrew Mathewson, CFA have been the fund’s portfolio managers since inception. Alastair Reynolds has been the fund’s portfolio manager since June 2018.

Purchase and sale of fund shares

Shares of the fund may be purchased only by or on behalf of separately managed account clients where the fund’s subadviser or an affiliate of the subadviser (each a “Managed Account Adviser”) has an agreement with the managed account program sponsor (the “Program Sponsor”), or directly with the client, to provide management or advisory services to the managed account.

There are no maximum or minimum investment requirements in the fund (although your Program Sponsor may have certain investment requirements).

Redemption orders are made based on instructions from your Managed Account Adviser or Program Sponsor to the broker/dealer who executes trades for the account. Shares of the fund can be redeemed through the broker/dealer on any day the New York Stock Exchange is open.

Tax information

The fund’s distributions are generally taxable as ordinary income or capital gains.

Payments to broker/dealers and other financial intermediaries

The fund’s related companies may pay Service Agents for the sale of fund shares, shareholder services and other purposes. “Service Agents” include banks, brokers, dealers, insurance companies, investment advisers, financial consultants or advisers, mutual fund supermarkets, managed account program sponsors and other financial intermediaries that have entered into an agreement with Legg Mason Investor Services, LLC to sell shares of the fund. These payments create a conflict of interest by influencing your Service Agent or its employees or associated persons to recommend the fund, or a managed account strategy of which the fund is a part, over another investment. Ask your financial adviser or salesperson or visit your Service Agent’s or salesperson’s website for more information.

 

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More on the fund’s investment strategies, investments and risks

Important information

The fund’s investment objective is long-term capital appreciation.

The fund’s investment objective may be changed by the Board of Trustees (the “Board”) without shareholder approval and on notice to shareholders. There is no assurance that the fund will meet its investment objective.

The fund’s style is best characterized as growth at a reasonable price.

Under normal market conditions, the fund will invest at least 80% of its net assets plus borrowings for investment purposes, if any, in securities of issuers with substantial economic ties to one or more emerging market countries and other investments with similar economic characteristics (The fund does not currently intend to borrow for investment purposes).

The fund’s 80% investment policy may be changed by the Board without shareholder approval upon 60 days’ prior notice to shareholders.

The fund’s other investment strategies and policies may be changed from time to time without shareholder approval, unless specifically stated otherwise in this Prospectus or in the fund’s Statement of Additional Information (“SAI”).

The fund is classified as “non-diversified,” which means it may invest a larger percentage of its assets in a smaller number of issuers than a diversified fund.

Emerging market countries

The material factors the subadviser considers when determining whether an issuer has substantial economic ties to an emerging market country include whether the issuer:

 

i.

is included in the MSCI Emerging Markets Index;

 

ii.

is organized or headquartered in an emerging market country, or maintains most of its assets in one or more such countries;

 

iii.

has a primary listing for its securities on a stock exchange of an emerging market country; or

 

iv.

derives a majority of its exposure (e.g. percentage of sales, income or other material factors) from one or more emerging market countries.

As of September 28, 2018, the MSCI Emerging Markets Index consisted of the following 24 emerging market country indexes: Brazil, Chile, China, Colombia, Czech Republic, Egypt, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Qatar, Russia, South Africa, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey and United Arab Emirates.

Equity investments

Equity securities include exchange-traded and over-the-counter (“OTC”) common and preferred stocks, warrants and rights, securities convertible into equity securities, securities of other investment companies and real estate investment trusts (“REITs”).

Exchange-traded funds (ETFs)

The fund may invest in shares of open-end mutual funds or unit investment trusts that are traded on a stock exchange, called ETFs.

Derivatives

Derivatives are financial instruments whose value depends upon, or is derived from, the value of an asset, such as one or more underlying investments, indexes or currencies. The fund may engage in derivative transactions, specifically, index futures contracts. The fund may enter into these index futures contracts:

 

 

As a substitute for buying or selling securities

 

 

As a cash flow management technique

 

 

As a means of attempting to enhance returns

 

 

As a means of providing market exposure

Using derivatives, especially for non-hedging purposes, may involve greater risks to the fund than investing directly in securities, particularly as these instruments may be very complex and may not behave in the manner anticipated by the fund. Certain derivative transactions may have a leveraging effect on the fund.

Use of derivatives or similar instruments may have different tax consequences for the fund than an investment in the underlying security, and those differences may affect the amount, timing and character of income distributed to shareholders.

A derivative contract will obligate or entitle the fund to deliver or receive an asset or cash payment based on the change in value of one or more underlying investments, indexes or currencies. When the fund enters into derivatives transactions, it may be required to segregate assets or enter into offsetting positions, in accordance with applicable regulations. Such segregation is not a hedging technique and will not limit the fund’s

 

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exposure to loss. The fund will, therefore, have investment risk with respect to both the derivative itself and the assets that have been segregated to offset the fund’s derivative exposure. If the segregated assets represent a large portion of the fund’s portfolio, this may impede portfolio management or the fund’s ability to meet redemption requests or other current obligations.

Synthetic foreign equity securities

Synthetic foreign equity securities in which the fund may invest include international warrants. International warrants are financial instruments issued by banks or other financial institutions, which may or may not be traded on a foreign exchange. International warrants are a form of derivative instrument that may give holders the right to buy or sell an underlying security from or to the issuer of the warrant for a particular price or may entitle holders to receive a cash payment relating to the value of the underlying security, in each case upon exercise by the holder. The fund may invest in low exercise price warrants which are international warrants with an exercise price that is very low relative to the market price of the underlying instrument at the time of issue (i.e. one cent or less). The buyer of a low exercise price warrant effectively pays the full value of the underlying common stock at the outset.

Cash management

The fund may hold cash pending investment, and may invest in money market instruments and may enter into repurchase agreements and reverse repurchase agreements (which have characteristics like borrowings) for cash management purposes. The amount of assets the fund may hold for cash management purposes will depend on market conditions and the need to meet expected redemption requests.

Defensive investing

The fund may depart from its principal investment strategies in response to adverse market, economic or political conditions by taking temporary defensive positions, including by investing in any type of money market instruments and short-term debt securities or holding cash without regard to any percentage limitations. Although the subadviser has the ability to take defensive positions, it may choose not to do so for a variety of reasons, even during volatile market conditions.

Other investments

The fund may also use other strategies and invest in other investments that are described, along with their risks, in the SAI. However, the fund might not use all of the strategies and techniques or invest in all of the types of investments described in this Prospectus or in the SAI.

Selection process

The subadviser’s overarching investment philosophy is that building stock-focused portfolios, driven by fundamental research, can help to exploit market inefficiencies with the goal of generating consistent outperformance.

The subadviser’s global emerging markets team builds long-term, high conviction stock-focused portfolios, driven by fundamental research within its risk framework.

The research process is intended to deliver high-conviction stock ideas based on fundamental bottom-up analysis. The team aims to identify companies whose cash flow and return profiles are not adequately reflected in their share prices. The team’s internally generated research aims to build up a detailed picture of a company’s operating performance to fully understand the factors that have historically driven cash flow, those that have generated capital returns and how each of them is expected to evolve in the future. To do this, the team conducts a financial analysis and a qualitative assessment of the business (including a broad sustainability assessment), factoring in the team’s conclusions on macroeconomic, regulatory and political risks. This is achieved through the consistent application of its investment process.

The portfolio managers seek to maintain a process that:

 

 

is consistently applied and adhered to, regardless of the market environment

 

 

is highly transparent with explicit and documented output

 

 

has a long-term investment horizon

 

 

integrates a broad sustainability assessment

 

 

is inherently risk aware

An investment case is built from the fundamental analysis. This thesis is subjected to a formal peer review, where investment ideas are debated by the team. The team makes a unanimous stock decision for inclusion on the approved research list.

Instances when the team would sell a stock include the following:

 

 

the shares have reached their target price and on review, the team has concluded that there is little further upside

 

 

the investment case has been undermined and the team’s conviction is therefore reduced

 

 

the stock has been displaced by a higher conviction idea

 

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More on risks of investing in the fund

Stock market and equity securities risk. The stock markets are volatile and the market prices of the fund’s equity securities may decline generally. Equity securities may have greater price volatility than other asset classes, such as fixed income securities, and may fluctuate in price based on actual or perceived changes in a company’s financial condition and overall market and economic conditions and perceptions. If the market prices of the equity securities owned by the fund fall, the value of your investment in the fund will decline. If the fund holds equity securities in a company that becomes insolvent, the fund’s interests in the company will be subordinated to the interests of debtholders and general creditors of the company.

Foreign investments and emerging markets risk. The fund’s investments in securities of foreign issuers or issuers with significant exposure to foreign markets involve additional risk. Foreign countries in which the fund may invest may have markets that are less liquid, less regulated and more volatile than U.S. markets. The value of the fund’s investments may decline because of factors affecting the particular issuer as well as foreign markets and issuers generally, such as unfavorable or unsuccessful government actions, reduction of government or central bank support and political or financial instability. Lack of information may also affect the value of these securities. To the extent the fund focuses its investments in a single country or only a few countries in a particular geographic region, economic, political, regulatory or other conditions affecting such country or region may have a greater impact on fund performance relative to a more geographically diversified fund.

The value of the fund’s foreign investments may also be affected by foreign tax laws, special U.S. tax considerations and restrictions on receiving the investment proceeds from a foreign country. Dividends or interest on, or proceeds from the sale or disposition of, foreign securities may be subject to non-U.S. withholding or other taxes.

In some foreign countries, less information is available about issuers and markets because of less rigorous accounting and regulatory standards than in the United States. It may be difficult for the fund to pursue claims against a foreign issuer in the courts of a foreign country. Some securities issued by non-U.S. governments or their subdivisions, agencies and instrumentalities may not be backed by the full faith and credit of such governments. Even where a security is backed by the full faith and credit of a government, it may be difficult for the fund to pursue its rights against the government. Some non-U.S. governments have defaulted on principal and interest payments, and more may do so. In certain foreign markets, settlement and clearance procedures may result in delays in payment for or delivery of securities not typically associated with settlement and clearance of U.S. investments.

The risks of foreign investments are heightened when investing in issuers in emerging market countries. Emerging market countries tend to have economic, political and legal systems that are less fully developed and are less stable than those of more developed countries. They are often particularly sensitive to market movements because their market prices tend to reflect speculative expectations. Low trading volumes may result in a lack of liquidity and in extreme price volatility. Investors should be able to tolerate sudden, sometimes substantial, fluctuations in the value of their investments. Emerging market countries may have policies that restrict investment by foreigners or that prevent foreign investors from withdrawing their money at will.

Foreign custody and settlement risk. Foreign custody risk refers to the risks inherent in the process of clearing and settling trades and to the holding of securities, cash and other assets by local banks, agents and depositories in securities markets outside the United States. Low trading volumes and volatile prices in less developed markets make trades harder to complete and settle, and governments or trade groups may compel local agents to hold securities in designated depositories that may not be subject to independent evaluation. Local agents are held only to the standards of care of their local markets, and thus may be subject to limited or no government oversight. In an extreme case, the fund’s securities may be misappropriated or the fund may be unable to sell its securities. In general, the less developed a country’s securities market is, the greater the likelihood of custody problems. Settlement of trades in these markets can take longer than in other markets and the fund may not receive its proceeds from the sale of certain securities for an extended period (possibly several weeks or even longer).

Issuer risk. The market price of a security can go up or down more than the market as a whole and can perform differently from the value of the market as a whole, due to factors specifically relating to the security’s issuer, such as disappointing earnings reports by the issuer, unsuccessful products or services, loss of major customers, changes in management, corporate actions, negative perception in the marketplace, major litigation against the issuer or changes in government regulations affecting the issuer or the competitive environment. The fund may experience a substantial or complete loss on an individual security.

Non-diversification risk. The fund is classified as “non-diversified,” which means it may invest a larger percentage of its assets in a smaller number of issuers than a diversified fund. To the extent the fund invests its assets in a smaller number of issuers, the fund will be more susceptible to negative events affecting those issuers than a diversified fund.

Large capitalization company risk. Large capitalization companies may fall out of favor with investors based on market and economic conditions. In addition, larger companies may not be able to attain the high growth rates of successful smaller companies and may be less capable of responding quickly to competitive challenges and industry changes. As a result, the fund’s value may not rise as much as, or may fall more than, the value of funds that focus on companies with smaller market capitalizations.

Small and medium capitalization company risk. The fund will be exposed to additional risks as a result of its investments in the securities of small and medium capitalization companies. Small and medium capitalization companies may fall out of favor with investors; may have limited product lines, operating histories, markets or financial resources; or may be dependent upon a limited management group. The prices of securities of small and medium capitalization companies generally are more volatile than those of large capitalization companies and are more likely to be

 

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adversely affected than large capitalization companies by changes in earnings results and investor expectations or poor economic or market conditions, including those experienced during a recession. Securities of small and medium capitalization companies may underperform large capitalization companies, may be harder to sell at times and at prices the portfolio managers believe appropriate and may have greater potential for losses.

Model risk. The subadviser’s investment models may not adequately take into account certain factors and may result in the fund having a lower return than if the fund were managed using another model or investment strategy. In addition, the investment models used by the subadviser to evaluate securities or securities markets are based on certain assumptions concerning the interplay of market factors. The markets or the prices of individual securities may be affected by factors not foreseen in developing the models. When a model or data used in managing the fund contains an error, or is incorrect or incomplete, any investment decision made in reliance on the model or data may not produce the desired results and the fund may realize losses.

Market sector risk. The fund may be significantly overweight or underweight in certain companies, industries or market sectors, which (when overweight) may cause the fund’s performance to be more sensitive to developments affecting those companies, industries or market sectors.

Portfolio management risk. The value of your investment may decrease if the subadviser’s judgment about the attractiveness or value of, or market trends affecting a particular security, industry, sector or region, or about market movements, is incorrect or does not produce the desired results, or if there are imperfections, errors or limitations in the models, tools and data used by the subadviser. In addition, the fund’s investment strategies or policies may change from time to time. Those changes may not lead to the results intended by the subadviser and could have an adverse effect on the value or performance of the fund.

Liquidity risk. Liquidity risk exists when particular investments are impossible or difficult to sell. Although most of the fund’s investments must be liquid at the time of investment, investments may become illiquid after purchase by the fund, particularly during periods of market turmoil. Markets may become illiquid when, for instance, there are few, if any, interested buyers or sellers or when dealers are unwilling or unable to make a market for certain securities. As a general matter, dealers recently have been less willing to make markets for fixed income securities. When the fund holds illiquid investments, the portfolio may be harder to value, especially in changing markets, and if the fund is forced to sell these investments to meet redemption requests or for other cash needs, the fund may suffer a loss. The fund may experience heavy redemptions that could cause the fund to liquidate its assets at inopportune times or at a loss or depressed value, which could cause the value of your investment to decline. In addition, when there is illiquidity in the market for certain investments, the fund, due to limitations on illiquid investments, may be unable to achieve its desired level of exposure to a certain sector.

Currency risk. The value of investments in securities denominated in foreign currencies increases or decreases as the rates of exchange between those currencies and the U.S. dollar change. Currency conversion costs and currency fluctuations could erase investment gains or add to investment losses. Currency exchange rates can be volatile, and are affected by factors such as general economic conditions, the actions of the U.S. and foreign governments or central banks, the imposition of currency controls and speculation.

Derivatives risk. Derivatives involve special risks and costs and may result in losses to the fund, even when used for hedging purposes. Using derivatives can increase losses and reduce opportunities for gains when market prices, interest rates currencies, or the derivatives themselves behave in a way not anticipated by the fund, especially in abnormal market conditions. Using derivatives also can have a leveraging effect which may increase investment losses and increase the fund’s volatility, which is the degree to which the fund’s share price may fluctuate within a short time period. Certain derivatives have the potential for unlimited loss, regardless of the size of the initial investment. The other parties to certain derivatives transactions present the same types of credit risk as issuers of fixed income securities. Derivatives also tend to involve greater liquidity risk and they may be difficult to value. The fund may be unable to terminate or sell its derivative positions. In fact, many over-the-counter derivatives will not have liquidity except through the counterparty to the instrument. Derivatives are generally subject to the risks applicable to the assets, rates, indices or other indicators underlying the derivative. The value of a derivative may fluctuate more than the underlying assets, rates, indices or other indicators to which it relates. Use of derivatives or similar instruments may have different tax consequences for the fund than an investment in the underlying security, and those differences may affect the amount, timing and character of income distributed to shareholders. The fund’s use of derivatives may also increase the amount of taxes payable by shareholders. The U.S. government and non-U.S. governments are in the process of adopting and implementing regulations governing derivatives markets, including mandatory clearing of certain derivatives, margin, and reporting requirements. The ultimate impact of the regulations remains unclear. Additional regulation of derivatives may make derivatives more costly, limit their availability or utility, otherwise adversely affect their performance or disrupt markets. The fund may be exposed to additional risks as a result of the additional regulations. The extent and impact of the additional regulations are not yet fully known and may not be for some time.

Synthetic foreign equity securities in which the fund invests are subject to counterparty risk which is the risk that the counterparty to the derivative will default prior to the expiration of the contract and will not make the payments required by the contract.

The fund will be required to maintain its positions with a clearing organization through one or more clearing brokers. The clearing organization will require the fund to post margin and the broker may require the fund to post additional margin to secure the fund’s obligations. The amount of margin required may change from time to time. In addition, cleared transactions may be more expensive to maintain than over-the-counter transactions and may require the fund to deposit larger amounts of margin. The fund may not be able to recover margin amounts if the broker has financial difficulties. Also, the broker may require the fund to terminate a derivatives position under certain circumstances. This may cause the fund to lose money.

 

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Risks associated with the use of derivatives are magnified to the extent that an increased portion of the fund’s assets is committed to derivatives in general or is invested in just one or a few types of derivatives.

Investment company and ETF risk. Investing in securities issued by investment companies, including ETFs, involves risks similar to those of investing directly in the securities and other assets held by the investment company. Unlike shares of typical mutual funds, shares of ETFs are generally traded on an exchange throughout a trading day and bought and sold based on market values and not at net asset value. For this reason, shares could trade at either a premium or discount to net asset value. The trading price of an index-based ETF is expected to (but may not) closely track the net asset value of the ETF, and the fund will generally gain or lose value consistent with the performance of the ETF’s portfolio securities. The fund will pay brokerage commissions in connection with the purchase and sale of shares of ETFs. In addition, the fund will indirectly bear its pro rata share of the fees and expenses incurred by a fund in which it invests, including advisory fees. These expenses are in addition to expenses that the fund bears directly in connection with its own operations. An index-based ETF may not replicate exactly the performance of the benchmark index it seeks to track for a number of reasons, including transaction costs incurred by the ETF, the temporary unavailability of certain index securities in the secondary market or discrepancies between the ETF and the index with respect to the weighting of securities or the number of securities held.

REITs risk. Investments in REITs expose the fund to risks similar to investing directly in real estate. The value of these underlying investments may be affected by changes in the value of the underlying real estate, the quality of the property management, the creditworthiness of the issuer of the investments, and changes in property taxes, interest rates and the real estate regulatory environment. Investments in REITs are also affected by general economic conditions. REITs are also subject to heavy cash flow dependency, defaults by borrowers and self-liquidation. REITs usually charge management fees, which may result in layering the fees paid by the fund. REITs may be leveraged, which increases risk. In addition, REITs could possibly fail to (i) qualify for favorable tax treatment under applicable tax law, or (ii) maintain their exemptions from registration under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended. The above factors may also adversely affect a borrower’s or a lessee’s ability to meet its obligations to the REIT. In the event of a default by a borrower or lessee, the REIT may experience delays in enforcing its rights as a mortgagee or lessor and may incur substantial costs associated with protecting its investments.

Cash management and defensive investing risk. The value of the investments held by the fund for cash management or defensive investing purposes can fluctuate. Like other fixed income securities, they are subject to risk, including market, interest rate and credit risk. If the fund holds cash uninvested, the cash will be subject to the credit risk of the depository institution holding the cash and the fund will not earn income on the cash. If a significant amount of the fund’s assets is used for cash management or defensive investing purposes, the fund will be less likely to achieve its investment objective.

Market events risk. In the past decade financial markets throughout the world have experienced increased volatility, depressed valuations, decreased liquidity and heightened uncertainty. Governmental and non-governmental issuers have defaulted on, or been forced to restructure, their debts. These conditions may continue, recur, worsen or spread. Events that have contributed to these market conditions include, but are not limited to, major cybersecurity events; geopolitical events (including wars and terror attacks); measures to address budget deficits; downgrading of sovereign debt; changes in oil and commodity prices; dramatic changes in currency exchange rates; and public sentiment.

U.S. and non-U.S. governments and central banks have provided significant support to financial markets, including by keeping interest rates at historically low levels. The U.S. Federal Reserve is reducing its market support activities and has begun raising interest rates. Certain non-U.S. governments and central banks have implemented or may implement so-called negative rates (e.g., charging depositors who keep their cash at a bank) to spur economic growth. Further Federal Reserve or other U.S. or non-U.S. governmental or central bank actions, including interest rate increases or contrary actions by different governments, could negatively affect financial markets generally, increase market volatility and reduce the value and liquidity of securities in which the fund invests.

Policy and legislative changes in the United States and in other countries and other events affecting global markets, such as the United Kingdom’s expected exit from the European Union (or Brexit) are affecting many aspects of financial regulation and may in some instances contribute to decreased liquidity and increased volatility in the financial markets. The impact of these changes on the markets, and the practical implications for market participants, may not be fully known for some time.

Economies and financial markets throughout the world are increasingly interconnected. Economic, financial or political events, trading and tariff arrangements, terrorism, natural disasters and other circumstances in one country or region could have profound impacts on global economies or markets. As a result, whether or not the fund invests in securities of issuers located in or with significant exposure to the countries directly affected, the value and liquidity of the fund’s investments may be negatively affected.

Risk of increase in expenses. Your actual costs of investing in the fund may be higher than the expenses shown in “Annual fund operating expenses” for a variety of reasons. For example, expenses may be higher if average net assets decrease, as a result of redemptions or otherwise, or if a fee limitation is changed or terminated. Net assets are more likely to decrease and fund expense ratios are more likely to increase when markets are volatile.

Significant redemptions. The fund is intended to be a component of a managed account strategy in managed account programs sponsored by third party financial institutions. A program sponsor’s clients may, alone or in the aggregate, have substantial investments in the fund. If a program sponsor decides to remove the strategy as an available option for its program participants or if a large program client decides to terminate its managed account, the fund may experience relatively large redemptions and could be required to liquidate its assets at inopportune times or

 

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unfavorable prices or increase or accelerate taxable gains or transaction costs and may negatively affect the fund’s NAV, performance, or ability to satisfy redemptions in a timely manner, which could cause the value of your investment to decline.

Valuation risk. Many factors may influence the price at which the fund could sell any particular portfolio investment. The sales price may well differ—higher or lower—from the fund’s last valuation, and such differences could be significant, particularly for illiquid securities and securities that trade in relatively thin markets and/or markets that experience extreme volatility. If market conditions make it difficult to value some investments, the fund may value these investments using more subjective methods, such as fair value methodologies. Investors who purchase or redeem fund shares on days when the fund is holding fair-valued securities may receive fewer or more shares, or lower or higher redemption proceeds, than they would have received if the fund had not fair-valued securities or had used a different valuation methodology. The value of non-U.S. securities, certain fixed income securities and currencies, as applicable, may be materially affected by events after the close of the markets in which they are traded, but before the fund determines its net asset value. The fund’s ability to value its investments may also be impacted by technological issues and/or errors by pricing services or other third party service providers.

Operational risk. Your ability to transact with the fund or the valuation of your investment may be negatively impacted because of the operational risks arising from factors such as processing errors and human errors, inadequate or failed internal or external processes, failures in systems and technology, changes in personnel, and errors caused by third party service providers or trading counterparties. It is not possible to identify all of the operational risks that may affect the fund or to develop processes and controls that completely eliminate or mitigate the occurrence of such failures. The fund and its shareholders could be negatively impacted as a result.

Cybersecurity risk. Cybersecurity incidents, both intentional and unintentional, may allow an unauthorized party to gain access to fund assets, fund or customer data (including private shareholder information), or proprietary information, cause the fund, the manager, the subadvisers and/or their service providers (including, but not limited to, fund accountants, custodians, sub-custodians, transfer agents and financial intermediaries) to suffer data breaches, data corruption or loss of operational functionality or prevent fund investors from purchasing, redeeming or exchanging shares or receiving distributions. The fund, the manager, and the subadvisers have limited ability to prevent or mitigate cybersecurity incidents affecting third party service providers. Cybersecurity incidents may result in financial losses to the fund and its shareholders, and substantial costs may be incurred in order to prevent any future cybersecurity incidents.

Please note that there are other factors that could adversely affect your investment and that could prevent the fund from achieving its investment objective. More information about risks appears in the SAI. Before investing, you should carefully consider the risks that you will assume.

Portfolio holdings

A description of the fund’s policies and procedures with respect to the disclosure of the fund’s portfolio holdings is available in the SAI. The fund intends to make complete portfolio holdings information on a quarterly basis available at www.leggmason.com/smashfunds (click on the name of the fund) no later than 14 calendar days following the quarter-end. The fund intends to post partial information concerning the fund’s portfolio holdings (such as top 10 holdings or sector breakdowns, for example) on the Legg Mason funds’ website on a monthly basis. The fund intends to post this partial information 10 business days following each month-end. Such information will remain available until the next month’s or quarter’s holdings are posted.

 

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More on fund management

Legg Mason Partners Fund Advisor, LLC (“LMPFA” or the “manager”) is the fund’s investment manager. LMPFA, with offices at 620 Eighth Avenue, New York, New York 10018, also serves as the investment manager of other Legg Mason-sponsored funds. LMPFA provides administrative and certain oversight services to the fund. As of September 30, 2018, LMPFA’s total assets under management were approximately $185.9 billion.

Martin Currie Inc. (“Martin Currie” or the “subadviser”) provides the day-to-day portfolio management of the fund, except for any portion of the fund’s cash and short-term instruments that is allocated to Western Asset Management Company, LLC (formerly known as Western Asset Management Company) (“Western Asset”). Martin Currie has offices at New York Times Building, 620 Eighth Avenue, 49th Floor, New York, New York 10018. Martin Currie provides asset management services primarily for a global client base of financial institutions, charities, foundations, endowments, pension funds, family offices, government agencies and investment funds. As of September 30, 2018, Martin Currie’s total assets under management were approximately $16.9 billion.

Western Asset manages the portion of the fund’s cash and short-term instruments allocated to it. Western Asset, established in 1971, has offices at 385 East Colorado Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91101 and 620 Eighth Avenue, New York, New York 10018. Western Asset acts as investment adviser to institutional accounts, such as corporate pension plans, mutual funds and endowment funds. As of September 30, 2018, the total assets under management of Western Asset and its supervised affiliates were approximately $416.6 billion.

LMPFA, Martin Currie and Western Asset are wholly-owned subsidiaries of Legg Mason, Inc. (“Legg Mason”). Legg Mason, whose principal executive offices are at 100 International Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, is a global asset management company. As of September 30, 2018, Legg Mason’s asset management operations had aggregate assets under management of approximately $755.4 billion.

Portfolio managers

Kim Catechis, Andrew Mathewson and Alastair Reynolds are the fund’s Portfolio Managers and each is responsible for the day-to-day management of the fund.

Kim Catechis is head of Martin Currie’s Global Emerging Markets team with specific responsibility for macro and political research. With over 30 years investment experience, Kim joined Martin Currie in October 2010 from Scottish Widows Investment Partnership (“SWIP”), where he had been head of global emerging markets since 1998. Before joining SWIP, he established and managed two asset-management ventures in Spain: Eagle Star Inversiones and, earlier, FG Gestión. He began his investment career as a portfolio manager for Edinburgh Fund Managers in 1987.

Andrew Mathewson, CFA is a co-manager of Martin Currie’s global emerging markets strategy and has 15 years of investment experience. Andrew is responsible for researching stocks in the consumer and healthcare sectors. He joined Martin Currie in 2005 from the Scottish Investment Trust, where he was an investment manager for UK equities. For over five years, he worked in Martin Currie’s Asia and global emerging markets team, as an investment manager for the global equity markets product with a research focus on the markets of Europe, Middle East and Africa.

Alastair Reynolds is a co-manager of Martin Currie’s global emerging markets strategy and has 27 years of investment experience. Alastair has specific responsibility for researching stocks in the automotive, transport and energy sectors. He joined Martin Currie in 2010 from SWIP, where he was research manager on its emerging markets desk and lead manager of the Global Emerging Markets smaller companies and specialist for Central and Eastern European mandates. Prior to joining SWIP in 2000, Alastair was an investment manager with Edinburgh Fund Managers. He began his career with Scottish Amicable Investment Management.

The SAI provides information about the compensation of the portfolio managers, other accounts managed by the portfolio managers and any fund shares held by the portfolio managers.

Management and subadvisory agreements

The fund does not pay advisory fees to LMPFA or the subadvisers. A discussion regarding the basis for the Board’s approval of the fund’s management agreement and subadvisory agreements is available in the fund’s Semi-Annual Report for the period ended January 31, 2018.

Additional information

The fund enters into contractual arrangements with various parties, including, among others, the fund’s investment manager and the subadvisers, who provide services to the fund. Shareholders are not parties to, or intended (or “third-party”) beneficiaries of, those contractual arrangements.

This Prospectus and the SAI provide information concerning the fund that you should consider in determining whether to purchase shares of the fund. The fund may make changes to this information from time to time. Neither this Prospectus nor the SAI is intended to give rise to any contract rights or other rights in any shareholder, other than rights conferred by federal or state securities laws.

Distribution

Legg Mason Investor Services, LLC (“LMIS”), a wholly-owned broker/dealer subsidiary of Legg Mason, serves as the fund’s sole and exclusive distributor.

 

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Additional payments

The distributor, the manager and/or their affiliates make payments for distribution, shareholder servicing, marketing and promotional activities and related expenses out of their profits and other available sources, including profits from their relationships with the fund. These payments are not reflected as additional expenses in the fee table contained in this Prospectus. The recipients of these payments may include the fund’s distributor and affiliates of the manager, as well as Service Agents through which investors may purchase shares of the fund, including your Service Agent. The total amount of these payments is substantial, may be substantial to any given recipient and may exceed the costs and expenses incurred by the recipient for any fund-related marketing or shareholder servicing activities. The payments described in this paragraph are often referred to as “revenue sharing payments.” Revenue sharing arrangements are separately negotiated between the distributor, the manager and/or their affiliates, and the recipients of these payments.

Revenue sharing payments create an incentive for an intermediary or its employees or associated persons to recommend or sell shares of the fund to you. Contact your Service Agent for details about revenue sharing payments it receives or may receive. Additional information about revenue sharing payments is available in the SAI. Revenue sharing payments, as well as payments by the fund for recordkeeping and/or shareholder services, also benefit the manager, the distributor and their affiliates to the extent the payments result in more assets being invested in the fund, or a managed account strategy of which the fund is a part, on which fees are being charged.

 

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Buying shares

Shares of the fund are purchased at net asset value without a sales charge or other fee.

The fund may not be available for sale in certain states. Prospective investors should inquire as to whether the fund is available for sale in their state of residence.

Shares of the fund may be purchased only by or on behalf of separately managed account clients where the fund’s subadviser or an affiliate of the subadviser (each a “Managed Account Adviser”) has an agreement with the managed account program sponsor (the “Program Sponsor”) (typically, a registered investment adviser or broker/dealer), or directly with the client, to provide management or advisory services to the managed account.

There are no maximum or minimum investment requirements applicable to the fund (although your Program Sponsor may have certain investment requirements for separately managed accounts). Purchase orders are made based on instructions from your Managed Account Adviser or Program Sponsor to the broker/dealer who executes trades for your account. To make a purchase, your broker/dealer must submit a purchase order to the fund’s transfer agent, either directly or through an appropriate clearing agency (e.g., the National Securities Clearing Corporation—Fund/SERV).

The fund generally will not permit non-resident aliens with non-U.S. addresses to establish accounts. U.S. citizens with APO/FPO addresses or addresses in the United States (including its territories) and resident aliens with U.S. addresses are permitted to establish accounts with the fund. Generally, U.S. citizens residing in foreign countries will not be permitted to establish accounts with the fund. Neither the manager, subadviser(s) nor the fund are currently approved, registered or otherwise permitted to market to prospective investors which are domiciled in, or with a registered office in, any jurisdiction within the Member States of the European Union and the European Economic Area under any legislation implementing the Alternative Investment Fund Managers Directive (the “AIFMD”) and the supplementing Level 2 Delegated Regulation to the AIFMD in the relevant country.

For more information about buying shares, please contact your Program Sponsor.

 

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Redeeming shares

 

Generally   

Redemption orders are placed on your behalf by your Managed Account Adviser or Program Sponsor with the broker/dealer that executes trades for your managed account. Shares of the fund can be redeemed through the broker/dealer on any day the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) is open. Shares of the fund may be held only by investors participating in an eligible managed account program and cannot be transferred.

 

The fund reserves the right to redeem shares of any investor if the investor ceases to be a participant in an eligible managed account program. The liquidation of fund shares will have tax consequences for the investor. Each investor, by participating in a managed account program that purchases fund shares, agrees to the redemption of such fund shares upon termination of its participation in such program. Subject to applicable law, the fund may, with prior notice, adopt other policies from time to time requiring mandatory redemption of shares in certain circumstances.

Redemption proceeds   

Your redemption proceeds normally will be sent to the broker/dealer that executes trades for your managed account within 2 business days after your request is received in good order, but in any event within 7 days, regardless of the method the fund uses to make payment (e.g., check, wire, or electronic transfer (ACH)).

 

Your redemption proceeds may be delayed, or your right to receive redemption proceeds suspended beyond 7 days, if the NYSE is closed (other than on weekends or holidays) or trading is restricted, if an emergency exists or otherwise as permitted by order of the SEC.

 

Under normal circumstances, the fund expects to meet redemption requests by using cash or cash equivalents in its portfolio and/or selling portfolio assets to generate cash. The fund also may pay redemption proceeds using cash obtained through borrowing arrangements that may be available from time to time.

 

The fund may pay all or a portion of your redemption proceeds by giving you securities (for example, if the fund reasonably believes that a cash redemption may have a substantial impact on the fund and its remaining shareholders). You may pay transaction costs to dispose of the securities, and you may receive less for them than the price at which they were valued for purposes of the redemption.

 

During periods of deteriorating or stressed market conditions, when an increased portion of the fund’s portfolio may be comprised of less-liquid investments, or during extraordinary or emergency circumstances, the fund may be more likely to pay redemption proceeds with cash obtained through short-term borrowing arrangements (if available) or by giving you securities.

 

For more information about redeeming shares, please contact your Program Sponsor.

 

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Other things to know about transactions

Anti-money laundering

Federal anti-money laundering regulations require all financial institutions to obtain, verify and record information that identifies each person who opens an account. When you sign your account application, you may be asked to provide additional information in order for the fund to verify your identity in accordance with these regulations. Accounts may be restricted and/or closed, and the monies withheld, pending verification of this information or as otherwise required under these and other federal regulations.

Frequent trading of fund shares

Frequent purchases and redemptions of fund shares may interfere with the efficient management of the fund, increase fund transaction costs and have a negative effect on the fund’s long-term shareholders. For example, in order to handle large flows of cash into and out of the fund, the subadviser may need to allocate more assets to cash or other short-term investments or sell securities, rather than maintaining full investment in securities selected to achieve the fund’s investment objective. Frequent trading may cause the fund to sell securities at less favorable prices. Transaction costs, such as brokerage commissions and market spreads, can detract from the fund’s performance. In addition, the return received by long-term shareholders may be reduced when trades by other shareholders are made in an effort to take advantage of certain pricing discrepancies, when, for example, it is believed that the fund’s share price, which is determined at the close of the NYSE on each trading day, does not accurately reflect the value of the fund’s investments. Funds investing in foreign securities have been particularly susceptible to this form of arbitrage, but other funds could also be affected.

Because of the potential harm to funds sold by the fund’s distributor and their long-term shareholders, the Board has approved policies and procedures that are intended to detect and discourage excessive trading and market timing abuses through the use of various surveillance techniques. Under these policies and procedures, the fund may limit additional exchanges or purchases of fund shares by shareholders who are believed by the manager to be engaged in these abusive trading activities in the fund or in other funds sold by the distributor. The intent of the policies and procedures is not to inhibit legitimate strategies, such as asset allocation, dollar cost averaging, or similar activities that may nonetheless result in frequent trading of fund shares.

Because the fund is designed to be a component of separately managed accounts that also invest, at the direction of or based on the advice of the Managed Account Adviser, in individual securities and other investments, fund shares may be purchased or redeemed on a frequent basis for rebalancing purposes or in order to invest new monies (including through dividend reinvestment) or to accommodate reductions in account size. The fund is managed in a manner that is consistent with its role in separately managed accounts. Because all purchase and redemption orders are initiated by or based on the advice of the Managed Account Adviser, managed account clients are not in a position to effect purchase and redemption orders and are, therefore, unable to directly trade in fund shares.

 

Martin Currie SMASh Series EM Fund                    19  


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Dividends, other distributions and taxes

The fund generally pays dividends and distributes capital gain, if any, once in December and at such other times as are necessary. The fund may pay additional distributions and dividends in order to avoid a federal tax. Dividends and capital gain distributions will be paid in cash into your managed account.

The Board reserves the right to revise the dividend policy or postpone the payment of dividends if warranted in the Board’s judgment due to unusual circumstances.

Taxes

The following discussion is very general, applies only to shareholders who are U.S. persons, and does not address shareholders subject to special rules, such as those who hold fund shares through an IRA, 401(k) plan or other tax-advantaged account. Except as specifically noted, the discussion is limited to federal income tax matters, and does not address state, local, foreign or non-income taxes. Further information regarding taxes, including certain federal income tax considerations relevant to non-U.S. persons, is included in the SAI. Because each shareholder’s circumstances are different and special tax rules may apply, you should consult your tax adviser about federal, state, local and/or foreign tax considerations that may be relevant to your particular situation.

In general, redeeming shares and receiving dividends and distributions are all taxable events.

The following table summarizes the tax status of certain transactions related to the fund.

 

Transaction   Federal income tax status
Redemption of shares   Usually capital gain or loss; long-term only if shares are owned more than one year
Dividends of investment income and distributions of net short-term capital gain   Ordinary income, or in certain cases qualified dividend income
Distributions of net capital gain (excess of net long-term capital gain over net short-term capital loss)   Long-term capital gain

Distributions attributable to short-term capital gains are taxable to you as ordinary income. Distributions attributable to qualified dividend income received by the fund, if any, may be eligible to be taxed to noncorporate shareholders at the reduced rates applicable to long-term capital gain if certain requirements are satisfied. Distributions of net capital gain reported by the fund as capital gain dividends are taxable to you as long-term capital gain regardless of how long you have owned your shares. Noncorporate shareholders ordinarily pay tax at reduced rates on long-term capital gain.

You may want to avoid buying shares when the fund is about to declare a dividend or capital gain distribution because it will be taxable to you even though it may economically represent a return of a portion of your investment.

A Medicare contribution tax is imposed at the rate of 3.8% on all or a portion of net investment income of U.S. individuals if their income exceeds specified thresholds and on all or a portion of undistributed net investment income of certain estates and trusts. Net investment income generally includes for this purpose dividends and capital gain distributions paid by the fund and gain on the redemption or exchange of fund shares.

A dividend declared by the fund in October, November or December and paid during January of the following year will, in certain circumstances, be treated as paid in December for tax purposes.

If the fund meets certain requirements with respect to its holdings, it may elect to “pass through” to shareholders foreign taxes that it pays, in which case each shareholder will include the amount of such taxes in computing gross income, but will be eligible to claim a credit or deduction for such taxes, subject to generally applicable limitations on such deductions and credits. If the fund does not so elect, the foreign taxes paid or withheld will nonetheless reduce the fund’s taxable income. In addition, the fund’s investment in certain foreign securities, foreign currencies or foreign currency derivatives may affect the amount, timing, and character of fund distributions to shareholders.

After the end of each year, your Service Agent or the fund will provide you with information about the distributions and dividends you received and any redemptions of shares during the previous year. Because each shareholder’s circumstances are different and special tax rules may apply, you should consult your tax adviser about your investment in the fund.

 

  20                    Martin Currie SMASh Series EM Fund


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Share price

You may buy or redeem shares at their net asset value next determined after receipt of your request in good order. The fund’s net asset value per share is the value of its assets minus its liabilities divided by the number of shares outstanding.

The fund calculates its net asset value every day the NYSE is open. The fund generally values its securities and other assets and calculates its net asset value as of the scheduled close of regular trading on the NYSE, normally at 4:00 p.m. (Eastern time). If the NYSE closes at a time other than the scheduled closing time, the fund will calculate its net asset value as of the scheduled closing time. The NYSE is closed on certain holidays listed in the SAI.

As mentioned above, orders to buy or redeem shares are made based on instructions from your Managed Account Adviser or Program Sponsor to the broker/dealer who executes trades for the account. In order to buy or redeem shares at a certain day’s price, the broker/dealer must receive the order on behalf of the separately managed account before the scheduled close of regular trading on the NYSE on that day to receive that day’s price. If the NYSE closes early on that day, the broker/dealer must receive the order prior to the scheduled closing time.

Valuation of the fund’s securities and other assets is performed in accordance with procedures approved by the Board. These procedures delegate most valuation functions to the manager, which generally uses independent third party pricing services approved by the Board. Under the procedures, assets are valued as follows:

 

 

The valuations for fixed income securities and certain derivative instruments are typically the prices supplied by independent third party pricing services, which may use market prices or broker/dealer quotations or a variety of fair valuation techniques and methodologies.

 

 

Equity securities and certain derivative instruments that are traded on an exchange are valued at the closing price (which may be reported at a different time than the time at which the fund’s NAV is calculated) or, if that price is unavailable or deemed by the manager not representative of market value, the last sale price. Where a security is traded on more than one exchange (as is often the case overseas), the security is generally valued at the price on the exchange considered by the manager to be the primary exchange. In the case of securities not traded on an exchange, or if exchange prices are not otherwise available, the prices are typically determined by independent third party pricing services that use a variety of techniques and methodologies. Investments in mutual funds are valued at the net asset value per share of the class of the underlying fund held by the fund as determined on each business day.

 

 

The valuations of securities traded on foreign markets and certain fixed income securities will generally be based on prices determined as of the earlier closing time of the markets on which they primarily trade. The prices of foreign equity securities typically are adjusted using a fair value model developed by an independent third party pricing service to estimate the value of those securities at the time of closing of the NYSE. When the fund holds securities or other assets that are denominated in a foreign currency, the fund will normally use the currency exchange rates as of 4:00 p.m. (Eastern time). Foreign markets are open for trading on weekends and other days when the fund does not price its shares. Therefore, the value of the fund’s shares may change on days when you will not be able to purchase or redeem the fund’s shares.

 

 

If independent third party pricing services are unable to supply prices for a portfolio investment, or if the prices supplied are deemed by the manager to be unreliable, the market price may be determined by the manager using quotations from one or more broker/dealers. When such prices or quotations are not available, or when the manager believes that they are unreliable, the manager may price securities using fair value procedures approved by the Board. These procedures permit, among other things, the use of a formula or other method that takes into consideration market indices, yield curves and other specific adjustments to determine fair value. Fair value of a security is the amount, as determined by the manager in good faith, that the fund might reasonably expect to receive upon a current sale of the security. The fund may also use fair value procedures if the manager determines that a significant event has occurred between the time at which a market price is determined and the time at which the fund’s net asset value is calculated.

Many factors may influence the price at which the fund could sell any particular portfolio investment. The sales price may well differ—higher or lower—from the fund’s last valuation, and such differences could be significant, particularly for securities that trade in relatively thin markets and/or markets that experience extreme volatility. Moreover, valuing securities using fair value methodologies involves greater reliance on judgment than valuing securities based on market quotations. A fund that uses fair value methodologies may value those securities higher or lower than another fund using market quotations or its own fair value methodologies to price the same securities. There can be no assurance that the fund could obtain the value assigned to a security if it were to sell the security at approximately the time at which the fund determines its net asset value. Investors who purchase or redeem fund shares on days when the fund is holding fair-valued securities may receive a greater or lesser number of shares, or higher or lower redemption proceeds, than they would have received if the fund had not fair-valued the security or had used a different methodology.

 

Martin Currie SMASh Series EM Fund                    21  


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Financial highlights

The financial highlights table is intended to help you understand the performance of fund shares for the past five years, unless otherwise noted. Certain information reflects financial results for a single fund share. Total return represents the rate that an investor would have earned (or lost) on an investment in the fund, assuming reinvestment of all dividends and other distributions. Unless otherwise noted, this information has been derived from the fund’s financial statements, which have been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, whose report, along with the fund’s financial statements, is incorporated by reference into the fund’s SAI (see back cover) and is included in the fund’s annual report. The fund’s annual report is available upon request by calling toll-free 1-877-721-1926.

 

For a share of beneficial interest outstanding throughout each year ended July 31, unless otherwise noted:  
        20181,2  
Net asset value, beginning of period        $10.00  
Income (loss) from operations:     

Net investment income

       0.11  

Net realized and unrealized loss

       (0.86)  

Total loss from operations

       (0.75)  
Net asset value, end of period        $9.25  

Total return3

       (7.50)
Net assets, end of period (000s)        $2,780  
Ratios to average net assets:     

Gross expenses4

       10.42 %5 

Net expenses6,7

       0.09 5  

Net investment income

       2.13 5  
   
Portfolio turnover rate        11

 

1 

For the period ended January 10, 2018 (inception date) to July 31, 2018.

 

2 

Per share amounts have been calculated using the average shares method.

 

3 

Performance figures do not reflect the effect of fees and expenses associated with a separately managed account, nor a management fee or other operating expenses of the Fund. Such management fees are paid directly or indirectly by the separately managed account sponsor to the Fund’s manager or subadviser. All operating expenses of the Fund were reimbursed by the manager, pursuant to an expense reimbursement arrangement between the Fund and the manager. If such fees were included, the total return would have been lower. Past performance is no guarantee of future results. Total returns for periods of less than one year are not annualized.

 

4 

Gross expenses do not include management fees paid to the manager and subadviser. Management fees are paid directly or indirectly by the separately managed account sponsor.

 

5 

Annualized.

 

6 

Reflects fee waivers and/or expense reimbursements.

 

7 

The Fund’s manager has entered into an expense reimbursement arrangement with the Fund, pursuant to which the Fund’s manager has agreed to reimburse 100% of the Fund’s ordinary operating expenses. The expense reimbursement arrangement does not cover custody holdings charges, interest, brokerage, taxes, extraordinary expenses and acquired fund fees and expenses. This arrangement cannot be terminated prior to December 31, 2019 without the Board of Trustees’ consent.

 

  22                    Martin Currie SMASh Series EM Fund


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Legg Mason Funds Privacy and Security Notice

 

Your Privacy and the Security of Your Personal Information is Very Important to the Legg Mason Funds

This Privacy and Security Notice (the “Privacy Notice”) addresses the Legg Mason Funds’ privacy and data protection practices with respect to nonpublic personal information the Funds receive. The Legg Mason Funds include any funds sold by the Funds’ distributor, Legg Mason Investor Services, LLC, as well as Legg Mason-sponsored closed-end funds. The provisions of this Privacy Notice apply to your information both while you are a shareholder and after you are no longer invested with the Funds.

The Type of Nonpublic Personal Information the Funds Collect About You

The Funds collect and maintain nonpublic personal information about you in connection with your shareholder account. Such information may include, but is not limited to:

 

 

Personal information included on applications or other forms;

 

Account balances, transactions, and mutual fund holdings and positions;

 

Bank account information, legal documents, and identity verification documentation;

 

Online account access user IDs, passwords, security challenge question responses; and

 

Information received from consumer reporting agencies regarding credit history and creditworthiness (such as the amount of an individual’s total debt, payment history, etc.).

How the Funds Use Nonpublic Personal Information About You

The Funds do not sell or share your nonpublic personal information with third parties or with affiliates for their marketing purposes, or with other financial institutions or affiliates for joint marketing purposes, unless you have authorized the Funds to do so. The Funds do not disclose any nonpublic personal information about you except as may be required to perform transactions or services you have authorized or as permitted or required by law. The Funds may disclose information about you to:

 

 

Employees, agents, and affiliates on a “need to know” basis to enable the Funds to conduct ordinary business or to comply with obligations to government regulators;

 

Service providers, including the Funds’ affiliates, who assist the Funds as part of the ordinary course of business (such as printing, mailing services, or processing or servicing your account with us) or otherwise perform services on the Funds’ behalf, including companies that may perform statistical analysis, market research and marketing services solely for the Funds;

 

Permit access to transfer, whether in the United States or countries outside of the United States to such Funds’ employees, agents and affiliates and service providers as required to enable the Funds to conduct ordinary business, or to comply with obligations to government regulators;

 

The Funds’ representatives such as legal counsel, accountants and auditors to enable the Funds to conduct ordinary business, or to comply with obligations to government regulators;

 

Fiduciaries or representatives acting on your behalf, such as an IRA custodian or trustee of a grantor trust.

Except as otherwise permitted by applicable law, companies acting on the Funds’ behalf, including those outside the United States, are contractually obligated to keep nonpublic personal information the Funds provide to them confidential and to use the information the Funds share only to provide the services the Funds ask them to perform.

The Funds may disclose nonpublic personal information about you when necessary to enforce their rights or protect against fraud, or as permitted or required by applicable law, such as in connection with a law enforcement or regulatory request, subpoena, or similar legal process. In the event of a corporate action or in the event a Fund service provider changes, the Funds may be required to disclose your nonpublic personal information to third parties. While it is the Funds’ practice to obtain protections for disclosed information in these types of transactions, the Funds cannot guarantee their privacy policy will remain unchanged.

Keeping You Informed of the Funds’ Privacy and Security Practices

The Funds will notify you annually of their privacy policy as required by federal law. While the Funds reserve the right to modify this policy at any time they will notify you promptly if this privacy policy changes.

The Funds’ Security Practices

The Funds maintain appropriate physical, electronic and procedural safeguards designed to guard your nonpublic personal information. The Funds’ internal data security policies restrict access to your nonpublic personal information to authorized employees, who may use your nonpublic personal information for Fund business purposes only.

Although the Funds strive to protect your nonpublic personal information, they cannot ensure or warrant the security of any information you provide or transmit to them, and you do so at your own risk. In the event of a breach of the confidentiality or security of your nonpublic personal information, the Funds will attempt to notify you as necessary so you can take appropriate protective steps. If you have consented to the Funds using electronic communications or electronic delivery of statements, they may notify you under such circumstances using the most current email address you have on record with them.

In order for the Funds to provide effective service to you, keeping your account information accurate is very important. If you believe that your account information is incomplete, not accurate or not current, if you have questions about the Funds’ privacy practices, or our use of your nonpublic personal information, write the Funds using the contact information on your account statements, email the Funds by clicking on the Contact Us section of the Funds’ website at www.leggmasonfunds.com, or contact the Funds at 1-877-721-1926. Revised April 2018.

 

THIS PAGE IS NOT PART OF THE PROSPECTUS


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Martin Currie

SMASh Series EM Fund

 

The fund’s website is www.leggmason.com/smashfunds.

You may visit the fund’s website for a free copy of a Prospectus or Statement of Additional Information (“SAI”). The fund will post its complete portfolio holdings on its website on a quarterly basis. The fund’s website also contains information regarding how the fund voted proxies (if any) relating to portfolio securities during the most recent 12-month period ended June 30. The fund’s Annual and Semi-Annual Reports are not made available on the website because the reports are intended for the information of the fund’s shareholders and not for distribution to prospective investors.

Shareholder reports Additional information about the fund’s investments is available in the fund’s Annual and Semi-Annual Reports to shareholders. In the fund’s Annual Report, you will find a discussion of the market conditions and investment strategies that significantly affected the fund’s performance during its last fiscal year. The independent registered public accounting firm’s report and financial statements in the fund’s Annual Report are incorporated by reference into (are legally a part of) this Prospectus.

The fund sends only one report to a household if more than one account has the same last name and same address. Contact your Program Sponsor if you do not want this policy to apply to you.

Statement of additional information The SAI provides more detailed information about the fund and is incorporated by reference into (is legally a part of) this Prospectus.

You can make inquiries about the fund or obtain shareholder reports or the SAI (without charge) by contacting your Program Sponsor, by calling the fund at 1-877-721-1926, or by writing to the fund at 100 First Stamford Place, Attn: Shareholder Services – 5th Floor, Stamford, Connecticut 06902.

Reports and other information about the fund are available on the EDGAR Database on the Securities and Exchange Commission’s Internet site at http://www.sec.gov. Copies of this information may be obtained for a duplicating fee by electronic request at the following E-mail address: publicinfo@sec.gov.

If someone makes a statement about the fund that is not in this Prospectus, you should not rely upon that information. Neither the fund nor the distributor is offering to sell shares of the fund to any person to whom the fund may not lawfully sell its shares.

(Investment Company Act

file no. 811-22338)

MCXX424828ST 11/18


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November 30, 2018

LEGG MASON GLOBAL ASSET MANAGEMENT TRUST

 

 

Fund

   Ticker Symbol
      

MARTIN CURRIE SMASh SERIES EM FUND

(the “Fund”)

   LCSMX
      

100 International Drive

Baltimore, Maryland 21202

1-877-721-1926

STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

This Statement of Additional Information (“SAI”) is not a prospectus and is meant to be read in conjunction with the Prospectus of the Fund, dated November 30, 2018, as amended or supplemented from time to time, and is incorporated by reference in its entirety into the Prospectus.

Additional information about the Fund’s investments is available in the Fund’s annual and semi-annual reports to shareholders. The annual reports contain financial statements that are incorporated herein by reference. The Fund’s Prospectus and copies of the annual and semi-annual reports may be obtained free of charge by contacting brokers, dealers, and other financial institutions that make shares of the Fund available to their clients as part of managed account programs, by writing the Fund at 100 First Stamford Place, Attn: Shareholder Services—5th Floor, Stamford, Connecticut 06902, by calling the telephone number set forth above, by sending an e-mail request to prospectus@leggmason.com or by visiting www.leggmason.com/smashfunds. Legg Mason Investor Services, LLC (“LMIS” or the “Distributor”), a wholly-owned broker/dealer subsidiary of Legg Mason, Inc. (“Legg Mason”), serves as the Fund’s sole and exclusive distributor.

THIS SAI IS NOT A PROSPECTUS AND IS AUTHORIZED FOR DISTRIBUTION TO PROSPECTIVE INVESTORS ONLY IF PRECEDED OR ACCOMPANIED BY AN EFFECTIVE PROSPECTUS.

No person has been authorized to give any information or to make any representations not contained in the Prospectus or this SAI in connection with the offering made by the Prospectus and, if given or made, such information or representations must not be relied upon as having been authorized by the Fund or the Distributor. The Prospectus and this SAI do not constitute an offering by the Fund or by the Distributor in any jurisdiction in which such offering may not lawfully be made.


Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

     1  

INVESTMENT POLICIES

     3  

Investment Objective and Strategies

     3  

Fundamental and Non-Fundamental Investment Policies—General

     3  

Fundamental Investment Policies

     3  

Diversification

     4  

Non-Fundamental Investment Policies

     4  

Commodity Exchange Act Regulation—Exclusion from Commodity Pool Operator Definition

     5  

INVESTMENT PRACTICES AND RISK FACTORS

     5  

MANAGEMENT

     33  

Trustees and Officers

     33  

Qualifications of Trustees, Board Leadership Structure and Oversight and Standing Committees

     39  

Trustees Ownership of Securities

     41  

Trustee Compensation

     42  

INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT AND SERVICE PROVIDER INFORMATION

     43  

Manager

     43  

Subadviser

     44  

Expenses

     45  

Portfolio Managers

     46  

Other Accounts Managed by the Portfolio Managers

     46  

Portfolio Manager Compensation Structure

     46  

Potential Conflicts of Interest

     48  

Portfolio Managers Securities Ownership

     49  

Custodian and Transfer Agent

     49  

Fund Counsel

     50  

Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

     50  

PORTFOLIO TRANSACTIONS AND BROKERAGE

     50  

Portfolio Transactions

     50  

Brokerage and Research Services

     50  

Aggregate Brokerage Commissions Paid

     51  

Securities of Regular Broker/Dealers

     51  

Portfolio Turnover

     52  

SHARE OWNERSHIP

     52  

Principal Shareholders

     52  

DISTRIBUTOR

     53  

Dealer Commissions and Concessions

     56  

Payments to Program Sponsors

     56  

ADDITIONAL PURCHASE AND REDEMPTION INFORMATION

     57  

VALUATION OF SHARES

     57  

PROXY VOTING GUIDELINES AND PROCEDURES

     57  

DISCLOSURE OF PORTFOLIO HOLDINGS

     58  

General Rules/Website Disclosure

     58  

Ongoing Arrangements

     58  

Release of Limited Portfolio Holdings Information

     60  

Exceptions to the Policy

     61  

Limitations of Policy

     61  

THE TRUST

     61  

TAXES

     64  

CODES OF ETHICS

     74  

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

     74  

APPENDIX A—PROXY VOTING GUIDELINES AND PROCEDURES

     A-1  

APPENDIX B—CREDIT RATINGS

     B-1  


Table of Contents

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Because the following is a combined glossary of terms used for all the Legg Mason Funds, certain terms below may not apply to your fund. Any terms used but not defined herein have the meaning ascribed to them in the applicable Fund’s prospectus.

“12b-1 Plans” means the Fund’s distribution and shareholder services plan.

“1933 Act” means the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

“1934 Act” means the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

“1940 Act” means the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended.

“1940 Act Vote” means the vote of the lesser of: (a) more than 50% of the outstanding shares of the Fund; or (b) 67% or more of the shares of the Fund present at a shareholders’ meeting if more than 50% of the outstanding shares of that Fund are represented at the meeting in person or by proxy.

“Advisers Act” means the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended.

“Board” means the Board of Trustees or Board of Directors, as applicable.

“CEA” means the Commodity Exchange Act, as amended.

“CFTC” means the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission.

“Code” means the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended.

“Corporation” (if applicable) means the corporation listed on the cover page of this SAI.

“Directors” means the directors of the Corporation.

“Distributor” means the party that is responsible for the distribution or sale of the Fund’s shares. Legg Mason Investor Services, LLC (“LMIS”) is the Fund’s distributor.

“FINRA” means the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc.

“Fund” means the Fund or Funds listed on the cover of this SAI unless stated otherwise.

“Fundamental Investment Policy” means an investment policy of the Fund that may be changed only by a 1940 Act Vote. Only those policies expressly designated as such are fundamental investment policies. All other policies and restrictions may be changed by the Board without shareholder approval.

“Independent Director” or “Independent Trustee” (as applicable) means a Director of the Corporation or a Trustee of the Trust who is not an “interested person” (as defined in the 1940 Act) of the Corporation or Trust (as applicable).

“IRAs” means Individual Retirement Accounts.

“IRS” means Internal Revenue Service.

“Legg Mason” means Legg Mason, Inc.

 

1


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“Legg Mason Funds” means the funds managed by Legg Mason Partners Fund Advisor, LLC or an affiliate.

“Manager” or “LMPFA” means Legg Mason Partners Fund Advisor, LLC.

“NAV” means net asset value.

“NRSROs” means nationally recognized (or non-U.S.) statistical rating organizations, including, but not limited to, Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. (“Moody’s”), Fitch Ratings and S&P Global Ratings, a subsidiary of S&P Global Inc. (“S&P”).

“NYSE” means the New York Stock Exchange.

“Prospectus” means the prospectus of a Fund as referenced on the cover page of this SAI.

“SAI” means this Statement of Additional Information.

“SEC” means the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.

“Service Agent” means each bank, broker, dealer, insurance company, investment adviser, financial consultant or adviser, mutual fund supermarket and any other financial intermediaries that have entered into an agreement with the Distributor to sell shares of the Fund.

“Subadviser” means the investment advisory firm that manages the Fund’s assets as described in the Fund’s Prospectus. Martin Currie Inc. provides the day-to-day portfolio management of the Fund, except for any portion of the Fund’s short-term instruments that is allocated to Western Asset Management Company, LLC.

“Trust” (if applicable) means the trust listed on the cover page of this SAI.

“Trustees” means the trustees of the Trust.

 

2


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INVESTMENT POLICIES

Investment Objective and Strategies

The Fund is registered under the 1940 Act, as an open-end management investment company. The Fund’s Prospectus discusses the Fund’s investment objective and strategies. The following is a summary of certain strategies and investment limitations of the Fund and supplements the description of the Fund’s investment strategies in its Prospectus. Additional information regarding investments practices and risk factors with respect to the Fund may also be found below in the section entitled Investment Practices and Risk Factors.

Martin Currie SMASh Series EM Fund

 

   

Investment objective. The Fund seeks long-term capital appreciation.

 

   

Under normal market conditions, the Fund pursues its objective by investing at least 80% of its net assets plus borrowings for investment purposes, if any, in securities of issuers with substantial economic ties to one or more emerging market countries and other investments with similar economic characteristics. The Fund may not change its policy to invest at least 80% of its net assets as described in the preceding sentence, unless it provides shareholders with at least 60 days’ prior written notice of such change.

Fundamental and Non-Fundamental Investment Policies

General

The Fund has adopted the fundamental and non-fundamental investment policies below for the protection of shareholders. Fundamental investment policies of the Fund may not be changed without a 1940 Act Vote. The Board may change non-fundamental investment policies at any time without shareholder approval and upon notice to shareholders.

If any percentage restriction described below (other than the limitation on borrowing) is complied with at the time of an investment, a later increase or decrease in the percentage resulting from a change in asset values or characteristics will not constitute a violation of such restriction, unless otherwise noted below.

The Fund’s investment objective is non-fundamental.

Fundamental Investment Policies

The Fund’s fundamental investment policies are as follows:

Borrowing: The Fund may not borrow money, except (1) in an amount not exceeding 33-1/3% of the Fund’s total assets (including the amount borrowed) less liabilities (other than borrowings) or (2) by entering into reverse repurchase agreements or dollar rolls.

Underwriting: The Fund may not engage in the business of underwriting the securities of other issuers, except as permitted by the 1940 Act, and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, as such statute, rules, and regulations are amended from time to time or are interpreted from time to time by the SEC or SEC staff or to the extent that the Fund may be permitted to do so by exemptive order or other relief from the SEC or SEC staff (collectively, “1940 Act Laws, Interpretations and Exemptions”). This restriction does not prevent the Fund from engaging in transactions involving the acquisition, disposition or resale of portfolio securities, regardless of whether the Fund may be considered to be an underwriter under the 1933 Act.

Loans: The Fund may not lend money or other assets, except to the extent permitted by the 1940 Act Laws, Interpretations and Exemptions. This restriction does not prevent the Fund from purchasing debt obligations in pursuit of its investment program, or for defensive or cash management purposes, entering into repurchase agreements, loaning its portfolio securities to financial intermediaries, institutions or institutional investors, or investing in loans, including assignments and participation interests.

Senior Securities: The Fund may not issue senior securities, except as permitted under the 1940 Act Laws, Interpretations and Exemptions.

 

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Real Estate: The Fund may not purchase or sell real estate unless acquired as a result of ownership of securities or other instruments. This restriction does not prevent the Fund from investing in issuers that invest, deal, or otherwise engage in transactions in or hold real estate or interests therein, investing in instruments that are secured by real estate or interests therein, or exercising rights under agreements relating to such securities, including the right to enforce security interests.

Commodities: The Fund may not purchase or sell physical commodities unless acquired as a result of ownership of securities or other instruments. This restriction does not prevent the Fund from engaging in transactions involving foreign currency, futures contracts and options, forward contracts, swaps, caps, floors, collars, securities purchased or sold on a forward-commitment or delayed-delivery basis or other similar financial instruments, or investing in securities or other instruments that are secured by physical commodities.

Concentration: The Fund may not make any investment if, as a result, the Fund’s investments will be concentrated (as that term may be defined or interpreted by the 1940 Act Laws, Interpretations and Exemptions) in any one industry. This restriction does not limit the Fund’s investment in securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. Government, its agencies or instrumentalities and repurchase agreements with respect thereto, or securities of municipal issuers.

With respect to the fundamental policy relating to issuing senior securities set forth above, “senior securities” are defined as fund obligations that have a priority over the fund’s shares with respect to the payment of dividends or the distribution of fund assets. The 1940 Act prohibits a fund from issuing senior securities except that the fund may borrow money in amounts of up to one third of the fund’s total assets from banks for any purpose. A fund may also borrow up to 5% of the fund’s total assets from banks or other lenders for temporary purposes, and these borrowings are not considered senior securities. The issuance of senior securities by a fund can increase the speculative character of the fund’s outstanding shares through leveraging. Leveraging of the Fund’s portfolio through the issuance of senior securities magnifies the potential for gain or loss on monies, because even though the Fund’s net assets remain the same, the total risk to investors is increased to the extent of the Fund’s gross assets. The policy set forth above will be interpreted not to prevent collateral arrangements with respect to swaps, options, forward or futures contracts or other derivatives, or the posting of initial or variation margin.

Although not a part of the Fund’s fundamental investment limitation on concentration, it is the current position of the SEC staff that a fund’s investments are concentrated in an industry when 25% or more of the fund’s net assets are invested in issuers whose principal business is in that industry.

Diversification

The Fund is non-diversified; however, the Fund intends to qualify for treatment as a regulated investment company under the Code. Compliance with the diversification requirements of the Code may limit the flexibility of the Fund.

Non-Fundamental Investment Policies

The following are some of the non-fundamental investment limitations that the Fund currently observes:

Borrowing: The Fund will not borrow for investment purposes an amount in excess of 5% of its total assets.

Illiquid Securities: The Fund may invest up to 15% of its net assets in illiquid securities.

Short Sales: The Fund may not sell securities short (unless it owns or has the right to obtain securities equivalent in kind and amount to the securities sold short). This restriction does not prevent the Fund from entering into short positions in foreign currency, futures contracts, options, forward contracts, swaps, caps, floors, collars, securities purchased or sold on a forward-commitment or delayed-delivery basis or other financial instruments.

Margin Purchases: The Fund may not purchase securities on margin, except that (1) the Fund may obtain such short-term credits as are necessary for the clearance of transactions and (2) the Fund may make margin payments in connection with foreign currency, futures contracts, options, forward contracts, swaps, caps, floors, collars, securities purchased or sold on a forward-commitment or delayed-delivery basis or other financial instruments.

Investment Companies: The Fund may not invest in other registered open-end investment companies and registered unit investment trusts in reliance upon the provisions of subparagraphs (G) or (F) of Section 12(d)(1) of the 1940 Act. The foregoing investment policy does not restrict the Fund from (i) acquiring securities of other registered investment companies in connection

 

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with a merger, consolidation, reorganization, or acquisition of assets; or (ii) purchasing the securities of registered closed-end investment companies, to the extent permissible under Section 12(d)(1)(G) of the 1940 Act.

An investment will be deemed to have been made at the time the Fund enters into a binding commitment to complete the investment. The Fund will monitor the level of borrowing in its portfolio and will make necessary adjustments to maintain the required asset coverage. If, due to subsequent fluctuations in value or any other reasons, the value of the Fund’s illiquid securities exceeds the percentage limitation applicable at the time of acquisition, the Fund will consider what actions, if any, are necessary to maintain adequate liquidity. The Fund monitors the portion of its total assets that is invested in illiquid securities on an ongoing basis, not only at the time of investment in such securities.

Commodity Exchange Act Regulation- Exclusion from Commodity Pool Operator Definition

The Fund is operated by persons who have claimed an exclusion, granted to operators of registered investment companies like the Fund, from registration as a “commodity pool operator” with respect to the Fund under the CEA and, therefore are not subject to registration or regulation with respect to the Fund under the CEA. As a result, the Fund is limited in its ability to trade instruments subject to the CFTC’s jurisdiction, including commodity futures (which include futures on broad-based securities indexes, interest rate futures and currency futures), options on commodity futures, and certain swaps or other investments, either directly or indirectly through investments in other investment vehicles (collectively, “Commodity Interests”).

Under this exclusion, the Fund must satisfy one of the following two trading limitations whenever it establishes a new Commodity Interest position: (1) the aggregate initial margin and premiums required to establish the Fund’s Commodity Interest positions does not exceed 5% of the liquidation value of the Fund’s portfolio (after accounting for unrealized profits and unrealized losses on any such investments); or (2) the aggregate net notional value of the Fund’s Commodity Interests, determined at the time the most recent position was established, does not exceed 100% of the liquidation value of the Fund’s portfolio (after accounting for unrealized profits and unrealized losses on any such positions). The Fund is not required to consider its exposure to such instruments if they are held for “bona fide hedging” purposes, as such term is defined in the rules of the CFTC. In addition to meeting one of the foregoing trading limitations, the Fund may not be marketed as a commodity pool or otherwise as a vehicle for trading in the markets for Commodity Interests.

If the Fund’s operators were to lose their ability to claim this exclusion with respect to the Fund, such persons would be required to comply with certain CFTC rules regarding commodity pools that could impose additional regulatory requirements and compliance obligations.

INVESTMENT PRACTICES AND RISK FACTORS

In addition to the investment strategies and the risks described in the Fund’s Prospectus and in this SAI under Investment Objective and Strategies, the Fund may employ other investment practices and may be subject to other risks, which are described below. The Fund may engage in the practices described below to the extent consistent with its investment objectives, strategies, policies and restrictions. However, as with any investment or investment technique, even when the Fund’s Prospectus or this discussion indicates that the Fund may engage in an activity, the Fund may not actually do so for a variety of reasons. In addition, new types of instruments and other securities may be developed and marketed from time to time. Consistent with its investment limitations, the Fund expects to invest in those new types of securities and instruments that its portfolio manager believes may assist the Fund in achieving its investment objective.

This discussion is not intended to limit the Fund’s investment flexibility, unless such a limitation is expressly stated, and therefore will be construed by the Fund as broadly as possible. Statements concerning what the Fund may do are not intended to limit any other activity.

Convertible Securities

Convertible securities are fixed income securities (usually debt or preferred stock) that may be converted or exchanged for a prescribed amount of common stock or other equity securities of the same or a different issuer within a particular period of time at a specified price or formula. A convertible security entitles the holder to receive interest paid or accrued on debt or the dividend paid on preferred stock until the convertible security matures or is redeemed, converted or exchanged. Before conversion or exchange, convertible securities ordinarily provide a stream of income with generally higher yields than those of common stocks of the same or similar issuers, but lower than the yield of nonconvertible debt. However, there can be no

 

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assurance of current income because the issuers of the convertible securities may default on their obligations. Convertible securities are usually subordinated to comparable nonconvertible debt or preferred stock, but rank senior to common stock in a corporation’s capital structure.

The value of a convertible security is generally related to (1) its yield in comparison with the yields of other securities of comparable maturity and quality that do not have a conversion privilege and/or (2) its worth, at market value, if converted or exchanged into the underlying common stock. A convertible security may be subject to redemption at the option of the issuer at a price established in the convertible security’s governing instrument, which may be less than the ultimate conversion or exchange value.

Convertible securities are subject both to the stock market risk associated with equity securities and to the credit and interest rate risks associated with fixed income securities. As the market price of the equity security underlying a convertible security falls, the convertible security tends to trade on the basis of its yield and other fixed income characteristics. As the market price of such equity security rises, the convertible security tends to trade on the basis of its equity conversion features. Investments in convertible securities generally entail less risk than investments in common stock of the same issuer.

Synthetic Convertible Securities

A synthetic convertible security is comprised of two distinct securities that together resemble convertible securities in certain respects. Synthetic convertible securities are created by combining non-convertible bonds or preferred shares with common stocks, warrants or stock call options. The options that will form elements of synthetic convertible securities will be listed on a securities exchange. The two components of a synthetic convertible security, which will be issued with respect to the same entity, generally are not offered as a unit, and may be purchased and sold by the Fund at different times. Synthetic convertible securities differ from convertible securities in certain respects, including that each component of a synthetic convertible security has a separate market value and responds differently to market fluctuations. Investing in synthetic convertible securities involves the risk normally involved in holding the securities comprising the synthetic convertible security.

Cybersecurity Risk

With the increased use of technologies such as mobile devices and Web-based or “cloud” applications, and the dependence on the Internet and computer systems to conduct business, the Fund is susceptible to operational, information security and related risks. In general, cybersecurity incidents can result from deliberate attacks or unintentional events (arising from external or internal sources) that may cause the Fund to lose proprietary information, suffer data corruption, physical damage to a computer or network system or lose operational capacity. Cybersecurity attacks include, but are not limited to, infection by malicious software, such as malware or computer viruses or gaining unauthorized access to digital systems, networks or devices that are used to service the Fund’s operations (e.g., through “hacking,” “phishing” or malicious software coding) or other means for purposes of misappropriating assets or sensitive information, corrupting data, or causing operational disruption. Cybersecurity attacks may also be carried out in a manner that does not require gaining unauthorized access, such as causing denial-of-service attacks on the Fund’s websites (i.e., efforts to make network services unavailable to intended users). In addition, authorized persons could inadvertently or intentionally release confidential or proprietary information stored on the Fund’s systems.

Cybersecurity incidents affecting the Fund’s Manager, the Subadviser, other service providers to the Fund or its shareholders (including, but not limited to, Fund accountants, custodians, sub-custodians, transfer agents and financial intermediaries) have the ability to cause disruptions and impact business operations, potentially resulting in financial losses to both the Fund and its shareholders, interference with the Fund’s ability to calculate its net asset value, impediments to trading, the inability of Fund shareholders to transact business and the Fund to process transactions (including fulfillment of Fund share purchases and redemptions), violations of applicable privacy and other laws (including the release of private shareholder information) and attendant breach notification and credit monitoring costs, regulatory fines, penalties, litigation costs, reputational damage, reimbursement or other compensation costs, forensic investigation and remediation costs, and/or additional compliance costs. Similar adverse consequences could result from cybersecurity incidents affecting issuers of securities in which the Fund invests, counterparties with which the Fund engages in transactions, governmental and other regulatory authorities, exchange and other financial market operators, banks, brokers, dealers, insurance companies and other financial institutions (including financial intermediaries and other service providers) and other parties. In addition, substantial costs may be incurred in order to safeguard against and reduce the risk of any cybersecurity incidents in the future. In addition to

 

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administrative, technological and procedural safeguards, the Fund’s Manager and the Subadviser have established business continuity plans in the event of, and risk management systems to prevent or reduce the impact of, such cybersecurity incidents. However, there are inherent limitations in such plans and systems, including the possibility that certain risks have not been identified, as well as the rapid development of new threats. Furthermore, the Fund cannot control the cybersecurity plans and systems put in place by its service providers or any other third parties whose operations may affect the Fund and its shareholders. The Fund and its shareholders could be negatively impacted as a result.

Derivatives — Generally

A derivative is a financial instrument that has a value based on, or derived from, the value of one or more underlying reference instruments or measures of value or interest rates (“underlying instruments”), such as a security, a commodity, a currency, an index, an interest rate or a currency exchange rate. A derivative can also have a value based on the likelihood that an event will or will not occur. Derivatives include futures contracts, forward contracts, options and swaps.

The Fund may use derivatives for any purpose, including but not limited to, to attempt to enhance income, yield or return, as a substitute for investing directly in a security or asset, or as a hedging technique in an attempt to manage risk in the Fund’s portfolio. The Fund may choose not to make use of derivatives for a variety of reasons, and no assurance can be given that any derivatives strategy employed will be successful. The Fund’s use of derivative instruments may be limited from time to time by applicable law, availability or by policies adopted by the Board or Manager.

The Fund may utilize multiple derivative instruments and combinations of derivative instruments to seek to adjust the risk and return characteristics of its overall position. Combined positions will typically contain elements of risk that are present in each of its component transactions. It is possible that the combined position will not achieve its intended goal and will instead increase losses or risk to the Fund. Because combined positions involve multiple trades, they result in higher transaction costs and may be more difficult to open and close out.

The Fund may enter into derivatives with standardized terms that have no or few special or unusual components, which are generally traded on an exchange, as well as derivatives with more complex features, singly or in combination. Non-standardized derivatives are generally traded over the counter (“OTC”). OTC derivatives may be standardized or have customized features and may have limited or no liquidity. The Fund’s derivatives contracts may be centrally cleared or settled bilaterally directly with a counterparty. The Fund’s derivatives contracts may be cash settled or physically settled.

In addition to the instruments and strategies discussed in this section, additional opportunities in connection with derivatives and other similar or related techniques may become available to the Fund as a result of the development of new techniques, the development of new derivative instruments or a regulatory authority broadening the range of permitted transactions. The Fund may utilize these opportunities and techniques to the extent that they are consistent with the Fund’s investment objectives and permitted by its investment limitations and applicable regulatory authorities. These opportunities and techniques may involve risks different from or in addition to those summarized herein.

 

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Risks of Derivatives Generally. The use of derivatives involves special considerations and risks, certain of which are summarized below, and may result in losses to the Fund. In general, derivatives may increase the volatility of the Fund and may involve a small investment of cash relative to the magnitude of the risk or exposure assumed. Even a small investment in derivatives may magnify or otherwise increase investment losses to the Fund.

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Market risk. Derivatives can be complex, and their success depends in part upon the portfolio manager’s ability to forecast correctly future market or other trends or occurrences or other financial or economic factors or the value of the underlying instrument. Even if the portfolio manager’s forecasts are correct, other factors may cause distortions or dislocations in the markets that result in losses or otherwise unsuccessful transactions. Derivatives may behave in unexpected ways, especially in abnormal or volatile market conditions. The market value of the derivative itself or the market value of underlying instruments may change in a way that is adverse to the Fund’s interest. There is no assurance that the use of derivatives will be advantageous to the Fund or that the portfolio manager will use derivatives to hedge at an appropriate time.

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Liquidity risk. The Fund’s ability to close out or unwind a derivative prior to expiration or maturity depends on the existence of a liquid market or, in the absence of such a market, the ability and willingness of the other party to the transaction (the “counterparty”) to enter into a transaction closing out the position. If there is no market or the Fund is not successful in its negotiations, the Fund may not be able to sell or unwind the derivative position at an advantageous or anticipated time or

 

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  price. This may also be the case if the counterparty becomes insolvent. The Fund may be required to make delivery of portfolio securities or other underlying instruments in order to close out a position or to sell portfolio securities or assets at a disadvantageous time or price in order to obtain cash to close out the position. While a position remains open, the Fund continues to be subject to investment risk on a derivative. The Fund may or may not be able to take other actions or enter into other transactions, including hedging transactions, to limit or reduce its exposure to the derivative. Liquidity risk may be enhanced if a derivative transaction is particularly large. Certain derivatives, including certain OTC options and swaps, may be considered illiquid and therefore subject to the Fund’s limitation on illiquid investments.
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Leverage risk. Certain derivative transactions may have a leveraging effect on the Fund, meaning that the Fund can obtain significant investment exposure in return for meeting a relatively small margin or other investment requirement. An adverse change in the value of an underlying instrument can result in losses substantially greater than the amount invested in the derivative itself. When the Fund engages in transactions that have a leveraging effect, the value of the Fund is likely to be more volatile and certain other risks also are likely to be compounded. This is because leverage generally magnifies the effect of any increase or decrease in the value of an investment. Certain derivatives have the potential for unlimited loss, regardless of the size of the initial investment.

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Margin risk. Certain derivatives require the Fund to make margin payments, a form of security deposit intended to protect against nonperformance of the derivative contract. The Fund may have to post additional margin if the value of the derivative position changes in a manner adverse to the Fund. Derivatives may be difficult to value, which may result in increased payment requirements to counterparties or a loss of value to the Fund. If the Fund has insufficient cash to meet additional margin requirements, it might need to sell securities at a disadvantageous time.

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Speculation risk. Derivatives used for non-hedging purposes may result in losses which are not offset by increases in the value of portfolio holdings or declines in the cost of securities or other assets to be acquired. In the event that the Fund uses a derivative as an alternative to purchasing or selling other investments or in order to obtain desired exposure to an index or market, the Fund will be exposed to the same risks as are incurred in purchasing or selling the other investments directly, as well as the risks of the derivative transaction itself, such as counterparty risk.

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Cover risk. As described below, the Fund may be required to maintain segregated assets as “cover,” or make margin payments when it takes positions in derivatives involving obligations to third parties (i.e., derivatives other than purchased options). If the Fund were unable to close out its positions in such derivatives, it might be required to continue to maintain such assets or accounts or make such payments until the position expired or matured. These requirements might impair the Fund’s ability to sell a portfolio security or make an investment at a time when it would otherwise be favorable to do so, or require that the Fund sell a portfolio security at a disadvantageous time.

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Counterparty risk. Certain derivatives involve the risk of loss resulting from the actual or potential insolvency or bankruptcy of the counterparty or the failure by the counterparty to make required payments or otherwise comply with the terms of the contract. In the event of default by a counterparty, the Fund may have contractual remedies pursuant to the agreements related to the transaction, which may be limited by applicable law in the case of the counterparty’s bankruptcy. The Fund may not be able to recover amounts owed to it by an insolvent counterparty.

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Operational risk. There may be incomplete or erroneous documentation or inadequate collateral or margin, or transactions may fail to settle. The Fund may have only contractual remedies in the event of a counterparty default, and there may be delays, costs or disagreements as to the meaning of contractual terms and litigation in enforcing those remedies.

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OTC risk. Derivative transactions that are traded OTC, such as options, swaps, forward contracts, and options on foreign currencies, are entered into directly with counterparties or financial institutions acting as market makers, rather than being traded on exchanges or centrally cleared. Because OTC derivatives and other transactions are traded between counterparties based on contractual relationships, the Fund is subject to the risk that a counterparty will not perform its obligations under the related contracts. Although the Fund intends to enter into transactions only with counterparties which the Fund believes to be creditworthy, there can be no assurance that a counterparty will not default and that the Fund will not sustain a loss on a transaction as a result. Information available on counterparty creditworthiness may be incomplete or outdated, thus reducing the ability to anticipate counterparty defaults. The Fund bears the risk of loss of the amount expected to be received under an OTC derivative in the event of the default or bankruptcy of counterparty to the OTC derivative. When a counterparty’s obligations are not fully secured by collateral, then the Fund is essentially an unsecured creditor of the counterparty. If the counterparty defaults, the Fund will have contractual remedies, but there is no assurance that a counterparty will be able to meet its obligations pursuant to such contracts or that, in the event of default, the Fund will succeed in enforcing contractual remedies. Credit/counterparty risk still exists even if a counterparty’s obligations are

 

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  secured by collateral because the Fund’s interest in collateral may not be perfected or additional collateral may not be promptly posted as required. Credit/counterparty risk also may be more pronounced if a counterparty’s obligations exceed the amount of collateral held by the Fund (if any), the Fund is unable to exercise its interest in collateral upon default by the counterparty, or the termination value of the instrument varies significantly from the marked-to-market value of the instrument.
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Non-U.S. derivatives risk. Derivative transactions may be conducted OTC outside of the United States or traded on foreign exchanges. Such transactions may not be regulated as effectively as similar transactions in the United States, may not involve a clearing mechanism and related guarantees and are subject to the risk of governmental actions affecting trading in, or the price of, foreign securities or currencies. The value of such positions also could be adversely affected by (1) other foreign political, legal and economic factors, (2) lesser availability than in the United States of data on which to make trading decisions, (3) delays in the Fund’s ability to act upon economic events occurring in foreign markets during non-business hours in the United States, (4) the imposition of different exercise and settlement terms, procedures, margin requirements, fees, taxes or other charges than in the United States and (5) lesser trading volume. Many of the risks of OTC derivatives transactions are also applicable to derivative transactions conducted outside the United States, including counterparty risk.

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Currency derivatives risk. Currency related transactions may be negatively affected by government exchange controls, blockages, and manipulations. Exchange rates may be influenced by factors extrinsic to a country’s economy. Also, there is no systematic reporting of last sale information with respect to foreign currencies. As a result, the information on which trading in currency derivatives is based may not be as complete as, and may be delayed beyond, comparable data for other types of transactions.

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Turnover risk. Use of derivatives involves transaction costs, which may be significant. The Fund may be required to sell or purchase investments in connection with derivative transactions, potentially increasing the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate and transaction costs. Use of derivatives also may increase the amount of taxable income to shareholders.

Risks Associated with Hedging with Derivatives. If the portfolio manager uses a hedging strategy at the wrong time or judges market conditions incorrectly, hedging strategies may reduce the Fund’s return. Successful use of derivatives to hedge positions depends on the correlation between the price of the derivative and the price of the hedged asset.

The Fund may attempt to protect against declines in the value of the Fund’s portfolio assets by entering into a variety of derivatives transactions, including selling futures contracts, entering into swaps or purchasing puts on indices or futures contracts (short hedging). Short hedging involves the risk that the prices of the futures contracts or the value of the swap or the applicable index will correlate imperfectly with price movements in the Fund’s assets. If the value of the assets held in the Fund’s portfolio declines while the Fund has used derivative instruments in a short hedge, and the prices referenced in the short hedge do not also decline, the value of the Fund’s assets would decline, and the short hedge would not hedge or mitigate the loss in the value of the assets. With respect to a derivative transaction based on an index, the risk of imperfect correlation increases as the composition of the Fund’s portfolio diverges from the assets included in the applicable index. To compensate for the imperfect correlation of movements in the price of the portfolio securities being hedged and movements in the price of the hedging instruments, the Fund may use derivative instruments in a greater dollar amount than the dollar amount of portfolio assets being hedged. It might do so if the historical volatility of the prices of the portfolio assets being hedged is more than the historical volatility of the applicable index.

If the Fund has used derivatives to hedge or otherwise reduce the Fund’s risk exposure to a particular position and then disposes of that position at a time at which it cannot also settle, terminate or close out the corresponding hedge position, this may create short investment exposure. Certain “short” derivative positions involve investment leverage, and the amount of the Fund’s potential loss is theoretically unlimited.

The Fund can use derivative instruments to establish a position in the market as a temporary substitute for the purchase of individual securities or other assets (long hedging) by buying futures contracts and/or calls on such futures contracts, indices or on securities or other assets, or entering into swaps. It is possible that when the Fund does so the market might decline. If the Fund then decides not to invest in the assets because of concerns that the market might decline further or for other reasons, the Fund will realize a loss on the hedge position that is not offset by a reduction in the price of the asset the Fund had intended to purchase.

 

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Risk of Government Regulation of Derivatives. The regulation of derivatives transactions and funds that engage in such transactions is an evolving area of law and is subject to modification by government and judicial action. It is impossible to fully predict the effects of new and existing legislation and regulation, but the effects could be substantial and adverse. Additional regulation could, among other things, make derivatives more costly, limit their availability or utility, otherwise adversely affect their performance or disrupt markets. Such regulation may limit or prevent the Fund from using derivatives as part of its investment strategy and could ultimately prevent the Fund from being able to achieve its investment goals. Limitations or restrictions applicable to the counterparties with which the Fund engages in derivative transactions could also prevent the Fund from using derivatives or affect pricing or other factors relating to derivatives or may change the availability of certain investments.

The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the “Dodd-Frank Act”) has caused broad changes to the OTC derivatives market and granted significant authority to the SEC and the CFTC to regulate OTC derivatives and market participants. Pursuant to such authority, rules have been enacted that currently require clearing of many OTC derivatives transactions and may require clearing of additional OTC derivatives transactions in the future and that impose minimum margin and capital requirements for uncleared OTC derivatives transactions. Similar regulations are being adopted in other jurisdictions around the world. The implementation of the clearing requirement has increased the costs of derivatives transactions since investors have to pay fees to clearing members and are typically required to post more margin for cleared derivatives than had historically been the case. The costs of derivatives transactions are expected to increase further as clearing members raise their fees to cover the costs of additional capital requirements and other regulatory changes. While the new rules and regulations and central clearing of some derivatives transactions are designed to reduce systemic risk (i.e., the risk that the interdependence of large derivatives dealers could cause them to suffer liquidity, solvency or other challenges simultaneously), there is no assurance that they will achieve that result, and in the meantime, mandatory clearing of derivatives may expose the Fund to new kinds of costs and risks.

Additionally, new regulations may result in increased uncertainty about credit/counterparty risk and may limit the flexibility of the Fund to protect its interests in the event of an insolvency of a derivatives counterparty. In the event of a counterparty’s (or its affiliate’s) insolvency, the Fund’s ability to exercise remedies, such as the termination of transactions, netting of obligations and realization on collateral, could be stayed or eliminated under the rules of the applicable exchange or clearing corporation or under new special resolution regimes adopted in the United States, the European Union and various other jurisdictions. Such regimes provide government authorities with broad authority to intervene when a financial institution is experiencing financial difficulty. In particular, with respect to counterparties who are subject to such proceedings in the European Union, the liabilities of such counterparties to the Fund could be reduced, eliminated, or converted to equity in such counterparties (sometimes referred to as a “bail in”).

Cover. The Fund’s use of derivatives may create financial obligations to third parties which if not covered could be construed as “senior securities” (as defined in the 1940 Act). To the extent that the Fund determined that such obligations may be deemed to create “senior securities,” the Fund intends to segregate or earmark liquid assets or otherwise “cover” such obligations. The Fund may cover such obligations using methods that are currently or in the future permitted under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or orders issued by the SEC thereunder and to the extent deemed appropriate by the Fund, interpretations and guidance of the SEC staff.

The Fund segregates with its custodian or otherwise earmarks cash, cash equivalents or liquid assets in an amount the Fund believes to be adequate to ensure that it has sufficient liquid assets to meet its obligations under its derivatives contracts, or the Fund may engage in other measures to “cover” its obligations with respect to such transactions. The amounts that are segregated or earmarked may be based on the derivative’s notional value or on the daily mark-to-market obligation under the derivatives contract and may be reduced by amounts on deposit with the applicable broker or counterparty to the derivatives transaction. The Fund may segregate or earmark amounts in addition to the amounts described above. For example, if the Fund writes a physically settled put option, it will typically segregate or earmark liquid assets equal to the exercise price of the option, less margin on deposit, or hold the underlying instrument directly; if the Fund writes a cash settled put option, it will typically segregate or earmark liquid assets equal to the amount the option is in the money (meaning the difference between the exercise price of the option and the current market price of the underlying instrument, when the exercise price of the option is higher than the market price of the underlying instrument), marked to market on a daily basis, less margin on deposit. Alternatively, the Fund may, in certain circumstances, enter into an offsetting position rather than segregating or designating liquid assets (e.g., the

 

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Fund may cover a written put option with a purchased put option with the same or higher exercise price or cover a written call option with a purchased call option with the same or lower exercise price).

The segregation of assets does not reduce the risks to the Fund of entering into transactions in derivatives. Additionally, although the portfolio manager attempts to ensure that the Fund has sufficient liquid assets in respect of its obligations under its derivative contracts, it is possible that the Fund’s liquid assets may be insufficient to support such obligations under its derivatives positions. The Fund may modify its asset segregation policies from time to time.

Foreign Currency Instruments and Hedging Strategies

The Fund may use options and futures contracts on foreign currencies and forward currency contracts and currency swap agreements (collectively, “Currency Instruments”), deliverable and non-deliverable, to attempt to hedge against movements in the values of the foreign currencies in which the Fund’s securities are denominated or to attempt to enhance the Fund’s return or yield. The Fund may also use such investments to attempt to establish a short position or to gain exposure to a market that would be more costly or difficult to access with other types of investments, such as bonds or currency. The Fund may also engage in foreign currency transactions on a spot (cash) basis at the rate prevailing in the currency exchange market at the time of the transaction. The Fund may determine not to hedge, and the Fund may be completely unhedged at any point in time. In cases when a particular currency is difficult to hedge or difficult to hedge against the U.S. dollar, the Fund may seek to hedge against price movements in that currency by entering into transactions using Currency Instruments on another currency or a basket of currencies, the value of which the portfolio manager believes will have a high degree of positive correlation to the value of the currency being hedged. The risk that movements in the price of the Currency Instrument will not correlate perfectly with movements in the price of the currency subject to the hedging transaction is magnified when this strategy is used.

Currency Instruments Risks. In addition to the risks found under “Derivatives – Risks of Derivatives Generally,” Currency Instruments are subject to the following risks:

The value of Currency Instruments depends on the value of the underlying foreign currency relative to the U.S. dollar. Because foreign currency transactions occurring in the interbank market might involve substantially larger amounts than those involved in the Fund’s use of such Currency Instruments, the Fund could be disadvantaged by having to deal in the odd lot market (generally consisting of transactions of less than $1 million) for the underlying foreign currencies at prices that are less favorable than for round lots. There is no systematic reporting of last sale information for foreign currencies or any regulatory requirement that quotations available through dealers or other market sources be firm or revised on a timely basis. Quotation information generally is representative of very large transactions in the interbank market and thus might not reflect odd-lot transactions where rates might be less favorable. The interbank market in foreign currencies is a global, round-the-clock market. To the extent the U.S. options or futures markets are closed while the markets for the underlying currencies remain open, significant price and rate movements might take place in the underlying markets that cannot be reflected in the U.S. markets for the Currency Instruments until they reopen.

Settlement of hedging transactions involving foreign currencies might be required to take place within the country issuing the underlying currency. Thus, the Fund might be required to accept or make delivery of the underlying foreign currency in accordance with any U.S. or foreign regulations regarding the maintenance of foreign banking arrangements by U.S. residents and might be required to pay any fees, taxes and charges associated with such delivery assessed in the issuing country.

Forward Currency Contracts

The Fund may enter into forward currency contracts to purchase or sell foreign currencies for a fixed amount of U.S. dollars or another currency at a future date and at a price set by the parties to the forward currency contract. Forward currency contracts are traded directly between currency traders (usually large commercial banks) and their customers (such as the Fund).

The Fund may purchase a forward currency contract to lock in the U.S. dollar price of a security denominated in a foreign currency that the Fund intends to acquire (a long hedge). The Fund may sell a forward currency contract to lock in the U.S. dollar equivalent of the proceeds from the anticipated sale of a security, dividend or interest payment denominated in a foreign currency (a short hedge). A “position hedge” is when a Fund owns a security denominated in, for example, euros and to protect against a possible decline in the euro’s value, the Fund enters into a forward currency contract to sell euros in return for U.S. dollars. A “position hedge” tends to offset both positive and negative currency fluctuations but would not offset changes in security values caused by other factors. A “proxy hedge” is when a Fund owns a security denominated in, for example, euros and to protect against a possible decline in the euro’s value, the Fund enters into a forward currency contract to sell a currency

 

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expected to perform similarly to the euro in return for U.S. dollars. A “proxy hedge” could offer advantages in terms of cost, yield or efficiency, but generally would not hedge currency exposure as effectively as a position hedge to the extent the proxy currency does not perform similarly to the targeted currency. The Fund could, in fact, lose money on both legs of the hedge, i.e., between the euro and proxy currency, and between the proxy currency and the dollar. The Fund also may use forward currency contracts to attempt to enhance return or yield. The Fund could use forward currency contracts to increase its exposure to foreign currencies that the portfolio manager believes might rise in value relative to the U.S. dollar, or shift its exposure to foreign currency fluctuations from one country to another. For example, if the Fund’s portfolio manager believes that the U.S. dollar will increase in value relative to the euro, the Fund could write a forward contract to buy U.S. dollars in three months at the current price in order to sell those U.S. dollars for a profit if the U.S. dollar does in fact appreciate in value relative to the euro. The cost to the Fund of engaging in forward currency contracts varies with factors such as the currency involved, the length of the contract period and the market conditions then prevailing. Because forward currency contracts are usually entered into on a principal basis, no fees or commissions are involved. When the Fund enters into a forward currency contract, it relies on the counterparty to make or take delivery of the underlying currency at the maturity of the contract. Failure by the counterparty to do so would result in the loss of any expected benefit of the transaction.

The precise matching of forward currency contract amounts, and the value of the securities involved generally will not be possible because the value of such securities, measured in the foreign currency, will change after the forward currency contract has been established. Thus, the Fund may need to purchase or sell foreign currencies in the spot (i.e., cash) market to the extent such foreign currencies are not covered by forward currency contracts. The projection of short-term currency market movements is extremely difficult, and the successful execution of a short-term hedging strategy is highly uncertain.

Successful use of forward currency contracts depends on the portfolio manager’s skill in analyzing and predicting currency values. Forward currency contracts may substantially change the Fund’s exposure to changes in currency exchange rates and could result in losses to the Fund if currencies do not perform as the portfolio manager anticipates. There is no assurance that the portfolio manager’s use of forward currency contracts will be advantageous to the Fund or that the portfolio manager will hedge at an appropriate time.

Non-deliverable Forwards. The consummation of a deliverable foreign exchange forward requires the actual exchange of the principal amounts of the two currencies in the contract (i.e., settlement on a physical basis). Forward currency contracts in which the Fund may engage also include non-deliverable forwards (“NDFs”). NDFs are cash-settled, short-term forward contracts on foreign currencies (each a “Reference Currency”) that are non-convertible and that may be thinly traded or illiquid. NDFs involve an obligation to pay an amount equal to the difference between the prevailing market exchange rate for the Reference Currency and the agreed upon exchange rate, with respect to an agreed notional amount. NDFs are subject to many of the risks associated with derivatives in general and forward currency transactions, including risks associated with fluctuations in foreign currency and the risk that the counterparty will fail to fulfill its obligations.

Under the Dodd-Frank Act, NDFs are classified as “swaps” and are therefore subject to the full panoply of CFTC swap regulations under the Dodd-Frank Act. Although NDFs have historically been traded OTC, in the future, pursuant to the Dodd-Frank Act, they may be subject to mandatory clearing. For more information on central clearing and trading of cleared swaps, see “Swaps” below. Non-centrally-cleared NDFs are subject to mandatory minimum margin requirements for uncleared swaps. Deliverable foreign exchange forwards that solely involve the exchange of two different currencies on a specific future date at a fixed rate agreed upon by the parties are not considered “swaps” and accordingly are not subject to many of the regulations that apply to NDFs. However, as mandated by the Dodd-Frank Act and set forth in CFTC regulations adopted thereunder, foreign exchange forwards must be reported to a swap data repository, and swap dealers and major swap participants who are party to such transactions remain subject to the business conduct standards pertaining to swaps in connection with such deliverable foreign exchange forwards.

Futures Contracts and Options on Futures Contracts

Generally, a futures contract is an exchange-traded, standardized agreement that obligates the seller of the contract to deliver a specified quantity of an underlying instrument, such as a security, currency or commodity, to the purchaser of the contract, who has the obligation to take delivery of the underlying instrument, at a specified price and date. In the case of futures on indices, the two parties agree to take or make delivery of an amount of cash equal to the difference between the level of the index at the close of the last trading day of the contract and the price at which the contract originally was written. Options on

 

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futures give the purchaser the right to assume a position in a futures contract at the specified exercise price at any time during the period of the option.

Futures contracts, by their terms, have stated expirations and, at a specified point in time prior to expiration, trading in a futures contract for the current delivery month will cease. As a result, an investor wishing to maintain exposure to a futures contract with the nearest expiration must close out the position in the expiring contract and establish a new position in the contract for the next delivery month, a process referred to as “rolling.” The process of rolling a futures contract can be profitable or unprofitable depending in large part on whether the futures price for the subsequent delivery month is less than or more than the price of the expiring contract.

Futures contracts may be used for hedging and non-hedging purposes, such as to simulate full investment in the underlying instrument while retaining a cash balance for portfolio management purposes, as a substitute for direct investment in the underlying instrument, to facilitate trading, to reduce transaction costs, or to seek higher investment returns (e.g., when a futures contract or option is priced more attractively than the underlying instrument). In addition, futures strategies can be used to manage the average duration of the Fund’s fixed income portfolio, if applicable. The Fund may sell a debt futures contract or a call option thereon or purchase a put option on that futures contract to attempt to shorten the portfolio’s average duration. Alternatively, the Fund may buy a debt futures contract or a call option thereon or sell a put option thereon to attempt to lengthen the portfolio’s average duration.

At the inception of a futures contract the Fund is required to deposit “initial margin” with a futures commission merchant (“FCM”) in an amount at least equal to the amount designated by the futures exchange (typically equal to 10% or less of the contract value). Margin must also be deposited when writing a call or put option on a futures contract, in accordance with applicable exchange rules. Unlike margin in securities transactions, initial margin on futures contracts does not represent a borrowing, but rather is in the nature of a performance bond or good-faith deposit that is required to be returned to the Fund at the termination of the transaction if all contractual obligations have been satisfied. Under certain circumstances, such as periods of high volatility, the Fund may be required by an exchange to increase the level of its initial margin payment, and initial margin requirements might be increased generally in the future by regulatory action.

In addition to initial margin payments, during the life of the transaction “variation margin” payments are made to and from the FCM as the value of the margin and the underlying derivative transaction varies, a process known as “marking-to-market.” Variation margin is intended to represent a daily settlement of the Fund’s obligations to or from a FCM. When the Fund purchases an option on a futures contract, the premium paid plus transaction costs is all that is at risk. However, there may be circumstances when the purchase of an option on a futures contract would result in a loss to the Fund when the use of a futures contract would not, such as when there is no movement in the value of the securities or currencies being hedged. In that case, the Fund would lose the premium it paid for the option plus transaction costs. In contrast, when the Fund purchases or sells a futures contract or writes a call or put option thereon, it is subject to daily variation margin calls that could be substantial in the event of adverse price movements. If the Fund has insufficient cash to meet daily variation margin requirements, it might need to sell securities at a time when such sales are disadvantageous.

Although some futures and options on futures call for making or taking delivery of the underlying instrument, generally those contracts are closed out prior to delivery by offsetting purchases or sales of matching futures or options (involving the same instrument and delivery month). If an offsetting purchase price is less than the original sale price, the Fund realizes a gain, or if it is more, the Fund realizes a loss. If an offsetting sale price is more than the original purchase price, the Fund realizes a gain, or if it is less, the Fund realizes a loss. The Fund will also bear transaction costs for each contract, which will be included in these calculations. Positions in futures and options on futures may be closed only on an exchange or board of trade that provides a secondary market. However, there can be no assurance that a liquid secondary market will exist for a particular contract at a particular time. In such event, it may not be possible to close a futures contract or options position.

Under certain circumstances, futures exchanges may establish daily limits on the amount that the price of a futures contract or an option on a futures contract can vary from the previous day’s settlement price; once that limit is reached, no trades may be made that day at a price beyond the limit. Daily price limits do not limit potential losses because prices could move to the daily limit for several consecutive days with little or no trading, thereby preventing liquidation of unfavorable positions. If the Fund were unable to liquidate a futures contract or an option on a futures position due to the absence of a liquid secondary market, the imposition of price limits or otherwise, it could incur substantial losses. The Fund would continue to be subject to market risk with respect to the position. In addition, except in the case of purchased options, the Fund would continue to be

 

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required to make daily variation margin payments and might be required to maintain the position being hedged by the future or option or to segregate cash or securities (or designate these assets on its books as segregated).

Risks of Futures Contracts and Options Thereon: In addition to the risks found under “Derivatives – Risks of Derivatives Generally,” futures contracts and options on futures contracts are subject to the following risks:

Successful use of futures contracts and related options depends upon the ability of the portfolio manager to assess movements in the direction of prices of securities, commodities, measures of value, or interest or exchange rates, which requires different skills and techniques than assessing the value of individual securities. Moreover, futures contracts relate not to the current price level of the underlying instrument, but to the anticipated price level at some point in the future; accordingly trading of stock index futures may not reflect the trading of the securities that are used to formulate the index or even actual fluctuations in the index itself. There is, in addition, the risk that movements in the price of the futures contract will not correlate with the movements in the prices of the securities being hedged. Price distortions in the marketplace, resulting from increased participation by speculators in the futures market (among other things), may also impair the correlation between movements in the prices of futures contracts and movements in the prices of the hedged securities. If the price of the futures contract moves less than the price of securities that are the subject of the hedge, the hedge will not be fully effective; but if the price of the securities being hedged has moved in an unfavorable direction, the Fund would be in a better position than if it had not hedged at all. If the price of the securities being hedged has moved in a favorable direction, this advantage may be partially offset by losses on the futures position.

Positions in futures contracts may be closed out only on an exchange or board of trade that provides a market for such futures contracts. Although the Fund intends to purchase and sell futures only on exchanges or boards of trade where there appears to be a liquid market, there is no assurance that such a market will exist for any particular contract at any particular time. In such event, it may not be possible to close a futures position and, in the event of adverse price movements, the Fund would continue to be required to make variation margin payments. Options have a limited life and thus can be disposed of only within a specific time period.

Purchasers of options on futures contracts pay a premium in cash at the time of purchase which, in the event of adverse price movements, could be lost. Sellers of options on futures contracts must post initial margin and are subject to additional margin calls that could be substantial in the event of adverse price movements. Because of the low margin deposits required, futures trading involves a high degree of leverage; as a result, a relatively small price movement in a futures contract may result in immediate and substantial loss, or gain, to the Fund. In addition, the Fund’s activities in the futures markets may result in a higher portfolio turnover rate (see “Portfolio Transactions and Brokerage”) and additional transaction costs in the form of added brokerage commissions.

As noted above, exchanges may impose limits on the amount by which the price of a futures contract or related option is permitted to change in a single day. If the price of a contract moves to the limit for several consecutive days, the Fund may be unable during that time to close its position in that contract and may have to continue making payments of variation margin. The Fund may also be unable to dispose of securities or other instruments being used as “cover” during such a period. The CFTC and domestic exchanges have also established speculative position limits on the maximum speculative position that any person, or group of persons acting in concert, may hold or control in particular contracts and certain related swaps. Under current regulations, other accounts managed by the Manager or, if applicable, Subadviser are combined with the positions held by the Fund under the Manager’s or, if applicable, Subadviser’s management for position limit purposes. This trading could prelude additional trading by the Fund in such contracts.

When the Fund engages in futures transactions, it will also be exposed to the credit risk of its FCM. If the Fund’s FCM becomes bankrupt or insolvent, or otherwise defaults on its obligations to the Fund, the Fund may not receive all amounts owed to it in respect of its trading, even if the clearinghouse fully discharges all of its obligations. If an FCM were not to appropriately segregate client assets to the full extent required by the CEA, the Fund might not be fully protected in the event of the bankruptcy of an FCM. In the event of an FCM’s bankruptcy, the Fund would be limited to recovering only a pro rata share of all available funds segregated on behalf of an FCM’s combined customer accounts, even if certain property held by an FCM is specifically traceable to the Fund (for example, U.S. Treasury bills deposited by the Fund). Such situations could arise due to various factors, or a combination of factors, including inadequate FCM capitalization, inadequate controls on customer trading and inadequate customer capital. In addition, in the event of the bankruptcy or insolvency of a clearinghouse, the Fund might experience a loss of funds deposited through its FCM as margin with the clearinghouse, a loss of unrealized profits on its open positions and the

 

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loss of funds owed to it as realized profits on closed positions. Such a bankruptcy or insolvency might also cause a substantial delay before the Fund could obtain the return of funds owed to it by an FCM who is a member of such clearinghouse.

Options

A call option gives the purchaser the right to buy, and obligates the writer to sell, an underlying investment (such as a specified security, commodity, currency, interest rate, currency exchange rate or index) at an agreed-upon price (“strike price”). A put option gives the purchaser the right to sell, and obligates the writer to buy, an underlying investment at an agreed-upon price. An American-style option may be exercised at any time during the term of the option, while a European-style option may be exercised only at the expiration of the option. Purchasers of options pay an amount, known as a premium, to the option writer in exchange for the right granted under the option contract.

The value of an option position will reflect, among other things, the current market value of the underlying instrument, the time remaining until expiration, the relationship of the strike price to the market price of the underlying instrument, the historical price volatility of the underlying instrument and general market conditions. If the purchaser does not exercise the option, it will expire and the purchaser will have only lost the premium paid. If a secondary market exists, a purchaser or the writer may terminate a put option position prior to its exercise by selling it in the secondary market at its current price. The Fund will pay a brokerage commission each time it buys or sells an option. Such commissions may be higher than those that would apply to direct purchases or sales of the underlying instrument.

Exchange-traded options in the United States are issued by a clearing organization affiliated with the exchange on which the option is listed and are standardized with respect to the underlying instrument, expiration date, contract size and strike price. In contrast, OTC options (options not traded on exchanges) are contracts between the Fund and a counterparty (usually a securities dealer or a bank) with no clearing organization guarantee. The terms of OTC options generally are established through negotiation with the other party to the option contract (the counterparty). For a discussion on options on swaps, see “Swaps – Options on Swaps.” For a discussion on options on futures see “Futures Contracts and Options on Futures Contracts”.

Put Options. In return for receipt of the premium, the writer of a put option assumes the obligation to pay the strike price for the option’s underlying instrument if the buyer exercises the option. A put writer would generally expect to profit, although its gain would be limited to the amount of the premium it received, if the underlying instrument’s price remains greater than or equal to the strike price. If the underlying instrument’s price falls below the strike price, the put writer would expect to suffer a loss. The buyer of a put option can expect to realize a gain if the underlying instrument’s price falls enough to offset the cost of purchasing the option. Any losses suffered by the buyer would be limited to the amount of the premium plus related transaction costs.

Optional delivery standby commitments are a type of put that gives the buyer of an underlying instrument the right to sell the underlying instrument back to the seller on specified terms to induce a purchase of the underlying instrument.

Call Options. In return for the receipt of the premium, the writer of a call option assumes the obligation to sell the underlying instrument at the strike price to the buyer upon exercise of the option. A call writer would generally expect to profit, although its gain would be limited to the amount of the premium it received, if the option goes unexercised, which typically occurs when the underlying instrument’s price remains less than or equal to the strike price. If the underlying instrument’s prices were to rise above the strike price, the writer of the call option would generally expect to suffer a loss, which is theoretically unlimited. A call buyer’s maximum loss is the premium paid for the call option, whereas the buyer’s maximum profit is theoretically unlimited.

Straddles. A long straddle is the purchase of a call and a put option with the same expiration date and relating to the same underlying instrument where the strike price of the put is less than or equal to the strike price of the call. The Fund may enter into a long straddle when its portfolio manager believes that the underlying instrument’s price will move significantly during the term of the options. A short straddle is a combination of a call and a put written on the same underlying instrument with the same expiration date where the strike price of the put is less than or equal to the strike price of the call. In a covered short straddle, the underlying instrument is considered cover for both the put and the call that the Fund has written. The Fund may enter into a short straddle when the portfolio manager believes that it is unlikely that underlying instrument’s prices will experience volatility during the term of the options.

 

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Options on Indices. Puts and calls on indices are similar to puts and calls on other underlying instruments except that all settlements are in cash and gains or losses depend on changes in the level of the index rather than on price movements of individual underlying instruments. The writer of a call on an index receives a premium and the obligation to pay the purchaser an amount of cash equal to the difference between the closing level of the index and the strike price times a specified multiple (“multiplier”), if the closing level of the index is greater than the strike price of the call. The writer of a put on an index receives a premium and the obligation to deliver to the buyer an amount of cash equal to the difference between the closing level of the index and strike price times the multiplier if the closing level is less than the strike price.

Risks of Options – In addition to the risks described under “Derivatives – Risks of Derivatives Generally,” options are also subject to the following risks:

Options on Indices Risk. The risks of investment in options on indices may be greater than options on securities and other instruments. Because index options are settled in cash, when the Fund writes a call on an index it generally cannot provide in advance for other underlying instruments because it may not be practical for the call writer to hedge its potential settlement obligations by acquiring and holding the underlying securities. The Fund can offset some of the risk of writing a call index option by holding a diversified portfolio of securities similar to those on which the underlying index is based. However, the Fund cannot, as a practical matter, acquire and hold a portfolio containing exactly the same securities as underlie the index and, as a result, bears a risk that the value of the securities held will vary from the value of the index.

If the Fund exercises an index option before the closing index value for that day is available, there is the risk that the level of the underlying index may subsequently change. If such a change causes the exercised option to fall out-of-the-money, the Fund will be required to pay the difference between the closing index value and the strike price of the option (times the applicable multiplier) to the assigned writer.

Timing Risk. The hours of trading for options may not conform to the hours during which the underlying instrument are traded. To the extent that the options markets close before the markets for the underlying instrument, significant price and rate movements can take place in the underlying markets that cannot be reflected in the options markets. Options are marked to market daily and their value will be affected by changes in the value of the underlying instrument, changes in the dividend rates of the underlying securities, an increase in interest rates, changes in the actual or perceived volatility of the stock market and the underlying instrument and the remaining time to the options’ expiration. Additionally, the exercise price of an option may be adjusted downward before the option’s expiration as a result of the occurrence of certain corporate or other events affecting the underlying instrument, such as extraordinary dividends, stock splits, merger or other extraordinary distributions or events. A reduction in the exercise price of an option would reduce the Fund’s capital appreciation potential on an underlying instrument.

Swaps

Generally, a swap agreement involves the exchange between two parties of their respective commitments to pay or receive cash flows, e.g., an exchange of floating rate payments for fixed-rate payments. Swaps may be negotiated bilaterally and traded OTC (OTC swaps) or, for certain types of swaps, must be executed through a centralized exchange or regulated facility and be cleared through a regulated clearinghouse (cleared swaps). Swaps include but are not limited to, interest rate swaps, total return swaps, index swaps, inflation indexed swaps, currency swaps, credit default swaps and options on swaps or “swaptions”.

OTC swap agreements can be individually negotiated and structured to include exposure to a variety of different types of investments (such as individual securities, baskets of securities and securities indices) or market factors. The swapped returns are generally calculated with respect to a notional amount, that is, the nominal or face amount used to calculate the payments to be made between the parties to the OTC swap.

The Fund may enter into a swap agreement for hedging or non-hedging purposes, including but not limited to, to enhance returns, increase liquidity, protect against currency and security price fluctuations, manage duration and gain exposure to certain markets or securities in a more cost-efficient manner.

When the Fund enters into a swap agreement on a net basis, the net amount of the excess, if any, of the Fund’s obligations over its entitlements with respect to each swap will be accrued on a daily basis and an amount of cash, cash equivalent or liquid assets having an aggregate market value at least equal to the accrued excess will be segregated in an account with the Fund’s custodian that satisfies the requirements of the 1940 Act. The Fund will take similar action with respect to its total obligations under any swaps that are not entered into on a net basis and with respect to any caps or floors that are written by the Fund. See “Interest Rate Swaps, Caps and Floors” below.

 

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Risks of Swaps Generally. In addition to the risks found under “Derivatives – Risks of Derivatives Generally,” swaps are subject to the following risks:

Depending on their structure, swap agreements may increase or decrease the overall volatility of the Fund’s investments and its share price and yield and may affect the Fund’s exposure to long- or short-term interest rates (in the United States or abroad), foreign currency values, mortgage-backed security values, corporate borrowing rates or other market factors such as security prices or inflation rates.

Swap agreements will tend to shift the Fund’s investment exposure from one type of investment to another. For example, if the Fund agrees to exchange payments in U.S. dollars for payments in foreign currency, the swap agreement would tend to decrease the Fund’s exposure to U.S. interest rates and increase its exposure to foreign currency and interest rates.

The swap market is a relatively new market and is largely unregulated. The absence of a central exchange or market for swap transactions may lead, in some instances, to difficulties in trading and valuation, especially in the event of market disruptions.

Cleared Swaps. Recent legislation and implementing regulation require certain swaps to be cleared through a regulated clearinghouse. Although this clearing mechanism is generally intended to reduce counterparty credit risk, it may disrupt or limit the swap market and may result in swaps being more difficult to trade or value. As swaps become more standardized, the Fund may not be able to enter into swaps that meet its investment needs. The Fund also may not be able to find a clearinghouse willing to accept a swap for clearing. In a cleared swap, a central clearing organization will be the counterparty to the transaction. The Fund will assume the risk that the clearinghouse may be unable to perform its obligations.

When the Fund enters into a cleared swap transaction, the Fund is subject to the credit and counterparty risk of the clearing house and the clearing member through which it holds its cleared position. Credit/counterparty risk of market participants with respect to centrally cleared swaps is concentrated in a few clearing houses, and it is not clear how an insolvency proceeding of a clearing house would be conducted and what impact an insolvency of a clearing house would have on the financial system. A clearing member is obligated by contract and by applicable regulation to segregate all funds received from customers with respect to cleared derivatives transactions from the clearing member’s proprietary assets. However, all funds and other property received by a clearing broker from its customers generally are held by the clearing broker on a commingled basis in an omnibus account, and the clearing member may invest those funds in certain instruments permitted under the applicable regulations. The assets of the Fund might not be fully protected in the event of the bankruptcy of the Fund’s clearing member, because the Fund would be limited to recovering only a pro rata share of all available funds segregated on behalf of the clearing broker’s customers for a relevant account class. Also, the clearing member is required to transfer to the clearing organization the amount of margin required by the clearing organization for cleared derivatives, which amounts generally are held in an omnibus account at the clearing organization for all customers of the clearing member. Regulations promulgated by the CFTC require that the clearing member notify the clearing house of the amount of initial margin provided by the clearing member to the clearing organization that is attributable to each customer. However, if the clearing member does not provide accurate reporting, the Fund is subject to the risk that a clearing organization will use the Fund’s assets held in an omnibus account at the clearing organization to satisfy payment obligations of a defaulting customer of the clearing member to the clearing organization. In addition, clearing members generally provide to the clearing organization the net amount of variation margin required for cleared swaps for all of its customers in the aggregate, rather than the gross amount of each customer. The Fund is therefore subject to the risk that a clearing organization will not make variation margin payments owed to the Fund if another customer of the clearing member has suffered a loss and is in default, and the risk that the Fund will be required to provide additional variation margin to the clearing house before the clearing house will move the Fund’s cleared derivatives transactions to another clearing member. In addition, if a clearing member does not comply with the applicable regulations or its agreement with the Fund, or in the event of fraud or misappropriation of customer assets by a clearing member, the Fund could have only an unsecured creditor claim in an insolvency of the clearing member with respect to the margin held by the clearing member.

In some ways, centrally cleared swaps arrangements are less favorable to the Fund than OTC swaps arrangements. For example, the Fund may be required to provide greater amounts of margin for cleared swaps than for OTC swaps. Also, in contrast to OTC swaps, following a period of notice to the Fund, a clearing member generally can require termination of existing cleared swaps at any time or increases in margin requirements above the margin that the clearing member required at the beginning of a transaction. Clearing houses also have broad rights to increase margin requirements for existing transactions or

 

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to terminate transactions at any time. Any increase in margin requirements or termination by the clearing member or the clearing house could interfere with the ability of the Fund to pursue its investment strategy. Further, any increase in margin requirements by a clearing member could also expose the Fund to greater credit risk of its clearing member, because margin for cleared swaps in excess of clearing house margin requirements typically is held by the clearing member. While the documentation in place between the Fund and its clearing members generally provides that the clearing members will accept for clearing all transactions submitted for clearing that are within credit limits (specified in advance) for the Fund, the Fund is still subject to the risk that no clearing member will be willing or able to clear a transaction. In those cases, the transaction might have to be terminated, and the Fund could lose some or all of the benefit of the transaction, including loss of an increase in the value of the transaction and/or loss of hedging protection offered by the transaction. In addition, the documentation governing the relationship between the Fund and its clearing members is developed by the clearing members and generally is less favorable to the Fund than typical OTC swap documentation. For example, this documentation generally includes a one-way indemnity by the Fund in favor of the clearing member, indemnifying the clearing member against losses it incurs in connection with acting as the Fund’s clearing member, and the documentation typically does not give the Fund any rights to exercise remedies if the clearing member defaults or becomes insolvent.

Some types of cleared swaps are required to be executed on an exchange or on a swap execution facility (“SEF”). A SEF is a trading platform where multiple market participants can execute swaps by accepting bids and offers made by multiple other participants in the platform. While this execution requirement is designed to increase transparency and liquidity in the cleared swap market, trading on a SEF can create additional costs and risks for the Fund. For example, SEFs typically charge fees, and if the Fund executes swaps on a SEF through a broker intermediary, the intermediary may impose fees as well. Also, the Fund may indemnify a SEF, or a broker intermediary who executes cleared swaps on a SEF on the Fund’s behalf, against any losses or costs that may be incurred as a result of the Fund’s transactions on the SEF.

The Fund may enter into swap transactions with certain counterparties pursuant to master netting agreements. A master netting agreement provides that all swaps entered into between the Fund and that counterparty shall be regarded as parts of an integral agreement. If amounts are payable on a particular date in the same currency in respect of more than one swap transaction, the amount payable shall be the net amount. In addition, the master netting agreement may provide that if one party defaults generally or on any swap, the counterparty can terminate all outstanding swaps with that party. As a result, to the extent the Fund enters into master netting agreements with a counterparty, the Fund may be required to terminate a greater number of swap agreements than if it had not entered into such an agreement, which may result in losses to the Fund.

Interest Rate Swaps, Caps and Floors. Interest rate swaps are agreements between two parties to exchange interest rate payment obligations. Typically, one party’s obligation is based on a fixed interest rate while the other party’s obligation is based on an interest rate that fluctuates with changes in a designated benchmark. An interest rate cap transaction entitles the purchaser, to the extent that a specified index exceeds a predetermined value, to receive payments on a notional principal amount from the party selling the cap. An interest rate floor transaction entitles the purchaser, to the extent that a specified index falls below a predetermined value, to receive payments on a notional principal amount from the party selling the floor. A collar combines elements of buying a cap and a floor. Caps and floors have an effect similar to buying or writing options. Caps and floors are typically less liquid than swaps.

Options on Swaps (Swaptions). A swaption is a contract that gives the counterparty the right, but not the obligation to enter into a new swap agreement or to shorten, extend, cancel or otherwise modify an existing swap agreement, at some designated future time on specified terms. The Fund may write (sell) and purchase put and call swaptions. Swaptions are generally subject to the same risks involved in the use of options and swaps. Depending on the terms of the option agreement, the Fund will generally incur a greater degree of risk when it writes a swaption than it will incur when it purchases a swaption. When the Fund purchases a swaption, only the amount of premium the Fund paid is at risk should the option expire unexercised. However, when a Fund writes a swaption, upon exercise of the option the Fund will become obligated according to the terms of the underlying agreement, which may result in losses to the Fund in excess of the premium it received.

Dollar Rolls

The Fund may enter into dollar roll transactions in which the Fund sells a fixed income security for delivery in the current month and simultaneously contracts to purchase substantially similar (same type, coupon and maturity) securities at an agreed upon future time. By engaging in a dollar roll transaction, the Fund forgoes principal and interest paid on the security that

 

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is sold, but receives the difference between the current sales price and the forward price for the future purchase. The Fund would also be able to invest the proceeds of the securities sold.

When the Fund reinvests the proceeds of a dollar roll in other securities, any fluctuations in the market value of the securities purchased for future delivery or the securities in which the proceeds are invested would affect the market value of the Fund’s assets. As a result, such transactions could increase fluctuation in the Fund’s net asset value. If the Fund reinvests the proceeds of the dollar roll at a rate lower than the cost of the dollar roll, engaging in the dollar roll will lower the Fund’s yield.

To avoid potential leveraging effects of dollar rolls, the Fund will segregate cash or other appropriate liquid securities with a value at least equal to the Fund’s obligation under the dollar rolls.

Equity Securities

Equity securities include exchange-traded and over-the-counter common and preferred stocks, warrants and rights, and securities convertible into common stocks. Equity securities fluctuate in price based on changes in a company’s financial condition and overall market and economic conditions. The value of a particular security may decline due to factors that affect a particular industry or industries, such as an increase in production costs, competitive conditions or labor shortages; or due to general market conditions, such as real or perceived adverse economic conditions, changes in the general outlook for corporate earnings, changes in interest or currency rates or generally adverse investor sentiment. The value of an equity security can be more volatile than the market as a whole and can perform differently from the value of the market as a whole. The value of a company’s equity securities may deteriorate because of a variety of factors, including disappointing earnings reports by the issuer, unsuccessful products or services, loss of major customers, major litigation against the issuer or changes in government regulations affecting the issuer or the competitive environment.

Exchange Traded Funds (“ETFs”)

ETFs are ownership interests in investment companies, unit investment trusts, depositary receipts and other pooled investment vehicles that are traded on an exchange and that hold a portfolio of securities or other financial instruments (the “Underlying Assets”). The Underlying Assets are typically selected to correspond to the securities that comprise a particular broad based sector or international index, or to provide exposure to a particular industry sector or asset class, including precious metals or other commodities. “Short ETFs” seek a return similar to the inverse, or a multiple of the inverse, of a reference index. Short ETFs carry additional risks because their Underlying Assets may include a variety of financial instruments, including futures and options on futures, options on securities and securities indexes, swap agreements and forward contracts, and a short ETF may engage in short sales. An ETF’s losses on short sales are potentially unlimited; however, the Fund’s risk would be limited to the amount it invested in the ETF. Certain ETFs are actively managed by a portfolio manager or management team that makes investment decisions on Underlying Assets without seeking to replicate the performance of a reference index or industry sector or asset class.

Unlike shares of typical open-end management investment companies or unit investment trusts, shares of ETFs are designed to be traded throughout the trading day and bought and sold based on market price rather than net asset value. Shares can trade at either a premium or discount to net asset value. The portfolios held by ETFs are typically publicly disclosed on each trading day and an approximation of actual net asset value is disseminated throughout the trading day. Because of this transparency, the trading prices of ETFs tend to closely track the actual net asset value of the Underlying Assets and the ETF will generally gain or lose value depending on the performance of the Underlying Assets. In the future, as new products become available, the Fund may invest in ETFs that do not have this same level of transparency and, therefore, may be more likely to trade at a larger discount or premium to actual net asset values.

Gains or losses on the Fund’s investment in ETFs will ultimately depend on the purchase and sale price of the ETF. An active trading market for an ETF’s shares may not develop or be maintained and trading of an ETF’s shares may be halted if the listing exchange’s officials deem such action appropriate, the shares are delisted from the exchange or the activation of market-wide “circuit breakers” (which are tied to large decreases in stock prices) halts stock trading generally. The performance of an ETF will be reduced by transaction and other expenses, including fees paid by the ETF to service providers. Investors in ETFs are eligible to receive their portion of income, if any, accumulated on the securities held in the portfolio, less fees and expenses of the ETF.

 

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An investment in an ETF involves risks similar to investing directly in the Underlying Assets, including the risk that the value of the Underlying Assets may fluctuate in accordance with changes in the financial condition of their issuers, the value of securities and other financial instruments generally, and other market factors.

If an ETF is a registered investment company (as defined in the 1940 Act), the limitations applicable to the Fund’s ability to purchase securities issued by other investment companies apply absent exemptive relief. The SEC has granted orders for exemptive relief to certain ETFs that permit investments in those ETFs by other investment companies (such as the Fund) in excess of these limits. Under the orders, other investment companies generally may acquire up to 25% of the assets of an ETF. Some ETFs are not structured as investment companies and thus are not regulated under the 1940 Act.

Foreign Securities

The risks of investing in securities of non-U.S. issuers or issuers with significant exposure to non-U.S. markets may be related, among other things, to (i) differences in size, liquidity and volatility of, and the degree and manner of regulation of, the securities markets of certain non-U.S. markets compared to the securities markets in the U.S.; (ii) economic, political and social factors; and (iii) foreign exchange matters, such as restrictions on the repatriation of capital, fluctuations in exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and the currencies in which the Fund’s portfolio securities are quoted or denominated, exchange control regulations and costs associated with currency exchange. The political and economic structures in certain foreign countries, particularly emerging markets, are expected to undergo significant evolution and rapid development, and such countries may lack the social, political and economic stability characteristic of more developed countries.

Unanticipated political or social developments may affect the values of the Fund’s investments in such countries. The economies and securities and currency markets of many emerging markets have experienced significant disruption and declines. There can be no assurances that these economic and market disruptions will not continue.

Legal remedies available to investors in certain foreign countries may be less extensive than those available to investors in the U.S. or other foreign countries. Accounting standards in other countries are also not necessarily the same as in the United States. If the accounting standards in another country do not require as much detail as U.S. accounting standards, it may be harder for the portfolio manager to completely and accurately determine a company’s financial condition. In addition, the U.S. Government has from time to time in the past imposed restrictions, through penalties and otherwise, on foreign investments by U.S. investors such as the Fund. Also, brokerage commissions and other costs of buying or selling securities often are higher in foreign countries than they are in the U.S. This reduces the amount the Fund can earn on its investments.

The Fund generally holds its foreign securities and cash in foreign banks and securities depositories. Some foreign banks and securities depositories may be recently organized or new to the foreign custody business. In addition, there may be limited or no regulatory oversight over their operations. Also, the laws of certain countries may put limits on the Fund’s ability to recover its assets if a foreign bank or depository or issuer of a security or any of their agents goes bankrupt. In addition, it is often more expensive for the Fund to buy, sell and hold securities in certain foreign markets than in the U.S. The increased expense of investing in foreign markets reduces the amount the Fund can earn on its investments and typically results in a higher operating expense ratio for the Fund as compared to investment companies that invest only in the United States.

Securities of some foreign companies are less liquid, and their prices are more volatile, than securities of comparable domestic companies. Certain foreign countries are known to experience long delays between the trade and settlement dates of securities purchased or sold resulting in increased exposure of the Fund to market and foreign exchange fluctuations brought about by such delays, and to the corresponding negative impact on Fund liquidity.

Foreign Currency Risks

The U.S. dollar value of securities denominated in a foreign currency will vary with changes in currency exchange rates, which can be volatile. Accordingly, changes in the value of the currency in which the Fund’s investments are denominated relative to the U.S. dollar will affect the Fund’s net asset value. Exchange rates are generally affected by the forces of supply and demand in the international currency markets, the relative merits of investing in different countries and the intervention or failure to intervene of U.S. or foreign governments and central banks. However, currency exchange rates may fluctuate based on factors intrinsic to a country’s economy. Some emerging market countries also may have managed currencies, which are not free floating against the U.S. dollar. In addition, emerging markets are subject to the risk of restrictions upon the free conversion of their

 

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currencies into other currencies. Any devaluations relative to the U.S. dollar in the currencies in which the Fund’s securities are quoted would reduce the Fund’s net asset value per share.

Investment in Emerging Markets

Investors are strongly advised to consider carefully the special risks involved in emerging markets, which are in addition to the usual risks of investing in developed foreign markets around the world.

The risks of investing in securities in emerging countries include: (i) less social, political and economic stability; (ii) the smaller size of the markets for such securities and lower volume of trading, which result in a lack of liquidity and in greater price volatility; (iii) certain national policies that may restrict the Fund’s investment opportunities, including restrictions on investment in issuers or industries deemed sensitive to national interests; (iv) foreign taxation; (v) the absence of developed structures governing private or foreign investment or allowing for judicial redress for injury to private property; and (vi) military unrest, war and terrorism.

Investors should note that upon the accession to power of authoritarian regimes, the governments of a number of emerging market countries previously expropriated large quantities of real and personal property similar to the property which may be represented by the securities purchased by the Fund. The claims of property owners against those governments were never finally settled. There can be no assurance that any property represented by securities purchased by the Fund will not also be expropriated, nationalized, or otherwise confiscated at some time in the future. If such confiscation were to occur, the Fund could lose a substantial portion or all of its investments in such countries. The Fund’s investments would similarly be adversely affected by exchange control regulation in any of those countries.

Certain countries in which the Fund may invest may have vocal minorities that advocate radical religious or revolutionary philosophies or support ethnic independence. Any disturbance on the part of such individuals could carry the potential for widespread destruction or confiscation of property owned by individuals and entities foreign to such country and could cause the loss of the Fund’s investment in those countries.

Settlement mechanisms in emerging market securities may be less efficient and reliable than in more developed markets. In such emerging securities markets there may be delays and failures in share registration and delivery. In certain markets there have been times when settlements have been unable to keep pace with the volume of securities transactions, making it difficult to conduct such transactions. The inability of the Fund to make intended securities purchases due to settlement problems could cause the Fund to miss attractive investment opportunities. Inability to dispose of a portfolio security caused by settlement problems could result either in losses to the Fund due to subsequent declines in the value of the portfolio security or, if the Fund has entered into a contract to sell the security, in possible liability to the purchaser. There may also be a danger that, because of uncertainties in the operation of settlement systems in individual markets, competing claims may arise in respect of securities held by or to be transferred to the Fund. Furthermore, compensation schemes may be non-existent, limited or inadequate to meet the Fund’s claims in any of these events.

Inflation and rapid fluctuations in inflation rates have had, and may continue to have, very negative effects on the economies and securities markets of certain emerging markets. While some emerging market countries have sought to develop a number of corrective mechanisms to reduce inflation or mitigate its effects, inflation may continue to have significant effects both on emerging market economies and their securities markets. In addition, many of the currencies of emerging market countries have experienced steady devaluations relative to the U.S. dollar and major devaluations have occurred in certain countries. Economies in emerging markets generally are heavily dependent upon international trade and, accordingly, have been and may continue to be affected adversely by economic conditions, trade barriers, exchange controls, managed adjustments in relative currency values and other protectionist measures imposed or negotiated by the countries with which they trade.

Because of the high levels of foreign-denominated debt owed by many emerging market countries, fluctuating exchange rates can significantly affect the debt service obligations of those countries. This could, in turn, affect local interest rates, profit margins and exports, which are a major source of foreign exchange earnings.

To the extent an emerging market country faces a liquidity crisis with respect to its foreign exchange reserves, it may increase restrictions on the outflow of any foreign exchange. Repatriation is ultimately dependent on the ability of the Fund to liquidate its investments and convert the local currency proceeds obtained from such liquidation into U.S. dollars. Where this conversion must be done through official channels (usually the central bank or certain authorized commercial banks), the ability

 

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to obtain U.S. dollars is dependent on the availability of such U.S. dollars through those channels and, if available, upon the willingness of those channels to allocate those U.S. dollars to the Fund. The Fund’s ability to obtain U.S. dollars may be adversely affected by any increased restrictions imposed on the outflow of foreign exchange. If the Fund is unable to repatriate any amounts due to exchange controls, it may be required to accept an obligation payable at some future date by the central bank or other governmental entity of the jurisdiction involved. If such conversion can legally be done outside official channels, either directly or indirectly, the Fund’s ability to obtain U.S. dollars may not be affected as much by any increased restrictions except to the extent of the price which may be required to be paid in U.S. dollars. Furthermore, repatriation of investment income, capital and the proceeds of sales by foreign investors may require governmental registration and/or approval in some countries.

Many emerging market countries have little experience with the corporate form of business organization and may not have well-developed corporation and business laws or concepts of fiduciary duty in the business context. The Fund may encounter substantial difficulties in obtaining and enforcing judgments against individuals and companies located in certain emerging market countries. It may be difficult or impossible to obtain or enforce legislation or remedies against governments, their agencies and sponsored entities.

Disclosure and regulatory standards in emerging markets in many respects are less stringent than in the United States and other major markets. There also may be a lower level of monitoring and regulation of emerging markets and the activities of investors in such markets; enforcement of existing regulations has been extremely limited.

Trading in the securities of emerging markets presents additional credit and financial risks. The Fund may have limited access to, or there may be a limited number of, potential counterparties that trade in the securities of emerging market issuers. Governmental regulations may restrict potential counterparties to certain financial institutions located or operating in the particular emerging market. Potential counterparties may not possess, adopt or implement creditworthiness standards, financial reporting standards or legal and contractual protections similar to those in developed markets. Currency hedging techniques may not be available or may be limited. The Fund may not be able to reduce or mitigate risks related to trading with emerging market counterparties.

The risk also exists that an emergency situation may arise in one or more emerging markets as a result of which trading of securities may cease or may be substantially curtailed and prices for the Fund’s portfolio securities in such markets may not be readily available. Section 22(e) of the 1940 Act permits a registered investment company to suspend redemption of its shares for any period during which an emergency exists, as determined by the SEC. Accordingly, if the Fund believes that appropriate circumstances warrant, it may apply to the SEC for a determination that an emergency exists within the meaning of Section 22(e) of the 1940 Act. During the period commencing from the Fund’s identification of such conditions until the date of SEC action, the portfolio securities in the affected markets will be valued at fair value as determined in good faith by or under the direction of the Board.

Although it might be theoretically possible to hedge for anticipated income and gains, the ongoing and indeterminate nature of the risks associated with emerging market investing (and the costs associated with hedging transactions) makes it very difficult to hedge effectively against such risks.

Europe — Recent Events

A number of countries in Europe have experienced severe economic and financial difficulties. Many non-governmental issuers, and even certain governments, have defaulted on, or been forced to restructure, their debts; many other issuers have faced difficulties obtaining credit or refinancing existing obligations; financial institutions have in many cases required government or central bank support, have needed to raise capital, and/or have been impaired in their ability to extend credit; and financial markets in Europe and elsewhere have experienced extreme volatility and declines in asset values and liquidity. These difficulties may continue, worsen or spread within and outside of Europe. Responses to the financial problems by European governments, central banks and others, including austerity measures and reforms, may not work, may result in social unrest and may limit future growth and economic recovery or have other unintended consequences.

Further defaults or restructurings by governments and others of their debt could have additional adverse effects on economies, financial markets and asset valuations around the world. In addition, on June 23, 2016, voters in the United Kingdom approved withdrawal from the European Union. On March 29, 2017, the United Kingdom formally notified the European Council of its intention to leave the European Union; as a result, the United Kingdom will remain a member state, subject to European Union law with privileges to provide services under the single market directives, for at least two years from that date. Given the

 

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size and importance of the United Kingdom’s economy, uncertainty about its legal, political, and economic relationship with the remaining member states of the European Union may continue to be a source of instability. Moreover, other countries may seek to withdraw from the European Union and/or abandon the euro, the common currency of the European Union. A number of countries in Europe have suffered terror attacks, and additional attacks may occur in the future. Ukraine has experienced ongoing military conflict; this conflict may expand and military attacks could occur elsewhere in Europe. Europe has also been struggling with mass migration from the Middle East and Africa.

The ultimate effects of these events and other socio-political or geopolitical issues are not known but could profoundly affect global economies and markets. Whether or not the Fund invests in securities of issuers located in Europe or with significant exposure to European issuers or countries, these events could negatively affect the value and liquidity of the Fund’s investments.

Investing in the Greater China Region

Investing in the Greater China region, consisting of Hong Kong, the People’s Republic of China and Taiwan, among other locations, involves a high degree of risk and special considerations not typically associated with investing in more established economies or securities markets. Such risks may include: (a) social, economic and political uncertainty (including the risk of armed conflict); (b) the risk of nationalization or expropriation of assets or confiscatory taxation; (c) dependency on exports and the corresponding importance of international trade; (d) increasing competition from Asia’s other low-cost emerging economies; (e) greater price volatility and significantly smaller market capitalization of securities markets; (f) substantially less liquidity, particularly of certain share classes of Chinese securities; (g) currency exchange rate fluctuations and the lack of available currency hedging instruments; (h) higher rates of inflation; (i) controls on foreign investment and limitations on repatriation of invested capital and on the fund’s ability to exchange local currencies for U.S. dollars; (j) greater governmental involvement in and control over the economy; (k) uncertainty regarding the People’s Republic of China’s commitment to economic reforms; (l) the fact that Chinese companies may be smaller, less seasoned and newly-organized companies; (m) the differences in, or lack of, auditing and financial reporting standards which may result in unavailability of material information about issuers; (n) the fact that statistical information regarding the economy of the Greater China region may be inaccurate or not comparable to statistical information regarding the U.S. or other economies; (o) less extensive, and still developing, legal systems and regulatory frameworks regarding the securities markets, business entities and commercial transactions; (p) the fact that the settlement period of securities transactions in foreign markets may be longer; (q) the fact that it may be more difficult, or impossible, to obtain and/or enforce a judgment than in other countries; (r) the rapid and erratic nature of growth, particularly in the People’s Republic of China, resulting in inefficiencies and dislocations; (s) economies characterized by over-extension of credit and rising unemployment; and (t) the risk that, because of the degree of interconnectivity between the economies and financial markets of China, Hong Kong and Taiwan, any sizable reduction in the demand for goods from China, or an economic downturn in China, could negatively affect the economies and financial markets of Hong Kong and Taiwan, as well.

The People’s Republic of China is dominated by the one-party rule of the Communist Party. Investments in China involve the risk of greater control over the economy, political and legal uncertainties and currency fluctuations or blockage. The government of the People’s Republic of China exercises significant control over economic growth through the allocation of resources, controlling payment of foreign currency denominated obligations, setting monetary policy, and providing preferential treatment to particular industries or companies. For over three decades, the government of the People’s Republic of China has been reforming economic and market practices and providing a larger sphere for private ownership of property. While currently contributing to growth and prosperity, the government may decide not to continue to support these economic reform programs and could possibly return to the completely centrally planned economy that existed prior to 1978.

As with all transition economies, China’s ability to develop and sustain a credible legal, regulatory, monetary, and socioeconomic system could influence the course of outside investment. The real estate market in China has been extremely volatile. Additionally, local government debt is high, and the level of that debt may pose a threat to the Chinese economy. Over the long term, China’s aging infrastructure, worsening environmental conditions, rapid and inequitable urbanization, and quickly widening urban and rural income gap, which all carry political and economic implications, are among the country’s major challenges.

China continues to exercise control over the value of its currency, rather than allowing the value of the currency to be determined by market forces. While the currency has historically been managed in a tight range relative to the U.S. dollar, it may in the future be subject to greater uncertainty if Chinese authorities change the policies that determine the exchange rate

 

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mechanism. This type of currency regime may experience sudden and significant currency adjustments, which may adversely impact investment returns.

While the Chinese economy has grown rapidly in recent years, there is no assurance that this growth rate will be maintained. China may experience substantial rates of inflation or economic recessions, causing a negative effect on the economy and the securities market. China’s economy is heavily dependent on export growth. Reduction in spending on Chinese products and services, institution of tariffs or other trade barriers by China or its trading partners, or a downturn in any of the economies of China’s key trading partners may have an adverse impact on the securities of Chinese issuers. China’s economy may be adversely impacted by trade or political disputes with China’s major trading partners, including the U.S.

The willingness and ability of the government of the People’s Republic of China to support the Greater China region markets is uncertain. Taiwan and Hong Kong do not exercise the same level of control over their economies as does the People’s Republic of China, but changes to their political and economic relationships with the People’s Republic of China could adversely impact investments in Taiwan and Hong Kong. Following the establishment of the People’s Republic of China by the Communist Party in 1949, the Chinese government renounced various debt obligations incurred by China’s predecessor governments, which obligations remain in default, and expropriated assets without compensation. There can be no assurance that the Chinese government will not take similar action in the future. An investment in the Fund involves risk of a total loss. The political reunification of China and Taiwan is a highly problematic issue and is unlikely to be settled in the near future. This situation poses a threat to Taiwan’s economy and could negatively affect its stock market. Hong Kong is closely tied to China, economically and through China’s 1997 acquisition of the country as a Special Autonomous Region. China has committed by treaty to preserve Hong Kong’s autonomy and its economic, political and social freedoms until 2047. However, if China would exert its authority so as to alter the economic, political or legal structures or the existing social policy of Hong Kong, investor and business confidence in Hong Kong could be negatively affected, which in turn could negatively affect markets and business performance. Hong Kong’s success depends, in large part, on its ability to retain the legal, financial, and monetary systems that allow economic freedom and market expansion.

Military conflicts, either in response to internal social unrest or conflicts with other countries, could disrupt economic development. The Chinese economy is vulnerable to the long-running disagreements with Hong Kong related to integration and religious and nationalist disputes with Tibet and the Xinjiang region. China has a complex territorial dispute regarding the sovereignty of Taiwan that has included threats of invasion; Taiwan- based companies and individuals are significant investors in China. Military conflict between China and Taiwan may adversely affect securities of Chinese issuers. In addition, China has strained international relations with Japan, India, Russia and other neighbors due to territorial disputes, historical animosities and other defense concerns. China could be affected by military events on the Korean peninsula or internal instability within North Korea. These situations may cause uncertainty in the Chinese market and may adversely affect performance of the Chinese economy.

The Greater China region has historically been prone to natural disasters such as earthquakes, droughts, floods and tsunamis and is economically sensitive to environmental events. Any such event could cause a significant impact on the economy of, or investments in, the Greater China region.

Risks of Investments in China A-shares through the Stock Connect Program

The Fund may invest in China A-shares of certain Chinese companies through the Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect and/or the Shenzhen-Hong Kong Stock Connect program (“Connect Program”). The Connect Program is subject to quota limitations and an investor cannot purchase and sell the same security on the same trading day, which may restrict the ability to invest in China A-shares through the Connect Program and to enter into or exit trades on a timely basis. The Shanghai or Shenzhen market may be open at a time when the Connect Program is not trading, with the result that prices of China A-shares may fluctuate at times when the Fund is unable to add to or exit its position. Only certain China A-shares are eligible to be accessed through the Connect Program. Such securities may lose their eligibility at any time, in which case they could be sold but could no longer be purchased through the Connect Program. Because the Connect Program is relatively new, the actual effect on the market for trading China A-shares with the introduction of large numbers of foreign investors is unknown. In addition, there is no assurance that the necessary systems required to operate the Connect Program will function properly or will continue to be adapted to changes and developments in both markets. In the event that the relevant systems do not function properly, trading through the Connect Program could be disrupted.

 

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The Connect Program is subject to regulations promulgated by regulatory authorities for both exchanges and the authorities may promulgate further regulations or restrictions, such as limitations on redemptions or suspension of trading, if they believe it necessary to assure orderly markets or for other reasons, which may adversely impact the Connect Program. There is no guarantee that the exchanges will continue to support the Connect Program in the future. Investments in China A-shares may not be covered by the securities investor protection programs of an exchange and, without the protection of such programs, will be subject to the risk of default by the broker. In the event that the depository of an exchange defaults, the Fund may not be able to recover fully its losses from the depository or may be delayed in receiving proceeds as part of any recovery process. It is currently unclear whether applicable courts would consider that the Fund, rather than the nominee, is the beneficial owner of China A-shares purchased through the Connect Program. Therefore, the Fund may not be able to exercise the rights of a shareholder and may be limited in its ability to pursue claims against the issuer of a security. The Fund may not be able to participate in corporate actions affecting China A-shares held through the Connect Program due to time constraints or for other operational reasons. Similarly, the Fund may not be able to appoint proxies or participate in shareholders’ meetings due to current limitations on the use of multiple proxies in China. Because all trades on the Connect Program in respect of eligible China A-shares must be settled in Renminbi (RMB), the Chinese currency, investors must have timely access to a reliable supply of offshore RMB, which cannot be guaranteed.

Trades on the Connect Program are subject to certain requirements prior to trading. If these requirements are not completed prior to the market opening, the Fund cannot sell the shares on that trading day. In addition, these requirements may limit the number of brokers that the Fund may use to execute trades. If an investor holds 5% or more of the total shares issued by a China-A share issuer, the investor must return any profits obtained from the purchase and sale of those shares if both transactions occur within a six-month period. If the Fund holds 5% or more of the total shares of a China-A share issuer through its Connect Program investments, its profits may be subject to these limitations. In addition, it is not currently clear whether all accounts managed by an adviser and/or its affiliates will be aggregated for purposes of this limitation. If that is the case, it makes it more likely that the Fund’s profits may be subject to these limitations.

The China A-shares market can have a higher propensity for trading suspensions than many other global equity markets. Trading suspensions in certain stocks could lead to greater market execution risk, valuation risks, liquidity risks and costs for the Fund. The Shanghai and Shenzen markets currently apply a daily limit, set at 10%, of the amount of fluctuation permitted in the prices of A shares during a single trading day. The daily limit refers to price movements only and does not restrict trading within the relevant limit. There can be no assurance that a liquid market on an exchange will exist for any particular China A share or for any particular time.

Investing in South Korea

Investing in South Korea involves a high degree of risk and special considerations not typically associated with investing in more established economies or securities markets. South Korea’s economy may be adversely affected by changes in the economies of its key trading partners, surrounding Asian countries and the United States. Political tension between South Korea and North Korea also presents an ongoing risk to its economy. Armed conflict between North Korea and South Korea could have a severe adverse impact on the South Korean economy and its securities markets.

The market capitalization and trading volume of issuers in South Korean securities markets are concentrated in a small number of issuers, which results in potentially fewer investment opportunities for the fund. South Korea is dependent on foreign sources for its energy needs. A significant increase in energy prices could have an adverse impact on South Korea’s economy. The South Korean economy’s reliance on international trade makes it highly sensitive to fluctuations in international commodity prices, currency exchange rates and government regulation, and vulnerable to downturns of the world economy. The South Korean economy’s long-term challenges include an aging population, inflexible labor market, and overdependence on exports to drive economic growth.

Depositary Receipts

Depositary receipts demonstrate ownership of shares of a foreign issuer and are alternatives to directly purchasing the underlying foreign security. Depositary receipts may be sponsored or unsponsored and include American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”), Global Depositary Receipts (“GDRs”), European Depositary Receipts (“EDRs”) and non-voting depositary receipts (“NVDRs”). ADRs in registered form are typically issued by a U.S. bank or trust company, traded in U.S. dollars, and are designed for use in the domestic market. GDRs, EDRs, NVDRs and other similar instruments may be issued by a U.S. or non-U.S. entity and

 

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may be traded in other currencies. GDRs are tradable both in the United States and Europe and are designed for use throughout the world. EDRs are issued in bearer form and are designed for use in European securities markets.

Depositary receipts in general are subject to many of the risks associated with foreign investing (e.g., increased market, liquidity, currency, political, information and other risks), and even where traded in U.S. dollars are subject to currency risk if the underlying security is traded in a foreign currency. Unsponsored depositary receipts are issued without the participation of the issuer of the underlying foreign security and there may be less information available about such issuers than there is with respect to domestic companies and issuers of securities underlying sponsored depositary receipts. Even if there is information available, there may not be a correlation between such information and the market value of the depositary receipts.

Illiquid Investments and Restricted Securities

The Fund may invest up to 15% of its net assets in illiquid investments. An illiquid security is any security which the Fund reasonably expects cannot be sold or disposed of in current market conditions in seven calendar days or less without the sale or disposition significantly changing the market value of the security. To the extent required by applicable law and SEC guidance, the Fund will not acquire an illiquid security if such acquisition would cause the aggregate value of illiquid securities to exceed 15% of the Fund’s net assets. If at any time the portfolio manager determines that the value of illiquid securities held by the Fund exceeds 15% of the Fund’s net assets, the portfolio manager will take such steps as it considers appropriate to reduce the percentage as soon as reasonably practicable; the Fund may, however, hold any such investments for a substantial period of time.

Restricted securities are securities subject to legal or contractual restrictions on their resale, such as private placements. Such restrictions might prevent the sale of restricted securities at a time when the sale would otherwise be desirable. Under SEC regulations, certain restricted securities acquired through private placements can be traded freely among qualified purchasers. While restricted securities are generally classified as illiquid, the Fund may determine that a particular restricted security is “liquid.” Investing in these restricted securities could have the effect of increasing the Fund’s illiquidity if qualified purchasers become, for a time, uninterested in buying these securities.

Restricted securities may be sold only (1) pursuant to SEC Rule 144A or another exemption, (2) in privately negotiated transactions or (3) in public offerings with respect to which a registration statement is in effect under the 1933 Act. Rule 144A securities, although not registered in the U.S., may be sold to qualified institutional buyers in accordance with Rule 144A under the 1933 Act. As noted above, the Fund may determine that some Rule 144A securities are liquid. Where registration is required, the Fund may be obligated to pay all or part of the registration expenses and a considerable period may elapse between the time of the decision to sell and the time the Fund may be permitted to sell a restricted security under an effective registration statement. If, during such a period, adverse market conditions were to develop, the Fund might obtain a less favorable price than prevailed when it decided to sell.

Illiquid securities may be difficult to value, and the Fund may have difficulty disposing of such securities promptly. The Fund does not consider non-U.S. securities to be restricted if they can be freely sold in the principal markets in which they are traded, even if they are not registered for sale in the U.S.

Liquidity Risk Management. In October 2016, the SEC adopted Rule 22e-4 under the 1940 Act requiring, among other things, that the Fund and other Legg Mason open-end funds establish a liquidity risk management program by December 1, 2018 that is reasonably designed to assess and manage liquidity risk. Costs associated with complying with the rule could impact the Fund’s performance and its ability to achieve its investment objective.

Investments in Other Investment Companies

Subject to applicable statutory and regulatory limitations described below, the Fund may invest in shares of other investment companies, including shares of open-end and closed-end investment companies affiliated or unaffiliated with the Fund, business development companies, exchange-traded funds and unregistered investment companies.

An investment in an investment company is subject to the risks associated with that investment company’s portfolio securities. Investments in closed-end funds may entail the additional risk that the market value of such investments may be substantially less than their net asset value. To extent the Fund invests in shares of another investment company, the Fund will indirectly bear a proportionate share of that investment company’s advisory fees and other operating expenses. These fees are in addition to the advisory fees and other operational expenses incurred directly by the Fund. In addition, the Fund could incur a

 

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sales charge in connection with purchasing an investment company security or a redemption fee upon the redemption of such security.

Section 12(d)(1)(A) of the 1940 Act provides that a fund may not purchase or otherwise acquire the securities of other “registered investment companies” (as defined in the 1940 Act) if, as a result of such purchase or acquisition, it would own: (i) more than 3% of the total outstanding voting stock of the acquired investment company; (ii) securities issued by any one investment company having a value in excess of 5% of the fund’s total assets; or (iii) securities issued by all investment companies having an aggregate value in excess of 10% of the fund’s total assets. Certain exceptions may be available from these limits such as when the Fund invests in certain exchange-traded funds or money-market funds or in investment companies that are part of the same group of investment companies as the Fund.

Private Investment Companies

The Fund may also invest in the securities of private investment companies, including “hedge funds” and private equity funds, subject to the Fund’s policy prohibiting it from purchasing or otherwise acquiring such securities if, as a result, more than 15% of its net assets would be invested in securities that are illiquid. As with investments in other investment companies, if the Fund invests in a private investment company, the Fund will be charged its proportionate share of the advisory fees including incentive compensation and other operating expenses of such company. These fees, which can be substantial, would be in addition to the advisory fees and other operating expenses incurred by the Fund. In addition, private investment companies are not registered with the SEC and may not be registered with any other regulatory authority. Accordingly, they are not subject to certain regulatory requirements and oversight to which registered issuers are subject. There may be very little public information available about their investments and performance. Moreover, because sales of shares of private investment companies are generally restricted to certain qualified purchasers, such shares may be illiquid and it could be difficult for the Fund to sell its shares at an advantageous price and time. Finally, because shares of private investment companies are not publicly traded, a fair value for the Fund’s investment in these companies typically will have to be determined under policies approved by the Board.

Investment in Money Market Funds

The Fund may invest in money market instruments, including money market funds managed by the Manager or its affiliates and money market funds managed by unaffiliated advisers. Money market funds invest in high-quality, U.S. dollar-denominated short- term debt securities and must follow strict rules as to the credit quality, liquidity, diversification and maturity of their investments. The Fund may lose money on its investment in money market funds. If the Fund invests in money market funds it will indirectly bear its proportionate share of the management fees and other expenses that are charged by the money market fund in addition to the management fees and other expenses paid by the Fund. If the fund invests in money market funds that are managed by the Manager or its affiliates, it is possible that a conflict of interest among the Fund and the affiliated funds could affect how the Fund’s Manager and its affiliates fulfill their fiduciary duty to the Fund and the affiliated funds.

Preferred Securities

There are two basic types of preferred securities: traditional and hybrid-preferred securities. Traditional preferred securities consist of preferred stock issued by an entity taxable as a corporation. Preferred stocks, which may offer fixed or floating rate dividends, are perpetual instruments and considered equity securities. Preferred stocks are subordinated to debt instruments in a company’s capital structure, in terms of priority to corporate income and claim to corporate assets, and therefore will be subject to greater credit risk than debt instruments. Alternatively, hybrid-preferred securities may be issued by corporations, generally in the form of interest-bearing notes with preferred securities characteristics, or by an affiliated trust or partnership of the corporation, generally in the form of preferred interests in subordinated debentures or similarly structured securities. The hybrid-preferred securities market consists of both fixed and adjustable coupon rate securities that are either perpetual in nature or have stated maturity dates.

Traditional Preferred Securities. Traditional preferred securities pay fixed or floating dividends to investors and have “preference” over common stock in the payment of dividends and the liquidation of a company’s assets. This means that a company must pay dividends on preferred stock before paying any dividends on its common stock. In order to be payable, distributions on such preferred securities must be declared by the issuer’s board of directors. Income payments on preferred securities may be cumulative, causing dividends and distributions to accumulate even if not declared by the board of directors or otherwise made payable. In such a case, all accumulated dividends must be paid before any dividend on the common stock can

 

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be paid. However, many traditional preferred stocks are non-cumulative, in which case dividends do not accumulate and need not ever be paid. There is no assurance that dividends or distributions on the traditional preferred securities in which the Fund invests will be declared or otherwise made payable. Preferred securities may also contain provisions under which payments must be stopped (i.e., stoppage is compulsory, not discretionary). The conditions under which this occurs may relate to, for instance, capitalization levels. Hence, if a company incurs significant losses that deplete retained earnings automatic payment stoppage could occur. In some cases the terms of the preferred securities provide that the issuer would be obligated to attempt to issue common shares to raise funds for the purpose of making the preferred payments. However, there is no guarantee that the issuer would be successful in placing common shares.

Preferred stockholders usually have no right to vote for corporate directors or on other matters. Shares of traditional preferred securities have a liquidation preference that generally equals the original purchase price at the date of issuance. The market value of preferred securities may be affected by, among other factors, favorable and unfavorable changes impacting the issuer or industries in which they operate, movements in interest rates and inflation, and the broader economic and credit environments, and by actual and anticipated changes in tax laws, such as changes in corporate and individual income tax rates. Because the claim on an issuer’s earnings represented by traditional preferred securities may become onerous when interest rates fall below the rate payable on such securities, the issuer may redeem the securities. Thus, in declining interest rate environments in particular, the Fund’s holdings of higher rate-paying fixed rate preferred securities may be reduced, and the Fund may be unable to acquire securities of comparable credit quality paying comparable rates with the redemption proceeds.

Hybrid-Preferred Securities. Hybrid-preferred securities are typically junior and fully subordinated liabilities of an issuer or the beneficiary of a guarantee that is junior and fully subordinated to the other liabilities of the guarantor. In addition, hybrid-preferred securities typically permit an issuer to defer the payment of income for eighteen months or more without triggering an event of default. Generally, the maximum deferral period is five years. Because of their subordinated position in the capital structure of an issuer, the ability to defer payments for extended periods of time without default consequences to the issuer, and certain other features (such as restrictions on common dividend payments by the issuer or ultimate guarantor when full cumulative payments on the hybrid preferred securities have not been made), these hybrid-preferred securities are often treated as close substitutes for traditional preferred securities, both by issuers and investors. Hybrid-preferred securities have many of the key characteristics of equity due to their subordinated position in an issuer’s capital structure and because their quality and value are heavily dependent on the profitability of the issuer rather than on any legal claims to specific assets or cash flows. Hybrid-preferred securities include, but are not limited to, trust preferred securities (TRUPS®); enhanced trust preferred securities (Enhanced TRUPS®); trust-originated preferred securities (TOPrS®); monthly-income preferred securities (MIPS®); quarterly-income bond securities (QUIBS®); quarterly-income debt securities (QUIDS®); quarterly-income preferred securities (QUIPSSM); corporate trust securities (CorTS®); public income notes (PINES®); and other hybrid-preferred securities. Hybrid-preferred securities are typically issued with a final maturity date. In certain instances, a final maturity date may be extended and/or the final payment of principal may be deferred at the issuer’s option for a specified time without default. No redemption can typically take place unless all cumulative payment obligations have been met, although issuers may be able to engage in open-market repurchases without regard to whether all payments have been paid.

Many hybrid-preferred securities are issued by trusts or other special purpose entities established by operating companies and are not a direct obligation of an operating company. At the time the trust or special purpose entity sells such preferred securities to investors, it purchases debt of the operating company (with terms comparable to those of the trust or special purpose entity securities), and the operating company deducts for tax purposes the interest paid on the debt held by the trust or special purpose entity. The trust or special purpose entity is generally required to be treated as transparent for U.S. federal income tax purposes such that the holders of the trust preferred securities are treated as owning beneficial interests in the underlying debt of the operating company. Accordingly, payments on the hybrid-preferred securities are generally treated as interest rather than dividends for U.S. federal income tax purposes and, as such, are not eligible for the dividends received deduction (“DRD”) or the reduced rates of tax that apply to qualified dividend income. The trust or special purpose entity in turn is a holder of the operating company’s debt and has priority with respect to the operating company’s earnings and profits over the operating company’s common stockholders, but is typically subordinated to other classes of the operating company’s debt. Typically a preferred security has a credit rating that is lower than that of its corresponding operating company’s senior debt securities.

Within the category of hybrid-preferred securities are senior debt instruments that trade in the broader preferred securities market. These debt instruments, which are sources of long-term capital for the issuers, have structural features similar

 

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to other preferred securities such as maturities ranging from 30 years to perpetuity, call features, quarterly payments, exchange listings and the inclusion of accrued interest in the trading price. Preferred securities may be subject to changes in regulations and there can be no assurance that the current regulatory treatment of preferred securities will continue.

Redemption Risk

The Fund may experience periods of heavy redemptions that could cause the Fund to liquidate its assets at inopportune times or at a loss or depressed value, particularly during periods of declining or illiquid markets. Redemption risk is greater to the extent that the Fund has investors with large shareholdings, short investment horizons, or unpredictable cash flow needs. In addition, redemption risk is heightened during periods of overall market turmoil. The redemption by one or more large shareholders of their holdings in the Fund could hurt performance and/or cause the remaining shareholders in the Fund to lose money. The Fund’s redemption risk is increased if one decision maker has control of fund shares owned by separate fund shareholders, including clients or affiliates of the Fund’s Manager. If the Fund is forced to liquidate its assets under unfavorable conditions or at inopportune times, the value of your investment could decline.

Real Estate Investment Trusts (“REITs”)

REITs are pooled investment vehicles which invest primarily in income producing real estate or real estate-related loans or interests. REITs are generally classified as equity REITs, mortgage REITs or a combination of equity and mortgage REITs. Equity REITs invest the majority of their assets directly in real property and derive income primarily from the collection of rents. Equity REITs can also realize capital gains by selling properties that have appreciated in value. Mortgage REITs invest the majority of their assets in real estate mortgages and derive income from the collection of interest payments. REITs are not taxed on income distributed to shareholders provided they comply with the applicable requirements of the Code. Debt securities issued by REITs, for the most part, are general and unsecured obligations and are subject to risks associated with REITs. Like mutual funds, REITs have expenses, including advisory and administration fees paid by certain REITs and, as a result, the Fund is indirectly subject to those fees if the Fund invests in REITs.

Investing in REITs involves certain risks, including declines in the value of the underlying real estate, risks related to general and local economic conditions, possible lack of availability of mortgage funds, overbuilding, extended vacancies of properties, increased competition, increases in property taxes and operating expenses, changes in zoning laws, losses due to costs resulting from the clean-up of environmental problems, liability to third parties for damages resulting from environmental problems, casualty or condemnation losses, limitations on rents, changes in neighborhood values and in the appeal of properties to tenants. Equity REITs may also be subject to property and casualty risks as their insurance policies may not completely recover repair or replacement of assets damaged by fires, floods, earthquakes or other natural disasters. REITs whose underlying assets are concentrated in properties used by a particular industry, such as healthcare, are also subject to industry-related risks. Certain “special purpose” REITs may invest their assets in specific real estate sectors, such as hotels, nursing homes or warehouses, and are therefore subject to the risks associated with adverse developments in any such sectors.

REITs (especially mortgage REITs) are subject to interest rate risks. When interest rates decline, the value of a REIT’s investment in fixed income obligations can be expected to rise. Conversely, when interest rates rise, the value of a REIT’s investment in fixed-rate obligations can be expected to decline. If the REIT invests in adjustable rate debt instruments the interest rates on which are reset periodically, yields on a REIT’s investments in such loans will gradually align themselves to reflect changes in market interest rates. This causes the value of such investments to fluctuate less dramatically in response to interest rate fluctuations than would investments in fixed-rate obligations. However, REIT shares can be more volatile than, and perform differently from, larger company securities since REITs tend to be small- to medium-sized companies in relation to the equity markets as a whole. REITs may have limited financial resources, may trade less frequently and in a limited volume and may be subject to more abrupt or erratic price movements than larger company securities.

REITs are dependent upon the skills of their managers and are generally not diversified. REITs may be highly leveraged, and financial covenants may affect the ability of REITs to operate effectively. REITs are generally dependent upon maintaining cash flows to repay borrowings, to cover operating costs, and to make distributions to shareholders and are subject to the risk of default by lessees and borrowers. In the event of a default by a borrower or lessee, the REIT may experience delays in enforcing its rights as a mortgagee or lessor and may incur substantial costs associated with protecting its investments. If REITs are net sellers of assets or do not reinvest principal, they are also subject to self-liquidation. In addition, REITs could possibly fail to qualify for tax-free pass-through of net income and gains under the Code or to maintain their exemptions from registration as an

 

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investment company under the 1940 Act. In the event of any such failure to qualify as a REIT under the Code, the company would be subject to corporate level taxation, significantly reducing the return to the Fund on its investment in such company.

Repurchase Agreements

Under the terms of a typical repurchase agreement, the Fund would acquire one or more underlying debt securities from a counterparty (typically a bank or a broker-dealer), subject to the counterparty’s obligation to repurchase, and the Fund to resell, the securities at an agreed-upon time and price. The Fund may enter into repurchase agreements where the underlying collateral consists entirely of cash items and/or securities of the U.S. Government, its agencies, its instrumentalities, or U.S. Government sponsored enterprises. The Fund may also enter into repurchase agreements where the underlying collateral consists of other types of securities, including securities the Fund could not purchase directly. For such repurchase agreements, the underlying securities which serve as collateral may include, but are not limited to, U.S. government securities, municipal securities, corporate debt obligations, asset-backed securities (including collateralized mortgage obligations (“CMOs”)), convertible securities and common and preferred stock and may be of below investment grade quality. The repurchase price is typically greater than the purchase price paid by the Fund, thereby determining the Fund’s yield. A repurchase agreement is similar to, and may be treated as, a secured loan, where the Fund loans cash to the counterparty and the loan is secured by the underlying securities as collateral. All repurchase agreements entered into by the Fund are required to be collateralized so that at all times during the term of a repurchase agreement, the value of the underlying securities is at least equal to the amount of the repurchase price. Also, the Fund or its custodian is required to have control of the collateral, which the portfolio manager believes will give the Fund a valid, perfected security interest in the collateral.

Repurchase agreements could involve certain risks in the event of default or insolvency of the counterparty, including possible delays or restrictions upon the Fund’s ability to dispose of the underlying securities, the risk of a possible decline in the value of the underlying securities during the period in which the Fund seeks to assert its right to them, the risk that there may be a limited market or no market for disposition of such underlying securities, the risk of incurring expenses associated with asserting those rights and the risk of losing all or part of the income from the agreement. The Fund will seek to mitigate these risks but there is no guarantee that such efforts will be successful. If the Fund enters into a repurchase agreement involving securities the Fund could not purchase directly, and the counterparty defaults, the Fund may become the holder of such securities. Repurchase agreements collateralized by securities other than U.S. government securities may be subject to greater risks and are more likely to have a term to maturity of longer than seven days. Repurchase agreements with a maturity of more than seven days are considered to be illiquid.

Repurchase agreements may be entered into or novated with a financial clearing house, which would become the Fund’s counterparty. The Fund would then become subject to the rules of the clearing house, which may limit the Fund’s rights and remedies (including recourse to collateral) or delay or restrict the rights and remedies, and expose the Fund to the risks of the clearinghouses’ insolvency.

Pursuant to an exemptive order issued by the SEC, the Fund, along with other affiliated entities managed by the Manager, may transfer uninvested cash balances into one or more joint accounts for the purpose of entering into repurchase agreements secured by cash and U.S. government securities, subject to certain conditions.

Reverse Repurchase Agreements

The Fund may enter into reverse repurchase agreements. A reverse repurchase agreement has the characteristics of a secured borrowing by the Fund and creates leverage in the Fund’s portfolio. In a reverse repurchase transaction, the Fund sells a portfolio instrument to another person, such as a financial institution or broker-dealer, in return for cash. At the same time, the Fund agrees to repurchase the instrument at an agreed-upon time and at a price that is greater than the amount of cash that the Fund received when it sold the instrument, representing the equivalent of an interest payment by the Fund for the use of the cash. During the term of the transaction, the Fund will continue to receive any principal and interest payments (or the equivalent thereof) on the underlying instruments.

The Fund may engage in reverse repurchase agreements as a means of raising cash to satisfy redemption requests or for other temporary or emergency purposes. Unless otherwise limited in the Fund’s Prospectus or this SAI, the Fund may also engage in reverse repurchase agreements to the extent permitted by its fundamental investment policies in order to raise additional cash to be invested by the Fund’s portfolio manager in other securities or instruments in an effort to increase the Fund’s investment returns.

 

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During the term of the transaction, the Fund will remain at risk for any fluctuations in the market value of the instruments subject to the reverse repurchase agreement as if it had not entered into the transaction. When the Fund reinvests the proceeds of a reverse repurchase agreement in other securities, the Fund will also be at risk for any fluctuations in the market value of the securities in which the proceeds are invested. Like other forms of leverage, this makes the value of an investment in the Fund more volatile and increases the Fund’s overall investment exposure. In addition, if the Fund’s return on its investment of the proceeds of the reverse repurchase agreement does not equal or exceed the implied interest that it is obligated to pay under the reverse repurchase agreement, engaging in the transaction will lower the Fund’s return.

When the Fund enters into a reverse repurchase agreement, it is subject to the risk that the buyer under the agreement may file for bankruptcy, become insolvent or otherwise default on its obligations to the Fund. In the event of a default by the counterparty, there may be delays, costs and risks of loss involved in the Fund’s exercising its rights under the agreement, or those rights may be limited by other contractual agreements or obligations or by applicable law.

In addition, the Fund may be unable to sell the instruments subject to the reverse repurchase agreement at a time when it would be advantageous to do so, or may be required to liquidate portfolio securities at a time when it would be disadvantageous to do so in order to make payments with respect to its obligations under a reverse repurchase agreement. This could adversely affect the Fund’s strategy and result in lower fund returns. At the time the Fund enters into a reverse repurchase agreement, the Fund is required to set aside cash or other appropriate liquid securities in the amount of the Fund’s obligation under the reverse repurchase agreement or take certain other actions in accordance with SEC guidelines, which may affect the Fund’s liquidity and ability to manage its assets. Although complying with SEC guidelines would have the effect of limiting the amount of fund assets that may be committed to reverse repurchase agreements and other similar transactions at any time, it does not otherwise mitigate the risks of entering into reverse repurchase agreements.

The Fund will not engage in reverse repurchase agreements if its total borrowings exceed 33-1/3% of its total assets.

Securities Lending

The Fund may lend its portfolio securities, provided that cash or equivalent collateral, equal to at least 100% of the market value of such securities, is continuously maintained by the other party with the Fund. During the pendency of the transaction, the other party will pay the Fund an amount equivalent to any dividends or interest paid on such securities, and the Fund may invest the cash collateral and earn additional income, or it may receive an agreed upon amount of interest income from the other party who has delivered equivalent collateral. These transactions are subject to termination at the option of the Fund or the other party. The Fund may pay administrative and custodial fees in connection with these transactions and may pay a negotiated portion of the interest earned on the cash or equivalent collateral to the other party or placing agent or broker. Although voting rights or rights to consent with respect to the relevant securities generally pass to the other party, the Fund will make arrangements to vote or consent with respect to a material event affecting such securities. SEC guidance currently states that a fund may loan securities equal in value to no more than one third of its total asset value, including collateral received in connection with such transactions (at market value computed at the time of the transaction). The risks in lending portfolio securities include possible delay in recovery of the securities or possible loss of rights in the collateral should the borrower fail financially. The Fund runs the risk that the counterparty to a loan transaction will default on its obligation and that the value of the collateral received may decline before the Fund can dispose of it. If the Fund receives cash as collateral and invests that cash, the Fund is subject to the risk that the collateral will decline in value before the Fund must return it to the counterparty. Subject to the foregoing, loans of fund securities are effectively borrowings by the Fund and have economic characteristics similar to reverse repurchase agreements. The Fund does not currently intend to engage in securities lending, although it may engage in transactions (such as reverse repurchase agreements) which have similar characteristics.

Structured Notes and Related Instruments

“Structured” notes and other related instruments, including indexed securities, are derivative debt instruments, the interest rate or principal of which is determined by an unrelated underlying instrument (for example, a currency, security, commodity or index thereof). Structured instruments are generally privately negotiated debt obligations issued by corporations, including banks, as well as by governmental agencies and frequently are assembled in the form of medium-term notes, but a variety of forms are available and may be used in particular circumstances. The terms of such structured instruments normally provide that their principal and/or interest payments are to be adjusted upwards or downwards (but ordinarily not below zero) to reflect changes in the underlying instrument while the instruments are outstanding. As a result, the interest and/or principal

 

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payments that may be made on a structured product may vary widely. The rate of return on structured notes may be determined by applying a multiplier to the performance or differential performance of the underlying instrument or other asset(s). Application of a multiplier involves leverage that will serve to magnify the potential for gain and the risk of loss. Investment in indexed securities and structured notes involves certain risks, including the credit risk of the issuer and the normal risks of price changes in response to changes in interest rates. Further, in the case of certain indexed securities or structured notes, a decline in the underlying instrument may cause the interest rate to be reduced to zero, and any further declines in the underlying instrument may then reduce the principal amount payable on maturity. Finally, these securities may be less liquid than other types of securities and may be more volatile than their underlying instruments. Subordinated “structured” notes, which are subordinated to the right of payment of another class of the structured note, typically have higher yields and present greater risks than unsubordinated “structured” notes.

Temporary Defensive Investing

The Fund may depart from its principal investment strategies in response to adverse market, economic or political conditions by taking temporary defensive positions, including by investing in any type of investment grade, government, corporate and money market instruments and short-term debt securities or holding cash without regard to any percentage limitations. Although the portfolio manager has the ability to take defensive positions, they may choose not to do so for a variety of reasons, even during volatile market conditions.

Warrants and Rights

Warrants are instruments that give the holder the right to purchase equity securities at a specific price valid for a specified time period. Warrants are typically issued with preferred stock or bonds but can often be traded separately from the securities with which they were initially sold. Warrants may be purchased with values that vary depending on the change in value of one or more specified indexes (“index warrants”). Index warrants are generally issued by banks or other financial institutions and give the holder the right, at any time during the term of the warrant, to receive upon exercise of the warrant a cash payment from the issuer based on the value of the underlying index. Rights are similar to warrants but typically have a shorter duration than warrants and are issued directly by an issuer to existing stockholders and provide those holders the right to purchase additional shares of stock at a later date.

Warrants and rights may be considered speculative in that they have no voting rights, pay no dividends, and have no rights with respect to the assets of the issuer. The prices of warrants and rights do not necessarily move with the prices of the underlying securities. If the market price of the underlying security does not exceed the exercise price of the warrant or right plus the cost thereof before the expiration date, the Fund could sustain losses despite advantageous changes in the market price of the underlying security. Warrants and rights not exercised before their expiration date cease to have value.

Low Exercise Price Call Warrants. Low exercise price call warrants, sometimes also referred to as equity-linked participation certificates, are used to gain exposure to stocks in difficult to access local markets. These warrants typically have a strike price set where the value of the warrants will be identical to the price of the underlying stock. The value of these warrants fluctuates in line with the value of the underlying stock price and therefore, the risk and return profile of the warrants is very similar to owning the underlying securities, but the Fund may also be exposed to the risk of the counterparty that issued the warrant. These warrants have no voting rights. Dividends issued to the warrant issuer by the underlying issuer will be distributed to the warrant holders, net of any taxes or commissions imposed by the local jurisdiction in respect of the receipt of such amount. In addition, these warrants are not exchangeable into the ordinary shares of the underlying stock. These warrants are typically sold in private placement transactions and may be classified as derivative instruments.

When-Issued Securities and Forward Commitments

The Fund may purchase securities on a “when-issued” or “to be announced” or “forward delivery” basis. The payment obligation and the interest rate that will be received on the “when-issued” securities are fixed at the time the buyer enters into the commitment although settlement, i.e., delivery of and payment for the securities, takes place at a later date. In a “to be announced” transaction, the Fund commits to purchase securities for which all specific information is not known at the time of the trade.

Securities purchased on a “when-issued” or “forward delivery” basis are subject to changes in value based upon the market’s perception of the creditworthiness of the issuer and changes, real or anticipated, in the level of interest rates. The value

 

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of these securities experiences appreciation when interest rates decline and depreciation when interest rates rise. Purchasing securities on a “when-issued” or “forward delivery” basis can involve a risk that the yields available in the market on the settlement date may actually be higher or lower than those obtained in the transaction itself. At the time the Fund enters into a “when-issued” or “forward delivery” commitment, the Fund will set aside cash or other appropriate liquid securities with a value at least equal to the Fund’s obligation under the commitment. The Fund’s liquidity and ability to manage its assets might be affected when it sets aside cash or portfolio securities to cover such commitments.

An increase in the percentage of the Fund’s assets committed to the purchase of securities on a “when-issued” basis may increase the volatility of its net asset value.

MANAGEMENT

Trustees and Officers

The business and affairs of the Fund are conducted by management under the supervision and subject to the direction of its Board. The business address of each Trustee (including each Independent Trustee) is c/o Jane Trust, Legg Mason, 100 International Drive, 11th Floor, Baltimore, Maryland 21202. The tables below provide information about each of the Trustees and officers of the Trust.

 

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Independent Trustees#:

 

Name and

Year of Birth

   Position(s) with Trust   

Term of Office*

and Length of

Time Served**

  

Principal Occupation(s)
During

the Past Five Years

  

Number of
Funds in the
Legg Mason
Funds
Complex
Overseen

by Trustee***

   Other Board Memberships
Held by Trustee During the
Past Five Years

Ruby P. Hearn

Born 1940

   Trustee    Since 2004    Senior Vice President Emerita of The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (non-profit) since 2001; Member of the Institute of Medicine since 1982; formerly, Trustee of the New York Academy of Medicine (2004 to 2012); Director of the Institute for Healthcare Improvement (2002 to 2012); Senior Vice President of The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (1996 to 2001); Fellow of The Yale Corporation (1992 to 1998)    18    None

Arnold L. Lehman

Born 1944

  

Trustee

and Chairman of the Board

   Since 1982
(Chairman of the Board since 2015)
   Senior Advisor, Phillips Auctioneer since 2015; Trustee of American Federation of Arts since 1998; formerly, Fellow Ford Foundation (2015 to 2016); Director of the Brooklyn Museum (1997 to 2015); Director of The Baltimore Museum of Art (1979 to 1997)    18    None

Robin J.W. Masters

Born 1955

   Trustee    Since 2002   

Retired; formerly, Chief Investment

Officer of ACE Limited (insurance)

(1986 to 2000)

   18    Director of Cheyne Capital International Limited (investment advisory firm); formerly, Director/Trustee of Legg Mason Institutional Funds plc, WA Fixed Income Funds plc and Western Asset Debt Securities Fund plc (2007 to 2011)

Jill E. McGovern

Born 1944

   Trustee    Since 1989   

Senior Consultant, American Institute for Contemporary German Studies (AICGS) since 2007; formerly, Chief Executive Officer of The Marrow Foundation (non-profit) (1993 to 2007); Executive Director of the Baltimore International Festival (1991 to 1993); Senior Assistant to the

President of The Johns Hopkins University (1986 to 1990)

   18   

Director of International

Biomedical Research Alliance;

Director of Lois Roth Endowment

 

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Arthur S. Mehlman

Born 1942

   Trustee    Since 2002   

Retired. Director, The University of

Maryland Foundation since 1992;

Director, The League for People with Disabilities since 2003; formerly, Director of Municipal Mortgage & Equity, LLC. (2004 to 2011); Partner, KPMG LLP (international accounting firm) (1972 to 2002)

   Trustee
of all
Legg
Mason
Funds

consisting

of 18

portfolios;

Director/

Trustee
of

the
Royce

Family of

Funds
consisting
of

22
portfolios

   Director of Municipal Mortgage & Equity, LLC. (2004 to 2011)

G. Peter O’Brien

Born 1945

   Trustee    Since 1999   

Retired. Trustee Emeritus of

Colgate University; Board Member, Hill House, Inc. (residential home care); formerly, Board Member, Bridges School (pre-school) (2006 to 2017); Managing Director, Equity Capital Markets Group of Merrill Lynch & Co. (1971 to 1999)

   Trustee
of all
Legg
Mason
Funds

consisting

of 18

portfolios;

Director/

Trustee
of

the
Royce

Family of

Funds
consisting
of

22
portfolios

   Director of TICC Capital Corp. (2003 to 2017)

S. Ford Rowan

Born 1943

   Trustee    Since 2002   

Chairman, National Center for Critical Incident Analysis, National Defense University Foundation, since 2004;

Consultant to University of Maryland University College, since 2013; formerly, Lecturer in Organizational Sciences, George Washington University (2000 to 2014); Trustee, St. John’s College (2006 to 2012); Consultant, Rowan & Blewitt Inc. (management consulting) (1984 to 2007); Lecturer in Journalism, Northwestern University (1980 to 1993); Director, Santa Fe Institute (1999 to 2008)

   18    None

 

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Robert M. Tarola

Born 1950

   Trustee    Since 2004    President of Right Advisory LLC (corporate finance and governance consulting) since 2008; Member, Investor Advisory Group of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board since 2009; formerly, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, Southcoast Health System, Inc. (healthcare provider network) (2015 to 2017); Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of The Howard University (higher education and health care) (2009 to 2013); Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of W.R. Grace & Co. (specialty chemicals) (1999 to 2008) and MedStar Health, Inc. (healthcare) (1996 to 1999); Partner, Price Waterhouse, LLP (accounting and auditing) (1984 to 1996)    18    Director of American Kidney Fund (renal disease assistance); Director of XBRL International, Inc. (global data standard setting); Director of Vista Outdoor, Inc. (consumer outdoor recreation brands); formerly, Director of TeleTech Holdings, Inc. (business processing outsourcing)

 

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Interested Trustee and Officer:

 

Name and

Year of Birth

  Position(s) with Trust   

Term of Office*

and Length of

Time Served**

  

Principal Occupation(s)
During

the Past Five Years

  

Number of
Funds in the
Legg Mason
Funds
Complex
Overseen

by Trustee***

   Other Board Memberships
Held by Trustee During the
Past Five Years

Jane Trust, CFA†

Born 1962

 

Trustee, President and

Chief Executive Officer

   Since 2015    Senior Managing Director of Legg Mason & Co., LLC (“Legg Mason & Co.”) (since 2018); Managing Director of Legg Mason & Co. (2016 to 2018); Officer and/or Trustee/Director of 148 funds associated with LMPFA or its affiliates (since 2015); President and Chief Executive Officer of LMPFA (since 2015); formerly, Senior Vice President of LMPFA (2015); Director of ClearBridge, LLC (formerly, Legg Mason Capital Management, LLC) (2007 to 2014); Managing Director of Legg Mason Investment Counsel & Trust Co. (2000 to 2007)    141    None

 

#

Trustees who are not “interested persons” of the Trust within the meaning of Section 2(a)(19) of the 1940 Act.

*

Each Trustee serves until his or her respective successor has been duly elected and qualified or until his or her earlier death, resignation, retirement or removal.

**

Indicates the earliest year in which the Trustee became a board member for a fund in the Legg Mason fund complex.

***

Information is for the calendar year ended December 31, 2017.

Ms. Trust is an “interested person” of the Trust, as defined in the 1940 Act, because of her position with LMPFA and/or certain of its affiliates.

 

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Additional Officers:

 

Name, Year of
Birth

and Address

  Position(s) with Trust   

Term of Office*

and Length of

Time Served**

  

Principal Occupation(s)

During the Past Five Years

Jenna Bailey

Born 1978

Legg Mason

100 First Stamford Place

5th Floor

Stamford, CT 06902

 

Identity Theft

Prevention Officer

   Since 2015    Identity Theft Prevention Officer of certain mutual funds
associated with Legg Mason & Co. or its affiliates (since 2015);
Compliance Officer of Legg Mason & Co. (since 2013); Assistant
Vice President of Legg Mason & Co. (since 2011); formerly,
Associate Compliance Officer of Legg Mason & Co. (2011 to
2013)

Ted P. Becker

Born 1951

Legg Mason

620 Eighth Avenue

49th Floor

New York, NY 10018

 

Chief Compliance

Officer

   Since 2007    Director of Global Compliance at Legg Mason (since 2006);
Chief Compliance Officer of LMPFA (since 2006); Managing
Director of Compliance of Legg Mason & Co. (since 2005); Chief
Compliance Officer of certain mutual funds associated with Legg
Mason & Co. or its affiliates (since 2006)

Christopher Berarducci

Born 1974

Legg Mason

620 Eighth Avenue

49th Floor

New York, NY 10018

  Treasurer    Since 2010    Director of Legg Mason & Co. (since 2015); Treasurer of certain
mutual funds associated with Legg Mason & Co. or its affiliates
(since 2010); formerly, Vice President of Legg Mason & Co.
(2011 to 2015); Assistant Controller of certain mutual funds
associated with Legg Mason & Co. or its affiliates (prior to 2010)

Robert I. Frenkel

Born 1954

Legg Mason

100 First Stamford Place

6th Floor

Stamford, CT 06902

 

Secretary and

Chief Legal Officer

   Since 2007    Vice President and Deputy General Counsel of Legg Mason
(since 2006); Managing Director and General Counsel — U.S.
Mutual Funds for Legg Mason & Co. (since 2006) and Legg
Mason & Co. predecessors (since 1994); Secretary and Chief
Legal Officer of certain mutual funds associated with Legg
Mason & Co. or its affiliates (since 2006) and Legg Mason & Co.
predecessors (prior to 2006)

Jeanne Kelly

Born 1951

Legg Mason

620 Eighth Avenue

49th Floor

New York, NY 10018

  Senior Vice President    Since 2007    Senior Vice President of certain mutual funds associated with
Legg Mason & Co. or its affiliates (since 2007); Senior Vice
President of LMPFA (since 2006); President and Chief Executive
Officer of LM Asset Services, LLC (“LMAS”) and Legg Mason
Fund Asset Management, Inc. (“LMFAM”) (formerly registered
investment advisers) (since 2015); Managing Director of Legg
Mason & Co. (since 2005) and Legg Mason & Co. predecessors
(prior to 2005); formerly, Senior Vice President of LMFAM (2013
to 2015)

Susan Kerr

Born 1949

Legg Mason

620 Eighth Avenue

49th Floor

New York, NY 10018

 

Chief Anti-Money

Laundering

Compliance

Officer

   Since 2013    Assistant Vice President of Legg Mason & Co. and LMIS (since
2010); Chief Anti-Money Laundering Compliance Officer of
certain mutual funds associated with Legg Mason & Co. or its
affiliates (since 2013) and Anti-Money Laundering Compliance
Officer of LMIS (since 2012); Senior Compliance Officer of LMIS
(since 2011); formerly, AML Consultant, DTCC (2010); AML
Consultant, Rabobank Netherlands (2009); First Vice President,
Director of Marketing & Advertising Compliance and Manager of
Communications Review Group at Citigroup Inc. (1996 to 2008)

 

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Thomas C. Mandia

Born 1962

Legg Mason

100 First Stamford Place

6th Floor

Stamford, CT 06902

   Assistant Secretary    Since 2007    Managing Director and Deputy General Counsel of Legg
Mason & Co. (since 2005) and Legg Mason & Co. predecessors
(prior to 2005); Secretary of LMPFA (since 2006); Assistant
Secretary of certain mutual funds associated with Legg Mason &
Co. or its affiliates (since 2006) and Legg Mason & Co.
predecessors (prior to 2006); Secretary of LMAS (since 2002)
and LMFAM (formerly registered investment advisers) (since
2013)

Richard F. Sennett

Born 1970

Legg Mason

100 International Drive

7th Floor

Baltimore, MD 21202

   Principal Financial
Officer
   Since 2011    Principal Financial Officer and Treasurer of certain mutual funds
associated with Legg Mason & Co. or its affiliates (since 2011
and since 2013); Managing Director of Legg Mason & Co. and
Senior Manager of the Treasury Policy group for Legg Mason &
Co.’s Global Fiduciary Platform (since 2011); formerly, Chief
Accountant within the SEC’s Division of Investment Management
(2007 to 2011); Assistant Chief Accountant within the SEC’s
Division of Investment Management (2002 to 2007)

 

*

Each officer serves until his or her respective successor has been duly elected and qualified or until his or her earlier death, resignation, retirement or removal.

**

Indicates the earliest year in which the officer took such office.

Qualifications of Trustees, Board Leadership Structure and Oversight and Standing Committees

The Trustees were selected to serve or continue on the Board based upon some or all of the following: their character and integrity; their willingness to serve and willingness and ability to commit the time necessary to perform the duties of a Trustee; their skills, experience, judgment, analytical ability, intelligence, and common sense; their current or previous profit and non-profit board membership; their experience on the Board; and, for each Independent Trustee, their demonstrated willingness to take an independent and questioning stance toward management. Each Trustee has considerable familiarity with the Trust, the Fund’s Manager, Subadviser, and Distributor, and their operations, as well as the special regulatory requirements governing regulated investment companies and the special responsibilities of investment company trustees as a result, in the case of the Independent Trustees, of their substantial prior service as a trustee or director of certain funds in the Legg Mason-sponsored fund complex. No particular qualification, experience or background establishes the basis for any Trustee’s position on the Board, and individual Trustees may have attributed different weights to the various factors.

The following specific experience, qualifications, attributes and/or skills apply to a Trustee as noted:

Dr. Hearn has experience in senior management and on the boards of non-profit organizations devoted to health and health care and scientific analytical training, and service on the governing board and policy making body for a university;

Dr. Lehman has experience as chief executive officer of major museums and other entities involved in the arts, experience as Lead Independent Trustee and Board Chair and experience as a founding director of the Legg Mason Funds;

Ms. Masters has investment management experience as chief investment officer and director of an investment advisory firm and service on the boards of other investment companies;

Dr. McGovern has experience as chief executive officer of a foundation and non-profit fundraising organization devoted to programs of the National Marrow Donor Program;

Mr. Mehlman has accounting, auditing and management experience with an international accounting firm, and service on the boards of a for-profit publicly held entity, an academic foundation and a non-profit organization that provides services for individuals of all abilities, and has been determined to qualify as an audit committee financial expert for the Trust;

Mr. O’Brien has experience at senior levels of a large financial services company and service on the boards of academic institutions and a residential home care company;

Mr. Rowan has experience in business and management consulting, academic experience as a lecturer in organizational sciences and journalism, experience in senior levels of a non-profit organization dedicated to the management of critical events and service on the board of a non-profit independent research and educational center;

 

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Mr. Tarola has experience as chief financial officer and in senior management of a university, a healthcare organization and a specialty chemicals company, as an advisory group member to the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, as a partner with an international accounting firm, and in senior management of a corporate finance and governance organization, and has been determined to qualify as an audit committee financial expert of the Trust; and

Ms. Trust has investment management and risk oversight experience as an executive and portfolio manager and leadership roles within Legg Mason and affiliated entities.

Ms. Trust is an interested person of the Trust. The Independent Trustees constitute more than 75% of the Board.

References to the qualifications, attributes and skills of trustees are pursuant to requirements of the SEC, do not constitute holding out of the Board or any Trustee as having any special expertise and shall not impose any greater responsibility or liability on any such person or on the Board by reason thereof.

The Board is responsible for overseeing the management and operations of the Fund. The Chairman of the Board who is not affiliated with Legg Mason, serves as a key point person for interaction between management and the Board. The Board believes that its leadership structure, which includes standing committees with their independent chairs, is appropriate and facilitates the orderly and efficient flow of information to the Independent Trustees from management, including the Fund’s adviser, and provides the Independent Trustees an opportunity to air their views, determine matters of significance to the Fund and its shareholders, and interact and communicate effectively with management on those matters.

The Board has three standing committees: Audit Committee, Nominating and Governance Committee and Independent Trustees Committee (the “Committees”). Each Committee is chaired by an Independent Trustee and composed of all the Independent Trustees. Where the Board deems appropriate, it appoints ad hoc committees. The Board has determined that its Committees help ensure that the Fund has effective and independent governance and oversight.

The Chairman of the Board and the chairs of the Committees work with the Chief Executive Officer of the Trust to set the agendas for Board and Committee meetings. Through the Committees the Independent Trustees consider and address important matters involving the Funds, including those presenting conflicts or potential conflicts of interest for management. The Independent Trustees also regularly meet outside the presence of management and are advised by experienced independent legal counsel knowledgeable in matters of investment company regulation.

The Audit Committee is composed entirely of all the Independent Trustees and is chaired by Mr. Mehlman. Mr. Tarola serves as Vice Chair. The Audit Committee’s purposes are (i) to oversee the Trust’s accounting and financial reporting policies and practices; (ii) to oversee the quality of the Fund’s financial statements and the independent audit thereof; (iii) to oversee the integrity of the process by which the financial statements are prepared, and the independent audit thereof; and (iv) to act as liaison between the Trust’s independent auditor and the Board. The Audit Committee meets at least twice a year with the Trust’s independent registered public accounting firm and officers to consider issues relating to the accounting principles used by the Trust, the auditor’s assessment of the adequacy of internal controls, the qualifications and fees of the independent registered public accounting firm, the scope of the audit services and any permissible non-audit services for which they are retained, the results of the audit and other matters.

The Nominating and Governance Committee is composed entirely of all the Independent Trustees and is co-chaired by Ms. McGovern and Mr. O’Brien. The Nominating and Governance Committee meets as necessary to review and nominate candidates for positions as trustees and to fill vacancies on the Board and the Committees. The selection and nomination of candidates to serve as independent trustees to the Trust is committed to the discretion of the Trust’s current Independent Trustees. The Nominating and Governance Committee will accept recommendations for nominations from any source it deems appropriate and may consider nominees recommended by a shareholder. Shareholders who wish to recommend a nominee should send recommendations to the Trust’s Secretary that include all information relating to such person that is required to be disclosed in solicitations of proxies for the election of trustees. A recommendation must be accompanied by a written consent of the individual to stand for election if nominated by the Board and to serve if elected by the shareholders. The Nominating and Governance Committee is also responsible for recommending various Board governance policies to the Board. In addition, the Committee is responsible for overseeing the process for the annual evaluation of the performance of the Board and its Committees.

 

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The Independent Trustees Committee’s purposes are (i) to review the Trust’s advisory, sub-advisory and distribution arrangements and Rule 12b-1 Plans and related agreements in accordance with the 1940 Act; (ii) to assist the Independent Trustees in carrying out their responsibilities pursuant to Rule 38a-1 under the 1940 Act; (iii) to assist the Independent Trustees in fulfilling their responsibilities pursuant to Rule 0-1 under the 1940 Act; (iv) to provide Independent Trustees an opportunity to exchange views and formulate positions separately from management; and (v) to oversee issues related to the Independent Trustees that are not specifically delegated to another Board Committee. The Independent Trustees Committee is chaired by Mr. Lehman, the Board Chairman.

The Fund’s service providers, primarily the Fund’s Manager and Subadviser and, as appropriate, their affiliates, have responsibility for the day-to-day management of the Fund, which includes responsibility for risk management. Risk management oversight is part of the Board’s general oversight of the Fund and its service providers. The Board exercises risk management oversight primarily through the Board and the Audit Committee. The Board has emphasized to the Fund’s Manager and Subadviser the importance of maintaining vigorous risk management.

The Fund is subject to several risks, including investment risk, counterparty risk, valuation risk, reputational risk, cybersecurity risk, risk of operational failure or lack of business continuity, and legal, compliance and regulatory risk. Risk management seeks to identify and address risks, i.e., events or circumstances that could have material adverse effects on the business, operations, shareholder services, investment performance or reputation of the Fund. The Fund’s Manager and Subadviser, the affiliates of the Manager and Subadviser or various service providers to the Fund employ a variety of processes, procedures and controls to identify various of those possible events or circumstances, to lessen the probability of their occurrence and/or to mitigate the effects of such events or circumstances if they do occur. Different processes, procedures and controls are employed with respect to different types of risks. Various personnel, including the Fund’s Chief Compliance Officer and the Manager’s Chief Compliance Officer, as well as personnel of the Subadviser and other service providers, such as the Fund’s independent registered public accounting firm, make periodic reports to the Audit Committee or to the Board with respect to various aspects of risk management, as well as events and circumstances that have arisen and responses thereto.

The Board recognizes that not all risks that may affect the Fund can be identified, that it may not be practical or cost-effective to eliminate or mitigate certain risks, that it may be necessary to bear certain risks (such as investment-related risks) to achieve the Fund’s goals, that the processes, procedures and controls employed to address certain risks may be limited in their effectiveness and that some risks are simply beyond the control of the Fund or the Manager and its affiliates or other service providers. Moreover, reports received by the Board as to risk management matters are typically summaries of the relevant information. As a result of the foregoing and other factors, the Board’s risk management oversight is subject to inherent limitations. In addition, it is important to note that the Fund is designed for investors that are prepared to accept investment risk, including the possibility that as yet unforeseen risks may emerge in the future.

During the fiscal year ended July 31, 2018, the Board met 5 times, the Audit Committee met 3 times, the Nominating and Governance Committee met 1 time, and the Independent Trustees Committee met 5 times.

Trustee Ownership of Securities

The following tables show the dollar range of equity securities owned by the Trustees in the Fund and other investment companies in the Legg Mason Funds complex overseen by the Trustees as of December 31, 2017.

 

Name of Trustee

  

Dollar Range of
Equity Securities in the Fund
($)

  

Aggregate Dollar Range of Equity
Securities in All Registered
Investment Companies in Legg
Mason Funds Complex Overseen by
Trustee ($)

Independent Trustees:      
Ruby P. Hearn    None    Over 100,000
Arnold L. Lehman    None    Over 100,000
Robin J.W. Masters    None    Over 100,000
Jill E. McGovern    None    Over 100,000
Arthur S. Mehlman    None    Over 100,000

 

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G. Peter O’Brien    None    Over 100,000
S. Ford Rowan    None    Over 100,000
Robert M. Tarola    None    Over 100,000
Interested Trustee:      
Jane Trust    None    Over 100,000

As of December 31, 2017, none of the Independent Trustees or their immediate family members owned beneficially or of record any securities of the Manager, the Subadviser, or the Distributor of the Fund, or of a person (other than a registered investment company) directly or indirectly controlling, controlled by or under common control with the Manager, the Subadviser, or the Distributor of the Fund.

For serving as a Trustee of the Trust, each Independent Trustee receives an annual retainer plus fees for attending each regularly scheduled meeting and special Board meeting they attend in person or by telephone. Each Independent Trustee is also reimbursed for all out-of-pocket expenses relating to attendance at such meetings. Those Independent Trustees who serve in leadership positions of the Board or Board committees receive additional compensation. The Board reviews the level of Trustee compensation periodically and Trustee compensation may change from time to time. Ms. Trust, an “interested person” of the Trust, as defined in the 1940 Act, does not receive compensation from the Fund for her service as Trustee. The Fund pays its pro rata share of the fees and expenses of the Trustees based upon asset size.

Officers of the Trust receive no compensation from the Fund, although they may be reimbursed for reasonable out-of-pocket travel expenses for attending Board meetings.

Trustee Compensation

Information regarding compensation paid to the Trustees is shown below.

 

Name of Trustee    Aggregate
Compensation from the
Fund*($)
   Total Pension
or Retirement
Benefits Paid
as Part of Fund
Expenses*($)
   Total
Compensation
from Legg Mason
Funds Complex
Paid to
Trustee**($)
Independent Trustees:          

Ruby P. Hearn***

   23    None    182,500

Arnold L. Lehman

   29    None    222,500

Robin J.W. Masters

   23    None    182,500

Jill E. McGovern***

   25    None    190,000

Arthur S. Mehlman

   26    None    448,300

G. Peter O’Brien

   24    None    429,300

S. Ford Rowan

   23    None    182,500

Robert M. Tarola

   24    None    190,000
Interested Trustee:               
Jane Trust†    None    None    None

 

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*

Information is for the fiscal year ended July 31, 2018.

**

Information is for the calendar year ended December 31, 2017.

***

The total amount of deferred compensation accrued by the Trust (including earnings or depreciation in value of amounts deferred) through December 31, 2017 for each participating Trustee is as follows:

Ruby P. Hearn

   $59,666   

Jill McGovern

   $1,032,136   

Effective January 1, 2016, Trustees can no longer defer earned compensation.

Ms. Trust is not compensated for her services as a Trustee because of her affiliations with the Manager.

INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT AND SERVICE PROVIDER INFORMATION

Manager

The Manager, a limited liability company organized under the laws of the State of Delaware, serves as investment manager to the Fund and provides administrative and certain oversight services to the Fund, pursuant to an investment management agreement (the “Management Agreement”). The Manager has offices at 620 Eighth Avenue, New York, New York, 10018 and also serves as the investment manager of other Legg Mason Funds. The Manager is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Legg Mason, a Maryland corporation. Legg Mason, whose principal executive offices are at 100 International Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, is a global asset management company.

The Manager has agreed, under the Management Agreement, subject to the supervision of the Board, to provide the Fund with investment research, advice, management and supervision, furnish a continuous investment program for the Fund’s portfolio of securities and other investments consistent with the Fund’s investment objectives, policies and restrictions, and place orders pursuant to its investment determinations. The Manager is permitted to enter into contracts with subadvisers or subadministrators, subject to the Board’s approval. The Manager has entered into subadvisory agreements, as described below.

The Manager also performs administrative and management services as reasonably requested by the Fund necessary for the operation of the Fund, such as (i) supervising the overall administration of the Fund, including negotiation of contracts and fees with, and monitoring of performance and billings of, the Fund’s transfer agent, shareholder servicing agents, custodian and other independent contractors or agents; (ii) providing certain compliance, fund accounting, regulatory reporting and tax reporting services; (iii) preparing or participating in the preparation of Board materials, registration statements, proxy statements and reports and other communications to shareholders; (iv) maintaining the Fund’s existence; and (v) maintaining the registration or qualification of the Fund’s shares under federal and state laws.

The Management Agreement will continue in effect from year to year, provided continuance is specifically approved at least annually (a) by the Board or by a 1940 Act Vote, and (b) in either event, by a majority of the Independent Trustees, with such Independent Trustees casting votes in person at a meeting called for such purpose.

The Management Agreement provides that the Manager may render services to others. The Management Agreement is terminable without penalty by the Board or by vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund on not more than 60 days’ nor less than 30 days’ written notice to the Manager, or by the Manager on not less than 90 days’ written notice to the Fund as applicable, and will automatically terminate in the event of its assignment (as defined in the 1940 Act) by the Manager. No Management Agreement is assignable by the Trust except with the consent of the Manager.

The Management Agreement provides that the Manager, its affiliates performing services contemplated by the Management Agreement, and the partners, shareholders, directors, officers and employees of the Manager and such affiliates, will not be liable for any error of judgment or mistake of law, for any loss arising out of any investment, or for any act or omission in the execution of securities transactions for the Fund, but the Manager is not protected against any liability to the Fund to which the Manager would be subject by reason of willful misfeasance, bad faith or gross negligence in the performance of its duties or by reason of its reckless disregard of its obligations and duties under the Management Agreement.

There are no advisory or other fees payable to the Manager for its services under the Management Agreement. However, Fund shares are only offered to participants in separately managed account programs where the Fund’s Subadviser or an affiliate of the Subadviser (each, a “Managed Account Adviser”) receives a fee from the program sponsor (“Program Sponsor”) or from the program participant for managing or advising assets in the program participant’s managed account, including assets that may be invested in the Fund. A portion of such fee is paid by the Managed Account Adviser to the Manager.

 

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The table below sets forth the management fees paid by the Fund to the Manager (waived/reimbursed amounts are in parentheses), with respect to the fiscal periods indicated:

 

        For the Fiscal Period  Ended        
July 31,

  

Gross
Management
Fees ($)

  

Management
Fees
Waived/Expenses
Reimbursed ($)

  

Net Management
Fees (After
Waivers/Expense
Reimbursements) ($)

2018    0    (165,292)    0

Any expense limitation arrangements in place during the Fund’s past three fiscal periods can be found in the Fund’s Prospectus in effect (as amended or supplemented from time to time) for such year.

Subadviser

Martin Currie, Inc. serves as the subadviser to the Fund (the “Subadviser”) pursuant to a subadvisory agreement between the Manager and the Subadviser (the “Subadvisory Agreement”). The Subadviser, with offices at New York Times Building, 620 Eighth Avenue, 49th Floor, New York, New York 10018, is a New York Corporation, which is a subsidiary of Martin Currie Ltd, headquartered in Edinburgh, Scotland. The Subadviser is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Legg Mason.

Western Asset Management Company, LLC, organized under the laws of the State of California, (“Western Asset” and together with the Subadviser, the “Subadviser”) manages the portion of the Fund’s cash and short-term instruments allocated to it pursuant to a separate subadvisory agreement between the Manager and Western Asset (the “Western Asset Agreement” and together with the Subadvisory Agreement, the “Subadvisory Agreement”). Western Asset, established in 1971, has offices at 385 East Colorado Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91101 and 620 Eighth Avenue, New York, New York 10018. Western Asset acts as investment adviser to institutional accounts, such as corporate pension plans, mutual funds and endowment funds. Western Asset is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Legg Mason. Under the Western Asset Agreement, Western Asset is responsible, subject to the general supervision of the Manager and the Board, for the management of the portion of the Fund’s cash and short term instruments allocated to it. Western Asset does not receive a fee from the Manager.

Under the Subadvisory Agreement, subject to the supervision of the Board and the Manager, the Subadviser regularly provides with respect to the portion of the Fund’s assets allocated to it by the Manager, investment research, advice, management and supervision; furnishes a continuous investment program for the allocated assets consistent with the Fund’s investment objectives, policies and restrictions; and places orders pursuant to its investment determinations. The Subadviser may delegate to companies that the Subadviser controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with, certain of the Subadviser’s duties under a Subadvisory Agreement, subject to the Subadviser’s supervision, provided the Subadviser will not be relieved of its duties or obligations under the Subadvisory Agreement as a result of any delegation.

The Subadvisory Agreement will continue in effect for its initial term and thereafter from year to year provided such continuance is specifically approved at least annually (a) by the Board or by a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund (as defined in the 1940 Act), and (b) in either event, by a majority of the Independent Trustees with such Independent Trustees casting votes in person at a meeting called for such purpose. The Board or a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund (as defined in the 1940 Act) may terminate the Subadvisory Agreement without penalty, in each case on not more than 60 days’ nor less than 30 days’ written notice to the Subadviser. The Subadviser may terminate the respective Subadvisory Agreement, on 90 days’ written notice to the Fund and the Manager. The Subadvisory Agreement may be terminated upon the mutual written consent of the Manager and the Subadviser. The Subadvisory Agreement will terminate automatically in the event of assignment (as defined in the 1940 Act) by the applicable Subadviser, and shall not be assignable by the Manager without the consent of the Subadviser.

The Subadvisory Agreement provides that the Subadviser, its affiliates performing services contemplated by the Subadvisory Agreement, and the partners, shareholders, directors, officers and employees of the Subadviser and such affiliates will not be liable for any error of judgment or mistake of law, or for any loss arising out of any investment, or for any act or omission in the execution of securities transactions for the Fund, but the Subadviser is not protected against any liability to the Fund or the Manager to which the Subadviser would be subject by reason of willful misfeasance, bad faith or gross negligence in

 

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the performance of its duties or by reason of its reckless disregard of its obligations and duties under the Subadvisory Agreement.

There are no sub-advisory or other fees payable to the Subadviser(s) under the Subadvisory Agreement or the Western Asset Agreement. However, fund shares are only offered to participants in separately managed account programs where a Managed Account Adviser receives a fee from the Program Sponsor or from the program participant for managing or advising assets in the program participant’s managed account, including assets that may be invested in the Fund. A Managed Account Adviser may be the Subadviser(s) or an affiliate of the Subadviser. Where the Managed Account Adviser is an affiliate of the Subadviser, a portion of the fee received from the Program Sponsor is paid by the Managed Account Adviser to the Subadviser.

Expenses

The Fund is responsible for its own expenses, including, among other things, interest; taxes; governmental fees; voluntary assessments and other expenses incurred in connection with membership in investment company organizations; organizational costs of the Fund; costs (including interest, brokerage, taxes, extraordinary expenses and acquired fund fees and expenses, if any) in connection with the purchase or sale of the Fund’s securities and other investments and any losses in connection therewith; fees and expenses of custodians, transfer agents, registrars, independent pricing vendors or other agents; legal expenses; loan commitment fees; expenses relating to the issuing and redemption or repurchase of the Fund’s shares and servicing shareholder accounts; expenses of registering and qualifying the Fund’s shares for sale under applicable federal and state law; expenses of preparing, setting in print, printing and distributing prospectuses and statements of additional information and any supplements thereto, reports, proxy statements, notices and dividends to the fund’s shareholders; costs of stationery; website costs; costs of meetings of the Board or any committee thereof, meetings of shareholders and other meetings of the fund; Board fees; audit fees; travel expenses of officers, members of the Board and employees of the Fund, if any; the Fund’s pro rata portion of premiums on any fidelity bond and other insurance covering the Fund and its officers, Board members and employees; and litigation expenses and any nonrecurring or extraordinary expenses as may arise, including, without limitation, those relating to actions, suits or proceedings to which the fund is a party and the legal obligation which the Fund may have to indemnify the Fund’s Board members and officers with respect thereto.

Management may agree to implement an expense limitation and/or reimburse operating expenses for the Fund. Any such expense limitations and/or reimbursements in place during the Fund’s past three fiscal years can be found in the Fund’s Prospectus in effect (as amended or supplemented from time to time) for such year. The expense limitations and/or reimbursements do not cover (a) transaction costs (such as brokerage commissions and dealer and underwriter spreads) and taxes; (b) extraordinary expenses, such as any expenses or charges related to litigation, derivative actions, demands related to litigation, regulatory or other government investigations and proceedings, “for cause” regulatory inspections and indemnification or advancement of related expenses or costs, to the extent any such expenses are considered extraordinary expenses for the purposes of fee disclosure in Form N-1A, as the same may be amended from time to time; and (c) other extraordinary expenses as determined for the purposes of fee disclosure in Form N-1A, as the same may be amended from time to time. Without limiting the foregoing, extraordinary expenses are generally those that are unusual or expected to recur only infrequently, and may include such expenses, by way of illustration, as (i) expenses of the reorganization, restructuring, redomiciling or merger of the Fund or the acquisition of all or substantially all of the assets of another fund; (ii) expenses of holding, and soliciting proxies for, a meeting of shareholders of the Fund (except to the extent relating to routine items such as the election of board members or the approval of the independent registered public accounting firm); and (iii) expenses of converting to a new custodian, transfer agent or other service provider, in each case to the extent any such expenses are considered extraordinary expenses for the purposes of fee disclosure in Form N-1A, as the same may be amended from time to time. Some of these arrangements do not cover interest expenses. These arrangements may be reduced or terminated in certain circumstances.

 

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Portfolio Managers

Other Accounts Managed by the Portfolio Managers

The table below identifies the portfolio managers, the number of accounts (other than the Fund) for which the portfolio managers have day-to-day management responsibilities and the total assets in such accounts, within each of the following categories: registered investment companies, other pooled investment vehicles, and other accounts. For each category, the number of accounts and total assets in the accounts where fees are based on performance are also indicated, as applicable. Unless noted otherwise, all information is provided as of July 31, 2018.

 

Portfolio
Managers        

   Type of
Account
   Number of
Accounts Managed
   Total
Assets
Managed
(Billions)
($)
   Number of
Accounts Managed
for which Advisory
Fee is
Performance-
Based
   Assets Managed for
which Advisory Fee is
Performance-Based
(Billions) ($)

Kim Catechis

  

Registered

Investment

Companies

   1    0.1155    0    0
     Other Pooled
Investment
Vehicles
   3    0.1042    0    0
     Other
Accounts
   6    1.7711    3    0.9081

Andrew

Mathewson

  

Registered

Investment

Companies

   1    0.1155    0    0
     Other Pooled
Investment
Vehicles
   0    0             0    0
     Other
Accounts
   2    0.6370    1    0.3113

Alastair

Reynolds

  

Registered

Investment

Companies

   1    0.1155    0    0
     Other Pooled
Investment
Vehicles
   2    0.0519    0    0
     Other
Accounts
   3    0.6927    1    0.3113

Compensation

In this subsection and the next subsection titled “Potential Conflicts of Interest”, “Subadviser” refers to Martin Currie, Inc.

The Subadviser’s remuneration committee oversees remuneration policy. The committee is comprised of non-executive directors and the chief executive officer. The Subadviser’s overriding objective when determining remuneration policy is to ensure alignment of client interests and to meet and exceed client expectations. The Subadviser’s remuneration policy is also

 

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designed to attract and retain exceptional people. The remuneration of the Subadviser’s investment professionals is comprised of an appropriate mixture of fixed and variable pay, with variable pay outcomes also subject to deferral arrangements to create longer term incentive, client alignment and lock-in.

 

  1.

Basic salary

The Subadviser benchmarks all salaries to comparable positions through a syndicate survey of asset management firms who share data on a confidential basis. This ensures that basic salaries remain competitive in the Subadviser’s chosen employment markets.

 

  2.

Performance based reward (PBR) (variable pay bonus)

The Subadviser also benchmarks its variable pay arrangements through the same syndicate survey of asset management firms - again on a confidential basis. Together with the salary benchmarking, this ensures that the Subadviser’s overall remuneration remains competitive in its chosen employment markets.

The PBR variable pay arrangements for the Subadviser’s investment professionals are structured as follows:

Each portfolio has an agreed performance target, typically expected to be delivered over a defined measurement period. PBR bonus is paid to portfolio managers on a sliding scale for performance between a representative benchmark or proxy and a strategy’s performance target. Depending on the strategy, it is paid either as a percentage of the gross revenue earned by the firm for the strategy or as a percentage of the portfolio manager’s salary. A straight-line sliding scale is used to reward performance between the representative benchmark and the performance target. Additionally, it is important that performance is achieved within the appropriate risk framework. Portfolios see a deconstruction of return to identify the low factor risk/high active share characteristics that we expect of a portfolio managed by the Subadviser. Where portfolios reflect characteristics outside these expectations this leads to a revision to the additional discretionary pot potentially available to the portfolio manager.

There is an individual element to their PBR bonus which recognizes the positive contribution that portfolio managers make to the investment team and the wider business. Examples include time that is spent mentoring or coaching, providing support to business projects, cross-team collaboration and contribution to client servicing or business development activity. The outcome of the individual element is determined by the head of investment in conjunction with individual investment team heads.

This process ensures both a strong correlation between performance and reward, while allowing senior management discretion to adjust reward to reflect other factors such as behaviors and the management of risk.

An element of any annual PBR bonus outcomes for portfolio managers (generally 20% – 30%) is subject to deferral into funds managed by the Subadviser and/or Legg Mason restricted stock units.

 

  3.

Long-term incentive

Alignment of employee incentives to longer term performance by the Subadviser and indeed broader Legg Mason performance is an important part of the Subadviser’s employment proposition - and it ensures there is strong alignment with client and shareholder interests.

Delivery of long-term incentive to the Subadviser’s employees is achieved primarily in two ways:

 

  i.

As described under the PBR section above, deferral of part of the annual bonus pool into a combination of Legg Mason stock and/or funds managed by the Subadviser, with a vesting period over three years.

 

  ii.

Operation of separate longer-term incentive plans for key employees which have a three-year or more performance or vesting period.

Through the application of the above suite of remuneration arrangements, the Subadviser has strong conviction that it delivers a highly effective, market competitive and compelling incentivization proposition which has the appropriate calibration between short, medium and long-term performance measurement. This serves to attract and retain high caliber investment professionals - but more fundamentally is designed to ensure alignment with client and shareholders’ interests.

 

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Potential Conflicts of Interest

The Subadviser maintains policies and procedures reasonably designed to detect and minimize material conflicts of interest inherent in circumstances when a portfolio manager has day-to-day portfolio management responsibilities for multiple portfolios. Nevertheless, no set of policies and procedures can possibly anticipate or relieve all potential conflicts of interest. These conflicts may be real, potential, or perceived; certain of these conflicts are described in detail below.

Allocation of Limited Investment Opportunities. If a portfolio manager identifies a limited investment opportunity (including initial public offerings) that may be suitable for multiple funds and/or accounts, the investment opportunity may be allocated among these several funds or accounts, which may limit a client’s ability to take full advantage of the investment opportunity, due to liquidity constraints or other factors.

The Subadviser has adopted trade allocation procedures designed to ensure that allocations of limited investment opportunities are conducted in a fair and equitable manner between client accounts. Nevertheless, investment opportunities may be allocated differently among client accounts due to the particular characteristics of an account, such as the size of the account, cash position, investment guidelines and restrictions or its sector/country/region exposure or other risk controls, market restrictions or for other reasons.

Similar Investment Strategies. The Subadviser and its portfolio management team may manage multiple portfolios with similar investment strategies. Investment decisions for each portfolio are generally made based on each portfolio’s investment objectives and guidelines, cash availability, and current holdings. Purchases or sales of securities for the portfolios may be appropriate for other portfolios with like objectives and may be bought or sold in different amounts and at different times in multiple portfolios. In these cases, transactions are allocated to portfolios in a manner believed by the Subadviser to be the most equitable to each client, generally utilizing a pro rata allocation methodology. Purchase and sale orders for a portfolio may be combined with those of other portfolios in the interest of achieving the most favorable net results for all clients.

Different Investment Strategies. The Subadviser may manage long-short strategies alongside long-only strategies. As such, the potential exists for short sales of securities in certain portfolios while the same security is held long in one or more other portfolios. In an attempt to mitigate the inherent risks of simultaneous management of long-short and long-only strategies, the Subadviser has established and implemented procedures to promote fair and equitable treatment of all portfolios. The procedures include monitoring and surveillance, supervisory reviews, and compliance oversight of short sale activity.

Portfolio managers may be responsible for managing multiple portfolios. Portfolio managers are aligned by investment strategy and employ similar investment models across multiple portfolios to support equitable division of time and attention required to manage all portfolios under their management.

Timing of Trades. To lessen the market impact of securities transactions, the Subadviser often limits daily trading volumes and aggregates trades for multiple funds and accounts, where feasible. However, at times, some accounts may separately trade a particular security in advance of other accounts. In such situations, a purchase may increase the value of a security previously purchased by another account, or a sale or short sale in one account may lower the sale price received in a sale by a second account.

Differences in Financial Incentives. A conflict of interest may arise where the financial or other benefits available to a portfolio manager or an investment adviser differ among the funds and/or accounts under management. For example, when the structure of an investment adviser’s management fee differs among the funds and/or accounts under its management (such as where certain funds or accounts pay higher management fees or performance-based management fees), a portfolio manager might be motivated to favor certain funds and/ or accounts over others. Performance-based fees could also create an incentive for an investment adviser to make investments that are riskier or more speculative. In addition, a portfolio manager might be motivated to favor funds and/or accounts in which he or she or the investment adviser and/or its affiliates have a financial interest. Similarly, the desire to maintain or raise assets under management or to enhance the portfolio manager’s performance record in a particular investment strategy or to derive other rewards, financial or otherwise, could influence a portfolio manager to lend preferential treatment to those funds and/or accounts that could most significantly benefit the portfolio manager.

To manage conflicts that may arise from management of portfolios with performance-based fees, performance in portfolios with like strategies is regularly reviewed by management.

 

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Investment professionals employed by the Subadviser may manage personal accounts in which they have a fiduciary interest with holdings similar to those of client accounts. The Subadviser has implemented a Code of Ethics which is designed to address the possibility that these professionals could place their own interests ahead of those of clients. The Code of Ethics addresses this potential conflict of interest by imposing reporting requirements, blackout periods, supervisory oversight and other measures designed to reduce conflict.

The Subadviser allows its employees to trade in securities that it recommends to advisory clients in compliance with a blackout period prior to and following any client trade. In line with these restrictions, the Subadviser’s employees may buy, hold or sell securities at or about the same time that the Subadviser is purchasing, holding or selling the same or similar securities for client account portfolios and the actions taken by such individuals on a personal basis may differ from, or be inconsistent with, the nature and timing of advice or actions taken by the Subadviser for its client accounts. The Subadviser and its employees may also invest in mutual funds and other pooled investment vehicles that are managed by the Subadviser. This may result in a potential conflict of interest since the Subadviser’s employees have knowledge of such funds’ investment holdings, which is non-public information.

Affiliates. The Subadviser’s product managers and other employees may invest in funds managed by the Subadviser and its affiliates. In addition, the Subadviser and its affiliates, may provide seed or additional capital to such funds so that new investment strategies may be implemented.

The Subadviser’s product managers may invest in affiliated entities provided the decision to invest is made solely in the best interests of the client.

The Subadviser’s representatives may also be members of the Board of Directors of affiliated funds in which clients invest.

Legg Mason and its affiliates may introduce clients or have affiliation with certain of the Subadviser’s clients. These affiliates may also invest in other investment management companies which are direct and/or indirect competitors of the Subadviser’s business.

Affiliated funds may have an “umbrella” legal structure that consists of more than one investment strategy or share class(es). Such structures may result in cross-liabilities, and the allocation of fees and expenses between different strategies or share class(es) that form part of the umbrella may be decided on a case-by-case basis.

Relationships with Investee Companies. The Subadviser may invest in companies on behalf of clients, and at the same time have a separate relationship with these companies. This could be a client relationship, or the investee company may be engaged by the Subadviser as a service provider.

Portfolio Managers Securities Ownership

As of July 31, 2018, the portfolio managers did not own shares of the Fund. It is not tax efficient for the portfolio managers, as residents of the United Kingdom, to invest in the Fund.

Custodian and Transfer Agent

The Fund has entered into an agreement with The Bank of New York Mellon (“BNY Mellon”), 225 Liberty Street, New York, New York 10286, to serve as custodian of the Fund. BNY Mellon, among other things, maintains a custody account or accounts in the name of the Fund, receives and delivers all assets for the Fund upon purchase and upon sale or maturity, collects and receives all income and other payments and distributions on account of the assets of the Fund and makes disbursements on behalf of the Fund. BNY Mellon neither determines the Fund’s investment policies nor decides which securities the Fund will buy or sell. For its services, BNY Mellon receives a monthly fee based upon the daily average market value of securities held in custody and also receives securities transaction charges, including out-of-pocket expenses. The Fund may also periodically enter into arrangements with other qualified custodians with respect to certain types of securities or other transactions such as repurchase agreements or derivatives transactions. BNY Mellon may also act as the Fund’s securities lending agent and in that case would receive a share of the income generated by such activities.

BNY Mellon Investment Servicing (US) Inc. (“BNY”), located at 4400 Computer Drive, Westborough, Massachusetts 01581, serves as the Fund’s transfer agent. Under the transfer agency agreement with BNY, BNY maintains the shareholder account records for the Fund, handles certain communications between shareholders and the Fund and distributes dividends and

 

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distributions payable by the Fund. For these services, BNY receives a monthly fee computed on the basis of the number of shareholder accounts it maintains for the Fund during the month and is reimbursed for out-of-pocket expenses.

Fund Counsel

Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP, located at One Federal Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02110, serves as legal counsel to the Trust and the Fund.

Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, 100 East Pratt Street, Suite 2600, Baltimore, MD 21202 serves as the Fund’s independent registered public accounting firm.

PORTFOLIO TRANSACTIONS AND BROKERAGE

Portfolio Transactions

Pursuant to the Subadvisory Agreement and subject to the general supervision of the Board and in accordance with the Fund’s investment objectives and strategies, the Subadviser is responsible for the execution of the Fund’s portfolio transactions with respect to assets allocated to the Subadviser. The Subadviser is authorized to place orders pursuant to its investment determinations for the Fund either directly with the issuer or with any broker or dealer, foreign currency dealer, futures commission merchant or others selected by it.

In certain instances, there may be securities that are suitable as an investment for the Fund as well as for one or more of the other clients of the Subadviser. Investment decisions for the Fund and for the Subadviser’s other clients are made with a view to achieving their respective investment objectives. It may develop that a particular security is bought or sold for only one client even though it might be held by, or bought or sold for, other clients. Likewise, a particular security may be bought for one or more clients when one or more clients are selling the same security. Some simultaneous transactions are inevitable when several clients receive investment advice from the same investment adviser, particularly when the same security is suitable for the investment objectives of more than one client. When two or more clients are simultaneously engaged in the purchase or sale of the same security, the securities are allocated among clients in a manner believed to be equitable to each. It is recognized that in some cases this system could adversely affect the price of or the size of the position obtainable in a security for the Fund. When purchases or sales of the same security for the Fund and for other portfolios managed by the Subadviser occur contemporaneously, the purchase or sale orders may be aggregated in order to obtain any price advantages available to large volume purchases or sales.

Transactions on stock exchanges and other agency transactions involve the payment of negotiated brokerage commissions by the Fund. Transactions in foreign securities often involve the payment of brokerage commissions that may be higher than those in the United States. Fixed income securities are generally traded on a net basis (i.e., without a commission) through dealers acting as principal for their own account and not as brokers. This means that a dealer makes a market for securities by offering to buy at one price and selling the security at a slightly higher price. The difference between the prices is known as a “spread.” Other portfolio transactions may be executed through brokers acting as agents and the Fund will pay a spread or commission in connection with such transactions. The cost of securities purchased from underwriters includes an underwriting commission, concession or a net price. The Fund may also purchase securities directly from the issuer. The aggregate brokerage commissions paid by the Fund for the three most recent fiscal years or periods, as applicable, are set forth below under “Aggregate Brokerage Commissions Paid.”

Brokerage and Research Services

The general policy of the Subadviser in selecting brokers and dealers is to obtain the best results achievable in the context of a number of factors which are considered both in relation to individual trades and broader trading patterns. The Fund may not always pay the lowest commission or spread available. Rather, in placing orders on behalf of the Fund, the Subadviser also takes into account other factors bearing on the overall quality of execution, such as size of the order, difficulty of execution, the reliability of the broker/dealer, the competitiveness of the price and the commission, the research services received and whether the broker/dealer commits its own capital.

 

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In connection with the selection of such brokers or dealers and the placing of such orders, subject to applicable law, brokers or dealers may be selected who also provide brokerage and research services (as those terms are defined in Section 28(e) of the 1934 Act) to the Fund and/or the other accounts over which the Subadviser or its affiliates exercise investment discretion. The Subadviser is authorized to pay a broker or dealer that provides such brokerage and research services a commission for executing a portfolio transaction for the Fund which is in excess of the amount of commission another broker or dealer would have charged for effecting that transaction if the Subadviser determines in good faith that such amount of commission is reasonable in relation to the value of the brokerage and research services provided by such broker or dealer. Investment research services include information and analysis on particular companies and industries as well as market or economic trends and portfolio strategy, market quotations for portfolio evaluations, analytical software and similar products and services. If a research service also assists the Subadviser in a non-research capacity (such as bookkeeping or other administrative functions), then only the percentage or component that provides assistance to the Subadviser in the investment decision making process may be paid in commission dollars. This determination may be viewed in terms of either that particular transaction or the overall responsibilities that the Subadviser and its affiliates have with respect to accounts over which they exercise investment discretion. The Subadviser may also have arrangements with brokers pursuant to which such brokers provide research services to the Subadviser in exchange for a certain volume of brokerage transactions to be executed by such brokers. While the payment of higher commissions increases the Fund’s costs, the Subadviser does not believe that the receipt of such brokerage and research services significantly reduces its expenses as Subadviser. Arrangements for the receipt of research services from brokers (so-called “soft dollar” arrangements) may create conflicts of interest. Although the Subadviser is authorized to use soft dollar arrangements in order to obtain research services, it is not required to do so, and the Subadviser may not be able or may choose not to use soft dollar arrangements because of regulatory restrictions, operational considerations or for other reasons.

Research services furnished to the Subadviser by brokers that effect securities transactions for the Fund may be used by the Subadviser in servicing other investment companies and accounts which the Subadviser manages. Similarly, research services furnished to the Subadviser by brokers that effect securities transactions for other investment companies and accounts which the Subadviser manages may be used by the Subadviser in servicing the Fund. Not all of these research services are used by the Subadviser in managing any particular account, including the Fund.

Firms that provide research and brokerage services to the Subadviser may also promote the sale of the Fund or other pooled investment vehicles advised by the Subadviser, and the Subadviser and/or its affiliates may separately compensate them for doing so. Such brokerage business is placed on the basis of brokerage and research services provided by the firm and is not based on any sales of the Fund or other pooled investment vehicles advised by the Subadviser.

The Fund contemplates that, consistent with the policy of obtaining the best net results, brokerage transactions may be conducted through “affiliated broker/dealers,” as defined in the 1940 Act. The Fund’s Board has adopted procedures in accordance with Rule 17e-1 under the 1940 Act to ensure that all brokerage commissions paid to such affiliates are reasonable and fair in the context of the market in which such affiliates operate. For the three most recent fiscal periods (as applicable), the Fund did not pay any brokerage commission to its affiliates.

Aggregate Brokerage Commissions Paid

The table below shows the aggregate brokerage commissions paid by the Fund during the periods indicated.

 

For the Fiscal Period Ended July 31,

  

Aggregate Brokerage Commissions Paid ($)

2018

   17,075

Securities of Regular Broker/Dealers

As of July 31, 2018, the Fund did not hold securities issued by its regular broker/dealers.

 

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Portfolio Turnover

For reporting purposes, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate is calculated by dividing the lesser of purchases or sales of portfolio securities for the fiscal year by the monthly average of the value of the portfolio securities owned by the Fund during the fiscal year. In determining such portfolio turnover, all securities whose maturities at the time of acquisition were one year or less are excluded. A 100% portfolio turnover rate would occur, for example, if all of the securities in the Fund’s investment portfolio (other than short-term money market securities) were replaced once during the fiscal year.

In the event that portfolio turnover increases, this increase necessarily results in correspondingly greater transaction costs which must be paid by the Fund. To the extent the portfolio trading results in recognition of net short-term capital gains, shareholders will be taxed on distributions of such gains at ordinary tax rates (except shareholders who invest through IRAs and other retirement plans which are not taxed currently on accumulations in their accounts).

Portfolio turnover will not be a limiting factor should the Subadviser deem it advisable to purchase or sell securities.

 

   

For the Fiscal Period Ended
2018 (%)

   
  111  

 

1 

For the period January 10, 2018 (inception date) to July 31, 2018.

SHARE OWNERSHIP

Principal Shareholders

As of October 31, 2018, to the knowledge of the Trust, the following shareholders owned of record or beneficially 5% or more of the outstanding shares of the Fund as set forth below:

 

Fund

       

Name and Address

       

Percent of Fund (%)

SMASh Series EM Fund

      LEGG MASON INC
ATTN ELIZABETH WHITEHURST
100 INTERNATIONAL DR FL 10
BALTIMORE MD 21202-4673
      97.44

As of October 31, 2018, to the knowledge of the Trust, the following shareholders owned of record or beneficially 25% or more of the outstanding shares of the Fund as set forth below. Shareholders who beneficially own 25% or more of the outstanding shares of the Fund or who are otherwise deemed to “control” the Fund may be able to determine or significantly influence the outcome of matters submitted to a vote of the Fund’s shareholders.

 

Fund

       

Name and Address

       

Percent of Fund (%)

SMASh Series EM Fund

      LEGG MASON INC
ATTN ELIZABETH WHITEHURST
100 INTERNATIONAL DR FL 10
BALTIMORE MD 21202-4673
      97.44

As of October 31, 2018, Legg Mason, Inc., 100 International Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, owned of record 25% or more of the Fund’s outstanding shares, as shown above. Legg Mason, Inc. is a Maryland corporation.

As of October 31, 2018, the Trustees and officers of the Trust, as a group, owned less than 1% of the outstanding shares of the Fund.

 

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DISTRIBUTOR

Legg Mason Investor Services, LLC, a wholly-owned broker/dealer subsidiary of Legg Mason, located at 100 International Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, serves as the sole and exclusive distributor of the Fund pursuant to a written agreement (as amended, the “Distribution Agreement”).

Under the Distribution Agreement, the Distributor is appointed as principal underwriter and distributor in connection with the offering and sale of shares of the Fund. The Distributor offers the shares on an agency or “best efforts” basis under which the Fund issues only the number of shares actually sold. Shares of the Fund are continuously offered by the Distributor.

The Distribution Agreement is renewable from year to year with respect to the Fund if approved (a) by the Board or by a vote of a majority of the Fund’s outstanding voting securities, and (b) by the affirmative vote of a majority of Trustees who are not parties to such agreement or interested persons of any party by votes cast in person at a meeting called for such purpose.

The Distribution Agreement is terminable with respect to the Fund without penalty by the Board or by vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund, or by the Distributor, on not less than 60 days’ written notice to the other party (unless the notice period is waived by mutual consent). The Distribution Agreement will automatically and immediately terminate in the event of its assignment.

The Distributor may be deemed to be an underwriter for purposes of the 1933 Act. Dealer reallowances, if any, are described in the Fund’s Prospectus.

The Distributor, the Manager, their affiliates and their personnel have interests in promoting sales of the Legg Mason Funds, including remuneration, fees and profitability relating to services to and sales of the funds. Associated persons of the Manager, the Distributor or their affiliates (including wholesalers registered with the Distributor) may receive additional compensation related to the sale of individual Legg Mason Funds or categories of Legg Mason Funds. The Manager, the Subadviser, and their advisory or other personnel may also benefit from increased amounts of assets under management.

Service Agents also may benefit from the sales of shares of the Legg Mason Funds. For example, in connection with such sales, Service Agents may receive compensation from the Fund (with respect to the Fund as a whole or a particular class of shares) and/or from the Manager, the Distributor, and/or their affiliates, as further described below. The structure of these compensation arrangements, as well as the amounts paid under such arrangements, vary and may change from time to time. In addition, new compensation arrangements may be negotiated at any time. The compensation arrangements described in this section are not mutually exclusive, and a single Service Agent may receive multiple types of compensation.

The Distributor has agreements in place with Service Agents defining how much each firm will be paid for the sale of the Fund from sales charges, if any, paid by Fund shareholders and from 12b-1 Plan fees, if any, paid to the Distributor by the Fund. These Service Agents then pay their employees or associated persons who sell such fund shares from the sales charges and/or fees they receive. The Service Agent, and/or its employees or associated persons may receive a payment when a sale is made and will, in most cases, continue to receive ongoing payments while you are invested in the Fund. In other cases, the Distributor may retain all or a portion of such fees and sales charges.

In addition, the Distributor, the Manager and/or certain of their affiliates may make additional payments (which are often referred to as “revenue sharing” payments) to the Service Agents from their past profits and other available sources, including profits from their relationships with the Fund. Revenue sharing payments are a form of compensation paid to a Service Agent in addition to the sales charges paid by Fund shareholders or 12b-1 Plan fees paid by the Fund. The Manager, the Distributor and/or certain of its affiliates may revise the terms of any existing revenue sharing arrangement and may enter into additional revenue sharing arrangements with other Service Agents.

Revenue sharing arrangements are intended, among other things, to foster the sale of Fund shares and/or to compensate financial services firms for assisting in marketing or promotional activities in connection with the sale of Fund shares. In exchange for revenue sharing payments, the Manager and the Distributor generally expect to receive the opportunity for the Fund to be sold through the Service Agents’ sales forces or to have access to third-party platforms or other marketing programs, including but not limited to mutual fund “supermarket” platforms or other sales programs. To the extent that Service Agents receiving revenue sharing payments sell more shares of the Fund, the Manager and the Distributor and/or their affiliates

 

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benefit from the increase in Fund assets as a result of the fees they receive from the Fund. The Distributor, LMPFA or their affiliates consider revenue sharing arrangements based on a variety of factors and services to be provided.

Revenue sharing payments are usually calculated based on a percentage of Fund sales and/or Fund assets attributable to a particular Service Agent. Payments may also be based on other criteria or factors such as, for example, a fee per each transaction. Specific payment formulas are negotiated based on a number of factors, including, but not limited to, reputation in the industry, ability to attract and retain assets, target markets, customer relationships and scope and quality of services provided. In addition, the Distributor, the Manager and/or certain of their affiliates may pay flat fees on a one-time or irregular basis for the initial set-up of the fund on a Service Agent’s systems, participation or attendance at a Service Agent’s meetings, or for other reasons. In addition, the Distributor, the Manager and/or certain of their affiliates may pay certain education and training costs of Service Agents (including, in some cases, travel expenses) to train and educate the personnel of the Service Agents. It is likely that Service Agents that execute portfolio transactions for the Fund will include those firms with which the Manager, the Distributor and/or certain of their affiliates have entered into revenue sharing arrangements.

The Fund generally pays the transfer agent for certain recordkeeping and administrative services. In addition, the Fund may pay Service Agents for certain recordkeeping, administrative, sub-accounting and networking services. These services include maintenance of shareholder accounts by the firms, such as recordkeeping and other activities that otherwise would be performed by the Fund’s transfer agent. Administrative fees may be paid to a firm that undertakes, for example, shareholder communications on behalf of the Fund. Networking services are services undertaken to support the electronic transmission of shareholder purchase and redemption orders through the National Securities Clearing Corporation (“NSCC”). These payments are generally based on either (1) a percentage of the average daily net assets of Fund shareholders serviced by a Service Agent or (2) a fixed dollar amount for each account serviced by a Service Agent. The Distributor, the Manager and/or their affiliates may make all or a portion of these payments.

In addition, the Fund reimburses the Distributor for NSCC fees that are invoiced to the Distributor as the party to the agreement with NSCC for the administrative services provided by NSCC to the Fund and its shareholders. These services include transaction processing and settlement through Fund/SERV, electronic networking services to support the transmission of shareholder purchase and redemption orders to and from Service Agents, and related recordkeeping provided by NSCC to the Fund and its shareholders.

If your Fund shares are purchased through a retirement plan, the Distributor, the Manager or certain of their affiliates may also make similar payments to those described in this section to the plan’s recordkeeper or an affiliate.

Revenue sharing payments, as well as the other types of compensation arrangements described in this section, may provide an incentive for Service Agents and their employees or associated persons to recommend or sell shares of the Fund to customers and in doing so may create conflicts of interest between the firms’ financial interests and the interests of their customers. The total amount of these payments is substantial, may be substantial to any given recipient and may exceed the costs and expenses incurred by the recipient for any Fund-related marketing or shareholder servicing activities.

As of December 31, 2017, the Distributor, the Manager or their affiliates made revenue sharing payments to the Service Agents listed below (or their affiliates or successors). It is possible that each Service Agent listed is not receiving payments with respect to each fund in the Legg Mason Fund complex. This list of intermediaries will change over time, and any additions, modifications or deletions thereto that have occurred since December 31, 2017 are not reflected.

Acadia Life Limited

Advisor Group Inc.

Allianz Life Insurance Company of New York

Allianz Life Insurance Company of North America

Allstate Life Insurance Company

Allstate Life Insurance Company of New York

Ameriprise Financial Services, Inc.

Aspire Financial Services, LLC

 

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AXA Equitable Life Insurance Company

Brighthouse Financial

Citigroup Global Markets Inc.

Commonwealth Financial Network

Delaware Life Insurance Company

E* Trade Securities, Inc.

Genworth Life and Annuity Insurance Company

Genworth Life Insurance Company of New York

Goldman Sachs & Co.

Great-West Life & Annuity Insurance Company

The Guardian Insurance & Annuity Company, Inc.

H.D. Vest Investment Securities, Inc.

Hantz Financial Services, Inc.

Janney Montgomery Scott LLC

Jefferson National Life Insurance Company

Jefferson National Life Insurance Company of New York

JP Morgan Chase

Lincoln Benefit Life Company

Lincoln Financial

LPL Financial LLC

Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated

MetLife Insurance Company USA

Midland National Insurance Company

Minnesota Life Insurance Company

Morgan Stanley Smith Barney LLC

National Security Life and Annuity Company

Nationwide Financial Services, Inc.

New York Life Insurance and Annuity Corporation

The Ohio National Life Assurance Corporation

The Ohio National Life Insurance Company

Oppenheimer & Co. Inc.

Pacific Life Insurance Company

Pacific Life & Annuity Company

PFS Investments, Inc.

PNC Investments LLC

 

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Principal Life Insurance Company

Protective Life Insurance Company

Raymond James and Associates, Inc.

Raymond James Financial Services, Inc.

Security Benefit Life Insurance Company

UBS Financial Services, Inc.

U.S. Bancorp Investments, Inc.

Voya Financial

Wells Fargo & Co.

The Distributor, the Manager or their affiliates may also pay fees, from their own assets, to Service Agents for providing other distribution-related services as well as recordkeeping, administrative, subaccounting, and networking services (or portions thereof), and other shareholder or administrative services in connection with investments in the Fund. These payments may be considered revenue sharing payments. The Service Agents receiving such payments may not be listed above.

You should assume that your Service Agent receives revenue sharing payments and/or other compensation described in this SAI. Please contact your Service Agent for details about any payments it (and its employees) may receive from the Fund and/or from the Distributor, the Manager and/or their affiliates. You should review your Service Agent’s disclosure and/or talk to your Service Agent to obtain more information on how this compensation may have influenced your Service Agent’s recommendation of the Fund.

Dealer Commissions and Concessions

From time to time, the Distributor or the Manager, at its expense, may provide compensation or promotional incentives (“concessions”) to dealers that sell or arrange for the sale of shares of the Fund or a managed account strategy of which the Fund is part. Such concessions provided by the Distributor or the Manager may include financial assistance to dealers in connection with preapproved conferences or seminars, sales or training programs for invited registered representatives and other employees, payment for travel expenses, including lodging, incurred by registered representatives and other employees for such seminars or training programs, seminars for the public, advertising and sales campaigns regarding one or more funds, and/or other dealer-sponsored events. From time to time, the Distributor or the Manager may make expense reimbursements for special training of a dealer’s registered representatives and other employees in group meetings or to help pay the expenses of sales contests. Other concessions may be offered to the extent not prohibited by applicable laws or any self-regulatory agency, such as the FINRA.

Payments to Program Sponsors

Shares of the Fund are only available to participants in separately managed account programs where a Managed Account Adviser, which may be the Fund’s Subadviser or an affiliate of the Subadviser, has an agreement with the Program Sponsor or directly with the client to provide management or advisory services with respect to the accounts.

Affiliates of the Managed Account Adviser may make payments to or for the benefit of Program Sponsors for marketing, promotional and related expenses; for expenses incurred in connection with training or educational seminars with personnel; or for expenses in connection with client or prospective client meetings relating to Program Sponsor investment services. In addition, affiliates of the Managed Account Adviser may provide Program Sponsor personnel and clients (existing and prospective) with related items and benefits. These expenses, items and benefits may include, without limitation: training meeting costs for Program Sponsor personnel, including travel, lodging and meals for attendees; payments of costs for client/prospect meetings at which the Managed Account Adviser’s investment management services and/or other investment products and services are discussed, including meals for attendees, room rental costs and meeting-related presentation materials; occasional meals and leisure/entertainment outings; de minimus gifts; and nominal value promotional items.

The amount of such payments and the value of such items and benefits may or may not be substantial. These payments, items and benefits could give Program Sponsors and their personnel incentives to favor the Managed Account

 

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Adviser’s products and services over those of investment management firms that do not provide the same payments, items and benefits. However, such payments, items and benefits are subject to an internal policy that addresses and, in some cases, limits such payments, items and benefits with the overall aim to avoid compromising advice or recommendations given to clients by special incentives or compensation arrangements.

ADDITIONAL PURCHASE AND REDEMPTION INFORMATION

Except for shares purchased by Legg Mason as seed capital for the Fund, shares may be purchased only by or on behalf of separately managed account clients where the Fund’s Subadviser or an affiliate of the Subadviser has an agreement with the managed account program sponsor.

Determination of Public Offering Price

The Fund offers its shares to the public on a continuous basis. The public offering price for shares of the Fund is equal to the net asset value per share at the time of purchase.

Redemptions In Kind

The Fund reserves the right, under certain conditions, to honor any request for a redemption by making payment in whole or in part by delivering securities valued in accordance with the procedures described under “Share price” in the Fund’s Prospectus. Because redemption in kind may be used at times of unusual illiquidity in the markets, these valuation methods may include fair value estimations. If payment is made in securities, a shareholder should expect to incur brokerage expenses in converting those securities into cash, and the market price of those securities will be subject to fluctuation until they are sold. The securities delivered may not be representative of the entire Fund portfolio, may represent only one issuer or a limited number of issuers and may be securities that the Fund would otherwise sell. The Fund will not use securities to pay redemptions by LMIS or other affiliated persons of the Fund, except as permitted by law, SEC rules or orders, or interpretive guidance from the SEC staff or other proper authorities.

VALUATION OF SHARES

The net asset value per share of each class of the Fund is generally calculated as of the close of regular trading (normally 4:00 p.m., Eastern time) on each day on which the NYSE is open. As of the date of this SAI, the NYSE is normally open for trading every weekday except in the event of an emergency or for the following holidays (or the days on which they are observed): New Year’s Day, Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, Presidents’ Day, Good Friday, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day and Christmas Day. Because of the differences in distribution fees and class specific expenses, the per share net asset value of each class of the Fund will differ. Please see the Fund’s Prospectus for a description of the procedures used by the Fund in valuing its assets.

PROXY VOTING GUIDELINES AND PROCEDURES

The Manager delegates to the Subadviser the responsibility for voting proxies for the Fund through its contracts with the Subadviser. The Subadviser may use its own proxy voting policies and procedures to vote proxies of the Fund if the Fund’s Board reviews and approves the use of those policies and procedures. Accordingly, the Manager does not expect to have proxy-voting responsibility for the Fund.

Should the Manager become responsible for voting proxies for any reason, such as the inability of the Subadviser to provide investment advisory services, the Manager shall utilize the proxy voting guidelines established by the most recent Subadviser to vote proxies until a new Subadviser is retained and the use of its proxy voting policies and procedures is authorized by the Board. In the case of a material conflict between the interests of the Manager (or its affiliates if such conflict is known to persons responsible for voting at the Manager) and any fund, the Board of Directors of the Manager shall consider how to address the conflict and/or how to vote the proxies. The Manager shall maintain records of all proxy votes in accordance with applicable securities laws and regulations.

 

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The Manager shall be responsible for gathering relevant documents and records related to proxy voting from the Subadviser and providing them to the Fund as required for the Fund to comply with applicable rules under the 1940 Act. The Manager shall also be responsible for coordinating the provision of information to the Board with regard to the proxy voting policies and procedures of the Subadviser, including the actual proxy voting policies and procedures of the Subadviser, changes to such policies and procedures, and reports on the administration of such policies and procedures.

The Subadviser’s proxy voting policies and procedures govern in determining how proxies relating to the Fund’s portfolio securities are voted. A copy of the proxy voting policies and procedures is attached as Appendix A to this SAI. Information regarding how the Fund voted proxies (if any) relating to portfolio securities during the most recent twelve month period ended June 30 is available without charge (1) by calling 1-877-721-1926, (2) on www.leggmason.com/smashfunds (click on the name of the Fund) and (3) on the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov.

DISCLOSURE OF PORTFOLIO HOLDINGS

The Fund’s Board has adopted policies and procedures (the “policy”) developed by the Manager with respect to the disclosure of the Fund’s portfolio securities and any ongoing arrangements to make available information about the Fund’s portfolio securities for the Legg Mason Funds. The Manager believes the policy is in the best interests of the Fund and its shareholders and that it strikes an appropriate balance between the desire of investors for information about fund portfolio holdings and the need to protect the Fund from potentially harmful disclosures.

General Rules/Website Disclosure

The policy provides that information regarding the Fund’s portfolio holdings may be shared at any time with employees of the Manager, the Fund’s Subadviser and other affiliated parties involved in the management, administration or operations of the Fund (referred to as fund-affiliated personnel). With respect to non-money market funds, the Fund’s complete list of holdings (including the size of each position) may be made available to investors, potential investors, third parties and Legg Mason personnel that are not fund-affiliated personnel (i) upon the filing of portfolio holdings reports in accordance with SEC rules, provided that such filings are not made until 15 calendar days following the end of the period covered by the applicable holdings report or (ii) no sooner than 15 days after month end, provided that such information has been made available through public disclosure at least one day previously. Typically, public disclosure is achieved by required filings with the SEC and/or posting the information to Legg Mason’s or the Fund’s Internet site that is accessible by the public, or through public release by a third party vendor.

The Fund currently discloses its complete portfolio holdings 14 calendar days after quarter-end. The Fund discloses this information on Legg Mason’s website: www.leggmason.com/smashfunds (click on the name of the Fund).

Ongoing Arrangements

Under the policy, the Fund may release portfolio holdings information on a regular basis to a custodian, sub-custodian, fund accounting agent, proxy voting provider, rating agency or other vendor or service provider for a legitimate business purpose, where the party receiving the information is under a duty of confidentiality, including a duty to prohibit the sharing of non-public information with unauthorized sources and trading upon non-public information. The Fund may enter into other ongoing arrangements for the release of portfolio holdings information, but only if such arrangements serve a legitimate business purpose and are with a party who is subject to a confidentiality agreement and restrictions on trading upon non-public information. None of the Fund, Legg Mason or any other affiliated party may receive compensation or any other consideration in connection with such arrangements. Ongoing arrangements to make available information about the Fund’s portfolio securities will be reviewed at least annually by the Fund’s Board.

Set forth below is a list, as of September 30, 2018, of those parties with whom the Manager, on behalf of the Fund, has authorized ongoing arrangements that include the release of portfolio holdings information in accordance with the policy, as well as the maximum frequency of the release under such arrangements, and the minimum length of the lag, if any, between the date of the information and the date on which the information is disclosed. The ongoing arrangements may vary for each party, and it is possible that not every party will receive information for the Fund. The parties identified below as recipients are service providers, fund rating agencies, consultants and analysts.

 

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Recipient

  

Frequency

  

Delay Before
Dissemination

1919 Investment Counsel, LLC   

Daily

  

None

Barclays Bank PLC   

Daily

  

None

Best Alternative Outsourcing Services LLP   

Daily

  

None

Bloomberg AIM   

Daily

  

None

Bloomberg L.P.   

Daily

  

None

Bloomberg Portfolio Analysis   

Daily

  

None

Brown Brothers Harriman   

Daily

  

None

Charles River   

Daily

  

None

Citco   

Daily

  

None

Emerging Portfolio Fund Research, Inc. (EPFR), an Informa Company   

Monthly

  

None

Enfusion Systems   

Daily

  

None

ENSO LP   

Daily

  

None

eVestment Alliance   

Quarterly

  

8-10 Days

FactSet   

Daily

  

None

HSBC Global Asset Management   

Daily

  

None

Institutional Shareholder Services   

Daily

  

None

ITG   

Daily

  

None

Kailash Concepts   

Monthly

  

None

Middle Office Solutions, LLC   

Daily

  

None

Morgan Stanley Capital Inc.   

Daily

  

None

Morningstar   

Daily

  

None

NaviSite, Inc.   

Daily

  

None

StarCompliance   

Daily

  

None

State Street Bank and Trust Company   

Daily

  

None

SunGard/Protegent (formerly Dataware)   

Daily

  

None

The Bank of New York Mellon   

Daily

  

None

The Northern Trust Company   

Daily

  

None

The Northern Trust Melbourne   

Daily

  

None

Thomson   

Semi-annually

  

None

Thomson Reuters   

Daily

  

None

VPD Financial Software Consulting   

Daily

  

None

 

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Portfolio holdings information for the Fund may also be released from time to time pursuant to ongoing arrangements with the following parties:

 

Recipient

  

Frequency

  

Delay Before Dissemination

Broadridge   

Daily

  

None

Deutsche Bank   

Monthly

  

6-8 Business Days

DST International plc (DSTi)   

Daily

  

None

Electra Information Systems   

Daily

  

None

Fidelity   

Quarterly

  

5 Business Days

Fitch   

Monthly

  

6-8 Business Days

Frank Russell   

Monthly

  

1 Day

Glass Lewis & Co.   

Daily

  

None

Informa Investment Solutions   

Quarterly

  

8-10 Days

Interactive Data Corp   

Daily

  

None

Liberty Hampshire   

Weekly and Month End

  

None

RBC Investor and Treasury Services   

Daily

  

None

S&P (Rating Agency)   

Weekly Tuesday Night

  

1 Business Day

SunTrust   

Weekly and Month End

  

None

Excluded from the lists of ongoing arrangements set forth above are ongoing arrangements where either (i) the disclosure of portfolio holdings information occurs concurrently with or after the time at which the portfolio holdings information is included in a public filing with the SEC that is required to include the information, or (ii) the Fund’s portfolio holdings information is made available no earlier than the day next following the day on which the Fund makes the information available on its website, as disclosed in the Fund’s Prospectus. The approval of the Fund’s Chief Compliance Officer, or designee, must be obtained before entering into any new ongoing arrangement or altering any existing ongoing arrangement to make available portfolio holdings information, or with respect to any exceptions from the policy.

Release of Limited Portfolio Holdings Information

In addition to the ongoing arrangements described above, the Fund’s complete or partial list of holdings (including size of positions) may be released to another party on a one-time basis, provided the party receiving the information has executed a non-disclosure and confidentiality agreement and provided that the specific release of information has been approved by the Fund’s Chief Compliance Officer or designee as consistent with the policy. By way of illustration and not of limitation, release of non-public information about the Fund’s portfolio holdings may be made (i) to a proposed or potential adviser or Subadviser(s) or other investment manager asked to provide investment management services to the Fund, or (ii) to a third party in connection with a program or similar trade.

In addition, the policy permits the release to investors, potential investors, third parties and Legg Mason personnel that are not fund-affiliated personnel of limited portfolio holdings information in other circumstances, including:

 

 

The Fund’s top ten securities, current as of month-end, and the individual size of each such security position may be released at any time following month-end with simultaneous public disclosure.

 

The Fund’s top ten securities positions (including the aggregate but not individual size of such positions) may be released at any time with simultaneous public disclosure.

 

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A list of securities (that may include fund holdings together with other securities) followed by an investment professional (without position sizes or identification of particular funds) may be disclosed to sell-side brokers at any time for the purpose of obtaining research and/or market information from such brokers.

 

A trade in process may be discussed only with counterparties, potential counterparties and others involved in the transaction (i.e., brokers and custodians).

 

The Fund’s sector weightings, yield and duration (for fixed income and money market funds), performance attribution (e.g., analysis of the Fund’s out-performance or underperformance of its benchmark based on its portfolio holdings) and other summary and statistical information that does not include identification of specific portfolio holdings may be released, even if non-public, if such release is otherwise in accordance with the policy’s general principles.

 

A small number of the Fund’s portfolio holdings (including information that the Fund no longer holds a particular holding) may be released, but only if the release of the information could not reasonably be seen to interfere with current or future purchase or sales activities of the Fund and is not contrary to law.

 

The Fund’s portfolio holdings may be released on an as-needed basis to its legal counsel, counsel to its independent trustees and its independent public accounting firm, in required regulatory filings or otherwise to governmental agencies and authorities.

Exceptions to the Policy

The Fund’s Chief Compliance Officer, or designee, may, as is deemed appropriate, approve exceptions from the policy. Exceptions are granted only after a thorough examination and consultation with the Manager’s legal department, as necessary. Exceptions from the policy are reported annually to the Fund’s Board.

Limitations of Policy

The Fund’s portfolio holdings policy is designed to prevent sharing of portfolio information with third parties that have no legitimate business purpose for accessing the information. The policy may not be effective to limit access to portfolio holdings information in all circumstances, however. For example, the Manager or the Subadviser may manage accounts other than the Fund that have investment objectives and strategies similar to those of the Fund. Because these accounts, including the Fund, may be similarly managed, portfolio holdings may be similar across the accounts. In that case, an investor in another account managed by the Manager or the Subadviser may be able to infer the portfolio holdings of the Fund from the portfolio holdings in that investor’s account.

THE TRUST

The certificate of trust to establish the Trust was filed with the State Department of Assessments and Taxation of Maryland on October 7, 2009. The Fund is a series of the Trust.

The Trust is a Maryland statutory trust. A Maryland statutory trust is an unincorporated business association that is established under, and governed by, Maryland law. Maryland law provides a statutory framework for the powers, duties, rights and obligations of the Trustees and shareholders of a statutory trust, while the more specific powers, duties, rights and obligations of the Trustees and the shareholders are determined by the trustees as set forth in a trust’s declaration of trust. The Trust’s Declaration of Trust (the “Declaration”) provides that by becoming a shareholder of the Fund, each shareholder shall be expressly held to have agreed to be bound by the provisions of the Declaration and any other governing instrument of the Trust, such as the by-laws of the Trust, which contain additional rules governing the conduct of the business of the Trust.

Some of the more significant provisions of the Declaration are summarized below. The following summary is qualified in its entirety by reference to the applicable provisions of the Declaration.

Shareholder Voting

Under the Declaration, the Trustees have broad authority to direct the business and affairs of the Trust. The Declaration provides for shareholder voting as required by the 1940 Act or other applicable laws but otherwise permits, consistent with Maryland law, actions by the Trustees without seeking the consent of shareholders. For example, the Trustees are empowered to amend the Declaration or authorize the merger or consolidation of the Trust into another trust or entity, reorganize the Trust or any series or class into another trust or entity or a series or class of another entity, sell all or substantially all of the assets of the

 

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Trust or any series or class to another entity, or a series or class of another entity, terminate the Trust or any series or class, or adopt or amend the by-laws of the Trust, in each case without shareholder approval if the 1940 Act would not require such approval.

The Fund is not required to hold an annual meeting of shareholders, but the Fund will call special meetings of shareholders whenever required by the 1940 Act or by the terms of the Declaration. The Declaration provides for “dollar-weighted voting” which means that a shareholder’s voting power is determined, not by the number of shares he or she owns, but by the dollar value of those shares determined on the record date. All shareholders of record of all series and classes of the Trust vote together, except where required by the 1940 Act to vote separately by series or by class, or when the Trustees have determined that a matter affects only the interests of one or more series or classes of shares. There is no cumulative voting on any matter submitted to a vote of the shareholders.

Election and Removal of Trustees

The Declaration provides that the Trustees may establish the number of Trustees and that vacancies on the Board may be filled by the remaining Trustees, except when election of Trustees by the shareholders is required under the 1940 Act. When a vote of shareholders is required to elect Trustees, the Declaration provides that such Trustees shall be elected by a plurality of votes cast by shareholders at a meeting at which a quorum is present. The Declaration also provides that a mandatory retirement age may be set by action of two-thirds of the Trustees and that Trustees may be removed, with or without cause, by a vote of shareholders holding two-thirds of the voting power of the Trust, or by a vote of two-thirds of the remaining Trustees. The provisions of the Declaration relating to the election and removal of Trustees may not be amended without the approval of two-thirds of the Trustees.

Amendments to the Declaration

The Trustees are authorized to amend the Declaration without the vote of shareholders, but no amendment may be made that impairs the exemption from personal liability granted in the Declaration to persons who are or have been shareholders, Trustees, officers or, employees of the Trust or that limits the rights to indemnification, advancement of expenses or insurance provided in the Declaration with respect to actions or omissions of persons entitled to indemnification, advancement of expenses or insurance under the Declaration prior to the amendment.

Issuance and Redemption of Shares

The Fund may issue an unlimited number of shares for such consideration and on such terms as the Trustees may determine. All shares offered pursuant to the Prospectus of the Fund, when issued, will be fully paid and non-assessable. Shareholders are not entitled to any appraisal rights with respect to their shares and, except as the Trustees may determine, shall have no preemptive, conversion, exchange or similar rights. The Fund may involuntarily redeem a shareholder’s shares upon certain conditions as may be determined by the Trustees, including, for example, if the shareholder fails to provide the Fund with identification required by law, or if the Fund is unable to verify the information received from the shareholder. Additionally, as discussed below, shares may be redeemed in connection with the closing of small accounts.

Disclosure of Shareholder Holdings

The Declaration specifically requires shareholders, upon demand, to disclose to the Fund such information with respect to their ownership of shares of the Fund, whether direct or indirect, as the Trustees may deem necessary in order to comply with various laws or regulations or for such other purpose as the Trustees may decide. The Fund may disclose such ownership information if required by law or regulation, or as the Trustees otherwise decide.

Small Accounts

The Declaration provides that the Fund may close out a shareholder’s account by redeeming all of the shares in the account if the account falls below a minimum account size (which may vary by class) that may be set by the Trustees from time to time. Alternately, the Declaration permits the Fund to assess a fee for small accounts (which may vary by class) and redeem shares in the account to cover such fees, or convert the shares into another share class that is geared to smaller accounts.

 

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Series and Classes

The Declaration provides that the Trustees may establish series and classes in addition to those currently established and that the Trustees may determine the rights and preferences, limitations and restrictions, including qualifications for ownership, conversion and exchange features, minimum purchase and account size, expenses and charges, and other features of the series and classes. The Trustees may change any of those features, terminate any series or class, combine series with other series in the Trust, combine one or more classes of a series with another class in that series or convert the shares of one class into shares of another class.

Each share of the Fund, as a series of the Trust, represents an interest in the Fund only and not in the assets of any other series of the Trust.

Shareholder, Trustee and Officer Liability

The Declaration provides that shareholders are not personally liable for the obligations of the Fund and requires the Fund to indemnify a shareholder against any loss or expense claimed solely because of the shareholder’s being or having been a shareholder. The Fund will assume the defense of any claim against a shareholder for personal liability at the request of the shareholder. The Declaration further provides that a Trustee acting in his or her capacity as a Trustee is not personally liable to any person, other than the Trust or its shareholders, in connection with the affairs of the Trust. Each Trustee is required to perform his or her duties in good faith and in a manner he or she believes to be in the best interests of the Trust. All actions and omissions of Trustees are presumed to be in accordance with the foregoing standard of performance, and any person alleging the contrary has the burden of proving that allegation.

The Declaration limits a Trustee’s liability to the Trust or any shareholder to the fullest extent permitted under current Maryland law by providing that a Trustee is liable to the Trust or its shareholders for monetary damages only (a) to the extent that it is proved that he or she actually received an improper benefit or profit in money, property, or services or (b) to the extent that a judgment or other final adjudication adverse to the Trustee is entered in a proceeding based on a finding in the proceeding that the Trustee’s action, or failure to act, was the result of active and deliberate dishonesty and was material to the cause of action adjudicated in the proceeding. The Declaration requires the Trust to indemnify any persons who are or who have been Trustees, officers or employees of the Trust to the fullest extent permitted by law against liability and expenses in connection with any claim or proceeding in which he or she is involved by virtue of having been a Trustee, officer or employee. Subject to applicable federal law, expenses related to the defense against any claim to which indemnification may apply shall be advanced by the Trust upon receipt of an undertaking by or on behalf of the recipient of those expenses to repay the advanced amount if it is ultimately found that he or she is not entitled to indemnification. In making any determination as to whether a person has engaged in conduct for which indemnification is not available, or as to whether there is reason to believe that such person ultimately will be found entitled to indemnification, such person shall be afforded a rebuttable presumption that he or she did not engage in conduct for which indemnification is not available.

The Declaration provides that any Trustee who serves as chair of the Board, a member or chair of a committee of the Board, lead independent Trustee, audit committee financial expert, or in any other similar capacity will not be subject to any greater standard of care or liability because of such position.

Derivative Actions

The Declaration provides a detailed process for the bringing of derivative actions by shareholders in order to permit legitimate inquiries and claims while avoiding the time, expense, distraction, and other harm that can be caused to the Fund or its shareholders as a result of spurious shareholder demands and derivative actions. Prior to bringing a derivative action, a demand by no fewer than three unrelated shareholders must be made on the Trustees. The Declaration details information, certifications, undertakings and acknowledgements that must be included in the demand. The Trustees are not required to consider a demand that is not submitted in accordance with the requirements contained in the Declaration. The Declaration also requires that, in order to bring a derivative action, the complaining shareholders must be joined in the action by shareholders owning, at the time of the alleged wrongdoing, at the time of demand, and at the time the action is commenced, shares representing at least 5% of the voting power of the affected funds. The Trustees have a period of 90 days, which may be extended for an additional period not to exceed 60 days, to consider the demand. If a majority of the Trustees who are considered independent for the purposes of considering the demand determine that a suit should be maintained, then the Trust will commence the suit and the suit will proceed directly and not derivatively. If a majority of the independent Trustees

 

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determines that maintaining the suit would not be in the best interests of the Fund, the Trustees are required to reject the demand and the complaining shareholders may not proceed with the derivative action unless the shareholders are able to sustain the burden of proof to a court that the decision of the Trustees not to pursue the requested action was not consistent with the standard of performance required of the Trustees in performing their duties. If a demand is rejected, the complaining shareholders will be responsible for the costs and expenses (including attorneys’ fees) incurred by the Trust in connection with the consideration of the demand, if, in the judgment of the independent Trustees, the demand was made without reasonable cause or for an improper purpose. If a derivative action is brought in violation of the Declaration, the shareholders bringing the action may be responsible for the Fund’s costs, including attorneys’ fees.

The Declaration further provides that the Fund shall be responsible for payment of attorneys’ fees and legal expenses incurred by a complaining shareholder only if required by law, and any attorneys’ fees that the Fund is obligated to pay shall be calculated using reasonable hourly rates. The Declaration also requires that actions by shareholders against the Trust or the Fund be brought only in the U.S. District Court for the District of Maryland (Baltimore Division), or if such action may not be brought in that court, then such action shall be brought in the Circuit Court for Baltimore City and that the right to jury trial be waived to the fullest extent permitted by law.

The Declaration further provides that no provision of the Declaration will be effective to require a waiver of compliance with any provision of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the 1940 Act, or of any valid rule, regulation or order of the Commission thereunder.

TAXES

The Fund and Its Investments

The following is a summary of certain material U.S. federal (and, where noted, state and local) income tax considerations affecting the Fund and its shareholders. This discussion is very general and does not address all the potential U.S. federal income tax consequences that may be applicable to the Fund or to all categories of investors, some of which may be subject to special tax rules. This summary is based upon the Code, its legislative history, Treasury regulations (including temporary and proposed regulations), published rulings, and court decisions, each as of the date of this SAI and all of which are subject to change, possibly with retroactive effect, which could affect the continuing accuracy of this discussion. This discussion assumes that each shareholder holds its shares of the Fund as capital assets for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Current and prospective shareholders are urged to consult their own tax advisers with respect to the specific federal, state, local, and foreign tax consequences of investing in the Fund.

Tax reform legislation commonly known as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) was enacted on December 22, 2017. The Tax Act makes significant changes to the U.S. federal income tax rules for individuals and corporations, generally effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017. Most of the changes applicable to individuals are temporary and, without further legislation, will not apply after 2025. The application of certain provisions of the Tax Act is uncertain, and the changes to the Code that the Tax Act enacted may have direct or indirect effects on the Fund, its investments, or its shareholders that cannot be predicted. In addition, legislative, regulatory, or administrative changes to, or in respect of the application of, the Tax Act could be enacted or promulgated at any time, either prospectively or with retroactive effect. Prospective investors should consult their tax advisers regarding the implications of the Tax Act on their investment in the Fund.

Tax Treatment of the Fund

The Fund has elected to be treated, and intends to qualify each year, as a “regulated investment company” under Subchapter M of the Code. To qualify as such, the Fund must, among other things: (a) derive at least 90% of its gross income in each taxable year from dividends, interest, payments with respect to certain securities loans, gains from the sale or other disposition of stock, securities or foreign currencies, other income (including, but not limited to, gains from options, futures, or forward contracts) derived with respect to its business of investing in such stock, securities or currencies, and net income derived from interests in “qualified publicly traded partnerships” (i.e., partnerships (x) the interests in which are traded on an established securities market or are readily tradable on a secondary market or the substantial equivalent thereof, and (y) that derive less than 90% of their income from sources described in this subparagraph (a) other than qualified publicly traded partnerships); and (b) diversify its holdings so that, at the end of each quarter of the Fund’s taxable year, (i) at least 50% of the market value of the Fund’s assets consists of cash, securities of other regulated investment companies, U.S. government securities, and other securities, with such other securities limited, in respect of any one issuer, to an amount not greater than 5% of the value of the

 

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Fund’s assets and not more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of such issuer and (ii) not more than 25% of the value of the Fund’s assets is invested, including through corporations in which the Fund owns a 20% or larger voting stock interest, (x) in the securities (other than U.S. government securities or securities of other regulated investment companies) of any one issuer, (y) in the securities (other than the securities of other regulated investment companies) of any two or more issuers that the Fund controls and that are treated as engaged in the same, similar, or related trades or businesses, or (z) in the securities of one or more “qualified publicly traded partnerships,” which generally include master limited partnerships.

In general, for purposes of the 90% gross income test described above, income derived from a partnership will be treated as qualifying income only to the extent such income is attributable to items of income of the partnership which would be qualifying income if realized directly by the Fund. However, 100% of the net income derived from an interest in a qualified publicly traded partnership will be treated as qualifying income. In general, qualified publicly traded partnerships will be treated as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes because they meet a passive income requirement under the Code. In addition, although in general the passive loss rules of the Code do not apply to regulated investment companies, such rules do apply to a regulated investment company with respect to items attributable to interests in qualified publicly traded partnerships. The Fund’s investments in partnerships, if any, including in qualified publicly traded partnerships, may result in the Fund being subject to state, local, or foreign income, franchise, or withholding tax liabilities.

For purposes of the diversification test described above, the term “outstanding voting securities of such issuer” will include the equity securities of a qualified publicly traded partnership. Also, for purposes of the diversification test, the identification of the issuer (or, in some cases, issuers) of a particular Fund investment can depend on the terms and conditions of that investment. In some cases, identification of the issuer (or issuers) is uncertain under current law, and an adverse determination or future guidance by IRS with respect to issuer identification for a particular type of investment may adversely affect the Fund’s ability to meet the diversification test.

As a regulated investment company, the Fund will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax on the portion of its taxable investment income and capital gains that it distributes to its shareholders, provided that it satisfies a minimum distribution requirement. To satisfy the minimum distribution requirement, the Fund must distribute to its shareholders at least the sum of (i) 90% of its “investment company taxable income” (i.e., generally, its taxable income other than the excess of its net long-term capital gain over its net short-term capital loss, plus or minus certain other adjustments, and calculated without regard to the deduction for dividends paid), and (ii) 90% of its net tax-exempt income for the taxable year. The Fund will be subject to income tax at regular corporate tax rates on any taxable income or gains that it does not distribute to its shareholders.

If, for any taxable year, the Fund were to fail to qualify as a regulated investment company under the Code or were to fail to meet the distribution requirement, it would be taxed in the same manner as an ordinary corporation, and distributions to its shareholders would not be deductible by the Fund in computing its taxable income. In addition, in the event of a failure to qualify, the Fund’s distributions, including any distributions of net tax-exempt income and net long-term capital gains, would be taxable to shareholders as ordinary dividend income for U.S. federal income tax purposes to the extent of the Fund’s current and accumulated earnings and profits. However, such dividends would be eligible, subject to any generally applicable limitations, (i) to be treated as qualified dividend income in the case of shareholders taxed as individuals and (ii) for the dividends-received deduction in the case of corporate shareholders. Moreover, if the Fund were to fail to qualify as a regulated investment company in any year, it would be required to pay out its earnings and profits accumulated in that year in order to qualify again as a regulated investment company. If the Fund were to fail to meet the income, diversification, or distribution test described above, the Fund could in some cases cure such failure, including by paying Fund-level tax, paying interest, making additional distributions, or disposing of certain assets. In particular, if in the first instance, the Fund does not satisfy the diversification test as of a particular quarter end, it will have up to 30 days after that quarter end to adjust its holdings in order to comply with the test retroactively. Portfolio transactions executed by the Fund in order to comply with the diversification test will increase the Fund’s portfolio turnover and trading costs and may increase the amount of taxes payable by shareholders to the extent any capital gains are realized as a result of such transactions. If the Fund were to fail to qualify as a regulated investment company for a period greater than two taxable years, the Fund would generally be required to recognize any net built-in gains with respect to certain of its assets upon a disposition of such assets within five years of qualifying as a regulated investment company in a subsequent year.

If the Fund were to fail to distribute in a calendar year at least the sum of (i) 98% of its ordinary income for that year and (ii) 98.2% of its capital gain net income (i.e., the excess of all gains from sales or exchanges of capital assets over the losses

 

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from such sales or exchanges) for the one-year period ending October 31 of that year (or November 30 or December 31 of that year if the Fund is permitted to elect and so elects) it would be subject to a 4% nondeductible excise tax. For this purpose, however, any ordinary income or capital gain net income that is retained by the Fund and subject to corporate income tax will be considered to have been distributed by year end. In addition, the minimum amounts that must be distributed in any year to avoid the excise tax will be increased or decreased to reflect any underdistribution or overdistribution, as the case may be, from the previous year. For purposes of the required excise tax distribution, a regulated investment company’s ordinary gains and losses from the sale, exchange or other taxable disposition of property that would otherwise be taken into account after October 31 of a calendar year (or November 30 of that year if the regulated investment company makes the election described above) generally are treated as arising on January 1 of the following calendar year; in the case of a Fund with a December 31 year end that makes the election described above, no such gains or losses will be so treated. The Fund anticipates that it will pay such dividends and will make such distributions as are necessary to avoid the application of this excise tax, but there can be no assurance that it will be able to do so. In determining its net capital gain (i.e., net realized long-term capital gains in excess of net realized short-term capital losses, including any capital loss carryforwards), its taxable income, and its earnings and profits, a regulated investment company generally is permitted to elect to treat part or all of any post-October capital loss (defined as any net capital loss attributable to the portion of the taxable year after October 31, or if there is no such loss, the net long-term capital loss or net short-term capital loss attributable to such portion of the taxable year), or late-year ordinary loss (generally, the sum of its (i) net ordinary loss from the sale, exchange or other taxable disposition of property, attributable to the portion of the taxable year after October 31 and its (ii) other net ordinary loss attributable to the portion of the taxable year after December 31) as if incurred in the succeeding taxable year.

Tax Treatment of the Fund’s Investments

The Fund’s transactions in zero coupon securities, foreign currencies, forward contracts, options, and futures contracts (including options and futures contracts on foreign currencies), if any, will be subject to special provisions of the Code (including provisions relating to “hedging transactions” and “straddles”) that, among other things, may affect the character of gains and losses realized by the Fund (i.e., may affect whether gains or losses are ordinary or capital), accelerate recognition of income to the Fund, and defer Fund losses. These rules could therefore affect the character, amount, and timing of distributions to shareholders. These provisions also (a) will require the Fund to “mark to market” certain types of the positions in its portfolio (i.e., require the Fund to treat all unrealized gains and losses with respect to those positions as though they were realized at the end of each year) and (b) may cause the Fund to recognize income prior to or without receiving cash with which to pay dividends or make distributions in amounts necessary to satisfy the distribution requirements for avoiding income and excise taxes. In order to distribute this income and avoid a tax at the Fund level, the Fund might be required to sell portfolio securities that it might otherwise have continued to hold, potentially resulting in additional taxable gain or loss.

As a result of entering into swap contracts, if any, the Fund may make or receive periodic net payments. The Fund may also make or receive a payment when a swap is terminated prior to maturity through an assignment of the swap or other closing transaction. Periodic net payments will generally constitute ordinary income or deductions, while termination of a swap will generally result in capital gain or loss (which will be a long-term capital gain or loss if the Fund has been a party to the swap for more than one year). With respect to certain types of swaps, the Fund may be required to recognize currently income or loss with respect to future payments on such swaps or may elect under certain circumstances to mark such swaps to market annually for tax purposes as ordinary income or loss.

Any investments by the Fund in so-called “section 1256 contracts,” such as regulated futures contracts, most foreign currency forward contracts traded in the interbank market, and options on most stock indexes, are subject to special tax rules. Any section 1256 contracts held by the Fund at the end of its taxable year (and, for purposes of the 4% excise tax, on certain later dates as prescribed under the Code) are required to be marked to their market value, and any unrealized gain or loss on those positions will be included in the Fund’s income as if each position had been sold for its fair market value at the end of the taxable year. The resulting gain or loss will be combined with any gain or loss realized by the Fund from positions in section 1256 contracts closed during the taxable year. Provided such positions were held as capital assets and were neither part of a “hedging transaction” nor part of a “straddle,” 60% of the resulting net gain or loss will be treated as long-term capital gain or loss, and 40% of such net gain or loss will be treated as short-term capital gain or loss, regardless of the period of time the positions were actually held by the Fund.

 

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In general, option premiums received by the Fund are not immediately included in the income of the Fund. Instead, the premiums are recognized when the option contract expires, the option is exercised by the holder, or the Fund transfers or otherwise terminates the option (e.g., through a closing transaction). If a call option written by the Fund is exercised and the Fund sells or delivers the underlying security, the Fund generally will recognize capital gain or loss equal to (a) sum of the strike price and the option premium received by the Fund minus (b) the Fund’s basis in the security. Such gain or loss generally will be short-term or long-term depending upon the holding period of the underlying security. If securities are purchased by the Fund pursuant to the exercise of a put option written by it, the Fund generally will subtract the premium received for purposes of computing its cost basis in the securities purchased. Gain or loss arising in respect of a termination of the Fund’s obligation under an option other than through the exercise of the option will be short-term gain or loss depending on whether the premium income received by the Fund is greater or less than the amount paid by the Fund (if any) in terminating the transaction. Thus, for example, if an option written by the Fund expires unexercised, the Fund generally will recognize short-term gain equal to the premium received.

In general, gain or loss on a short sale is recognized when the Fund closes the sale by delivering the borrowed property to the lender, not when the borrowed property is sold. Gain or loss from a short sale is generally considered as capital gain or loss to the extent that the property used to close the short sale constitutes a capital asset in the Fund’s hands. Except with respect to certain situations where the property used by the Fund to close a short sale has a long-term holding period on the date of the short sale, special rules generally treat the gains on short sales as short-term capital gains. These rules may also terminate the running of the holding period of “substantially identical property” held by the Fund. Moreover, a loss on a short sale will be treated as a long-term capital loss if, on the date of the short sale, “substantially identical property” has been held by the Fund for more than one year. In general, the Fund will not be permitted to deduct payments made to reimburse the lender of securities for dividends paid on borrowed stock if the short sale is closed on or before the 45th day after the short sale is entered into.

The Fund may purchase debt obligations with original issue discount (“OID”), market discount, or acquisition discount. Some debt obligations with a fixed maturity date of more than one year from the date of issuance (and all zero-coupon debt obligations with a fixed maturity date of more than one year from the date of issuance) will be treated as debt obligations that are issued with OID. Generally, the amount of the OID is treated as interest income and is included in taxable income (and is accordingly required to be distributed by the Fund) over the term of the debt security, even though payment of that amount is not received until a later time, usually when the debt security matures. Periodic adjustments for inflation in the principal value of inflation-indexed bonds also may be treated as OID that is includible in the Fund’s gross income on a current basis.

Some debt obligations with a fixed maturity date of more than one year from the date of issuance in the secondary market may be treated as having “market discount.” Very generally, market discount is the excess of the stated redemption price of a debt obligation (or in the case of an obligation issued with OID, its “revised issue price”) over the purchase price of such obligation. Subject to the discussion below regarding Section 451 of the Code, (i) generally, any gain recognized on the disposition of, and any partial payment of principal on, a debt security having market discount is treated as ordinary income to the extent the gain, or principal payment, does not exceed the “accrued market discount” on such debt security, (ii) alternatively, the Fund may elect to accrue market discount currently, in which case the Fund will be required to include the accrued market discount in the Fund’s income (as ordinary income) and thus distribute it over the term of the debt security, even though payment of that amount is not received until a later time, upon partial of full repayment or disposition of the debt security, and (iii) the rate at which the market discount accrues, and thus is included in the Fund’s income, will depend upon which of the permitted accrual methods the Fund elects.

Some debt obligations with a fixed maturity date of one year or less from the date of issuance that are acquired by the Fund may be treated as having OID or, in certain cases, “acquisition discount” (very generally, the excess of the stated redemption price over the purchase price). The Fund will be required to include the OID or acquisition discount in income (as ordinary income) and thus distribute it over the term of the debt security, even though payment of that amount is not received until a later time, upon partial or full repayment or disposition of the debt security. The rate at which OID or acquisition discount accrues, and thus is included in the Fund’s income, will depend upon which of the permitted accrual methods the Fund elects.

Because the OID, market discount, or acquisition discount earned by the Fund in a taxable year may exceed the total amount of cash interest the Fund receives from the relevant debt obligations, the Fund may have to dispose of one or more of its investments, including at a time when it is not advantageous to do so, and use the proceeds thereof to make distributions in

 

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amounts necessary to satisfy the distribution requirements. The Fund may realize capital gains or losses from such dispositions, which would increase or decrease the Fund’s investment company taxable income and/or net capital gain.

In addition, payment-in-kind securities held by the Fund, if any, will give rise to income which is required to be distributed and is taxable even though the Fund receives no interest payment in cash on the security during the year.

Very generally, where the Fund purchases a bond at a price that exceeds the redemption price at maturity (i.e., a premium), the premium is amortizable over the remaining term of the bond. In the case of a taxable bond, if the Fund makes an election applicable to all such bonds it purchases, which election is irrevocable without consent of the IRS, the Fund reduces the current taxable income from the bond by the amortized premium and reduces its tax basis in the bond by the amount of such offset; upon the disposition or maturity of such bonds acquired on or after January 4, 2013, the Fund is permitted to deduct any remaining premium allocable to a prior period. In the case of a tax-exempt bond, tax rules require the Fund to reduce its tax basis by the amount of amortized premium.

The Fund may invest in debt obligations that are in the lowest rating categories or are unrated, including debt obligations of issuers not currently paying interest or that are in default. Investments in debt obligations that are at risk of or in default present special tax issues for the Fund. Tax rules are not entirely clear about issues such as when the Fund may cease to accrue interest, OID or market discount, when and to what extent deductions may be taken for bad debts or worthless securities, and how payments received on obligations in default should be allocated between principal and income. These and other related issues will be addressed by the Fund when, as, and if it invests in such securities, in order to seek to ensure that it distributes sufficient income to preserve its eligibility for treatment as a regulated investment company and does not become subject to U.S. federal income or excise tax.

A portion of the interest paid or accrued on high yield obligations may not (and interest paid on debt obligations, if any, that are considered for tax purposes to be payable in the equity of the issuer or a related party will not) be deductible to the issuer. If a portion of the interest paid or accrued on certain high yield discount obligations is not deductible by the issuer, that portion will be treated as a dividend for purposes of the corporate dividends-received deduction. In such cases, if the issuer of the high yield discount obligations is a domestic corporation, dividend payments by the Fund may be eligible for the dividends-received deduction to the extent of the deemed dividend portion of such accrued interest.

The Fund may be required to treat amounts as taxable income or gain, subject to the distribution requirements referred to above, even though no corresponding amounts of cash are received concurrently, as a result of (1) mark-to-market rules, constructive sale rules or rules applicable to PFICs (as defined below), to partnerships or trusts in which the Fund invests or to certain options, futures, or forward contracts, or “appreciated financial positions,” (2) the inability to obtain cash distributions or other amounts due to currency controls or restrictions on repatriation imposed by a foreign country with respect to the Fund’s investments (including through depositary receipts) in issuers in such country, or (3) tax rules applicable to debt obligations acquired with OID, including zero-coupon or deferred payment bonds and pay-in-kind debt obligations, or to market discount if the Fund elects or is otherwise required to accrue such market discount currently. In order to distribute this income and avoid a tax on the Fund, the Fund might be required to liquidate portfolio securities that it might otherwise have continued to hold, potentially resulting in additional taxable gain or loss. The Fund might also meet the distribution requirements by borrowing the necessary cash, thereby incurring interest expenses.

Foreign Investments

Dividends, interest or other income (including, in some cases, capital gains) received by the Fund from investments in foreign securities may be subject to withholding and other taxes imposed by foreign countries. Even if the Fund is entitled to seek a refund in respect of such taxes, it may choose not to. Tax conventions between certain countries and the United States may reduce or eliminate such taxes in some cases. If more than 50% of the value of the Fund’s assets at the close of any taxable year consists of stock or securities of foreign corporations, which for this purpose may include obligations of foreign governmental issuers, the Fund may elect, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, to treat foreign income or withholding taxes paid by the Fund, if any, as paid by its shareholders. For any year that the Fund is eligible for and makes such an election, each shareholder of the Fund will be required to include in income an amount equal to his or her allocable share of qualified foreign income taxes paid by the Fund, and shareholders will be entitled, subject to certain holding period requirements and other limitations, to credit their portions of these amounts against their United States federal income tax due, if any, or to deduct their portions from their United States taxable income, if any. No deductions for foreign taxes paid by the Fund may be claimed, however, by non-corporate

 

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shareholders who do not itemize deductions and no deductions for foreign taxes will be permitted to individuals in computing their alternative minimum tax liability. Even if the Fund qualifies to make this election, it may choose not to do so; in that case, foreign taxes that the Fund pays will nonetheless reduce the Fund’s taxable income. Foreign taxes paid by the Fund may reduce the return from the Fund’s investments.

Under certain circumstances, if the Fund receives a refund of foreign taxes paid in respect of a prior year, the value of Fund shares could be affected or any foreign tax credits or deductions passed through to shareholders in respect of the Fund’s foreign taxes for the current year could be reduced.

Under Section 988 of the Code, gains or losses attributable to fluctuations in exchange rates between the time the Fund accrues income or receivables or expenses or other liabilities denominated in a foreign currency and the time the Fund actually collects such income or pays such liabilities are generally treated as ordinary income or ordinary loss. Similarly, gains or losses on foreign currency, foreign currency forward contracts, certain foreign currency options or futures contracts and the disposition of debt securities denominated in foreign currency, to the extent attributable to fluctuations in exchange rates between the acquisition and disposition dates, are also treated as ordinary income or loss unless the Fund were to elect otherwise.

Passive Foreign Investment Companies. If the Fund purchases equity interests (including certain interests treated as equity interests) in foreign entities treated as “passive foreign investment companies” (“PFICs”) for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and does not timely make certain elections, it may be subject to U.S. federal income tax on a portion of any “excess distribution” or gain from the disposition of such shares even if such income is distributed as a taxable dividend by the Fund to its shareholders. Additional charges in the nature of interest may be imposed on the Fund in respect of deferred taxes arising from such distributions or gains.

In general, a PFIC is any foreign corporation in which (i) 75% or more of the gross income for the taxable year is passive income, or (ii) the average percentage of the assets (generally by value, but by adjusted tax basis in certain cases) that produce, or are held for the production of, passive income is at least 50%. Generally, passive income for this purpose means dividends, interest (including income equivalent to interest), royalties, rents, annuities, the excess of gains over losses from certain property transactions and commodities transactions, income from certain notional principal contracts, and foreign currency gains. Passive income for this purpose does not include certain types of passive income excepted by the Code and other guidance.

If the Fund were to invest in a PFIC and timely elect to treat the PFIC as a “qualified electing fund” under the Code for the first year of its holding period in the PFIC stock, in lieu of the foregoing requirements, the Fund would generally be required to include in income each year a portion of the ordinary earnings and net capital gains of the qualified electing fund, even if not distributed to the Fund, and such amounts would be subject to the 90% and excise tax distribution requirements described above. In order to distribute this income and avoid a tax at the Fund level, the Fund might be required to liquidate portfolio securities that it might otherwise have continued to hold, potentially resulting in additional taxable gain or loss. In order to make the “qualified electing fund” election, the Fund would be required to obtain certain annual information from the PFICs in which it invests, which may be difficult or impossible to obtain. Dividends paid by PFICs will not be eligible to be treated as “qualified dividend income.” Under proposed Treasury regulations, certain income derived by the Fund for a taxable year from a PFIC with respect to which the Fund has made a qualified electing fund election would generally constitute qualifying income only to the extent the PFIC makes distributions in respect of that income to the Fund.

If the Fund were to invest in a PFIC and make a mark-to-market election, the Fund would be treated as if it had sold and repurchased its stock in that PFIC at the end of each year. In such case, the Fund would report any such gains as ordinary income and would deduct any such losses as ordinary losses to the extent of previously recognized gains. Such an election must be made separately for each PFIC owned by the Fund and, once made, would be effective for all subsequent taxable years of the Fund, unless revoked with the consent of the IRS. By making the election, the Fund could potentially ameliorate the adverse tax consequences with respect to its ownership of shares in a PFIC, but in any particular year might be required to recognize income in excess of the distributions it receives from PFICs and its proceeds from dispositions of PFIC stock. The Fund might have to distribute such excess income and gain to satisfy the 90% distribution requirement and to avoid imposition of the 4% excise tax. In order to distribute this income and avoid a tax at the Fund level, the Fund might be required to liquidate portfolio securities that it might otherwise have continued to hold, potentially resulting in additional taxable gain or loss.

 

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Capital Loss Carryforwards—Not Subject to Expiration

As of July 31, 2018, as set forth below, the Fund had capital losses that are not subject to expiration and may be carried forward to offset future taxable capital gains. These capital losses have been deferred as either short-term or long-term losses and will be deemed to occur on the first day of the next taxable year in the same character as they were originally deferred. These capital losses that are not subject to expiration must be utilized by the Fund before any of the Fund’s capital loss carryforwards that are subject to expiration may be utilized.

 

Amount of Capital Loss Carryforward ($)
7,701

Taxation of U.S. Shareholders

Dividends and Distributions. Dividends and other distributions by the Fund are generally treated under the Code as received by the shareholders at the time the dividend or distribution is made. However, if any dividend or distribution is declared by the Fund in October, November, or December of any calendar year and payable to shareholders of record on a specified date in such a month but is actually paid during the following January, such dividend or distribution will be deemed to have been received by each shareholder on December 31 of the year in which the dividend was declared.

The Fund intends to distribute annually to its shareholders substantially all of its investment company taxable income (determined without regard to the dividends-received deduction), and any net capital gain. However, if the Fund retains for investment an amount equal to all or a portion of its net capital gain, it will be subject to a corporate tax on the amount retained. In that event, the Fund may designate such retained amounts as undistributed capital gains in a notice to its shareholders who (a) will be required to include in income for U.S. federal income tax purposes, as long-term capital gains, their proportionate shares of the undistributed amount, (b) will be entitled to credit their proportionate shares of the income tax paid by the Fund on the undistributed amount against their U.S. federal income tax liabilities, if any, and to claim refunds to the extent their credits exceed their liabilities, if any, and (c) will be entitled to increase their tax basis, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, in their shares by an amount equal to their share of the excess of the amount of undistributed net capital gain included in their income over the income paid by the Fund on the undistributed amount. Organizations or persons not subject to U.S. federal income tax on such capital gains will be entitled to a refund of their pro rata share of such taxes paid by the Fund upon timely filing appropriate returns or claims for refund with the IRS.

Distributions of net investment income and of net realized short-term capital gains, whether paid in cash or in shares, are taxable to a U.S. shareholder as ordinary income or, if certain conditions are met, as “qualified dividend income,” taxable to individual and certain other non-corporate shareholders at the rates applicable to long-term capital gain. Distributions of net capital gain, if any, that the Fund reports as capital gain dividends are taxable as long-term capital gains, whether paid in cash or in shares, and regardless of how long a shareholder has held shares of the Fund.

In general, dividends may be reported by the Fund as qualified dividend income if they are attributable to qualified dividend income received by the Fund. Qualified dividend income generally means dividend income received from the Fund’s investments in common and preferred stock of U.S. corporations and stock of certain qualified foreign corporations, provided that certain holding period and other requirements are met by both the Fund and the shareholders. If 95% or more of the Fund’s gross income (calculated without taking into account net capital gain derived from sales or other dispositions of stock or securities) consists of qualified dividend income, the Fund may report all distributions of such income as qualified dividend income.

A foreign corporation is treated as a qualified foreign corporation for this purpose if it is incorporated in a possession of the United States or it is eligible for the benefits of certain income tax treaties with the United States and meets certain additional requirements. Certain foreign corporations that are not otherwise qualified foreign corporations will be treated as qualified foreign corporations with respect to dividends paid by them if the stock with respect to which the dividends are paid is readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States. PFICs are not qualified foreign corporations for this purpose. Dividends received by the Fund from REITs generally are not expected to qualify for treatment as qualified dividend income.

A dividend that is attributable to qualified dividend income of the Fund that is paid by the Fund to a shareholder will not be taxable as qualified dividend income to such shareholder (1) if the dividend is received with respect to any share of the Fund

 

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held for fewer than 61 days during the 121-day period beginning on the date which is 60 days before the date on which such share became ex-dividend with respect to such dividend, (2) to the extent that the shareholder is under an obligation (whether pursuant to a short sale or otherwise) to make related payments with respect to positions in substantially similar or related property, or (3) if the shareholder elects to have the dividend treated as investment income for purposes of the limitation on deductibility of investment interest. The “ex-dividend” date is the date on which the owner of the share at the commencement of such date is entitled to receive the next issued dividend payment for such share even if the share is sold by the owner on that date or thereafter.

Certain dividends received by the Fund from U.S. corporations (generally, dividends received by the Fund in respect of any share of stock (1) with a tax holding period of at least 46 days during the 91-day period beginning on the date that is 45 days before the date on which the stock becomes ex-dividend as to that dividend and (2) that is held in an unleveraged position) and distributed and appropriately so reported by the Fund may be eligible for the dividends-received deduction generally available to corporations under the Code. Certain preferred stock must have a holding period of at least 91 days during the 181-day period beginning on the date that is 90 days before the date on which the stock becomes ex-dividend as to that dividend in order to be eligible. Capital gain dividends distributed to the Fund from other regulated investment companies are not eligible for the dividends-received deduction. In order to qualify for the deduction, corporate shareholders must meet the minimum holding period requirement stated above with respect to their Fund shares, taking into account any holding period reductions from certain hedging or other transactions or positions that diminish their risk of loss with respect to their Fund shares, and, if they borrow to acquire or otherwise incur debt attributable to Fund shares, they may be denied a portion of the dividends-received deduction with respect to those shares. Any corporate shareholder should consult its tax adviser regarding the possibility that its tax basis in its shares may be reduced, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, by reason of “extraordinary dividends” received with respect to the shares and, to the extent such basis would be reduced below zero, current recognition of income may be required.

Non-corporate taxpayers are generally eligible for a deduction of up to 20% of the taxpayer’s “qualified REIT dividends.” The Fund will not be able to claim such a deduction in respect of any REIT dividends it receives, and, pending any future regulatory guidance to the contrary, shareholders will ostensibly not be able to claim such a deduction in respect of Fund dividends attributable to any REIT dividends the Fund receives.

Dividends and distributions from the Fund will generally be taken into account in determining a shareholder’s “net investment income” for purposes of the Medicare contribution tax applicable to certain individuals, estates and trusts.

Certain tax-exempt educational institutions will be subject to a 1.4% tax on net investment income. For these purposes, certain dividends and capital gain distributions, and certain gains from the disposition of Fund shares (among other categories of income), are generally taken into account in computing a shareholder’s net investment income.

Distributions in excess of the Fund’s current and accumulated earnings and profits will, as to each shareholder, be treated as a tax-free return of capital to the extent of the shareholder’s basis in his or her shares of the Fund, and as a capital gain thereafter (if the shareholder holds his or her shares of the Fund as capital assets). One or more of the Fund’s distributions during the year may include such a return of capital distribution. Each shareholder who receives distributions in the form of additional shares will be treated for U.S. federal income tax purposes as if receiving a distribution in an amount equal to the amount of money that the shareholder would have received if he or she had instead elected to receive cash distributions. The shareholder’s aggregate tax basis in shares of the Fund will be increased by such amount.

Investors considering buying shares just prior to a dividend or capital gain distribution should be aware that, although the price of shares purchased at that time may reflect the amount of the forthcoming distribution, such dividend or distribution may nevertheless be taxable to them.

If Fund shares are held through a qualified retirement plan entitled to tax-advantaged treatment for federal income tax purposes, distributions will generally not be taxable currently. Special tax rules apply to such retirement plans. You should consult your tax adviser regarding the tax treatment of distributions (which may include amounts attributable to Fund distributions) which may be taxable when distributed from the retirement plan.

Sale, Exchange or Redemption of Shares. Upon the sale or exchange of his or her shares, a shareholder will generally recognize a taxable gain or loss equal to the difference between the amount realized and his or her basis in the shares. A redemption of shares by the Fund will be treated as a sale for this purpose. Such gain or loss will be treated as capital gain or loss if the shares are capital assets in the shareholder’s hands, and will be long-term capital gain or loss if the shareholder held

 

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such shares for more than one year and short-term capital gain or loss if the shareholder held such shares for one year or less. Any loss realized on a sale or exchange will be disallowed to the extent the shares disposed of are replaced, including by reinvesting dividends or capital gains distributions in the Fund, within a 61-day period beginning 30 days before and ending 30 days after the disposition of the shares. In such a case, the basis of the shares acquired will be increased to reflect the disallowed loss. Any loss realized by a shareholder on the sale of Fund shares held by the shareholder for six months or less will be treated for U.S. federal income tax purposes as a long-term capital loss to the extent of any distributions or deemed distributions of long-term capital gains received by the shareholder (including amounts credited to the shareholder as undistributed capital gains) with respect to such shares during that six-month period.

If a shareholder incurs a sales charge in acquiring shares of the Fund, disposes of those shares within 90 days and then by January 31 of the calendar year following the year of disposition acquires shares in a mutual fund for which the otherwise applicable sales charge is reduced by reason of a reinvestment right (e.g., an exchange privilege), the original sales charge will not be taken into account in computing gain or loss on the original shares to the extent the subsequent sales charge is reduced. Instead, the disregarded portion of the original sales charge will be added to the tax basis of the newly acquired shares. Furthermore, the same rule also applies to a disposition of the newly acquired shares made within 90 days of the second acquisition. This provision prevents a shareholder from immediately deducting the sales charge by shifting his or her investment within a family of mutual funds.

Basis Reporting. The Fund, the Managed Account Adviser or Program Sponsor, or, in the case of a shareholder holding shares through a Service Agent, the Service Agent, will report to the IRS the amount of proceeds that a shareholder receives from a redemption or exchange of Fund shares. The Fund will also report the shareholder’s basis in those shares and the character of any gain or loss that the shareholder realizes on the redemption or exchange (i.e., short-term or long-term), and certain related tax information. If a shareholder has a different basis for different shares of the Fund in the same account (e.g., if a shareholder purchased Fund shares held in the same account when the shares were at different prices), the Fund will by default report the basis of the shares redeemed or exchanged using the average basis method, under which the basis per share is the average of the bases of all the shareholder’s Fund shares in the account.

A shareholder may instruct the Fund to use a method other than average basis for an account. If redemptions, including in connection with payment of an account fee, or exchanges have occurred in an account to which the average basis method applied, the basis of the Fund shares remaining in the account will continue to reflect the average basis notwithstanding the shareholder’s subsequent election of a different method. For further assistance, shareholders who hold their shares directly with the Fund may call the Fund at 1-877-721-1926 Monday through Friday between 8:00 a.m. and 5:30 p.m. (Eastern time). Shareholders who hold shares through a Service Agent should contact the Service Agent for further assistance or for information regarding the Service Agent’s default method for calculating basis and procedures for electing to use an alternative method. Shareholders should consult their tax advisers concerning the tax consequences of applying the average basis method or electing another method of basis calculation and should consider electing such other method prior to making redemptions or exchanges in their accounts.

Backup Withholding. The Fund may be required in certain circumstances to apply backup withholding on dividends distributions and redemption proceeds payable to non-corporate shareholders who fail to provide the Fund with their correct taxpayer identification numbers or to make required certifications, or who have been notified by the IRS that they are subject to backup withholding. Certain shareholders are exempt from backup withholding. Backup withholding is not an additional tax and any amount withheld may be credited against a shareholder’s U.S. federal income tax liability.

Notices. Shareholders will receive, if appropriate, various written notices after the close of the Fund’s taxable year regarding the U.S. federal income tax status of certain dividends, distributions and redemption proceeds that were paid (or that are treated as having been paid) by the Fund to its shareholders during the preceding taxable year. In certain cases, the Fund may be required to amend the tax information reported to you with respect to a particular year. In this event, you may be required to file amended U.S. federal income or other tax returns with respect to such amended information and, if applicable, to pay additional taxes (including potentially interest and penalties) or to seek a tax refund and may incur other related costs.

Other Taxes

Dividends, distributions and redemption proceeds may also be subject to additional state, local and foreign taxes depending on each shareholder’s particular situation. Generally, shareholders will have to pay state or local taxes on Fund

 

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dividends and other distributions, although distributions derived from interest on U.S. government obligations (but not distributions of gain from the sale of such obligations) may be exempt from certain state and local taxes.

Taxation of Non-U.S. Shareholders

Ordinary dividends and certain other payments made by the Fund to non-U.S. shareholders are generally subject to federal withholding tax at a 30% rate (or such lower rate as may be determined in accordance with any applicable treaty). In order to obtain a reduced rate of withholding, a non-U.S. shareholder will be required to provide an IRS Form W-8BEN or similar form certifying its entitlement to benefits under a treaty. The withholding tax does not apply to regular dividends paid to a non-U.S. shareholder who provides an IRS Form W-8ECI, certifying that the dividends are effectively connected with the non-U.S. shareholder’s conduct of a trade or business within the United States. Instead, the effectively connected dividends will be subject to regular U.S. federal income tax as if the non-U.S. shareholder were a U.S. shareholder. A non-U.S. corporation receiving effectively connected dividends may also be subject to additional “branch profits tax” imposed at a rate of 30% (or a lower treaty rate). A non-U.S. shareholder who fails to provide an IRS Form W-8BEN or other applicable form may be subject to backup withholding at the appropriate rate. Backup withholding will not be applied to payments that have already been subject to the 30% withholding tax.

The 30% withholding tax generally will not apply to distributions of the excess of net long-term capital gains over net short-term capital losses or to redemption proceeds. The 30% withholding tax also will not apply to dividends that the Fund reports as (a) interest-related dividends, to the extent such dividends are derived from the Fund’s “qualified net interest income,” or (b) short-term capital gain dividends, to the extent such dividends are derived from the Fund’s “qualified short-term gain.” “Qualified net interest income” is the Fund’s net income derived from U.S.-source interest and OID, subject to certain exceptions and limitations. “Qualified short-term gain” generally means the excess of the net short-term capital gain of the Fund for the taxable year over its net long-term capital loss, if any. In the case of shares held through an intermediary, the intermediary may withhold even if the Fund reports a payment as an interest-related dividend or a short-term capital gain dividend. Non-U.S. shareholders should contact their intermediaries with respect to the application of these rules to their accounts.

A non-U.S. shareholder is not, in general, subject to U.S. federal income tax on gains (and is not allowed a deduction for losses) realized on the sale of shares of the Fund unless (i) such gain is effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business carried on by the non-U.S. shareholder within the United States, (ii) in the case of a non-U.S. shareholder that is an individual, the holder is present in the United States for a period or periods aggregating 183 days or more during the year of the sale and certain other conditions are met or (iii) the special rules relating to gain attributable to the sale or exchange of “United States real property interests” (as defined below, “USRPIs”) apply to the non-U.S. shareholder’s sale of shares of the Fund.

Special rules would apply if the Fund were a qualified investment entity (“QIE”) because it is either a “United States real property holding corporation” (“USRPHC”) or would be a USRPHC but for the operation of certain exceptions to the definition of USRPIs described below. Very generally, a USRPHC is a domestic corporation that holds USRPIs the fair market value of which equals or exceeds 50% of the sum of the fair market values of the corporation’s USRPIs, interests in real property located outside the United States, and other trade or business assets. USRPIs are generally defined as any interest in U.S. real property and any interest (other than solely as a creditor) in a USRPHC or, very generally, an entity that has been a USRPHC in the last five years. A regulated investment company that holds, directly or indirectly, significant interests in REITs may be a USRPHC. Interests in domestically controlled QIEs, including REITs and regulated investment companies that are QIEs, not-greater-than-10% interests in publicly traded classes of stock in REITs and not-greater-than-5% interests in publicly traded classes of stock in regulated investment companies generally are not USRPIs, but these exceptions do not apply for purposes of determining whether the Fund is a QIE. If an interest in the Fund were a USRPI, the Fund would be required to withhold U.S. tax on the proceeds of a share redemption by a greater-than-5% non-U.S. shareholder, in which case such non-U.S. shareholder generally would also be required to file U.S. federal income tax returns and pay any additional taxes due in connection with the redemption.

If the Fund were a QIE, under a special “look through” rule, any distributions by the Fund to a non-U.S. shareholder (including, in certain cases, distributions made by the Fund in redemption of its shares) attributable directly or indirectly to (i) distributions received by the Fund from a lower-tier regulated investment company or REIT that the Fund is required to treat as USRPI gain in its hands and (ii) gains realized on the disposition of USRPIs by the Fund would retain their character as gains realized from USRPIs in the hands of the Fund’s non-U.S. shareholders and would be subject to U.S. tax withholding. In addition, such distributions could result in the non-U.S. shareholder being required to file a U.S. federal income tax return and pay tax on the distributions at regular U.S. federal income tax rates. The consequences to a non-U.S. shareholder, including the rate of such

 

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withholding and character of such distributions (e.g., as ordinary income or USRPI gain), would vary depending upon the extent of the non-U.S. shareholder’s current and past ownership of the Fund.

Under legislation commonly known as “FATCA,” the Fund is required to withhold 30% of certain ordinary dividends it pays, and, after December 31, 2018, 30% of the gross proceeds of share redemptions and certain capital gain dividends it pays, to shareholders that fail to meet prescribed information reporting or certification requirements. In general, no such withholding will be required with respect to a U.S. person or non-U.S. individual that timely provides the certifications required by the Fund or its agent on a valid IRS Form W-9 or applicable IRS Form W-8, respectively. Shareholders potentially subject to withholding include foreign financial institutions (“FFIs”), such as non-U.S. investment funds, and non-financial foreign entities (“NFFEs”). To avoid withholding under FATCA, an FFI generally must enter into an information sharing agreement with the IRS in which it agrees to report certain identifying information (including name, address, and taxpayer identification number) with respect to its U.S. account holders (which, in the case of an entity shareholder, may include its direct and indirect U.S. owners), and an NFFE generally must identify and provide other required information to the Fund or other withholding agent regarding its U.S. owners, if any. Such non-U.S. shareholders also may fall into certain exempt, excepted or deemed compliant categories as established by regulations and other guidance. A non-U.S. shareholder in a country that has entered into an intergovernmental agreement with the U.S. to implement FATCA will be exempt from FATCA withholding provided that the shareholder and the applicable foreign government comply with the terms of such agreement.

A non-U.S. entity that invests in the Fund will need to provide the Fund with documentation properly certifying the entity’s status under FATCA in order to avoid FATCA withholding.

Non-U.S. investors should consult their own tax advisers regarding the impact of these requirements on their investment in the Fund.

CODES OF ETHICS

Pursuant to Rule 17j-1 under the 1940 Act, the Fund, the Manager, the Subadviser and the Distributor each has adopted a code of ethics that permits its personnel to invest in securities for their own accounts, including securities that may be purchased or held by the Fund. All personal securities transactions by employees must adhere to the requirements of the codes of ethics. Copies of the codes of ethics applicable to personnel of the Fund, the Manager, the Subadviser, the Distributor and the Independent Trustees are on file with the SEC.

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The Fund’s Annual Report to shareholders for the fiscal period ended July 31, 2018, contains the Fund’s audited financial statements, accompanying notes and the report of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, all of which are incorporated by reference into this SAI. These audited financial statements are available free of charge upon request by calling the Fund at 1-877-721-1926.

 

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Appendix A

Proxy Voting Policies

MARTIN CURRIE

PROXY VOTING POLICY

Introduction

This policy applies to clients who have delegated responsibility for voting on their holdings to Martin Currie and sets out how we approach voting proxies for our clients.

We recognise that we have a duty to act in the best interests of our clients. To that end, our Proxy Voting Policy is designed to enhance shareholders’ long-term economic interests. All our voting decisions are made in-house and are undertaken in accordance with our Global Corporate Governance Principles and in line with our clients’ best interests. Proxy voting is integral to stewardship and as such we will routinely inform management of our investee companies when we are voting against them on material matters and provide our rationale.

Our policy is updated at least annually, taking into account emerging issues and trends, the evolution of market standards, and regulatory changes. The policy considers market-specific recommended best practices, transparency, and disclosure when addressing issues such as board structure, director accountability, corporate governance standards, executive compensation, shareholder rights, corporate transactions, and social/environmental issues.

The framework for making these decisions is set out in our Global Corporate Governance Principles. The fundamental tenet of these principles is to protect and enhance the economic interests of our clients. We believe that good governance of the companies in which we invest is an essential part of creating shareholder value and delivering investment performance for our clients. We also believe that Sustainability or Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) factors create risks and opportunities for companies and that these should be managed appropriately. These principles are focused around corporate governance and the role of board directors in promoting corporate success, thereby creating sustainable value for shareholders while having regard to other stakeholders.

We have adopted the International Corporate Governance Network (ICGN) Global Governance Principles, which set out a primary standard for well-governed companies with the intention of being widely applicable, irrespective of national legislative frameworks or listing rules. We also reference the Principles of Corporate Governance developed by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) which are intended to help policymakers evaluate and improve the international frameworks for corporate governance. Differences in national market regulation mean that a single set of detailed guidelines is unlikely to be appropriate for all the markets in which we invest. Where overseas corporate governance codes are consistent with our overall principles we will adopt these. At a minimum we would expect companies to comply with the accepted corporate governance standard in their domestic market or to explain why doing so is not in the interest of shareholders.

This document should also be read alongside our Global Corporate Governance Principles and our stewardship statement which articulates how we discharge our stewardship duties for our clients.

This policy has been drafted in accordance with the Financial Reporting Council’s Stewardship Code, which Martin Currie endorses. It is also intended to comply with Rule 206(4)-6 under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940. This policy sets forth the procedures of Martin Currie Investment Management Limited and Martin Currie Inc, (together ‘Martin Currie’) for voting proxies for clients, including investment companies registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, except where such clients require different standards to the voting of proxies to be applied on their behalf.

We believe the ICGN principles provide a strong and concise framework for determining the minimum corporate governance standards we should expect from the companies in which we invest. We also provide more detail on these in our Martin Currie Global Corporate Governance Principles.

We recognise that the circumstances under which companies operate vary considerably and as such we take into account the specific circumstances of each company when assessing how to approach corporate governance.

 

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SCOPE AND PRINCIPLES

This policy covers:

 

The guiding principles on which we base our proxy voting decisions

 

 

How we carry out proxy voting and exercise voting rights in the best interests of our clients

 

 

How we report to our clients

The guiding principles for how we vote for our clients are the Martin Currie Global Corporate Governance Principles. These high level principles are set out below:

Principle 1: Board role and responsibilities

The board should act on an informed basis and in the best long-term interests of the company with good faith, care and diligence, for the benefit of shareholders, while having regard to relevant stakeholders, including creditors.

Principle 2: Leadership and independence

Board leadership calls for clarity and balance in board and executive roles and an integrity of process to protect the interests of minority investors and promote success of the company as a whole.

Principle 3: Composition and appointment

There should be a sufficient mix of directors with relevant knowledge, independence, competence, industry experience and diversity of perspectives to generate effective challenge, discussion and objective decision-making.

Principle 4: Corporate culture

The board should adopt high standards of business ethics, ensuring that its vision, mission and objectives are sound and demonstrative of its values. Codes of ethical conduct should be effectively communicated and integrated into the company’s strategy and operations, including risk management systems and remuneration structures.

Principle 5: Risk oversight

The board should proactively oversee, review and approve the approach to risk management regularly or with any significant business change and satisfy itself that the approach is functioning effectively.

Principle 6: Remuneration

Remuneration should be designed to effectively align the interests of the CEO and executive officers with those of the company and its shareholders to help ensure long-term performance and sustainable value creation. The board should also ensure that aggregate remuneration is appropriately balanced with the needs to pay dividends to shareholders and retain capital for future investment.

Principle 7: Reporting and audit

Boards should oversee timely and high quality company disclosures for investors and other stakeholders relating to financial statements, strategic and operational performance, corporate governance and material environmental and social factors. A robust audit practice is critical for necessary quality standards.

Principle 8: Shareholder rights

Rights of all shareholders should be equal and must be protected. Fundamental to this protection is ensuring that shareholder voting rights are directly linked to the shareholder’s economic stake, and that minority shareholders have voting rights on key decisions or transactions which affect their interest in the company.

Voting Guidelines

Differences in national market regulation and corporate governance codes mean that a single set of detailed guidelines is unlikely to be appropriate for all the markets in which we invest. We summarise below the areas that we will most commonly focus on when forming a view on how to cast the proxies for our clients.

 

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Director elections

In deciding how to vote on director elections we will consider, amongst other things:

 

   

The composition of the board including whether the CEO/ Chairman positions are held by one individual

 

   

Whether the proportion of independent directors on the board is appropriate - The board of a widely-held company should comprise a majority of independent non-executive directors. Controlled companies should have a majority of independent non-executive directors, and at least three (or one-third) independent directors, on the board.

 

   

Director attendance at board / committee meetings – where it is less then 75% we would expect this to be explained

 

   

The number and nature of board appointments an individual holds – the tolerance will be lower where one of these is a CEO position

 

   

Unnecessary bundling of director elections

 

   

The composition of any committees and the appropriateness of their membership – for example whether the audit committee has recent and relevant financial experience

 

   

The quality, transparency and timing of reporting

 

   

Any egregious actions – e.g. material failures of governance, stewardship, risk oversight or fiduciary responsibilities

Remuneration

Where remuneration is put to a shareholder vote we will consider the extent to which it is aligned with our overall principles on remuneration, namely:

 

   

Remuneration should be aligned to long-term success and the desired corporate culture of the organisation.

 

   

Remuneration schemes for both executives and non-executives should ensure that rewards reflect long-term returns to shareholders.

 

   

Disclosure associated with remuneration polices should be timely, clear and understandable for both investors and executives.

 

   

Remuneration levels should not be higher than is necessary to attract and retain the individuals required to achieve the business strategy.

 

   

Executive management and non-executive directors should make a material long-term investment in shares of the businesses they manage or oversee and safeguards put in place to ensure alignment of interest with shareholders.

 

   

The remuneration committee should, ideally, comprise entirely independent non-executive directors or supervisory board members.

 

   

The remuneration committee should use the discretion provided to it by shareholders to ensure that awards properly reflect business performance.

 

   

Non-Executive Director remuneration should consist solely of a cash retainer and equity-based remuneration subject to adequate safeguards being in place.

Capital Structure

Companies will commonly make requests to shareholders to approve changes to the capital structure of the business including share issuance, share repurchases, and takeover defence schemes. When considering these requests we will take the circumstances of each company into account and, amongst other things, the following:

 

   

The voting structure and in particular where this varies from one-share-one vote. We will normally vote against requests for the creation or continuation of dual-class capital structures, increased authorisation of classes of shares with superior voting rights or the creation of new or additional super voting shares

 

   

The potential for dilution – in markets where pre-emption rights apply to share issuance in general any routine authority to disapply pre-emption rights should not exceed 10 percent of ordinary share capital in any one year.

 

   

Where there is a general authority to issue equity consideration will be given to other shareholder rights – for example the ability of shareholders to vote on significant transactions

 

   

Share buy-backs – where a request is made to authorise a share buy-back the time period this should be renewed annually and limited to no more than 15% of shares outstanding. Companies should have a clear policy on how they

 

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approach share buy-backs and should disclose in their next Annual Report the justification for any own share purchases made in the previous year.

 

   

Take-over defence schemes – these will be reviewed on a case-by-case basis but are discouraged

Shareholder proposals

Shareholder proposals can cover a wide range of topics and as such we will review each on its own merits. These will frequently focus on environmental and social issues as well as governance issues.

We expect companies to manage effectively environmental, social and ethical factors that are relevant to their business, with a view to enhancing long-term sustainability and that companies should clearly define board and senior management responsibilities for environmental, social and ethical issues.

We vote on shareholder proposals on a pragmatic basis taking into account the context of the company concerned and any actions the company is already taking to address the concerns raised.

We also expect boards to address issues raised where there is significant support for a shareholder proposal.

Proxy advisor

ISS is our proxy voting advisor, and provides voting recommendations for Martin Currie in accordance with their own policy which is closely aligned with our internal policy. As appropriate, ISS engages with public issuers, shareholders, activists, and other stakeholders to seek additional information and to gain insight and context in order to provide informed vote recommendations. Martin Currie’s starting point is to act in the best interests of our clients. Our voting decisions are informed by both our own internal work and that of our proxy advisor. We assess voting matters on a case-by-case basis, taking into account a company’s circumstances but are guided by our over-arching principles on good corporate governance. The assessment is carried out by the member of the investment team with responsibility for the stock in conjunction with the Head of Stewardship and ESG. We recognise that regulatory frameworks vary across markets and that corporate governance practices vary internationally. Where the recommendations of our proxy advisor, both for and against proposals, are supported by our guidelines and our internal research we will generally vote in accordance with these recommendations.

Conflicts of Interest

Martin Currie recognises that there is a potential conflict of interest when we vote for a proxy solicited by a company with which we, or our portfolio managers, have a material business or personal relationship. In this context, the member of the investment team has a duty to disclose any potential, actual or apparent material conflict of interest relating to a proxy vote. Generally, a conflict is unlikely to arise if the vote is in accordance with our guidelines and that of our proxy advisor. However, if a member of the investment team wishes to vote contrary to the guidelines in relation to a company with which we have any material business or personal relationship, the matter must be referred to the Investment Executive for independent consideration. We would consider a potential conflict of interest to exist where Martin Currie or relevant staff has a material personal or business relationship with the proponent, issuer or other relevant participants in the proxy proposal.

In the event that a portfolio manager is materially conflicted they are obliged to disclose the conflict of interest and provide their justification for voting contrary to the guidelines to the Investment Executive for independent consideration. The Investment Executive is required to provide approval before the vote can be carried out. If the Investment Executive is unable to approve the vote one of the following courses of action will be taken:

 

   

vote such proxy according to the specific recommendation of our proxy advisor

 

   

abstain

 

   

request that the Client votes such proxy

In the event that Martin Currie is materially conflicted, the firm will

 

   

vote such proxy according to the specific recommendation of our proxy advisor

 

   

abstain

 

   

request that the client votes such proxy

 

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The compliance team will also be informed of all instances where a conflict of interest arises in order for them to carry out an oversight role.

The portfolio services team, as part of its annual due diligence, reviews the processes and controls adopted by our proxy advisor to manage potential material conflicts of interest it may face when performing the responsibilities delegated to it by the client.

Share blocking

Proxy voting in certain countries requires ‘share blocking’. That is, shareholders wishing to vote their proxies must deposit their shares shortly before the date of the meeting (usually one week) with a designated depositary. During this blocking period, shares that will be voted at the meeting cannot be sold until the meeting has taken place and the shares are returned to the shareholders’ custodian banks. Martin Currie has determined that the value of exercising the vote does not usually outweigh the detriment of not being able to transact in the shares during this period. Accordingly, if share blocking is required we are likely to abstain from voting those shares.

Stock lending

Where we are aware that securities are on loan and if we judge a vote to be material we may advise the relevant clients recall that stock in order to cast a proxy vote. In circumstances where it is not possible or practical to assess the materiality or where it is not possible to recall the security (e.g. where the events subject to voting are not communicated by the company in sufficient time) no votes will be cast.

Martin Currie may utilise third party service providers to assist it in identifying and evaluating whether an event is material, and to assist it in recalling loaned securities for proxy voting purposes.

Proxy voting records

Clients may obtain information on how Martin Currie voted with respect to their proxies by contacting our client services team at Martin Currie Investment Management Ltd, Saltire Court, 20 Castle Terrace, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH1 2ES, tel. 44 (0) 131 229 5252, fax 44 (0) 131 222 2532, email clientservicesteam@martincurrie.com.

Martin Currie has a specific record-keeping policy which describes in greater detail the record-keeping processes as apply to proxy voting.

Martin Currie is a signatory to the UK Stewardship Code (‘the Code’). The Code aims to enhance the quality of engagement between institutional investors and companies to help improve long-term returns to shareholders and the efficient exercise of governance responsibilities by setting out good practice on engagement with investee companies. In accordance with the provisions of the Code and our Corporate Governance policy, cumulative proxy voting records are published quarterly on our website. This disclosure does not contain voting records for individual clients. Specific voting records for each client are available to those clients at any time upon request.

Martin Currie Investment Management Ltd, registered in Scotland (no 66107). Martin Currie Inc, registered in Scotland (no BR2575). Both companies are authorised and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority.

Martin Currie Investment Management Ltd is a member of the Investment Management Association. Martin Currie Inc. is incorporated with limited liability in New York, USA.

 

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Appendix B

Credit Ratings

DESCRIPTION OF RATINGS

The ratings of Moody’s Investors Service, Inc., S&P Global Ratings and Fitch Ratings represent their opinions as to the quality of various debt obligations. It should be emphasized, however, that ratings are not absolute standards of quality. Consequently, debt obligations with the same maturity, coupon and rating may have different yields while debt obligations of the same maturity and coupon with different ratings may have the same yield. As described by the rating agencies, ratings are generally given to securities at the time of issuances. While the rating agencies may from time to time revise such ratings, they undertake no obligation to do so.

Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. Global Rating Scales

Ratings assigned on Moody’s global long-term and short-term rating scales are forward-looking opinions of the relative credit risks of financial obligations issued by non-financial corporates, financial institutions, structured finance vehicles, project finance vehicles, and public sector entities. Long-term ratings are assigned to issuers or obligations with an original maturity of one year or more and reflect both on the likelihood of a default on contractually promised payments and the expected financial loss suffered in the event of default. Short-term ratings are assigned to obligations with an original maturity of thirteen months or less and reflect both on the likelihood of a default on contractually promised payments and the expected financial loss suffered in the event of default.1,2

Moody’s issues ratings at the issuer level and instrument level on both the long-term scale and the short-term scale. Typically, ratings are made publicly available although private and unpublished ratings may also be assigned.3

Moody’s differentiates structured finance ratings from fundamental ratings (i.e., ratings on nonfinancial corporate, financial institution, and public sector entities) on the global long-term scale by adding (sf) to all structured finance ratings.4 The addition of (sf) to structured finance ratings should eliminate any presumption that such ratings and fundamental ratings at the same letter grade level will behave the same. The (sf) indicator for structured finance security ratings indicates that otherwise similarly rated structured finance and fundamental securities may have different risk characteristics. Through its current methodologies, however, Moody’s aspires to achieve broad expected equivalence in structured finance and fundamental rating performance when measured over a long period of time.

Description of Moody’s Investors Service, Inc.’s Global Long-Term Obligation Ratings:

Aaa—Obligations rated Aaa are judged to be of the highest quality, subject to the lowest level of credit risk.

Aa—Obligations rated Aa are judged to be of high quality and are subject to very low credit risk.

A—Obligations rated A are judged to be upper-medium grade and are subject to low credit risk.

Baa—Obligations rated Baa are judged to be medium-grade and subject to moderate credit risk and as such may possess certain speculative characteristics.

Ba—Obligations rated Ba are judged to be speculative and are subject to substantial credit risk.

B—Obligations rated B are considered speculative and are subject to high credit risk.

Caa—Obligations rated Caa are judged to be speculative of poor standing and are subject to very high credit risk.

 

1

For certain structured finance, preferred stock and hybrid securities in which payment default events are either not defined or do not match investors’ expectations for timely payment, long-term and short-term ratings reflect the likelihood of impairment and financial loss in the event of impairment.

 

2

Supranational institutions and central banks that hold sovereign debt or extend sovereign loans, such as the IMF or the European Central Bank, may not always be treated similarly to other investors and lenders with similar credit exposures. Long-term and short-term ratings assigned to obligations held by both supranational institutions and central banks, as well as other investors, reflect only the credit risks faced by other investors unless specifically noted otherwise.

 

3

For information on how to obtain a Moody’s credit rating, including private and unpublished credit ratings, please see Moody’s Investors Service Products.

 

4

Like other global scale ratings, (sf) ratings reflect both the likelihood of a default and the expected loss suffered in the event of default. Ratings are assigned based on a rating committee’s assessment of a security’s expected loss rate (default probability multiplied by expected loss severity), and may be subject to the constraint that the final expected loss rating assigned would not be more than a certain number of notches, typically three to five notches, above the rating that would be assigned based on an assessment of default probability alone. The magnitude of this constraint may vary with the level of the rating, the seasoning of the transaction, and the uncertainty around the assessments of expected loss and probability of default.

 

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Ca—Obligations rated Ca are highly speculative and are likely in, or very near, default, with some prospect of recovery of principal and interest.

C—Obligations rated C are the lowest rated and are typically in default, with little prospect for recovery of principal or interest.

Note: Moody’s appends numerical modifiers 1, 2, and 3 to each generic rating classification from Aa through Caa. The modifier 1 indicates that the obligation ranks in the higher end of its generic rating category; the modifier 2 indicates a mid-range ranking; and the modifier 3 indicates a ranking in the lower end of that generic rating category. Additionally, a “(hyb)” indicator is appended to all ratings of hybrid securities issued by banks, insurers, finance companies, and securities firms.*

By their terms, hybrid securities allow for the omission of scheduled dividends, interest, or principal payments, which can potentially result in impairment if such an omission occurs. Hybrid securities may also be subject to contractually allowable write-downs of principal that could result in impairment. Together with the hybrid indicator, the long-term obligation rating assigned to a hybrid security is an expression of the relative credit risk associated with that security.

Description of Moody’s Investors Service, Inc.’s Global Short-Term Obligation Ratings:

P-1—Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-1 have a superior ability to repay short-term debt obligations.

P-2Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-2 have a strong ability to repay short-term debt obligations.

P-3—Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-3 have an acceptable ability to repay short-term obligations.

NP—Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Not Prime do not fall within any of the Prime rating categories.

Description of Moody’s Investors Service, Inc.’s US Municipal Ratings:

U.S. Municipal Short-Term Obligation Ratings:

While the global short-term “prime” rating scale is applied to US municipal tax-exempt commercial paper, these programs are typically backed by external letters of credit or liquidity facilities and their short-term prime ratings usually map to the long-term rating of the enhancing bank or financial institution and not to the municipality’s rating. Other short-term municipal obligations, which generally have different funding sources for repayment, are rated using two additional short-term rating scales (i.e., the MIG and VMIG scales discussed below).

The Municipal Investment Grade (“MIG”) scale is used to rate US municipal bond anticipation notes of up to three years maturity. Municipal notes rated on the MIG scale may be secured by either pledged revenues or proceeds of a take-out financing received prior to note maturity. MIG ratings expire at the maturity of the obligation, and the issuer’s long-term rating is only one consideration in assigning the MIG rating. MIG ratings are divided into three levels—MIG 1 through MIG 3—while speculative grade short-term obligations are designated SG.

MIG 1This designation denotes superior credit quality. Excellent protection is afforded by established cash flows, highly reliable liquidity support, or demonstrated broad-based access to the market for refinancing.

MIG 2This designation denotes strong credit quality. Margins of protection are ample, although not as large as in the preceding group.

MIG 3This designation denotes acceptable credit quality. Liquidity and cash-flow protection may be narrow, and market access for refinancing is likely to be less well-established.

SGThis designation denotes speculative-grade credit quality. Debt instruments in this category may lack sufficient margins of protection.

Demand Obligation Ratings:

In the case of variable rate demand obligations (“VRDOs”), a two-component rating is assigned: a long or short-term debt rating and a demand obligation rating. The first element represents Moody’s evaluation of risk associated with scheduled principal and interest payments. The second element represents Moody’s evaluation of risk associated with the ability to receive purchase price upon demand (“demand feature”). The second element uses a rating from a variation of the MIG scale called the

 

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Variable Municipal Investment Grade (“VMIG”) scale. VMIG ratings of demand obligations with unconditional liquidity support are mapped from the short-term debt rating (or counterparty assessment) of the support provider, or the underlying obligor in the absence of third party liquidity support, with VMIG 1 corresponding to P-1, VMIG 2 to P-2, VMIG 3 to P-3 and SG to not prime. For example, the VMIG rating for an industrial revenue bond with Company XYZ as the underlying obligor would normally have the same numerical modifier as Company XYZ’s prime rating. Transitions of VMIG ratings of demand obligations with conditional liquidity support, as shown in the diagram below, differ from transitions on the Prime scale to reflect the risk that external liquidity support will terminate if the issuer’s long-term rating drops below investment grade.

VMIG 1—This designation denotes superior credit quality. Excellent protection is afforded by the superior short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.

VMIG 2—This designation denotes strong credit quality. Good protection is afforded by the strong short- term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.

VMIG 3—This designation denotes acceptable credit quality. Adequate protection is afforded by the satisfactory short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.

SG—This designation denotes speculative-grade credit quality. Demand features rated in this category may be supported by a liquidity provider that does not have an investment grade short-term rating or may lack the structural and/or legal protections necessary to ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.

*—For VRDBs supported with conditional liquidity support, short-term ratings transition down at higher long-term ratings to reflect the risk of termination of liquidity support as a result of a downgrade below investment grade.

VMIG ratings of VRDBs with unconditional liquidity support reflect the short-term debt rating (or counterparty assessment) of the liquidity support reflect the short-term debt rating (or counterparty assessment) of the liquidity support provider with VMIG 1 corresponding to P-1, VMIG 2 to P-2, VMIG 3 to P-3 and SG to not prime.

Description of S&P Global Ratings’ Long-Term Issue Credit Ratings:

Long-Term Issue Credit Ratings are based, in varying degrees, on S&P Global Ratings’ analysis of the following considerations:

 

 

The likelihood of payment—the capacity and willingness of the obligor to meet its financial commitments on an obligation in accordance with the terms of the obligation;

 

 

The nature and provisions of the financial obligation, and the promise we impute; and

 

 

The protection afforded by, and relative position of, the financial obligation in the event of a bankruptcy, reorganization, or other arrangement under the laws of bankruptcy and other laws affecting creditors’ rights.

An issue rating is an assessment of default risk, but may incorporate an assessment of relative seniority or ultimate recovery in the event of default. Junior obligations are typically rated lower than senior obligations, to reflect lower priority in bankruptcy, as noted above. (Such differentiation may apply when an entity has both senior and subordinated obligations, secured and unsecured obligations, or operating company and holding company obligations.)

AAA—An obligation rated “AAA” has the highest rating assigned by S&P Global Ratings. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is extremely strong.

AA—An obligation rated “AA” differs from the highest-rated obligations only to a small degree. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is very strong.

A—An obligation rated “A” is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher-rated categories. However, the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is still strong.

 

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BBB—An obligation rated “BBB” exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to weaken the obligor’s capacity of the obligor to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.

BB, B, CCC, CC, and C—Obligations rated “BB”, “B”, “CCC”, “CC”, and “C” are regarded as having significant speculative characteristics. “BB” indicates the least degree of speculation and “C” the highest. While such obligations will likely have some quality and protective characteristics, these may be outweighed by large uncertainties or major exposure to adverse conditions.

BB—An obligation rated “BB” is less vulnerable to nonpayment than other speculative issues. However, it faces major ongoing uncertainties or exposure to adverse business, financial, or economic conditions that could lead to the obligor’s inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.

B—An obligation rated “B” is more vulnerable to nonpayment than obligations rated “BB”, but the obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation. Adverse business, financial, or economic conditions will likely impair the obligor’s capacity or willingness to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.

CCC—An obligation rated “CCC” is currently vulnerable to nonpayment, and is dependent upon favorable business, financial, and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitments on the obligation. In the event of adverse business, financial, or economic conditions, the obligor is not likely to have the capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.

CC—An obligation rated “CC” is currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment.

The “CC” rating is used when a default has not yet occurred, but S&P Global Ratings expects default to be a virtual certainty, regardless of the anticipated time to default.

C—An obligation rated “C” is currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment, and the obligation is expected to have lower relative seniority or lower ultimate recovery compared with obligations that are rated higher.

D—An obligation rated “D” is in default or in breach of an imputed promise. For non-hybrid capital instruments, the “D” rating category is used when payments on an obligation are not made on the date due, unless S&P Global Ratings believes that such payments will be made within five business days in the absence of a stated grace period or within the earlier of the stated grace period or 30 calendar days. The “D” rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions. An obligation’s rating is lowered to “D” if it is subject to a distressed exchange offer.

Ratings from “AA” to “CCC” may be modified by the addition of a plus (+) or minus (-) sign to show relative standing within the rating categories.

Description of S&P Global Ratings’ Short-Term Issue Credit Ratings:

A-1—A short-term obligation rated “A-1” is rated in the highest category by S&P Global Ratings. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is strong. Within this category, certain obligations are designated with a plus sign (+). This indicates that the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on these obligations is extremely strong.

A-2—A short-term obligation rated “A-2” is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher rating categories. However, the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is satisfactory.

A-3—A short-term obligation rated “A-3” exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to weaken an obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.

B—A short-term obligation rated “B” is regarded as vulnerable and has significant speculative characteristics. The obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitments; however, it faces major ongoing uncertainties that could lead to the obligor’s inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitments.

 

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C—A short-term obligation rated “C” is currently vulnerable to nonpayment and is dependent on favorable business, financial, and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.

D—A short-term obligation rated “D” is in default or in breach of an imputed promise. For non-hybrid capital instruments, the “D” rating category is used when payments on an obligation are not made on the date due, unless S&P Global Ratings’ believes that such payments will be made within any stated grace period.

However, any stated grace period longer than five business days will be treated as five business days. The “D” rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of a similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions. An obligation’s rating is lowered to “D” if it is subject to a distressed exchange offer.

Description of S&P Global Ratings’ Municipal Short-Term Note Ratings:

An S&P Global Ratings U.S. municipal note rating reflects S&P Global Ratings opinion about the liquidity factors and market access risks unique to the notes. Notes due in three years or less will likely receive a note rating. Notes with an original maturity of more than three years will most likely receive a long-term debt rating. In determining which type of rating, if any, to assign, S&P Global Ratings’ analysis will review the following considerations:

 

 

Amortization schedule—the larger the final maturity relative to other maturities, the more likely it will be treated as a note; and

 

 

Source of payment—the more dependent the issue is on the market for its refinancing, the more likely it will be treated as a note.

SP-1—Strong capacity to pay principal and interest. An issue determined to possess a very strong capacity to pay debt service is given a plus (+) designation.

SP-2—Satisfactory capacity to pay principal and interest, with some vulnerability to adverse financial and economic changes over the term of the notes.

SP-3—Speculative capacity to pay principal and interest.

D—“D” is assigned upon failure to pay the note when due, completion of a distressed exchange offer, or the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions.

Description of S&P Global Ratings’ Dual Ratings:

Dual ratings may be assigned to debt issues that have a put option or demand feature. The first component of the rating addresses the likelihood of repayment of principal and interest as due, and the second component of the rating addresses only the demand feature. The first component of the rating can relate to either a short-term or long-term transaction and accordingly use either short-term or long-term rating symbols. The second component of the rating relates to the put option and is assigned a short-term rating symbol (for example, “AAA/A-1+” or “A-1+/A-1”). With U.S. municipal short-term demand debt, the U.S. municipal short-term note rating symbols are used for the first component of the rating (for example, “SP-1+/A-1+”).

Description of S&P Global Ratings’ Active Qualifiers (Currently applied and/or outstanding):

S&P Global Ratings uses the following qualifiers that limit the scope of a rating. The structure of the transaction can require the use of a qualifier such as a “p” qualifier, which indicates the rating addresses the principal portion of the obligation only. A qualifier appears as a suffix and is part of the rating.

Federal deposit insurance limit: L qualifier. Ratings qualified with “L” apply only to amounts invested up to federal deposit insurance limits.

Principal: p qualifier. This suffix is used for issues in which the credit factors, the terms, or both, that determine the likelihood of receipt of payment of principal are different from the credit factors, terms or both that determine the likelihood of receipt of interest on the obligation. The “p” suffix indicates that the rating addresses the principal portion of the obligation only and that the interest is not rated.

 

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Preliminary ratings: prelim qualifier. Preliminary ratings, with the “prelim” suffix, may be assigned to obligors or obligations, including financial programs, in the circumstances described below. Assignment of a final rating is conditional on the receipt by S&P Global Ratings of appropriate documentation. S&P Global Ratings reserves the right not to issue a final rating. Moreover, if a final rating is issued, it may differ from the preliminary rating.

 

 

Preliminary ratings may be assigned to obligations, most commonly structured and project finance issues, pending receipt of final documentation and legal opinions.

 

 

Preliminary ratings may be assigned to obligations that will likely be issued upon the obligor’s emergence from bankruptcy or similar reorganization, based on late-stage reorganization plans, documentation and discussions with the obligor.

Preliminary ratings may also be assigned to the obligors. These ratings consider the anticipated general credit quality of the reorganized or post-bankruptcy issuer as well as attributes of the anticipated obligation(s).

 

 

Preliminary ratings may be assigned to entities that are being formed or that are in the process of being independently established when, in S&P Global Ratings’ opinion, documentation is close to final. Preliminary ratings may also be assigned to the obligations of these entities.

 

 

Preliminary ratings may be assigned when a previously unrated entity is undergoing a well-formulated restructuring, recapitalization, significant financing or other transformative event, generally at the point that investor or lender commitments are invited. The preliminary rating may be assigned to the entity and to its proposed obligation(s). These preliminary ratings consider the anticipated general credit quality of the obligor, as well as attributes of the anticipated obligation(s), assuming successful completion of the transformative event. Should the transformative event not occur, S&P Global Ratings would likely withdraw these preliminary ratings.

 

 

A preliminary recovery rating may be assigned to an obligation that has a preliminary issue credit rating.

Termination structures: t qualifier. This symbol indicates termination structures that are designed to honor their contracts to full maturity or, should certain events occur, to terminate and cash settle all their contracts before their final maturity date.

Counterparty instrument rating: cir qualifier. This symbol indicates a counterparty instrument rating (CIR), which is a forward-looking opinion about the creditworthiness of an issuer in a securitization structure with respect to a specific financial obligation to a counterparty (including interest rate swaps, currency swaps, and liquidity facilities). The CIR is determined on an ultimate payment basis; these opinions do not take into account timeliness of payment.

Description of Fitch Ratings’ Corporate Finance Long-Term Obligation Ratings:

Ratings of individual securities or financial obligations of a corporate issuer address relative vulnerability to default on an ordinal scale. In addition, for financial obligations in corporate finance, a measure of recovery given default on that liability is also included in the rating assessment. This notably applies to covered bonds ratings, which incorporate both an indication of the probability of default and of the recovery given a default of this debt instrument. On the contrary, ratings of debtor-in-possession (DIP) obligations incorporate the expectation of full repayment.

The relationship between the issuer scale and obligation scale assumes a generic historical average recovery. Individual obligations can be assigned ratings, higher, lower, or the same as the entity’s issuer rating or IDR, based on their relative ranking, relative vulnerability to default or based on explicit Recovery Ratings. As a result, individual obligations of entities, such as corporations, are assigned ratings higher, lower, or the same as that entity’s issuer rating or IDR, except DIP obligation ratings that are not based off an IDR. At the lower end of the ratings scale, Fitch publishes explicit Recovery Ratings in many cases to complement issuer and obligation ratings.

AAA: Highest credit quality. “AAA” ratings denote the lowest expectation of credit risk. They are assigned only in cases of exceptionally strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is highly unlikely to be adversely affected by foreseeable events.

AA: Very high credit quality. “AA” ratings denote expectations of very low credit risk. They indicate very strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is not significantly vulnerable to foreseeable events.

 

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A: High credit quality. “A” ratings denote expectations of low credit risk. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered strong. This capacity may, nevertheless, be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic conditions than is the case for higher ratings.

BBB: Good credit quality. “BBB” ratings indicate that expectations of credit risk are currently low. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered adequate but adverse business or economic conditions are more likely to impair this capacity.

BB: Speculative. “BB” ratings indicate an elevated vulnerability to credit risk, particularly in the event of adverse changes in business or economic conditions over time; however, business or financial alternatives may be available to allow financial commitments to be met.

B: Highly speculative. “B” ratings indicate that material credit risk is present.

CCC: Substantial credit risk. “CCC” ratings indicate that substantial credit risk is present.

CC: Very high levels of credit risk. “CC” ratings indicate very high levels of credit risk.

C: Exceptionally high levels of credit risk. “C” indicates exceptionally high levels of credit risk. Defaulted obligations typically are not assigned “RD” or “D” ratings, but are instead rated in the “CCC” to “C” rating categories, depending upon their recovery prospects and other relevant characteristics. This approach better aligns obligations that have comparable overall expected loss but varying vulnerability to default and loss.

Description of Fitch Ratings’ Structured Finance Long-Term Obligation Ratings:

Ratings of public finance obligations and ratings of infrastructure and project finance obligations on the long-term scale consider the obligations’ relative vulnerability to default. These ratings are typically assigned to an individual security, instrument or tranche in a transaction. In limited cases in U.S. public finance, where Chapter 9 of the Bankruptcy Code provides reliably superior prospects for ultimate recover to local government obligations that benefit from a statutory lien on revenues, Fitch reflects this in a security rating with limited notching above the IDR. Recover expectations can also be reflected in a security rating in the U.S. during the pendency of a bankruptcy proceeding under the Code if there is sufficient visibility on potential recover prospects.

AAA: Highest credit quality. “AAA” ratings denote the lowest expectation of default risk. They are assigned only in cases of exceptionally strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is highly unlikely to be adversely affected by foreseeable events.

AA: Very high credit quality. “AA” ratings denote expectations of very low default risk. They indicate very strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is not significantly vulnerable to foreseeable events.

A: High credit quality. “A” ratings denote expectations of low default risk. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered strong. This capacity may, nevertheless, be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic conditions than is the case for higher ratings.

BBB: Good credit quality. “BBB” ratings indicate that expectations of default risk are currently low. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered adequate but adverse business or economic conditions are more likely to impair this capacity.

BB: Speculative. “BB” ratings indicate an elevated vulnerability to default risk, particularly in the event of adverse changes in business or economic conditions over time.

B: Highly speculative. “B” ratings indicate that material default risk is present, but a limited margin of safety remains. Financial commitments are currently being met; however, capacity for continued payment is vulnerable to deterioration in the business and economic environment.

CCC: Substantial credit risk. Default is a real possibility.

CC: Very high levels of credit risk. Default of some kind appears probable.

C: Exceptionally high levels of credit risk. Default appears imminent or inevitable.

 

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D: Default. Indicates a default. Default generally is defined as one of the following:

 

  (a)

failure to make payment of principal and/or interest under the contractual terms of the rated obligation;

 

  (b)

bankruptcy filings, administration, receivership, liquidation or other winding-up or cessation of the business of an issuer/obligor where payment default on an obligation is a virtual certainty; or

 

  (c)

distressed exchange of an obligation, where creditors were offered securities with diminished structural or economic terms compared with the existing obligation to avoid a probable payment default.

Notes: In U.S. public finance, obligations may be pre-refunded, where funds sufficient to meet the requirements of the respective obligations are placed in an escrow account. When obligation ratings are maintained based on the escrowed funds and their structural elements, the ratings carry the suffix “pre” (e.g. “AAApre”, “AA+pre”).

Description of Fitch Ratings’ Corporate, Public and Structured Finance Short-Term Obligation Ratings:

A short-term issuer or obligation rating is based in all cases on the short-term vulnerability to default of the rated entity and relates to the capacity to meet financial obligations in accordance with the documentation governing the relevant obligation. Short-term deposit ratings may be adjusted for loss severity. Short-Term Ratings are assigned to obligations whose initial maturity is viewed as “short term” based on market convention. Typically, this means up to 13 months for corporate, sovereign, and structured obligations, and up to 36 months for obligations in U.S. public finance markets.

F1: Highest Short-Term Credit Quality. Indicates the strongest intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments; may have an added “+” to denote any exceptionally strong credit feature.

F2: Good Short-Term Credit Quality. Good intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments.

F3: Fair Short-Term Credit Quality. The intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments is adequate.

B: Speculative Short-Term Credit Quality. Minimal capacity for timely payment of financial commitments, plus heightened vulnerability to near term adverse changes in financial and economic conditions.

C: High Short-Term Default Risk. Default is a real possibility.

RD: Restricted Default. Indicates an entity that has defaulted on one or more of its financial commitments, although it continues to meet other financial obligations. Typically applicable to entity ratings only.

D: Default. Indicates a broad-based default event for an entity, or the default of a short-term obligation.

 

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PART C

OTHER INFORMATION

 

Item 28.

Exhibits

(a) (1) Certificate of Trust is incorporated herein by reference to the Registrant’s initial Registration Statement on Form N-8A as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on October 13, 2009.

(2) Amended and Restated Declaration of Trust is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 25 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A as filed with the SEC on December 13, 2011 (“Post-Effective Amendment No. 25”).

(3) Amended Schedules A and B to the Amended and Restated Declaration of Trust are incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 163 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A as filed with the SEC on December 27, 2017.

(b) Bylaws, as amended and restated are incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 25.

(c) Instruments defining rights of security holders with respect to Legg Mason Global Asset Management Trust are contained in the Amended and Restated Declaration of Trust and Bylaws, as amended and restated, which are incorporated by reference to Exhibits (a) and (b) of Item 28 of Part C herein.

(d) (1) Management Agreement – BrandywineGLOBAL - International Opportunities Bond Fund (formerly Legg Mason BW International Opportunities Bond Fund) is incorporated herein by reference to Pre-Effective Amendment No. 1 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A as filed with the SEC on December 1, 2009 (“Pre-Effective Amendment No. 1”).

(2) Subadvisory Agreement – BrandywineGLOBAL - International Opportunities Bond Fund (formerly Legg Mason BW International Opportunities Bond Fund) is incorporated herein by reference to Pre-Effective Amendment No. 1.

(3) Management Agreement – QS Strategic Real Return Fund is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 2 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A as filed with the SEC on February 26, 2010.

(4) Advisory Agreement – QS Strategic Real Return Fund is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 127 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A as filed with the SEC on April 20, 2016 (“Post-Effective Amendment No. 127”).

(5) Subadvisory Agreement with QS Investors, LLC – QS Strategic Real Return Fund is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 127.

(6) Subadvisory Agreement with ClearBridge Advisors, LLC – QS Strategic Real Return Fund is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 127.

(7) Subadvisory Agreement with Western Asset Management Company, LLC (“Western Asset Management Company”) – QS Strategic Real Return Fund is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 127.

(8) Subadvisory Agreement with Western Asset Management Company Limited in London – QS Strategic Real Return Fund is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 127.

(9) Subadvisory Agreement with Western Asset Management Company Ltd. in Japan – QS Strategic Real Return Fund is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 127.


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(10) Management Agreement – BrandywineGLOBAL - Diversified US Large Cap Value Fund (formerly Legg Mason BW Diversified Large Cap Value Fund) is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 166 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A as filed with the SEC on January 26, 2018 (“Post-Effective Amendment No. 166”).

(11) Subadvisory Agreement – BrandywineGLOBAL - Diversified US Large Cap Value Fund (formerly Legg Mason BW Diversified Large Cap Value Fund) is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 9 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A as filed with the SEC on August 20, 2010 (“Post-Effective Amendment No. 9”).

(12) Management Agreement – BrandywineGLOBAL - Global Unconstrained Bond Fund (formerly Legg Mason BW Absolute Return Opportunities Fund) is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 13 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A as filed with the SEC on February 25, 2011 (“Post-Effective Amendment No. 13”).

(13) Subadvisory Agreement – BrandywineGLOBAL - Global Unconstrained Bond Fund (formerly Legg Mason BW Absolute Return Opportunities Fund) is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 13.

(14) Investment Advisory and Management Agreement – ClearBridge International Growth Fund is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 12 to the Registration Statement of Legg Mason Capital Management Growth Trust, Inc., SEC File No. 33-89090 on Form N-1A as filed with the SEC on March 18, 2002 (“LMCMGT Post-Effective Amendment No. 12”).

(15) Sub-Administration Agreement – ClearBridge International Growth Fund is incorporated herein by reference to LMCMGT Post-Effective Amendment No. 12.

(16) Investment Advisory and Management Agreement – ClearBridge Small Cap Fund is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 24 to the Registration Statement of Legg Mason Global Capital Management Special Investment Trust, SEC File No. 33-1271 on Form N-1A as filed with the SEC on May 10, 2001.

(17) Sub-Administration Agreement – ClearBridge Small Cap Fund is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 25 to the Registration Statement of Legg Mason Capital Management Special Investment Trust, Inc., SEC File No. 33-1271 on Form N-1A as filed with the SEC on July 2, 2001.

(18) Investment Advisory and Management Agreement – ClearBridge Value Trust is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 166.

(19) Sub-Administration Agreement – ClearBridge Value Trust is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 32 to the Registration Statement of Legg Mason Capital Management Value Trust, Inc., SEC File No. 2-75766 on Form N-1A as filed with the SEC on July 2, 2001.

(20) The form of Inter-Affiliate Transfer Agreement (Legg Mason Funds Management, Inc. (“LMFM”) to Legg Mason Capital Management (“LMCM”)) for ClearBridge International Growth Fund is substantially identical to the Inter-Affiliate Transfer Agreement (LMFM to LMCM) of Legg Mason Capital Management Growth Trust, Inc. which is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 22 to the Registration Statement of Legg Mason Capital Management Growth Trust, Inc., SEC File No. 33-89090 on Form N-1A as filed with the SEC on April 27, 2006.

(21) The form of Inter-Affiliate Transfer Agreement (LMFM to LMCM) for ClearBridge Small Cap Fund is substantially identical to the Inter-Affiliate Transfer Agreement (LMFM to LMCM) of Legg Mason Capital Management Special Investment Trust, Inc. which is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 31 to the Registration Statement of Legg Mason Capital Management Special Investment Trust, Inc., SEC File No. 33-1271 on Form N-1A as filed with the SEC on July 29, 2005.


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(22) The form of Inter-Affiliate Transfer Agreement (LMFM to LMCM) for ClearBridge Value Trust is substantially identical to the Inter-Affiliate Transfer Agreement (LMFM to LMCM) of Legg Mason Capital Management Value Trust, Inc. which is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 38 to the Registration Statement of Legg Mason Capital Management Value Trust, Inc., SEC File No. 2-75766 on Form N-1A as filed with the SEC on July 29, 2005.

(23) The form of Inter-Affiliate Transfer Agreement (Legg Mason Fund Adviser, Inc. (“LMFA”) to Legg Mason Partners Fund Advisor, LLC (“LMPFA”)) for ClearBridge International Growth Fund, ClearBridge Small Cap Fund, and ClearBridge Value Trust is substantially identical to the Inter-Affiliate Transfer Agreement (LMFM to LMCM) of Legg Mason Capital Management Growth Trust, Inc., Legg Mason Capital Management Special Investment Trust, Inc., and Legg Mason Capital Management Value Trust, Inc., which is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 48 to the Registration Statement of Legg Mason Capital Management Value Trust, Inc., SEC File No. 2-75766 on Form N-1A as filed with the SEC on February 26, 2010.

(24) Management Agreement for QS International Equity Fund is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 166.

(25) Investment Advisory Agreement for QS International Equity Fund is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 127.

(26) Management Agreement for QS U.S. Small Capitalization Equity Fund is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 127.

(27) Investment Advisory Agreement for QS U.S. Small Capitalization Equity Fund is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 127.

(28) The form of Investment Advisory and Management Agreement for BrandywineGLOBAL - Global Opportunities Bond Fund (formerly Legg Mason BW Global Opportunities Bond Fund) is substantially identical to the Investment Advisory and Management Agreement of Legg Mason Charles Street Trust, Inc., on behalf of BrandywineGLOBAL - Global Opportunities Bond Fund (formerly Legg Mason BW Global Opportunities Bond Fund), which is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 24 to the Registration Statement of Legg Mason Charles Street Trust, Inc., SEC File No. 333-44423 on Form N-1A as filed with the SEC on June 26, 2009.

(29) The form of Inter-Affiliate Transfer Agreement – Management Agreement (LMFA to LMPFA) for BrandywineGLOBAL - Global Opportunities Bond Fund (formerly Legg Mason BW Global Opportunities Bond Fund) is substantially identical to the Inter-Affiliate Transfer Agreement – Management Agreement (LMFA to LMPFA) of Legg Mason Charles Street Trust, Inc. (on behalf of BrandywineGLOBAL - Global Opportunities Bond Fund (formerly Legg Mason BW Global Opportunities Bond Fund)) which is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 26 to the Registration Statement of Legg Mason Charles Street Trust, Inc., SEC File No. 333-44423 on Form N-1A as filed with the SEC on February 26, 2010 (“LMCST Post-Effective Amendment No. 26”).

(30) The form of Inter-Affiliate Transfer Agreement – Investment Advisory Agreement (LMFA to LMPFA) for BrandywineGLOBAL - Global Opportunities Bond Fund (formerly Legg Mason BW Global Opportunities Bond Fund) is substantially identical to the Inter-Affiliate Transfer Agreement – Investment Advisory Agreement (LMFA to LMPFA) of Legg Mason Charles Street Trust, Inc. (on behalf of BrandywineGLOBAL - Global Opportunities Bond Fund (formerly Legg Mason BW Global Opportunities Bond Fund)) which is incorporated herein by reference to LMCST Post-Effective Amendment No. 26.

(31) Management Agreement – BrandywineGLOBAL - Global High Yield Fund (formerly Legg Mason BW Global High Yield Fund) is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 48 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A as filed with the SEC on September 26, 2012 (“Post-Effective Amendment No. 48”).


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(32) Subadvisory Agreement – BrandywineGLOBAL - Global High Yield Fund (formerly Legg Mason BW Global High Yield Fund) is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 48.

(33) Management Agreement – BrandywineGLOBAL - Alternative Credit Fund (formerly Legg Mason BW Alternative Credit Fund) is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 66 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A as filed with the SEC on November 25, 2013 (“Post-Effective Amendment No. 66”).

(34) Subadvisory Agreement – BrandywineGLOBAL - Alternative Credit Fund (formerly Legg Mason BW Alternative Credit Fund) is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 66.

(35) Form of Management Agreement – BrandywineGLOBAL - Dynamic US Large Cap Value Fund (formerly Legg Mason BW Dynamic Large Cap Value Fund) is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 81 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A as filed with the SEC on August 6, 2014 (“Post-Effective Amendment No. 81”).

(36) Form of Subadvisory Agreement – BrandywineGLOBAL - Dynamic US Large Cap Value Fund (formerly Legg Mason BW Dynamic Large Cap Value Fund) is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 81.

(37) Management Agreement—Martin Currie Emerging Markets Fund is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 166.

(38) Subadvisory Agreement with Martin Currie, Inc.—Martin Currie Emerging Markets Fund is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 95 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A as filed with the SEC on May 26, 2015 (“Post-Effective Amendment No. 95”).

(39) Subadvisory Agreement with Western Asset Management Company—Martin Currie Emerging Markets Fund is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 95.

(40) Management Agreement—Martin Currie International Unconstrained Equity Fund is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 166.

(41) Subadvisory Agreement with Martin Currie, Inc.—Martin Currie International Unconstrained Equity Fund is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 104 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A as filed with the SEC on November 12, 2015 (“Post-Effective Amendment No. 104”).

(42) Subadvisory Agreement with Western Asset Management Company—Martin Currie International Unconstrained Equity Fund is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 104.

(43) Management Agreement—QS Global Market Neutral Fund is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 105 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A as filed with the SEC on November 12, 2015 (“Post-Effective Amendment No. 105”).

(44) Subadvisory Agreement with QS Investors, LLC—QS Global Market Neutral Fund is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 105.

(45) Subadvisory Agreement with Western Asset Management Company—QS Global Market Neutral Fund is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 105.

(46) Management Agreement – RARE Global Infrastructure Value Fund is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 125 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A as filed with the SEC on March 28, 2016 (“Post-Effective Amendment No. 125”).


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(47) Subadvisory Agreement with RARE Infrastructure (North America) Pty Limited – RARE Global Infrastructure Value Fund is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 125.

(48) Subadvisory Agreement with Western Asset Management Company – RARE Global Infrastructure Value Fund is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 125.

(49) Management Agreement – BrandywineGLOBAL - Global Flexible Income Fund (formerly Legg Mason BW Global Flexible Income Fund) is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 132 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A as filed with the SEC on May 24, 2016 (“Post-Effective Amendment No. 132”).

(50) Subadvisory Agreement with Brandywine Global Investment Management, LLC – BrandywineGLOBAL - Global Flexible Income Fund (formerly Legg Mason BW Global Flexible Income Fund) is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 132.

(51) Management Agreement—Martin Currie SMASh Series EM Fund is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 164 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A as filed with the SEC on January 3, 2018 (“Post-Effective Amendment No. 164”).

(52) Subadvisory Agreement with Martin Currie, Inc.—Martin Currie SMASh Series EM Fund is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 164.

(53) Subadvisory Agreement with Western Asset Management Company – Martin Currie SMASh Series EM Fund is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 164.

(e) (1) Distribution Agreement – all funds except ClearBridge International Growth Fund, ClearBridge Small Cap Fund, ClearBridge Value Trust, QS International Equity Fund, QS U.S. Small Capitalization Equity Fund and BrandywineGLOBAL - Global Opportunities Bond Fund (formerly Legg Mason BW Global Opportunities Bond Fund) is incorporated herein by reference to Pre-Effective Amendment No. 1.

(2) Amended Appendix A to the Distribution Agreement – all funds except ClearBridge International Growth Fund, ClearBridge Small Cap Fund, ClearBridge Value Trust, QS International Equity Fund, QS U.S. Small Capitalization Equity Fund and BrandywineGLOBAL - Global Opportunities Bond Fund (formerly Legg Mason BW Global Opportunities Bond Fund) is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 164.

(3) Distribution Agreement for ClearBridge International Growth Fund, ClearBridge Small Cap Fund, ClearBridge Value Trust, QS International Equity Fund, QS U.S. Small Capitalization Equity Fund and BrandywineGLOBAL - Global Opportunities Bond Fund (formerly Legg Mason BW Global Opportunities Bond Fund) is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 158 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A as filed with the SEC on September 22, 2017 (“Post-Effective Amendment No. 158”).

(4) Anti-Money Laundering Delegation Agreement is incorporated herein by reference to Pre-Effective Amendment No. 1.

(5) Amended Attachment A to the Anti-Money Laundering Delegation Agreement is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 164.

(6) Form of Selected Dealer Agreement is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 22 to the Registration Statement of Legg Mason Capital Management Growth Trust, Inc., SEC File No. 33-89090 on Form N-1A as filed with the SEC on April 27, 2006.

(f) Bonus, profit sharing or pension plans — none


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(g) (1) Custodian Services Agreement with The Bank of New York Mellon dated as of January 1, 2018 is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 168 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A as filed with the SEC on February 22, 2018 (“Post-Effective Amendment No. 168”).

(2) Fund Accounting Services Agreement with The Bank of New York Mellon dated as of January 1, 2018 is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 168.

(3) Exhibit A to the Custodian Services Agreement with The Bank of New York Mellon dated as of January 1, 2018 is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 170 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A as filed with the SEC on April 23, 2018 (“Post-Effective Amendment No. 170”).

(4) Exhibit A to the Fund Accounting Services Agreement with The Bank of New York Mellon dated as of January 1, 2018 is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 170.

(h) (1) Transfer Agency and Services Agreement with BNY Mellon Investment Servicing US Inc. is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 150 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A as filed with the SEC on February 17, 2017 (“Post-Effective Amendment No. 150”).

(2) Amendment No. 1 to the Transfer Agency and Services Agreement with BNY Mellon Investment Servicing (US) Inc. is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 90 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A as filed with the SEC on February 19, 2015.

(3) Board Resolutions Regarding Expense Limitation Arrangements are incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 166.

(i) (1) Opinion and consent of Venable LLP as to the legality for BrandywineGLOBAL - Diversified US Large Cap Value Fund (formerly Legg Mason BW Diversified Large Cap Value Fund), BrandywineGLOBAL - Dynamic US Large Cap Value Fund (formerly Legg Mason BW Dynamic Large Cap Value Fund), Martin Currie Emerging Markets Fund, QS International Equity Fund, and QS Strategic Real Return Fund is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 116 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A as filed with the SEC on January 22, 2016.

(2) Opinion and consent of Venable LLP for ClearBridge International Growth Fund, ClearBridge Small Cap Fund, ClearBridge Value Trust, BrandywineGLOBAL - Global Unconstrained Bond Fund (formerly Legg Mason BW Absolute Return Opportunities Fund), BrandywineGLOBAL - Alternative Credit Fund (formerly Legg Mason BW Alternative Credit Fund) and BrandywineGLOBAL - Global High Yield Fund (formerly Legg Mason BW Global High Yield Fund) is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 120 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A as filed with the SEC on February 24, 2016.

(3) Opinion and consent of Venable LLP for RARE Global Infrastructure Value Fund is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 125.

(4) Opinion and consent of Venable LLP for BrandywineGLOBAL - International Opportunities Bond Fund (formerly Legg Mason BW International Opportunities Bond Fund), BrandywineGLOBAL - Global Opportunities Bond Fund (formerly Legg Mason BW Global Opportunities Bond Fund) and QS U.S. Small Capitalization Equity Fund is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 127.

(5) Opinion and consent of Venable LLP for BrandywineGLOBAL - Global Flexible Income Fund (formerly Legg Mason BW Global Flexible Income Fund) is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 132.

(6) Opinion and consent of Venable LLP for Martin Currie International Unconstrained Equity Fund is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 140 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A as filed with the SEC on filed September 22, 2016.


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(7) Opinion and consent of Venable LLP for Martin Currie SMASh Series EM Fund is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 164.

(j) Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm is filed herewith.

(k) Financial statements omitted from Item 27 – not applicable

(l) Agreement for providing initial capital is incorporated herein by reference to Pre-Effective Amendment No. 1.

(m) Shareholder Services and Distribution Plan is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 158.

(n) Multiple Class Plan pursuant to Rule 18f-3 is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 158.

(o) Power of Attorney dated February 14, 2018 is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 168.

(p) Code of Ethics of:

(1) Independent Trustees of the Registrant is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 113 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A as filed with the SEC on January 14, 2016 (“Post-Effective Amendment No. 113”). All Access Persons of each fund are subject to a code of ethics meeting the requirements of Rule 17j-1 under the 1940 Act. All Access Persons of the funds other than the Independent Trustees of the Registrant are subject to the provisions of other codes of ethics that have been adopted by QS Investors, LLC, Brandywine Global Investment Management, LLC, Clearbridge Investments, LLC, Western Asset Management Company, Western Asset Management Company Limited in London, Western Asset Management Company Ltd. in Japan, Martin Currie Inc., Legg Mason & Co., LLC, and RARE Infrastructure (North America) Pty. Limited (see exhibits (p)(2) through (p)(8)) and approved by the Board of Trustees of the Registrant in accordance with the requirements of Rule 17j-1 under the 1940 Act.

(2) QS Investors, LLC is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 127.

(3) Brandywine Global Investment Management, LLC is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 67 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A as filed with the SEC on December 13, 2013.

(4) ClearBridge Investments, LLC is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 148 to the Registration Statement of Legg Mason Partners Equity Trust, SEC File No. 33-43446 on Form N-1A as filed with the SEC on August 26, 2009.

(5) Western Asset Management Company, Western Asset Management Company Limited in London, and Western Asset Management Company Ltd. in Japan are incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 71 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A as filed with the SEC on January 24, 2014.

(6) Martin Currie Inc. is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 88 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A as filed with the SEC on February 10, 2015.

(7) Legg Mason & Co., LLC (adopted by LMPFA and Legg Mason Investor Services, LLC (“LMIS”)) is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 31 to the Registration Statement of Legg Mason Tax Free Income Fund, SEC File No. 033-37971 on Form N-1A as filed with the SEC on July 26, 2011.

(8) RARE Infrastructure (North America) Pty. Limited is incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 113.


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Item 29.

Persons Controlled by or under Common Control with Registrant

Not Applicable.

 

Item 30.

Indemnification

Article IX of the Registrant’s Amended and Restated Declaration of Trust addresses the limitation of liability and indemnification of the Registrant’s Trustees, officers and others. Section 9.2(a) of the Declaration of Trust provides that no current or former Trustee, officer or employee of the Registrant will be subject to any personal liability whatsoever to any person, other than the Registrant or its shareholders, in connection with the affairs of the Registrant. Further, Section 9.2(b) of the Declaration of Trust provides that, subject to applicable federal law, no current or former Trustee or officer of the Registrant will be liable to the Registrant or to any shareholder for money damages except:

 

   

to the extent that it is proved that the person actually received an improper benefit or profit in money, property or services, or

 

   

to the extent that a judgment or other final adjudication adverse to the person is entered in a proceeding based on a finding in the proceeding that the person’s action, or failure to act, was the result of active and deliberate dishonesty and was material to the cause of action adjudicated in the proceeding.

Section 9.5 of the Declaration of Trust provides that, subject to certain exceptions and limitations expressed in the Declaration of Trust, each current and former Trustee, officer or employee of the Registrant, including persons who serve at the request of the Registrant as directors, trustees, officers, employees, agents or independent contractors of another organization in which the Registrant has an interest as a shareholder, creditor or otherwise (each, a “Covered Person”), be indemnified by the Registrant to the fullest extent permitted by law against liability and against all expenses reasonably incurred or paid by him or her in connection with any claim in which he or she becomes involved as a party or otherwise by virtue of him or her being (or having served) in such position and against amounts paid or incurred by him or her in settlement thereof. Section 9.5 of the Declaration of Trust further provides that no indemnification shall be provided to a Covered Person to the extent such indemnification is prohibited by applicable federal law. The Declaration of Trust also sets forth the provisions outlining presumptions that may be made relating to a person’s standard of conduct and when expenses may be advanced.

In addition, to the foregoing, the Registrant has entered into an Indemnification Agreement with each of its Trustees that provides for indemnification consistent with the principles described above. These Indemnification Agreements set forth certain procedural aspects with respect to indemnification, including the advancement of expenses, and presumptions relating to the determination of whether the standard of conduct required for indemnification has been met, as well as remedies for the indemnitee in the event that, among other things, determinations as to entitlement to indemnification, advancement of expenses and indemnity payments are not made in accordance with the procedures specified therein.

The trustees and officers of the Registrant and the personnel of the Registrant’s manager are insured under an errors and omissions liability insurance policy. The Registrant and its officers are also insured under the fidelity bond required by Rule 17g-1 under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended. Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be provided to trustees, officers and controlling persons of the Registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the Registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the SEC such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the Registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a trustee, officer, or controlling person of the Registrant in connection with the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding or payment pursuant to any insurance policy) is asserted against the Registrant by such trustee, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the Registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is prohibited as against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.

Under the Distribution Agreement, the Registrant agrees to indemnify LMIS, its officers, directors and employees and any person who controls LMIS within the meaning of Section 15 of the Securities Act, free and harmless from and against any and all claims, demands, liabilities and expenses (including the reasonable cost of investigating or defending such claims, demands or liabilities and any counsel fees incurred in connection therewith) which LMIS,


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its officers, directors and employees or any such controlling person may incur, under the Securities Act or under common law or otherwise, arising out of or based upon any alleged untrue statement of a material fact contained in the Registrant’s Registration Statement or arising out of or based upon any alleged omission to state a material fact required to be stated or necessary to make the Registration Statement not misleading, provided that in no event shall anything contained in the Distribution Agreement be construed so as to protect LMIS or such other parties against any liability to the Registrant or its shareholders to which LMIS or such other parties would otherwise be subject by reason of willful misfeasance, bad faith, or gross negligence in the performance of their duties, or by reason of reckless disregard of their obligations and duties under the Distribution Agreement.

The Registrant’s Management and Subadvisory Agreements provide that the manager or subadvisor (including the manager or subadvisor’s affiliates performing services for the Registrant or the fund, and the partners, shareholders, directors, officers and employees of the manager or subadvisor and such affiliates), as applicable, assumes no responsibility under the agreements other than to render the services called for under the agreements in good faith. The Management and Subadvisory Agreements further provide that the manager or the subadvisor, as applicable, shall not be liable for any error of judgment or mistake of law, or for any loss arising out of any investment or for any act or omission in the execution of securities transactions for the fund, provided that nothing in the agreements protects the manager or the subadvisor, as applicable, against any liability to the fund to which the manager or subadvisor, as applicable, would otherwise be subject by reason of willful misfeasance, bad faith or gross negligence in the performance of its duties or by reason of its reckless disregard of its obligations and duties under the agreements.

 

Item 31.

Business and Other Connections of Investment Adviser

(a) Legg Mason Partners Fund Advisor, LLC (“LMPFA”) was formed in 2006 under the laws of the State of Delaware as a limited liability company and is a direct wholly-owned subsidiary of Legg Mason, Inc. (“Legg Mason”). LMPFA is an investment adviser registered with the SEC under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended (the “Advisers Act”). The following table notes the officers and directors of LMPFA, together with information as to any other business, profession, vocation or employment of a substantial nature engaged in by such officers and directors during the past two fiscal years.

 

NAME                 

  

POSITION(S) AT LMPFA

  

OTHER POSITION(S) HELD

  

PRINCIPAL BUSINESS ADDRESS

Jane Trust    President and Chief Executive Officer    Managing Director, Legg Mason & Co., LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Director, ClearBridge, LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Officer and/or Trustee/Director of 139 funds associated with LMPFA or its affiliates   
Jeanne M. Kelly    Senior Vice President    Managing Director, Legg Mason & Co., LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      President and Chief Executive Officer, LM Asset Services, LLC and Legg Mason Fund Asset Management, Inc.   

620 8th Avenue

New York, NY 10018

(both entities)

      Senior Vice President of certain mutual funds associated with Legg Mason & Co., LLC or its affiliates   
Ted P. Becker    Chief Compliance Officer    Director of Global Compliance, Legg Mason, Inc.   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Managing Director of Compliance, Legg Mason & Co., LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202


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      Chief Compliance Officer of certain mutual funds associated with Legg Mason & Co., LLC or its affiliates   
Thomas C. Mandia    Secretary    Managing Director and Deputy General Counsel, Legg Mason & Co., LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Secretary, LM Asset Services, LLC and Legg Mason Fund Asset Management, Inc.   

620 8th Avenue

New York, NY 10018

(both entities)

      Assistant Secretary of certain mutual funds associated with Legg Mason & Co., LLC or its affiliates   
Michael Kocur    Vice President & Assistant Secretary    Director, Legg Mason & Co., LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Assistant Secretary, LM Asset Services, LLC   

620 8th Avenue

New York, NY 10018

      Vice President and Assistant Secretary, Legg Mason Fund Asset Management, Inc.   

620 8th Avenue

New York, NY 10018

Amy M. Olmert    Manager    None   
Peter H. Nachtwey    Manager    Sr. Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, Legg Mason Inc.   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Director and President, Legg Mason & Co., LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Director and President, The Baltimore Company   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Former Director, QS Batterymarch Financial Management, Inc.   

880 Third Avenue, 7th Floor

New York, NY 10022

      Director and President, BMML, Inc.   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Former Director, Brandywine Global Investment Management, LLC   

2929 Arch Street, 8th Floor

Philadelphia, PA 19104

      Former Director, ClearBridge Investments, LLC   

620 8th Avenue

New York, NY 10018

      Manager, Legg Mason ClearBridge Holdings, LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Director, Legg Mason Fund Asset Management, Inc.   

620 Eighth Avenue

New York, NY 10018

      Director, ClearBridge, LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Director, Western Asset Management Company   

385 E. Colorado Blvd.

Pasadena, CA 91101


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      Director and President, Legg Mason Commercial Real Estate Services, Inc.   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Former Director, QS Legg Mason Global Asset Allocation, LLC   

880 Third Avenue, 7th Floor

New York, NY 10022

      Former Director, Legg Mason Investment Counsel, LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Member and Chairman, Legg Mason Political Action Committee   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Director, Legg Mason International Holdings, LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Director, Legg Mason Private Portfolio Group, LLC   

620 8th Avenue, 48th Floor

New York, NY 10018

      Director and President, Legg Mason Real Estate Securities Advisors, Inc.   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Director and President, Legg Mason Realty Group, Inc.   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Director and President, Legg Mason Realty Partners, Inc.   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Director and President, Legg Mason Tower, Inc.   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Director and President, LM BAM, Inc.   

46 Public Square, Suite 700

Wilkes Barre, PA 18701

      Manager and President, LM Capital Support V, LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Director, Legg Mason Towarzystwo Funduszy Inwestycyjnych Spolka Akcyjna   

Senator building 12 Bielanska str.

00-085 Warsaw, Poland

      Director, Pelican Holdings I, LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Director, Pelican Holdings II, LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Manager, Royce & Associates, LLC   

745 Fifth Avenue

New York, NY 10019

      Director and President, Gray Seifert & Company, LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Director, LM Asset Services, LLC   

620 8th Avenue

New York, NY 10018

      Vice President and Treasurer, Legg Mason Charitable Foundation, Inc.   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

(b) QS Investors, LLC (“QS”) is an investment adviser registered with the SEC under the Advisers Act. The following table notes the officers and directors of QS together with information as to any other business, profession,


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vocation or employment of a substantial nature engaged in by such officers and directors during the past two fiscal years.

 

NAME                 

  

POSITION(S) AT QS

  

OTHER POSITION(S) HELD

  

PRINCIPAL BUSINESS ADDRESS

John D. Kenney    Director    Vice President, Legg Mason, Inc.   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Director, Western Asset Management Company   

385 East Colorado Boulevard

Pasadena, CA 91101

      Vice President, Legg Mason Charitable Foundation, Inc.   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Director, ClearBridge, LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Director, ClearBridge Investments, LLC   

620 8th Avenue, 48th Floor

New York, NY 10018

      Manager, Legg Mason ClearBridge Holdings, LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Director, Legg Mason Australia Holdings Pty Limited   

Level 47, 120 Collins Street

Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia

      Director, Royce & Associates, LLC   

745 Fifth Avenue

New York, NY 10019

      Manager, Brandywine Global Investment Management, LLC   

2929 Arch Street, 8th Floor

Philadelphia, PA 19104

      Director, Permal Group Limited    12 St. James’s Square, London, SW1Y 4LB, United Kingdom
      Director, Martin Currie (Holdings) Limited    Clarendon House, 2 Church Street, Hamilton HM11, Bermuda
      Director, Martin Currie Limited    Saltire Court, 20 Castle Terrace, Edinburgh, EH1 2ES, United Kingdom
      Director, RARE Infrastructure USA Inc.   

203 N LaSalle Street, Ste 2100

Chicago IL 60601

      Director, RARE Infrastructure Finance Pty Limited    Level 13, 35 Clarence Street, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
      Director, RARE Infrastructure (Sovereign Enterprise No. 1) Pty Limited    Level 13, 35 Clarence Street, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
      Director, RARE Infrastructure Limited    Level 13, 35 Clarence Street, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
      Director, RARE Infrastructure (Europe) Pty Limited    Level 13, 35 Clarence Street, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
      Director, RARE Infrastructure (North America) PTY Limited   

Level 13, 35 Clarence Street,

Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia

      Director, RARE Holdings Pty Limited    Level 13, 35 Clarence Street, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
Thomas C. Merchant    Director    Director, Western Asset Management Company   

385 East Colorado Boulevard

Pasadena, CA 91101


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      Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary, Legg Mason, Inc.   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Secretary, Legg Mason & Co. LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Member and Secretary, Legg Mason Political Action Committee   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Secretary, The Baltimore Company   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Secretary, BMML, Inc.   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Secretary, Brandywine Global Investment Management, LLC   

2929 Arch Street, 8th Floor

Philadelphia, PA 19104

      Secretary, Barrett Associates, Inc.   

90 Park Avenue

New York, NY 10016

      Secretary, Legg Mason Charitable Foundation, Inc.   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Secretary, Legg Mason Commercial Real Estate Services, Inc.   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Secretary, Legg Mason International Holdings, LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Secretary, Legg Mason Realty Group, Inc.   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Secretary, Legg Mason Realty Partners, Inc.   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Secretary, Legg Mason Tower, Inc.   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Secretary, Legg Mason Holdings, LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Secretary, LM Capital Support V, LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Secretary, LMOBC, Inc.   

600 Vine Street, Suite 2100

Cincinnati, OH 45202

      Secretary, Pelican Holdings I, LLC    100 International Drive Baltimore, MD 21202
      Secretary, Pelican Holdings II, LLC    100 International Drive Baltimore, MD 21202
      Secretary, Legg Mason Real Estate Securities Advisors, Inc.   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Director, Western Asset Management Company Limited   

10 Exchange Square, 10th Fl.

Primrose Street

London EC2A 2EN

United Kingdom


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Jeffrey A. Nattans    Director    Manager, ClearBridge Investments, LLC   

620 Eighth Avenue

New York, NY 10018

      Manager, ClearBridge, LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Manager, ClearBridge Asset Management, Inc.   

620 Eighth Avenue

New York, NY 10018

      Director, Legg Mason Fund Asset Management, Inc.   

620 Eighth Avenue

New York, NY 10018

      Director, Legg Mason Private Portfolio Group   

620 8th Avenue, 48th Floor

New York, NY 10018

      Executive Vice President, Legg Mason, Inc.   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      President and CEO, Pelican Holdings I, LLC   

160 Greentree Drive, Suite 101

Dover, DE 19904

      President and CEO, Pelican Holdings II, LLC   

160 Greentree Drive, Suite 101

Dover, DE 19904

      Vice President and Manager, Legg Mason International Holdings, LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Director, EntrustPermal Management, LLC   

900 Third Ave. 28th Floor

New York, NY 10022

      Manager, Royce & Associates, LLC   

1414 Avenue of the Americas

New York, NY 10019

      Director, Western Asset Management Company   

385 East Colorado Boulevard

Pasadena, CA 91101

(c) Brandywine Global Investment Management, LLC (“Brandywine”) was organized under the laws of the State of Delaware as a limited liability company. Brandywine is a direct wholly-owned subsidiary of Legg Mason. Brandywine is registered as an investment adviser under the Advisers Act.

The following table notes the officers and directors of Brandywine, together with information as to any other business, profession, vocation or employment of a substantial nature engaged in by such officers and directors during the past two fiscal years.

 

NAME                 

  

POSITION(S) AT
BRANDYWINE

  

OTHER POSITION(S) HELD

  

PRINCIPAL BUSINESS ADDRESS

David F. Hoffman    Elected Manager and Senior Managing Director    President, BGIM Capital Management, LLC    Cira Centre, 2929 Arch St.
8th Floor
Philadelphia, PA 19104
Henry F. Otto    Elected Manager and Senior Managing Director    None   
Adam B. Spector    Elected Manager and Managing Partner    Director, Brandywine Global Investment Management (Canada) ULC    Cira Centre, 2929 Arch St.
8th Floor
Philadelphia, PA 19104


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      Director, Brandywine Global Investment Management (Asia) Pte. Ltd.    Cira Centre, 2929 Arch St.
8th Floor
Philadelphia, PA 19104
      Director, Brandywine Global Investment Management (Europe) Limited    Cira Centre, 2929 Arch St.
8th Floor
Philadelphia, PA 19104
John D. Kenney    Elected Manager    Vice President, Legg Mason, Inc.   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Director, QS Investors Holdings, LLC   

880 Third Avenue, 7th Floor

New York, NY 10022

      Director, QS Batterymarch Financial Management, Inc.   

880 Third Avenue, 7th Floor

New York, NY 10022

      Vice President, Legg Mason Charitable Foundation, Inc.   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Director, ClearBridge Investments, LLC    620 Eighth Avenue, 48th Floor New York, NY 10018
      Director, Legg Mason ClearBridge Holdings LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Director, Legg Mason Australia Holdings Pty Limited   

Level 47, 120 Collins Street,

Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia

      Manager, Royce & Associates, GP, LLC   

745 Fifth Avenue

New York, NY 10151

      Manager, Legg Mason Royce Holdings, LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Director, EnTrustPermal Partners Holdings LLC   

375 Park Avenue, 24th Floor

New York, NY 10152

      Director, EnTrustPermal LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Director, Martin Currie (Holdings) Limited    Clarendon House, 2 Church Street, Hamilton HM11, Bermuda
      Director, Martin Currie Limited    Saltire Court, 20 Castle Terrace, Edinburgh, EH1 2ES, United Kingdom
      Director, RARE Infrastructure Finance Pty Limited    Level 13, 35 Clarence Street, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
      Director, RARE Infrastructure International Pty Limited    Level 13, 35 Clarence Street, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia


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      Director, RARE Infrastructure Limited    Level 13, 35 Clarence Street, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
      Director, RARE Infrastructure (Europe) Pty Limited    Level 13, 35 Clarence Street, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
      Director, RARE Infrastructure (North America) Pty Limited    Level 13, 35 Clarence Street, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
      Director, RARE Holdings Pty Limited    Level 13, 35 Clarence Street, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
      Director, Treasury RARE Holdings Pty Limited    Level 13, 35 Clarence Street, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
      Manager, LM/Clarion I, LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Manager, LM/Clarion II, LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Director, Clarion Partners Holdings, LLC   

230 Park Avenue, Floor 12

New York, NY 10169

Patricia Lattin    Elected Manager    None   
Ursula A. Schliesser    Elected Manager    Executive Vice President and Chief Administrative Officer, Legg Mason, Inc   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Director, Treasury RARE Holdings Pty Limited    Level 13, 35 Clarence Street, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
      Director, Legg Mason Australia Holdings Pty Limited   

Level 47, 120 Collins Street

Melbourne, Victoria 3000

      Director, RARE Holdings Pty Limited   

Level 13

35 Clarence Street

Sydney, NSW 2000 Australia

      Director, RARE Infrastructure (Europe) Pty Limited   

Level 13

35 Clarence Street

Sydney, NSW 2000 Australia

      Director, RARE Infrastructure International Pty Limited   

Level 13

35 Clarence Street

Sydney, NSW 2000 Australia

      Director, RARE Infrastructure (UK) Limited    84 Brook Street, London, W1K 5EH, U.K.
      Director, RARE Infrastructure Finance Pty Limited   

Level 13

35 Clarence Street

Sydney, NSW 2000 Australia


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      Director, RARE Infrastructure Limited   

Level 13

35 Clarence Street

Sydney, NSW 2000 Australia

      Director, Legg Mason Investment Funds Limited    201 Bishopsgate London EC2M 3AB, U.K.
      Director, Legg Mason Investments (Europe) Limited    201 Bishopsgate London EC2M 3AB, U.K.
      Director, Legg Mason Asset Management (Japan) Co., Ltd,    Marunouchi 1-5-1, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo 100-6536, Japan
      Director, Legg Mason Asset Management Hong Kong Limited,    Suites 1202-03, 12 Floor, York House, The Landmark, 15 Queen’s Road Central, Hong Kong
      Director, Legg Mason Asset Management Australia Limited   

Level 47, 120 Collins Street

Melbourne, Victoria 3000

      Director, Brandywine Global Investment Management (Europe) Limited    2929 Arch Street, 8th Floor, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
Mark P. Glassman    Chief Administrative Officer    Director, Brandywine Global Investment Management (Europe) Limited    Cira Centre, 2929 Arch St.
8th Floor
Philadelphia, PA 19104
      Treasurer, BGIM Capital Management, LLC,    Cira Centre, 2929 Arch St.
8th Floor
Philadelphia, PA 19104
Stephen S. Smith    Senior Managing Director    Vice President, BGIM Capital Management, LLC   

Cira Centre, 2929 Arch St.

8th Floor

Philadelphia, PA 19104

Steven M. Tonkovich    Senior Managing Director    None   
Patrick S. Kaser    Managing Director    None   
Christopher D. Marzullo    General Counsel & Chief Compliance Officer    None   
Thomas C. Merchant    Secretary    Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary, Legg Mason, Inc.   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Secretary, Legg Mason & Co., LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202


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      Member and Secretary, Legg Mason Political Action Committee   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Secretary, The Baltimore Company   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Secretary, BMML, Inc.   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Secretary, Barrett Associates, Inc.   

90 Park Avenue

New York, NY 10016

      Secretary, Legg Mason Charitable Foundation, Inc.   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Secretary, Legg Mason Commercial Real Estate Services, Inc.   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Secretary, Legg Mason International Holdings, LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Secretary, Legg Mason Realty Group, Inc.   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Secretary, Legg Mason Realty Partners, Inc.   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Secretary, Legg Mason Tower, Inc.   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Secretary, Legg Mason Holdings, LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Secretary, LM Capital Support V, LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Secretary, LMOBC, Inc.    600 Vine Street, Suite 2100 Cincinnati, OH 45202
      Secretary, Pelican Holdings I, LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Secretary, Pelican Holdings II, LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Secretary, Legg Mason Real Estate Securities Advisors, Inc.   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Director, QS Batterymarch Financial Management, Inc.   

880 Third Avenue, 7th Floor

New York, NY 10022

      QS Investors, LLC   

880 Third Avenue, 7th Floor

New York, NY 10022


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      Director, QS Investors Holdings, LLC   

880 Third Avenue, 7th Floor

New York, NY 10022

      Non-Executive Director, Western Asset Management Company Limited    10 Exchange Square, 10th Floor, Primrose Street, London EC2A 2EN, United Kingdom

(d) ClearBridge Investments, LLC was organized under the laws of the State of Delaware as a limited liability company. ClearBridge Investments, LLC is a direct wholly-owned subsidiary of Legg Mason. ClearBridge Investments, LLC is registered as an investment adviser under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940.

The following table notes the officers and directors of ClearBridge Investments, LLC, together with information as to any other business, profession, vocation or employment of a substantial nature engaged in by such officers and directors during the past two years.

 

NAME                 

  

POSITION(S) AT
CLEARBRIDGE
INVESTMENTS, LLC

  

OTHER POSITION(S) HELD

  

PRINCIPAL BUSINESS ADDRESS

Terrence J. Murphy    Director, Chief Executive Officer, President and Chief Operating Officer    Manager, Chief Executive Officer, President and Chief Operating Officer, ClearBridge, LLC    620 Eighth Avenue, 48th Floor, New York, New York 10018
      Director and Chief Executive Officer, Legg Mason Private Portfolio Group, LLC    620 Eighth Avenue, 48th Floor, New York, New York 10018
Barbara Brooke Manning    General Counsel and Chief Compliance Officer    General Counsel and Chief Compliance Officer, ClearBridge, LLC    620 Eighth Avenue, 48th Floor, New York, New York 10018
      Chief Compliance Officer, Legg Mason Private Portfolio Group, LLC    620 Eighth Avenue, 48th Floor, New York, New York 10018
Harry D. Cohen    Co-Chief Investment Officer    Co-Chief Investment Officer, ClearBridge, LLC    620 Eighth Avenue, 48th Floor, New York, New York 10018
Scott K. Glasser    Director and Co-Chief Investment Officer    Co-Chief Investment Officer, ClearBridge, LLC    620 Eighth Avenue, 48th Floor, New York, New York 10018
Cynthia K. List    Director and Chief Financial Officer    Chief Financial Officer, Legg Mason Private Portfolio Group, LLC    620 Eighth Avenue, 48th Floor, New York, New York 10018
      Chief Financial Officer, ClearBridge, LLC    620 Eighth Avenue, 48th Floor, New York, New York 10018
John D. Kenney    Director    Vice President, Legg Mason, Inc.   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Director, QS Investors Holdings, LLC   

880 Third Avenue, 7th Floor

New York, NY 10022


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      Former Director, QS Batterymarch Financial Management, Inc.   

880 Third Avenue, 7th Floor

New York, NY 10022

      Vice President, Legg Mason Charitable Foundation, Inc.   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Director, Legg Mason ClearBridge Holdings LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Director, Legg Mason Australia Holdings Pty Limited   

Level 47, 120 Collins Street,

Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia

      Manager, Royce & Associates, GP, LLC   

745 Fifth Avenue

New York, NY 10151

      Manager, Legg Mason Royce Holdings, LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Director, EnTrustPermal Partners Holdings LLC   

375 Park Avenue, 24th Floor

New York, NY 10152

      Director, EnTrustPermal LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Director, Martin Currie (Holdings) Limited    Clarendon House, 2 Church Street, Hamilton HM11, Bermuda
      Director, Martin Currie Limited    Saltire Court, 20 Castle Terrace, Edinburgh, EH1 2ES, United Kingdom
      Director, RARE Infrastructure Finance Pty Limited    Level 13, 35 Clarence Street, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
      Director, RARE Infrastructure International Pty Limited    Level 13, 35 Clarence Street, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
      Director, RARE Infrastructure Limited    Level 13, 35 Clarence Street, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
      Director, RARE Infrastructure (Europe) Pty Limited    Level 13, 35 Clarence Street, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
      Director, RARE Infrastructure (North America) Pty Limited    Level 13, 35 Clarence Street, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
      Director, RARE Holdings Pty Limited    Level 13, 35 Clarence Street, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
      Director, Treasury RARE Holdings Pty Limited    Level 13, 35 Clarence Street, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
      Manager, LM/Clarion I, LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202


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      Manager, LM/Clarion II, LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Director, Clarion Partners Holdings, LLC   

230 Park Avenue, Floor 12

New York, NY 10169

Frances L. Cashman    Director    Director, Legg Mason Investor Services, LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Manager, Royce & Associates GP, LLC   

745 Fifth Avenue

New York, NY 10151

Brian M. Eakes    Director    Manager, Legg Mason Holdings, LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Director, Legg Mason Investment Funds Limited   

201 Bishopsgate

London EC2M 3AB U.K.

      Director, Legg Mason Investments (Europe) Limited   

201 Bishopsgate

London EC2M 3AB U.K.

      Director, Permal Group Holdings LLC   
      Director, Permal Group LLC   
      Director, Permal UK Limited   

12 St. James’s Square

London SW1Y 4LB U.K.

      Director, ETP Holdings (Cayman) Limited   
      Director, Legg Mason & Co. (UK) Limited   

201 Bishopsgate

London EC2M 3AB U.K.

      Director, Legg Mason Asset Management (Japan) Co. Limited   

5-1 Marunochi 1-Chome

Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo 100-6536, Japan

John J. Eede    Director    Director, Legg Mason Investment Funds Limited   

201 Bishopsgate

London EC2M 3AB U.K.

      Director, Legg Mason Investments (Europe) Limited   

201 Bishopsgate

London EC2M 3AB U.K.

      Director, Legg Mason Investments (Switzerland) GMBH   

c/o Naegeli & Partner

Attorneys at Law Ltd., Klausstrasse 33, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland

(e) ClearBridge, LLC was organized under the laws of the State of Delaware as a limited liability company. ClearBridge, LLC is a direct wholly-owned subsidiary of Legg Mason. ClearBridge, LLC is registered as an investment adviser under the Advisers Act.


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The following table notes the officers and directors of ClearBridge, LLC, together with information as to any other business, profession, vocation or employment of a substantial nature engaged in by such officers and directors during the past two years.

 

NAME                

  

POSITION(S) AT
CLEARBRIDGE, LLC

  

OTHER POSITION(S) HELD

  

PRINCIPAL BUSINESS ADDRESS

Terrence J. Murphy    Manager, Chief Executive Officer, President and Chief Operating Officer    Director, Chief Executive Officer, President and Chief Operating Officer, ClearBridge Investments, LLC    620 Eighth Avenue, 48th Floor, New York, New York 10018
      Director and Chief Executive Officer, Legg Mason Private Portfolio Group, LLC    620 Eighth Avenue, 48th Floor, New York, New York 10018
Barbara Brooke Manning    General Counsel and Chief Compliance Officer    General Counsel and Chief Compliance Officer, ClearBridge Investments, LLC    620 Eighth Avenue, 48th Floor, New York, New York 10018
      Chief Compliance Officer, Legg Mason Private Portfolio Group, LLC    620 Eighth Avenue, 48th Floor, New York, New York 10018
Harry D. Cohen    Co-Chief Investment Officer    Co-Chief Investment Officer, ClearBridge Investments, LLC    620 Eighth Avenue, 48th Floor, New York, New York 10018
Scott K. Glasser    Co-Chief Investment Officer    Director and Co-Chief Investment Officer, ClearBridge Investments, LLC    620 Eighth Avenue, 48th Floor, New York, New York 10018
Cynthia K. List    Chief Financial Officer    Chief Financial Officer, Legg Mason Private Portfolio Group, LLC    620 Eighth Avenue, 48th Floor, New York, New York 10018
      Director and Chief Financial Officer, ClearBridge Investments, LLC    620 Eighth Avenue, 48th Floor, New York, New York 10018
Jeffrey A. Nattans    Manager    Director, Barrett Associates, Inc.   

90 Park Avenue

New York, NY 10016

      Manager, EnTrustPermal Group Holdings LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Director, Legg Mason Fund Asset Management, Inc.   

620 8th Avenue,48th Floor

New York, NY 10018

      Director, Legg Mason Private Portfolio Group, LLC    620 Eighth Avenue, 48th Floor, New York, New York 10018
      Manager, LM/Clarion I, LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Manager, LM/Clarion II, LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202


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      Director, LMOBC, Inc.    600 Vine Street, Suite 2100 Cincinnati, OH 45202
      Director, Pelican Holdings I, LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Director, Pelican Holdings II, LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Manager, Permal Capital Holdings, LLC   

The Prudential Tower

800 Boylston Street

Boston, MA 02199

      Former Director, QS Batterymarch Financial Management, LLC   

880 Third Avenue, 7th Floor

New York, NY 10022

      Manager, QS Investors Holdings, LLC   

880 Third Avenue, 7th Floor

New York, NY 10022

Peter H. Nachtwey    Director    Former Director, ClearBridge Investments, LLC    620 Eighth Avenue, 48th Floor, New York, New York 10018
      Senior Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, Legg Mason, Inc.   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Director and President, Legg Mason & Co., LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Manager, Legg Mason Partners Fund Advisor, LLC    620 Eighth Avenue, 48th Floor, New York, New York 10018
      Director and President, The Baltimore Company   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Former Director, QS Batterymarch Financial Management, Inc.    880 Third Avenue, 7th Floor, New York, NY 10022
      Director and President, BMML, Inc.   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Former Director, Brandywine Global Investment Management, LLC    2929 Arch Street, 8th Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19104
      Manager, Legg Mason ClearBridge Holdings, LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Director, Legg Mason Fund Asset Management, Inc.    620 Eighth Avenue, 48th Floor, New York, New York 10018
      Director, Western Asset Management Company   

385 E. Colorado Blvd.

Pasadena, CA 91101


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      Director and President, Legg Mason Commercial Real Estate Services, Inc.   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Former Director, Legg Mason Investment Counsel, LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Member and Chairman, Legg Mason Political Action Committee   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Director, Legg Mason International Holdings, LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Director, Legg Mason Private Portfolio Group, LLC    620 Eighth Avenue, 48th Floor, New York, New York 10018
      Director and President, Legg Mason Real Estate Securities Advisors, Inc.   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Director and President, Legg Mason Realty Group, Inc.   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Director and President, Legg Mason Realty Partners, Inc.   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Director and President, Legg Mason Tower, Inc.   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Director and President, LM BAM, Inc.    46 Public Square, Suite 700, Wilkes Barre, PA 18701
      Director and President, LM Capital Support V, LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Director, Pelican Holdings I, LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Director, Pelican Holdings II, LLC    100 International Drive, Baltimore, MD 21202
      Manager, Royce & Associates, GP, LLC    745 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10151
      Manager, Legg Mason Royce Holdings, LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Manager, LM/Clarion I, LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Manager, LM/Clarion II, LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Director, Clarion Partners Holdings, LLC   

230 Park Avenue, Floor 12

New York, NY 10169


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      Director and President, Gray Seifert & Company, LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Director, LM Asset Services, LLC    620 Eighth Avenue, 48th Floor, New York, New York 10018
      Vice President and Treasurer, Legg Mason Charitable Foundation, Inc.   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

(f) Western Asset Management Company (“WAM”) is an investment adviser registered with the SEC under the Advisers Act. The following table notes the officers and directors of WAM, together with information as to any other business, profession, vocation or employment of a substantial nature engaged in by such officers and directors during the past two fiscal years.

 

NAME

  

POSITION(S) AT WAM

  

OTHER POSITION(S) HELD

  

PRINCIPAL BUSINESS ADDRESS

James W. Hirschmann III    Director, Chief Executive Officer and President    None   

385 Colorado Blvd.

Pasadena. CA 91101

     

Director, Western Asset

Mortgage Capital Corporation

  

385 Colorado Blvd.

Pasadena. CA 91101

John D. Kenney    Non-Employee Director    Vice President, Legg Mason, Inc.   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      QS Investors, LLC   

880 Third Avenue, 7th Floor

New York, NY 10022

      Director, QS Investors Holdings, LLC   

880 Third Avenue, 7th Floor

New York, NY 10022

     

Director, QS Batterymarch

Financial Management, Inc.

  

880 Third Avenue, 7th Floor

New York, NY 10022

     

Vice President, Legg Mason

Charitable Foundation, Inc.

  

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

     

Director, ClearBridge

Investments, LLC

   620 Eighth Avenue, 48th Floor New York, NY 10018
     

Director, Legg Mason

ClearBridge Holdings LLC

  

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Director, Legg Mason Australia Holdings Pty Limited    Level 47, 120 Collins Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
      Manager, Royce & Associates, GP, LLC   

745 Fifth Avenue

New York, NY 10151


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      Manager, Legg Mason Royce Holdings, LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Director, EnTrustPermal Partners Holdings LLC   

375 Park Avenue, 24th Floor

New York, NY 10152

      Director, EnTrustPermal LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Director, Martin Currie (Holdings) Limited    Clarendon House, 2 Church Street, Hamilton HM11, Bermuda
      Director, Martin Currie Limited    Saltire Court, 20 Castle Terrace, Edinburgh, EH1 2ES, United Kingdom
      Director, RARE Infrastructure Finance Pty Limited    Level 13, 35 Clarence Street, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
      Director, RARE Infrastructure International Pty Limited    Level 13, 35 Clarence Street, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
      Director, RARE Infrastructure Limited    Level 13, 35 Clarence Street, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
      Director, RARE Infrastructure (Europe) Pty Limited    Level 13, 35 Clarence Street, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
      Director, RARE Infrastructure (North America) Pty Limited    Level 13, 35 Clarence Street, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
      Director, RARE Holdings Pty Limited    Level 13, 35 Clarence Street, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
      Director, Treasury RARE Holdings Pty Limited    Level 13, 35 Clarence Street, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
      Manager, LM/Clarion I, LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Manager, LM/Clarion II, LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Director, Clarion Partners Holdings, LLC   

230 Park Avenue, Floor 12

New York, NY 10169

Thomas C. Merchant    Non-Employee Director    Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary, Legg Mason, Inc.   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Secretary, Legg Mason & Co., LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Member and Secretary, Legg Mason Political Action Committee   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202


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      Secretary, The Baltimore Company   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Secretary, BMML, Inc.   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Secretary, Brandywine Global Investment Management, LLC   

2929 Arch Street, 8th Floor

Philadelphia, PA 19104

      Secretary, Barrett Associates, Inc.   

90 Park Avenue

New York, NY 10016

      Secretary, Legg Mason Charitable Foundation, Inc.   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Secretary, Legg Mason Commercial Real Estate Services, Inc.   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Secretary, Legg Mason International Holdings, LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Secretary, Legg Mason Realty Group, Inc.   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Secretary, Legg Mason Realty Partners, Inc.   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Secretary, Legg Mason Tower, Inc.   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Secretary, Legg Mason Holdings, LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Secretary, LM Capital Support V, LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Secretary, LMOBC, Inc.    600 Vine Street, Suite 2100 Cincinnati, OH 45202
      Secretary, Pelican Holdings I, LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Secretary, Pelican Holdings II, LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Secretary, Legg Mason Real Estate Securities Advisors, Inc.   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

      Director, QS Batterymarch Financial Management, Inc.   

880 Third Avenue, 7th Floor

New York, NY 10022

      Director, QS Investors, LLC   

880 Third Avenue, 7th Floor

New York, NY 10022

      Director, QS Investors Holdings, LLC   

880 Third Avenue, 7th Floor

New York, NY 10022


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     Non-Executive Director, Western Asset Management Company Limited    10 Exchange Square, 10th Floor, Primrose Street, London EC2A 2EN, United Kingdom
Jennifer W. Murphy   Director and Chief Operating Officer    Former Director, Brandywine Global Investment Management (Europe) Limited   

Level 17, Heron Tower

110 Bishopgate, London EC2N 4AY, United Kingdom

     Former Director, Legg Mason International Equities Limited    201 Bishopsgate, London EC2M 3AB, United Kingdom
     Former Member, Legg Mason Political Action Committee   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

     Former Manager, Brandywine Global Investment Management, LLC   

2929 Arch Street, 8th Floor

Philadelphia, PA 19104

     Director and Chief Executive Officer, Western Asset Mortgage Capital Corporation   

385 Colorado Blvd.

Pasadena. CA 91101

Peter H. Nachtwey   Non-Employee Director    Senior Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, Legg Mason, Inc.   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

     Director and President, Legg Mason & Co., LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

     Director, Legg Mason Partners Fund Advisor, LLC   

620 Eighth Avenue, 48th Floor

New York, NY 10018

     Director and President, The Baltimore Company   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

     Former Director, QS Batterymarch Financial Management, Inc.   

880 Third Avenue, 7th Floor

New York, NY 10022

     Director and President, BMML, Inc.   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

     Former Director, Brandywine Global Investment Management, LLC    2929 Arch Street, 8th Floor Philadelphia, PA 19104
     Former Director, ClearBridge Investments, LLC    620 Eighth Avenue, 48th Floor New York, NY 10018
     Manager, Legg Mason ClearBridge Holdings LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

     Director, Legg Mason Fund Asset Management, Inc.   

620 Eighth Avenue, 48th Floor

New York, NY 10018

     Manager, ClearBridge, LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202


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    Director and President, Legg Mason Commercial Real Estate Services, Inc.   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

    Former Director, Legg Mason Investment Counsel, LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

    Member and Chairman, Legg Mason Political Action Committee   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

    Director, Legg Mason International Holdings, LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

    Director, Legg Mason Private Portfolio Group, LLC   

620 Eighth Avenue, 48th Floor

New York, NY 10018

    Director and President, Legg Mason Real Estate Securities Advisors, Inc.   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

    Director and President, Legg Mason Realty Group, Inc.   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

    Director and President, Legg Mason Realty Partners, Inc.   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

    Director and President, Legg Mason Tower, Inc.   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

    Director and President, LM BAM, Inc.    46 Public Square, Suite 700 Wilkes Barre, PA 18701
    Director and President, LM Capital Support V, LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

    Director, Pelican Holdings I, LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

    Director, Pelican Holdings II, LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

    Manager, Royce & Associates, GP, LLC   

745 Fifth Avenue

New York, NY 10151

    Manager, Legg Mason Royce Holdings, LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

    Manager, LM/Clarion I, LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

    Manager, LM/Clarion II, LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

    Director, Clarion Partners Holdings, LLC   

230 Park Avenue, Floor 12

New York, NY 10169


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     Director and President, Gray Seifert & Company, LLC   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

     Director, LM Asset Services, LLC   

620 Eighth Avenue, 48th Floor

New York, NY 10018

     Vice President and Treasurer, Legg Mason Charitable Foundation, Inc.   

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

Bruce D. Alberts   Chief Financial Officer    None   
Marzo Bernardi   Director of Client Services and Marketing    None   
Dennis McNamara   Director of Global Portfolio Operations    None   
Charles A. Ruys de Perez   Secretary and General Counsel    Director, Western Asset Holdings (Australia) Pty Ltd    Level 48, Collins Street, GPO Box 507, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
     Director, Western Asset Management Company Pty Ltd    Level 48, Collins Street, GPO Box 507, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
     Director, Western Asset Management Company Ltd   

5-1 Marunochi, 1-Chome

Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo 100-6536, Japan

     Director, Western Asset Management Company Pte. Ltd    1 George Street #23-01, Singapore 049145
     Director, Western Asset Management Company Limited    10 Exchange Square,10th Floor, Primrose Street, London EC2A 2EN United Kingdom
Kevin Ehrlich   Chief Compliance Officer    None   

(g) Western Asset Management Company Limited was incorporated under the laws of the United Kingdom as a corporation. WAMCL is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Legg Mason. WAMCL is registered as an investment adviser under the Advisers Act. The following table notes the officers and directors of WAMCL, together with information as to any other business, profession, vocation or employment of a substantial nature engaged in by such officers and directors during the past two fiscal years.

 

NAME

  

POSITION AT WAMCL

  

OTHER POSITION(S) HELD

  

PRINCIPAL BUSINESS ADDRESS

Michael B. Zelouf    Director and Senior Executive Officer    Director, Western Asset Management (UK) Holdings Limited    10 Exchange Square,10th Floor, Primrose Street, London EC2A 2EN United Kingdom


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Charles A. Ruys de Perez    Director and General Counsel    Director, Western Asset Holdings (Australia) Pty Ltd    Level 48, Collins Street, GPO Box 507, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
      Director, Western Asset Management Company Pty Ltd    Level 48, Collins Street, GPO Box 507, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
      Director, Western Asset Management Company Ltd    5-1 Marunouchi 1-Chome Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo 100-6536, Japan
      Director, Western Asset Management Company Pte. Ltd.    1 George Street #23-01, Singapore 049145
      Secretary and General Counsel, Western Asset Management Company    385 E. Colorado Boulevard Pasadena, California, 91101
Thomas C. Merchant    Non-Executive Director    Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary, Legg Mason, Inc.    100 International Drive Baltimore, MD 21202
      Secretary, Legg Mason & Co., LLC    100 International Drive Baltimore, MD 21202
      Member and Secretary, Legg Mason Political Action Committee    100 International Drive Baltimore, MD 21202
      Secretary, The Baltimore Company    100 International Drive Baltimore, MD 21202
      Secretary, BMML, Inc.    100 International Drive Baltimore, MD 21202
      Secretary, Brandywine Global Investment Management, LLC    2929 Arch Street, 8th Floor Philadelphia, PA 19104
      Secretary, Barrett Associates, Inc.   

90 Park Avenue

New York, NY 10016

      Secretary, Legg Mason Charitable Foundation, Inc.    100 International Drive Baltimore, MD 21202
      Secretary, Legg Mason Commercial Real Estate Services, Inc.    100 International Drive Baltimore, MD 21202
      Secretary, Legg Mason International Holdings, LLC    100 International Drive Baltimore, MD 21202
      Secretary, Legg Mason Realty Group, Inc.    100 International Drive Baltimore, MD 21202


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     Secretary, Legg Mason Realty Partners, Inc.    100 International Drive Baltimore, MD 21202
     Secretary, Legg Mason Tower, Inc.    100 International Drive Baltimore, MD 21202
     Secretary, Legg Mason Holdings, LLC    100 International Drive Baltimore, MD 21202
     Secretary, LM Capital Support V, LLC    100 International Drive Baltimore, MD 21202
     Secretary, LMOBC, Inc.    600 Vine Street, Suite 2100 Cincinnati, OH 45202
     Secretary, Pelican Holdings I, LLC    100 International Drive Baltimore, MD 21202
     Secretary, Pelican Holdings II, LLC    100 International Drive Baltimore, MD 21202
     Secretary, Legg Mason Real Estate Securities Advisors, Inc.    100 International Drive Baltimore, MD 21202
     Director, QS Batterymarch Financial Management, Inc.    880 Third Avenue, 7th Floor New York, NY 10022
     Director, QS Investors Holdings, LLC    880 Third Avenue, 7th Floor New York, NY 10022
     Non-Employee Director, Western Asset Management Company    385 E. Colorado Boulevard Pasadena, California, 91101
Jelena Petrovic   Chief Compliance Officer    None   
Ann Duong   Finance Officer    None   

(h) Western Asset Management Company Ltd (“Western Japan”) was incorporated under the laws of Japan as a corporation. Western Japan is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Legg Mason. The following table notes the officers and directors of Western Japan, together with information as to any other business, profession, vocation or employment of a substantial nature engaged in by such officers and directors during the past two fiscal years.

 

NAME

 

POSITION(S) AT
WESTERN JAPAN

 

OTHER POSITION(S) HELD

  

PRINCIPAL BUSINESS
ADDRESS

Naoya Orime   Representative Director and Head of Tokyo Operations   None   
Charles A. Ruys de Perez   Director   Director, Western Asset Holdings (Australia) Pty Ltd    Level 48, Collins Street, GPO Box 507, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia


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    Director, Western Asset Management Company Pty Ltd    Level 48, Collins Street, GPO Box 507, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
    Director, Western Asset Management Company Limited    10 Exchange Square,10th Floor, Primrose Street, London EC2A 2EN United Kingdom
    Director, Western Asset Management Company Pte. Ltd.    1 George Street #23-01, Singapore 049145
    Secretary, General Counsel and Head of Legal & Compliance, Western Asset Management Company    385 E. Colorado Boulevard, Pasadena, California, 91101

Takashi Komatsu

  Director, Head of Legal and Compliance and Chief Compliance Officer   None   

Laura A. Boydston

  Non-Executive Director   Director, Western Asset Holdings (Australia) Pty Ltd    Level 48, 120 Collins Street, Melbourne Victoria 3000 Australia
    Director, Western Asset Management Company Pte. Ltd.    1 George Street #23-02, Singapore 049145

Yasuaki Sudo

  Finance Officer   None   

Maki Yoshida

  Operation Officer   None   

(i) Martin Currie, Inc. (“Martin Currie”) is an investment adviser registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940. The following is a list of other substantial business activities in which directors, officers, or partners of Martin Currie have been engaged as director, officer, employee, partner or trustee.

 

NAME

  

POSITION(S) AT
MARTIN CURRIE

  

OTHER POSITION(S) HELD

  

PRINCIPAL BUSINESS ADDRESS

Ralph M. Campbell

   Director and Chief Financial Officer    Director, Martin Currie (Bermuda) Limited   

Clarendon House

2 Church Street

Hamilton HM11, Bermuda

      Director, Martin Currie (Holdings) Limited   

Clarendon House

2 Church Street

Hamilton HM11, Bermuda

      Director, Martin Currie Investment Management Limited   

Saltire Court

20 Castle Terrace

Edinburgh EH1 2ES, U.K.

      Director, Martin Currie Limited   

Saltire Court

20 Castle Terrace

Edinburgh EH1 2ES, U.K.


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Colin J. M. Skinner   Director    None   
George M. Bucher   Director    None   
Alastair F. Barrie   Director    None   
Tobias C. Hogbin   Chief Operating Officer    Director, Martin Currie Fund Management Limited   

Saltire Court

20 Castle Terrace

Edinburgh EH1 2ES, U.K.

     Director, Martin Currie Investment Management Limited   

Saltire Court

20 Castle Terrace

Edinburgh EH1 2ES, U.K.

Nigel J. Anderson   Chief Compliance Officer    Director, Martin Currie Fund Management Limited   

Saltire Court

20 Castle Terrace

Edinburgh EH1 2ES, U.K.

(j) RARE Infrastructure (North America) Pty Limited (“RARE”) is an investment adviser registered with the SEC under the Advisers Act. The following table notes the officers and directors of RARE together with information as to any other business, profession, vocation or employment of a substantial nature engaged in by such officers and directors during the past two fiscal years.

 

NAME

  

POSITION(S) AT RARE

  

OTHER POSITION(S) HELD

  

PRINCIPAL BUSINESS ADDRESS

Nicholas James Langley    Director    None   
Richard Peter Elmslie    Director    None   
Sally Louise Worrall    CCO    None   
Annette Katherine Golden    Head of Legal    None   
Ursula Schliessler    Director    None   
John D. Kenney    Director    Information regarding Mr. Kenney’s other positions held is included in the table above relating to QS.   
Hong Heng Lennie Lim    Director    None   
Julie Marie Schelfhaut    Head of Finance/CO SEC    None   
Carl Nelson McGann    COO    None   

 

Item 32.

Principal Underwriters

(a) LMIS, the Registrant’s principal underwriter, also serves as principal underwriter for the following investment companies registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended: Legg Mason Tax-Free Income


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Fund; Western Asset Funds, Inc.; Legg Mason Partners Premium Money Market Trust; Legg Mason Partners Institutional Trust; Legg Mason Partners Money Market Trust; Legg Mason Partners Equity Trust; Legg Mason Partners Variable Equity Trust; Legg Mason Partners Variable Income Trust; Legg Mason ETF Equity Trust; and Legg Mason Partners Income Trust.

(b) The following table sets forth information concerning each director and officer of the Registrant’s principal underwriter, LMIS.

 

NAME AND PRINCIPAL
BUSINESS ADDRESS*

 

POSITION AND OFFICES
WITH UNDERWRITER – LMIS

  

POSITIONS AND OFFICES
WITH REGISTRANT

Frances Cashman   Managing Director/Manager    None
Jacqueline Diehm   Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Financial Reporting Officer    None

Kenneth Cieprisz

620 Eighth Avenue, 49th Floor

New York, NY 10018

  Vice President and Chief Compliance Officer    None
Vicki Schmelzer   Secretary    None

Susan Kerr

620 Eighth Avenue, 49th Floor

New York, NY 10018

  Anti-Money Laundering Compliance Officer    None

 

*

All addresses are 100 International Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, unless otherwise indicated.

(c) The Registrant has no principal underwriter which is not an affiliated person of the Registrant or an affiliated person of such an affiliated person.

 

Item 33.

Location of Accounts and Records

The books, accounts and records required to be maintained by Section 31(a) of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, are maintained in the physical possession of:

With respect to the Registrant:

(1) Legg Mason Global Asset Management Trust

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

With respect to the Registrant’s Investment Managers:

(2) Legg Mason Partners Fund Advisor, LLC

620 Eighth Avenue

New York, NY 10018

(3) QS Investors, LLC

880 Third Avenue

New York, NY 10022

(4) Brandywine Global Investment Management, LLC

2929 Arch Street

Philadelphia, PA 19104


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(5) ClearBridge Investments, LLC

620 Eighth Avenue

New York, NY 10018

(6) ClearBridge, LLC

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

(7) Western Asset Management Company

620 Eighth Avenue

New York, NY 10018

(8) Western Asset Management Company Limited

620 Eighth Avenue

New York, NY 10018

(9) Western Asset Management Company Ltd

620 Eighth Avenue

New York, NY 10018

(10) Martin Currie Inc.

620 Eighth Avenue

New York, NY 10018

(11) RARE Infrastructure (North America) PTY Limited

Level 13, 35 Clarence Street

Sydney, NSW 2000

With respect to the Registrant’s Custodian:

(12) The Bank of New York Mellon

225 Liberty Street

New York, NY 10286

With respect to the Registrant’s Transfer Agent:

(13) The Bank of New York Mellon

301 Bellevue Parkway

Wilmington, DE 19809

With respect to the Registrant’s Distributor:

(14) Legg Mason Investor Services, LLC

100 International Drive

Baltimore, MD 21202

 

Item 34.

Management Services

Not Applicable

 

Item 35.

Undertakings

Not Applicable


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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, the Registrant LEGG MASON GLOBAL ASSET MANAGEMENT TRUST, certifies that it meets all of the requirements for effectiveness of this Post-Effective Amendment to the Registration Statement pursuant to Rule 485(b) under the Securities Act and has duly caused this Post-Effective Amendment to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of Baltimore, State of Maryland on this 23rd day of November, 2018.

LEGG MASON GLOBAL ASSET MANAGEMENT TRUST, on behalf of its series:

 

Martin Currie SMASh Series EM Fund
By:    /s/ Jane Trust
  Jane Trust
  President and Principal Executive Officer

WITNESS our hands on the date set forth below.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act, this Post-Effective Amendment to the Registration Statement has been signed below by the following persons in the capacities indicated below on November 23, 2018.

 

Signature

       

Title

/s/ Arnold L. Lehman*

Arnold L. Lehman

     

Chair and Trustee

/s/ Ruby P. Hearn*

Ruby P. Hearn

     

Trustee

/s/ Robin J.W. Masters*

Robin J.W. Masters

     

Trustee

/s/ Jill E. McGovern*

Jill E. McGovern

     

Trustee

/s/ Arthur S. Mehlman*

Arthur S. Mehlman

     

Trustee

/s/ G. Peter O’Brien*

G. Peter O’Brien

     

Trustee

/s/ S. Ford Rowan*

S. Ford Rowan

     

Trustee

/s/ Robert M. Tarola*

Robert M. Tarola

     

Trustee

/s/ Jane Trust

Jane Trust

     

President (Principal Executive Officer),

Chief Executive Officer and Trustee

/s/ Richard F. Sennett

Richard F. Sennett

     

Principal Financial and

Accounting Officer

* By:   /s/ Richard F. Sennett
  Richard F. Sennett

 

*

Attorney in Fact, pursuant to Power of Attorney.


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EXHIBIT INDEX

 

(j)

Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm