Note 10 – Fair Value Measurements

Certain of the Company’s assets are carried at fair value. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.

The Company categorizes its assets and liabilities carried at fair value using a three-level hierarchy for fair value measurements that distinguishes between market participant assumptions developed based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company (observable inputs) and the Company’s own assumptions about market participant assumptions developed based on the best information available in the circumstances (unobservable inputs). The hierarchy for inputs used in determining fair value maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that observable inputs be used when available. The hierarchy level assigned to the assets and liabilities is based on management’s assessment of the transparency and reliability of the inputs used to estimate the fair values at the measurement date. The three hierarchy levels are defined as follows:

Level 1—Valuations based on unadjusted quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2—Valuations based on observable inputs (other than Level 1 prices), such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities at the measurement date; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable, either directly or indirectly.

Level 3—Valuations based on inputs that are unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement, and involve management judgment.

If the inputs used to measure fair value fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy, the hierarchy level assigned is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

Assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis

The valuation techniques and inputs used by the Company to estimate the fair value of assets measured on a recurring basis are summarized as follows:

Debt securities

The fair values of debt securities were based on the market values obtained from independent pricing services that were evaluated using pricing models that vary by asset class and incorporate available trade, bid and other market information and price quotes from well-established independent broker-dealers. The independent pricing services monitor market indicators, industry and economic events, and for broker-quoted only securities, obtain quotes from market makers or broker-dealers that they recognize to be market participants. The pricing services utilize the market approach in determining the fair value of the debt securities held by the Company. The Company obtains an understanding of the valuation models and assumptions utilized by the services and has controls in place to determine that the values provided represent fair value. The Company’s validation procedures include comparing prices received from the pricing services to quotes received from other third party sources for certain securities with market prices that are readily verifiable. If the price comparison results in differences over a predefined threshold, the Company will assess the reasonableness of the changes relative to prior periods given the prevailing market conditions and assess changes in the issuers’ credit worthiness, performance of any underlying collateral and prices of the instrument relative to similar issuances. To date, the Company has not made any material adjustments to the fair value measurements provided by the pricing services.

Typical inputs and assumptions to pricing models used to value the Company’s U.S. Treasury bonds, municipal bonds, foreign government bonds, governmental agency bonds, governmental agency mortgage-backed securities and U.S. and foreign corporate debt securities include, but are not limited to, benchmark yields, reported trades, broker-dealer quotes, credit spreads, credit ratings, bond insurance (if applicable), benchmark securities, bids, offers, reference data and industry and economic events. For mortgage-backed securities, inputs and assumptions may also include the structure of issuance, characteristics of the issuer, collateral attributes and prepayment speeds. Certain corporate debt securities were not actively traded and there were fewer observable inputs available requiring the use of more judgment in determining their fair values, which resulted in their classification as Level 3.

Equity securities

The fair values of equity securities, including preferred and common stocks, were based on quoted market prices for identical assets that are readily and regularly available in an active market.

The following tables present the fair values of the Company’s assets, measured on a recurring basis, as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016:

(in thousands)	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
September 30, 2017
Assets:
Debt securities:
U.S. Treasury bonds	$	145,453	$	—	$	145,453	$	—
Municipal bonds		1,072,362		—		1,072,362		—
Foreign government bonds		161,649		—		161,649		—
Governmental agency bonds		221,718		—		221,718		—
Governmental agency mortgage-backed securities		2,225,920		—		2,225,920		—
U.S. corporate debt securities		726,928		—		714,419		12,509
Foreign corporate debt securities		249,454		—		248,581		873
		4,803,484		—		4,790,102		13,382
Equity securities:
Preferred stocks		18,527		18,527		—		—
Common stocks		427,658		427,658		—		—
		446,185		446,185		—		—
Total assets	$	5,249,669	$	446,185	$	4,790,102	$	13,382

(in thousands)	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
December 31, 2016
Assets:
Debt securities:
U.S. Treasury bonds	$	151,391	$	—	$	151,391	$	—
Municipal bonds		984,333		—		984,333		—
Foreign government bonds		140,048		—		140,048		—
Governmental agency bonds		193,868		—		193,868		—
Governmental agency mortgage-backed securities		2,163,673		—		2,163,673		—
U.S. corporate debt securities		678,524		—		631,859		46,665
Foreign corporate debt securities		241,526		—		235,258		6,268
		4,553,363		—		4,500,430		52,933
Equity securities:
Preferred stocks		15,582		15,582		—		—
Common stocks		388,503		388,503		—		—
		404,085		404,085		—		—
Total assets	$	4,957,448	$	404,085	$	4,500,430	$	52,933

There were no transfers between Levels 1 and 2 during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016. Transfers into or out of the Level 3 category occur when unobservable inputs become more or less significant to the fair value measurement. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, transfers between Level 2 and Level 3 were based on market liquidity and related transparency of pricing and associated observable inputs for certain of the Company’s corporate debt securities. The Company’s policy is to recognize transfers between levels in the fair value hierarchy at the end of the reporting period.

The following table presents a summary of the changes in the fair values of Level 3 assets, measured on a recurring basis, for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016:

	September 30, 2017									September 30, 2016
(in thousands)	U.S. corporate debt securities			Foreign corporate debt securities			Total			U.S. corporate debt securities			Foreign corporate debt securities			Total
Fair value at beginning of period	$	18,128		$	1,915		$	20,043		$	14,493		$	723		$	15,216
Transfers into Level 3		3,747			573			4,320			5,968			—			5,968
Transfers out of Level 3		(6,788	)		—			(6,788	)		(4,546	)		—			(4,546	)
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses):
Included in earnings		26			(1	)		25			5			—			5
Included in other comprehensive income (loss)		(86	)		(5	)		(91	)		115			43			158
Purchases		901			149			1,050			1,866			1,045			2,911
Sales		(1,231	)		—			(1,231	)		(46	)		(50	)		(96	)
Settlements		(2,188	)		(1,758	)		(3,946	)		(356	)		—			(356	)
Fair value at end of period	$	12,509		$	873		$	13,382		$	17,499		$	1,761		$	19,260

The following table presents a summary of the changes in the fair values of Level 3 assets, measured on a recurring basis, for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016:

	September 30, 2017									September 30, 2016
(in thousands)	U.S. corporate debt securities			Foreign corporate debt securities			Total			U.S. corporate debt securities			Foreign corporate debt securities			Total
Fair value at beginning of period	$	46,665		$	6,268		$	52,933		$	43,567		$	6,572		$	50,139
Transfers into Level 3		377			198			575			269			—			269
Transfers out of Level 3		(27,066	)		(2,111	)		(29,177	)		(27,764	)		(3,822	)		(31,586	)
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses):
Included in earnings		117			11			128			(88	)		(48	)		(136	)
Included in other comprehensive income (loss)		(460	)		(47	)		(507	)		1,053			88			1,141
Purchases		7,994			1,075			9,069			10,132			1,243			11,375
Sales		(2,824	)		(1,954	)		(4,778	)		(4,750	)		(1,045	)		(5,795	)
Settlements		(12,294	)		(2,567	)		(14,861	)		(4,920	)		(1,227	)		(6,147	)
Fair value at end of period	$	12,509		$	873		$	13,382		$	17,499		$	1,761		$	19,260

Financial instruments not measured at fair value

In estimating the fair values of its financial instruments not measured at fair value, the Company used the following methods and assumptions:

Cash and cash equivalents

The carrying amount for cash and cash equivalents is a reasonable estimate of fair value due to the short-term maturity of these investments.

Deposits with banks

The fair value of deposits with banks is estimated based on rates currently offered for deposits of similar remaining maturities, where applicable.

Notes receivable, net

The fair value of notes receivable, net is estimated based on current market rates being offered for notes with similar maturities and credit quality.

Deposits

The carrying values of escrow and other deposit accounts approximate fair value due to the short-term nature of these liabilities.

Notes and contracts payable

The fair value of notes and contracts payable is estimated based on current rates offered to the Company for debt of similar remaining maturities.

The following table presents the carrying amounts and estimated fair values of the Company’s financial instruments not measured at fair value as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016:

	Carrying		Estimated fair value
(in thousands)	Amount		Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
September 30, 2017
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	1,141,915	$	1,141,915	$	1,141,915	$	—	$	—
Deposits with banks	$	20,940	$	20,887	$	265	$	20,622	$	—
Notes receivable, net	$	7,466	$	7,297	$	—	$	—	$	7,297
Liabilities:
Deposits	$	2,965,426	$	2,965,426	$	2,965,426	$	—	$	—
Notes and contracts payable	$	734,091	$	756,536	$	—	$	752,070	$	4,466

	Carrying		Estimated fair value
(in thousands)	Amount		Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
December 31, 2016
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	1,006,138	$	1,006,138	$	1,006,138	$	—	$	—
Deposits with banks	$	21,222	$	21,176	$	1,017	$	20,159	$	—
Notes receivable, net	$	7,799	$	7,542	$	—	$	—	$	7,542
Liabilities:
Deposits	$	2,779,478	$	2,779,478	$	2,779,478	$	—	$	—
Notes and contracts payable	$	736,693	$	734,812	$	—	$	729,658	$	5,154