UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

x ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023

or

o TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Transition Period from _________ to _________

Commission file number 001-36041

INDEPENDENCE REALTY TRUST, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Maryland	26-4567130
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
1835 Market Street, Suite 2601, Philadelphia, PA	19103
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code) (267) 270-4800

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share	IRT	New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934:

None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes o No x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	x	Accelerated filer	o
Non-accelerated filer	o	Smaller reporting company	o
Emerging growth company	o

If an emerging growth company, indicate by checkmark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. x

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements Yes o No x

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to § 240.10D-1(b). Yes o No x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes o No x

The aggregate market value of the shares of common stock of the registrant held by non-affiliates of the registrant, based upon the closing price of such shares on June 30, 2023 of $18.22, was approximately $4,178,432,430.

As of February 23, 2024 there were 224,773,702 shares of the registrant’s common stock issued and outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the proxy statement for registrant’s 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K.

INDEPENDENCE REALTY TRUST, INC.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Forward-Looking Statements		1
PART I
Item 1.	Business	2
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	10
Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	39
Item 1C.	Cybersecurity	39
Item 2.	Properties	41
Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	42
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	42
PART II
Item 5.	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	43
Item 6.	Reserved	44
Item 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	45
Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	57
Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	59
Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	95
Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	95
Item 9B.	Other Information	95
Item 9C.	Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections	95
PART III
Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	96
Item 11.	Executive Compensation	96
Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	96
Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	96
Item 14.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	96
PART IV
Item 15.	Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules	96
Item 16	Form 10-K Summary	100

EXPLANATORY NOTE

As used herein, the terms “we,” “our,” “us” and “IRT” refer to Independence Realty Trust, Inc., a Maryland corporation, and, as required by context, Independence Realty Operating Partnership, LP, a Delaware limited partnership, which we refer to as IROP, and their subsidiaries. Our multifamily apartment communities are referred to as “communities,” “properties,” “apartment properties,” and “multifamily properties.”

CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

The Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), encourages companies to disclose forward-looking information so that investors can better understand a company’s future prospects and make informed investment decisions. This annual report on Form 10-K contains or incorporates by reference such “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 (the "Securities Act"), as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act").

Words such as “anticipates,” “estimates,” “expects,” “projects,” “intends,” “plans,” “believes” and words and terms of similar substance used in connection with any discussion of future operating or financial performance identify forward-looking statements.

We claim the protection of the safe harbor for forward-looking statements provided in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements may be made directly in this annual report on Form 10-K and they may also be incorporated by reference in this annual report on Form 10-K to other documents filed with the SEC, and include, without limitation, statements about future financial and operating results and performance, statements about our plans, objectives, expectations and intentions with respect to future operations, products and services, and other statements that are not historical facts. These forward-looking statements are based upon the current beliefs and expectations of our management and are inherently subject to significant business, economic and competitive uncertainties and contingencies, many of which are difficult to predict and generally beyond our control. In addition, these forward-looking statements are subject to assumptions with respect to future business strategies and decisions that are subject to change. Actual results may differ materially from the anticipated results discussed in these forward-looking statements.

The risk factors discussed and identified in Item 1A of this annual report on Form 10-K and in other of our public filings with the SEC could cause actual results to differ materially from the anticipated results or other expectations expressed in the forward-looking statements. We caution you not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this annual report on Form 10-K. All subsequent written and oral forward-looking statements attributable to us or any person acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements contained or referred to in this section. Except to the extent required by applicable law or regulation, we undertake no obligation to update these forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this filing or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events.

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PART I

ITEM 1.    Business

Our Company

IRT, a Maryland corporation, is a self-administered and self-managed real estate investment trust (“REIT”) that acquires, owns, operates, improves and manages multifamily apartment communities across non-gateway U.S. markets. As of December 31, 2023, we owned and operated 116 multifamily apartment properties (including one owned through a consolidated joint venture) that contain an aggregate of 34,431 units. These properties are located in Alabama, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Texas. In addition, as of December 31, 2023, we owned two investments in real estate under development in Denver, Colorado that will, upon completion, contain an aggregate of 621 units. As of December 31, 2023, we also owned interests in four unconsolidated joint ventures, two of which own and operate multifamily apartment properties that contain an aggregate of 810 units and two that are developing multifamily apartment properties that will, upon completion, contain an aggregate of 653 units. We do not have any foreign operations and our business is not seasonal. Our principal executive offices are located at 1835 Market Street, Suite 2601, Philadelphia, PA 19103 and our telephone number is (267) 270-4800.

Our Business Objective and Investment Strategies

Our primary business objective is to maximize stockholder value through diligent portfolio management, strong operational performance, and a consistent return of capital through distributions and capital appreciation. Our investment strategy is focused on the following:

•gaining scale near major employment centers within key amenity rich submarkets of non-gateway cities that offer good school districts and high-quality retail and are unlikely to experience substantial new apartment construction in the foreseeable future;

•increasing cash flows at our existing apartment properties through prudent property management and strategic renovation projects; and

•acquiring and developing additional properties that have strong and stable occupancies and support a rise in rental rates or that have the potential for repositioning through capital expenditures or tailored management strategies.

We seek to achieve these objectives by executing the following strategies:

•Focus on properties in markets that have strong apartment demand, reduced competition from national apartment buyers and no substantial new apartment construction. In evaluating potential acquisitions, we analyze apartment occupancy and trends in rental rates, employment and new construction, among many other factors, and seek to identify properties located primarily in non-gateway markets where there is strong demand for apartment units, less apartment development relative to demand, stable resident bases and occupancy rates, positive net migration trends and strong employment drivers. We generally seek to avoid markets where we believe potential yields have decreased as a result of the acquisition and development efforts of large institutional buyers.

•Acquire properties that have operating upside through professional property management strategies. We have expertise in acquiring and managing properties to maximize the net operating income of such properties through effective marketing and leasing, disciplined management of rental rates and efficient expense management. We seek to acquire properties that we believe possess significant prospects for increased occupancy and rental revenue growth. Our target profile for acquisitions currently is midrise/garden-style apartments containing 150-500 units with high quality amenities that we can acquire at less than replacement cost in the $35 million to $125 million price range with a three to fifteen-year operating track record. We do not intend to limit ourselves to properties in this target profile, however, and we may make acquisitions outside of this profile or change our target profile whenever market conditions warrant. We may also deploy capital through joint ventures with unaffiliated third parties to facilitate future acquisitions or development of multifamily communities.

•Selectively use our capital to improve apartment properties where we believe the return on our investment will be accretive to stockholders. We have significant experience allocating capital to value-added improvements of apartment properties to produce increased occupancy and rental rates. We intend to continue to deploy capital into revenue-enhancing capital projects that we believe will improve the physical

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plant or market positioning of particular apartment properties and generate increased income over time. This value add initiative is a core component of our growth strategy.

•Selectively dispose of properties that no longer meet our long-term strategy or when market conditions are favorable. Dispositions also allow us to realize a portion of the value created through our investments and provide additional liquidity. In evaluating potential dispositions, we evaluate the opportunity to strategically exit markets where we lack scale and redeploy sales proceeds to fund acquisitions and renovations and to reduce our leverage in lieu of raising additional capital.

2023 Developments

2023 Property Sales and Properties Held for Sale

During the three months ended March 31, 2023, we sold one multifamily apartment community for a gross sales price of $37.3 million and recognized a gain on sale of $1.2 million. Proceeds from the sale were used to reduce our indebtedness.

Our Portfolio Optimization and Deleveraging Strategy

On October 26, 2023, our Board of Directors approved a plan, which we refer to as our Portfolio Optimization and Deleveraging Strategy, which targeted the sale of 10 properties located in seven markets in order to exit or reduce our presence in these markets while also deleveraging our balance sheet.

During the three months ended December 31, 2023, we sold four of these targeted properties, totaling 996 units, for an aggregate gross sale price of $200.7 million and recognized an aggregate impairment loss on sale of $34.8 million. These sales represent a reduction in our exposure to the Denver, Colorado market and our exit from the Chicago, Illinois, Norfolk, Virginia, and Fort Wayne, Indiana markets.

As discussed further below, as of December 31, 2023, the six remaining properties targeted for sale under our Portfolio Optimization and Deleveraging Strategy were classified as held for sale. We sold two of these properties, totaling 648 units, subsequent to December 31, 2023 for an aggregate gross sale price of $128 million. In addition, as of the date of this Annual Report, we have executed contracts of sale for the four remaining properties and expect to consummate these sales in the first quarter of 2024. Once the sale of all 10 properties has been completed, we expect to have generated $525 million in gross sales proceeds, used net proceeds to reduce our debt by approximately $519 million and to have exited five single asset markets.

While the four remaining properties that are part of the Portfolio Optimization and Deleveraging Strategy are under contracts of sale, there can be no assurance that the sales will be consummated at expected pricing levels, within expected time frames, or at all.

Value Add Initiative

Our Value Add Initiative, comprised of renovations and upgrades at selected communities to drive increased rental rates, commenced in 2018 and currently has a pipeline of 13,281 units across 41 properties identified for renovation and upgrade. Through December 31, 2023, we renovated 7,771 of the 13,281 units currently owned at an average cost per unit of $15,716 and achieved a return on our total renovation costs for these units of 17.7% (and approximately 19.5% on the interior portion of such renovation costs). We compute return on cost by using the rent premium per unit per month, multiplied by 12, divided by the applicable renovation costs per unit and we compute the rent premium as the difference between the rental rate on the renovated unit (excluding the impact of concessions) and the market rent for a comparable unrenovated unit as of the date presented, as determined by management consistent with its customary rent-setting and evaluation procedures, including its views of third party rental rates. We expect to begin renovations at the remaining value add projects contemplated in connection with our Value Add Initiative at the selected communities throughout 2024.

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Investment in Unconsolidated Real Estate Entities

To create another avenue for accretive capital allocation and to increase our options for capital investment, we have partnered with, and may in the future partner with, developers through preferred equity investments and joint venture relationships focused on new multifamily development.

We did not make new investments in unconsolidated real estate entities during the year ended December 31, 2023. However, we continued to fund commitments to our existing investments in unconsolidated real estate entities. As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had investments in unconsolidated real estate of $89.0 million and $80.2 million, respectively.

During 2023, we entered into an amendment to the Virtuoso joint venture agreement which provided us with control over the major decisions that most significantly impact the joint venture and removed our joint venture partner’s rights to a promote interest. As a result of the amendment, we reassessed the accounting for Virtuoso, a former unconsolidated real estate entity, that consists of 178 units in Huntsville, Alabama, during the quarter ended September 30, 2023. Because we concluded that Virtuoso is a voting interest entity and that we now control the major decisions that most significantly impact the joint venture through our 90% voting interest, we began consolidating the assets and liabilities and operating results of Virtuoso, effective August 1, 2023. In accordance with FASB Topic ASC 805, upon consolidation, we recognized the assets and liabilities of Virtuoso at carryover basis, allocating the individual assets and liabilities based upon their relative fair values on our consolidated balance sheets.

Capital Markets

Shelf Registration Statement

On June 14, 2023, we replaced our previous shelf registration statement with our new shelf registration statement. On July 28, 2023, we entered into an equity distribution agreement pursuant to which we may from time to time offer and sell shares of our common stock under our shelf registration statement having an aggregate offering price of up to $450 million (the “2023 ATM Program”) in negotiated transactions or transactions that are deemed to be “at the market” offerings as defined in Rule 415 under the Securities Act. Under the 2023 ATM Program, we may also enter into one or more forward sale transactions for the sale of shares of our common stock on a forward basis. There were no forward sale transactions as of December 31, 2023, and no shares of our common stock were sold under the 2023 ATM Program during the year ended December 31, 2023.

Swap Agreement

On March 16, 2023, we entered into an interest rate swap contract with a notional value of $200 million, a strike rate of 3.39% and a maturity date of March 17, 2030. We designated this interest rate swap as a cash flow hedge at inception and determined that the hedge is highly effective in offsetting interest rate fluctuations associated with the identified indebtedness.

Financing Strategy

We use a combination of debt and equity sources to fund our business objectives. We seek to maintain a capital structure that provides us with the flexibility to manage our business and pursue our growth strategies, while allowing us to service our debt requirements and generate appropriate risk-adjusted returns for our stockholders. We believe these objectives are best achieved by a capital structure that consists of common equity and prudent amounts of debt financing. However, we may raise capital in any form and under terms that we deem acceptable and in our best interests. Our longer-term goal is to reduce our leverage ratio by growing the net operating income at our communities through rental increases, including those driven by value add initiatives, and prudent expense management. If our Board of Directors changes our policies regarding our use of leverage, we expect that it will consider many factors, including, our long-term strategic plan, the leverage ratios of publicly traded REITs with similar investment strategies, the cost of leverage as compared to expected net operating income and general market conditions. For further description of our indebtedness at December 31, 2023, see “Part II-Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data-Note 6: Indebtedness” below. See also “Part I-Item 1A. Risk Factors – Risks Associated with Debt Financing” below for more information about risks associated with indebtedness and operating on a leveraged basis.

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Development and Structure of Our Company; Segment

IRT was formed as a Maryland corporation on March 26, 2009 and conducts its business through a traditional umbrella partnership REIT (“UPREIT”) structure in which all of its assets are held by, and substantially all of its operations are conducted through, IRT’s operating partnership, IROP and subsidiaries of IROP. IROP was formed as a Delaware limited partnership on March 27, 2009. IRT is the sole general partner of IROP and manages and controls its business. As of December 31, 2023, IRT owned a 97.4% interest in IROP. The remaining 2.6% consists of IROP units issued to third parties in exchange for direct or indirect contributions of interests in properties to IROP. As limited partners in IROP, holders of IROP units have limited approval rights. As discussed above, holders of IROP units have the right to tender their IROP units to us from time to time for cash in an amount equal to the market price (based on a trailing average computation) of an equivalent number of shares of IRT common stock at the time we receive notice of the exchange. We have the option, in lieu of paying cash, to settle the exchange for a number of shares of IRT common stock equal to the number of IROP units tendered for exchange.

Our wholly owned subsidiary, IRT Management, LLC (“IRT Management”), which was formed on October 26, 2016, is a full-service apartment property management company that, as of December 31, 2023 managed 34,431 apartment units, all of which are owned by us. IRT Management provides services to us in connection with the rental, leasing, operation and management of our properties. Substantially all of our assets are comprised of multifamily real estate assets generally leased to residents for a term of one-year or less. Therefore, we aggregate our real estate assets for reporting purposes and operate in one reportable segment, see “Part II-Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data-Note 12: Segment Reporting” below.

Competition

In attracting and retaining residents to occupy our properties, we compete with numerous other housing alternatives. Our properties compete directly with other rental apartments as well as condominiums and single-family homes that are available for rent or purchase in the sub-markets in which our properties are located. Principal factors of competition include rent or price charged, attractiveness of the location and property, and quality and breadth of services and amenities. If our competitors offer leases at rental rates below current market rates, or below the rental rates we currently charge our residents, we may lose potential residents.

The number of competitive properties relative to demand in a particular area has a material effect on our ability to lease apartment units at our properties and on the rents we charge. In certain sub-markets there exists an oversupply of single family homes and condominiums and a reduction of households, both of which affect the pricing and occupancy of our rental apartments. Additionally, we compete with other real estate investors, including other apartment REITs, pension and investment funds, partnerships and investment companies in acquiring, redeveloping and managing apartment properties. This competition affects our ability to acquire properties and the price that we pay for such acquisitions.

Sustainability

In 2022, we published our inaugural Sustainability Report, which disclosed our sustainability progress and vision for the future as we continue to integrate Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) initiatives into our business strategy. The data and disclosures within the report were aligned with the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB) Standards for the real estate industry. We also identified the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that we believe best aligned with our business activities and key priorities.

We strive to advance sustainability initiatives across our organization and communities and to strengthen our resilience to climate risks through thoughtful portfolio management and the diligent handling of external risks. As part of our Value Add Initiative, we make capital investments which improve our residents’ living experience and lessen our combined impact on the environment through the installation of energy efficient appliances and lighting and plumbing fixtures, and longer-lasting vinyl plank flooring and hard-surface counter tops. As a steward of our assets, and a provider of homes to thousands of individuals, we seek to bolster our resilience to climate hazards and severe weather through the implementation of proactive facilities management practices and the preparation of and adherence to emergency operating plans if weather-related events impact our communities.

We are especially proud of our efforts in advancing reforestation by sponsoring the planting of one tree for every new move-in at one of our residential communities. The reforestation projects we have supported are located in Florida, Montana, Texas and Appalachia. Through these projects, our goal of offsetting our carbon emissions is implemented by

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directly restoring our natural environment. Since the inception of the IRTree Project in April 2020, we have successfully planted over 37,000 trees, one for each new move-in, across multiple regions of the United States including Apalachicola and Myakka State Forests in Florida and Texas, respectively.

We are also keenly focused on the “Social” and “Governance” aspects of ESG. As detailed below, we believe our people are our greatest asset and so we strive to support and engage with our associates. We also recognize that a successful company must incorporate the best corporate governance practices in order to better serve its stakeholders.

Human Capital

Our Purpose is to provide exceptional living experiences. We believe our employees drive our success and fostering a workplace built on our core values of excellence, opportunity, integrity, and service is vital to our long-term success.

Our People. As of December 31, 2023, we had 952 employees, all of whom were employed in the United States, and none of whom are covered by collective bargaining agreements. We have experienced no material interruptions of our operations due to disputes with our employees.

Diversity, Equity and Inclusion. We consider diversity, equity and inclusion to be an essential part of our foundation, culture, and identity. We believe that our commitment to diversity, equity and inclusion is not only objectively moral but also unites us as co-workers and connects us with the residents we serve. 64% of the individuals in our workforce self-identify as Male and 36% as Female, while 37% self-identify as Caucasian, 27% as Hispanic/Latinx, 23% as African American, 2% as Asian and 11% as other races or ethnicities.

In order to cultivate a culture that supports our diversity, equity and inclusion efforts, we provide training on the importance of diversity, equity and inclusion and celebrate the diversity of our employees and residents. Throughout the year, we recognize and celebrate appreciation days and heritage months such as Black History Month, International Women’s Day, Pride Month and Hispanic Heritage Month. Additionally, we support our employees through mentor programs and affinity groups such as our Diversity, Equity and Inclusion Committee, whose mission is to formulate and propose diversity, equity and inclusion initiatives consistent with our purpose, strategies, and business objectives and IRT WOMEN, whose mission is to provide a network for advancing the individual and professional needs of women within IRT. In addition, we promote pay equity with clear and consistent performance criteria, performance reviews, and non-discriminatory pay practices.

Training and Development and Program. We are committed to providing the resources to engage our employees and enhance their educational and professional growth. We provide technical and leadership training to employees through more than 300 on-demand e-learning courses. Many of our employees completed leadership training courses and our Service teams receive training through a combination of online courses, simulation training, and on-site, hands-on training. In addition to company-specific training, we have established professional education benefits and guidelines under which our team members may receive financial assistance for professional certifications and continued education.

Compensation, Benefits, Safety and Wellness. In addition to offering competitive salaries and wages, we offer our employees incentive compensation linked to the achievement of individual and corporate goals, and all of our employees receive stock-based compensation that vests over a number of years. We believe that tying compensation to specific goals and providing our employees’ an ownership interest in the company through stock awards aligns their interests more closely with those of our shareholders. We also offer comprehensive health and retirement benefits to eligible employees. Our current employee benefits include, but are not limited to, Medical, Prescription Drug, Dental and Vision Plans, Health Savings Accounts (HSA), Short-Term and Long-Term Disability Income, Life and Accidental Death and Dismemberment Insurance, Paid Time Off, Adoption Benefits, telemed services and a company-matched 401(K) Retirement Savings Plan. Our core health and welfare benefits are supplemented with a variety of specific programs designed to promote our employees’ well-being. These benefits help further stimulate an environment where we support and reward the efforts of our employees and their families to maintain and improve their overall well-being, their future plans, and their performance excellence.

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Regulation

Governmental Regulations

Our properties are subject to various federal, state and local regulatory laws and requirements, including, but not limited to, the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, the Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988, rent control, rent stabilization and other landlord/tenant laws, environmental regulations, zoning regulations, building codes and land use laws, and building, operation, occupancy and other permit and licensure requirements. Noncompliance with these or other laws could result in the imposition of governmental fines or the award of damages to private litigants. While we believe that we are currently in material compliance with these laws and regulatory requirements, the requirements may change or new requirements may be imposed that could require significant unanticipated expenditures by us. Additionally, local zoning and land use laws, environmental statutes and other governmental requirements may restrict, or negatively impact, our property operations, or renovation and reconstruction activities and such regulations may prevent us from taking advantage of economic opportunities. Future changes in federal, state or local tax regulations applicable to REITs, real property or income derived from our real estate could impact the financial performance, operations, and value of our properties and the Company.

Environmental Matters

Under various federal, state and local environmental laws, statutes, ordinances, rules and regulations, an owner, lessee or operator of real property may be liable for the costs of removal or remediation of certain hazardous or toxic substances at, on, in or under such property as well as certain other potential costs relating to hazardous or toxic substances. These liabilities may include government fines and penalties and damages for injuries to persons and adjacent property. Such laws often impose liability without regard to whether the owner, lessee or operator knew of, or was responsible for, the presence or disposal of such substances. As a part of our standard due diligence process for acquisitions, we generally obtain environmental studies of the sites from outside environmental engineering firms. The purpose of these studies is to identify potential sources of contamination at the site and to assess the status of environmental regulatory compliance. These studies generally include historical reviews of the site, reviews of certain public records, preliminary investigations of the site and surrounding properties, inspection for the presence of asbestos, poly-chlorinated biphenyls (“PCBs”), and underground storage tanks and the preparation and issuance of written reports. Depending on the results of these studies, more invasive procedures, such as soil sampling or ground water analysis, may be performed to investigate potential sources of contamination. The environmental studies we received on properties that we have acquired have not revealed any material environmental liabilities. Should any potential environmental risks or conditions be discovered during our due diligence process, the potential costs of remediation will be assessed carefully and factored into the cost of acquisition, assuming the identified risks and factors are deemed to be manageable and within reason. We are not aware of any existing conditions that we believe would be considered a material environmental liability. Nevertheless, it is possible that the studies do not reveal all environmental risks or that there are material environmental liabilities of which we are not aware. Moreover, no assurance can be given concerning future laws, ordinances or regulations, or the potential introduction of hazardous or toxic substances by neighboring properties or residents.

Qualification as a Real Estate Investment Trust

We elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, (the “Code”), commencing with our taxable year ended December 31, 2011. We recorded no income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021.

To continue to qualify as a REIT, we must continue to meet certain tests which, among other things, generally require that our assets consist primarily of real estate assets, our income be derived primarily from real estate assets, and that we distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (other than our net capital gains) to our stockholders annually. If we maintain our qualification as a REIT, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal corporate income taxes on our net income to the extent we distribute such net income to our stockholders annually. Even if we continue to qualify as a REIT, we will continue to be subject to certain federal, state and local taxes on our income and our property. We believe that we are organized and operate in such a manner as to continue to qualify and maintain treatment as a REIT and we intend to operate in such a manner so that we will remain qualified as a REIT for federal income tax purposes. For a discussion of the tax implications of our REIT status to us and our stockholders, see “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations” contained in Exhibit 99.1 to this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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The table below reconciles the differences between reported net income, total taxable income and estimated REIT taxable income for the three years ended December 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands):

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Net (loss) income	$	(17,807)	$	120,659	$	45,529
Add (deduct):
Depreciation and amortization differences	48,013		76,021		9,280
Gain/loss differences	173,337		10,457		(1,344)
Other book to tax differences:
Share-based compensation expense	(5,744)		(8,099)		(392)
Non Deductible Merger and integration costs	—		—		28,381
Other	8,036		414		12,974
Total taxable income	$	205,835	$	199,452	$	94,428
Deductible capital gain distribution	(102,877)		(119,120)		(78,181)
Taxable income allocable to noncontrolling interest	(4,854)		(5,078)		(660)
Estimated REIT taxable income before dividends paid deduction	$	98,104	$	75,254	$	15,587

For the year ended December 31, 2023, the tax classification of our dividends on common shares was as follows:

Record Date	Payment Date	Dividend Paid		Ordinary Income		Total Capital Gain Distribution		Unrecaptured Section 1250 Gain		Return of Capital		Section 199A
3/31/2023	4/21/2023	$	0.1400	$	0.0364	$	0.1036	$	0.0560	$	—	$	0.0364
6/30/2023	7/21/2023	0.1600		0.0417		0.1183		0.0640		—		0.0417
9/29/2023	10/20/2023	0.1600		0.0417		0.1183		0.0640		—		0.0417
12/29/2023	1/19/2024	0.1600		0.0417		0.1183		0.0640		—		0.0417
		$	0.6200	$	0.1615	$	0.4585	$	0.2480	$	—	$	0.1615

For the year ended December 31, 2022, the tax classification of our dividends on common shares was as follows:

Record Date	Payment Date	Dividend Paid		Ordinary Income		Total Capital Gain Distribution		Unrecaptured Section 1250 Gain		Return of Capital		Section 199A
4/1/2022	4/22/2022	$	0.1200	$	0.0011	$	0.1189	$	0.0185	$	—	$	0.0011
7/1/2022	7/22/2022	0.1400		0.0013		0.1387		0.0216		—		0.0013
9/30/2022	10/21/2022	0.1400		0.0013		0.1387		0.0216		—		0.0013
12/30/2022	1/20/2023	0.1400		0.0013		0.1387		0.0216		—		0.0013
		$	0.5400	$	0.0050	$	0.5350	$	0.0833	$	—	$	0.0050

Insurance

Our multifamily properties are covered by all risk property insurance covering the replacement cost for each building and business interruption and rental loss insurance. On a case-by-case basis, based on an assessment of the likelihood of the risk, availability and cost of insurance, and in accordance with standard market practice, we obtain property and casualty insurance. We carry comprehensive liability insurance and umbrella policies for each of our properties at levels which we believe are prudent in light of our business activities and are in accordance with standard market practice. We seek certain extensions of coverage, valuation clauses, and deductibles in accordance with standard market practice and availability. Although we may carry insurance for potential losses associated with our multifamily properties, we may still incur losses due to uninsured risks, deductibles, co-payments or losses in excess of applicable insurance coverage and those losses may be material. In addition, we generally obtain title insurance policies when we

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acquire a property, with each policy covering an amount equal to the initial purchase price of each property. Accordingly, any of our title insurance policies may be in an amount less than the current value of the related property.

Clawback Policy

On October 18, 2023, we adopted our Clawback Policy to provide for the recoupment of certain incentive compensation pursuant to Section 954 of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010, in the manner required by Section 10D of the Exchange Act, Rule 10D-1 promulgated thereunder, and NYSE listing standards. Our Clawback Policy is filed with this Annual Report as Exhibit 97. In addition, our Clawback policy is available on our website, www.irtliving.com, and copies of our Clawback Policy can be obtained, free of charge, upon written request to Investor Relations, 1835 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103.

Insider Trading Policy

We maintain an Insider Trader Policy governing the purchase, sale and other dispositions of our securities by directors, officers and employees that is designed to promote compliance with insider trading laws, rules and regulations and NYSE listing standards. A copy of our Insider Trading Policy is available on our website, www.irtliving.com. In addition to being accessible through our website, copies of our Insider Trading Policy can be obtained, free of charge, upon written request to Investor Relations, 1835 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103.

Available Information

We file annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. The SEC maintains an internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. The internet address of the SEC site is http://www.sec.gov. Our internet address is http://www.irtliving.com. We make our SEC filings available free of charge on or through our internet website as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC. In addition, the charters of our Board’s Compensation Committee, Audit Committee, and Nominating and Governance Committee, as well as, our Corporate Governance Guidelines, Insider Trading Policy, Whistle Blower Policy, Code of Ethics, Stock Ownership Guidelines, Clawback Policy, and Section 16 Reporting Compliance Procedures are available on our website free of charge. We are not incorporating by reference into this report any material from our website. The reference to our website is an inactive textual reference to the uniform resource locator (URL) and is for your reference only.

Code of Ethics

We maintain a Code of Ethics applicable to our Board of Directors and all of our officers and employees, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer, controller and persons performing similar functions. A copy of our Code of Ethics is available on our website, www.irtliving.com. In addition to being accessible through our website, copies of our Code of Ethics can be obtained, free of charge, upon written request to Investor Relations, 1835 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103. Any amendments to or waivers of our Code of Ethics that apply to our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer, controller and persons performing similar functions and that relate to any matter enumerated in Item 406(b) of Regulation S-K promulgated by the SEC will be disclosed on our website.

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ITEM 1A.    Risk Factors

You should carefully consider these risk factors, together with all of the other information included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including our consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto, before you decide whether to make an investment in our securities. The Risk Factor Summary that follows should be read in conjunction with the detailed description of risk factors below. The risks set forth below are not the only risks we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial also may materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, cash flows, liquidity, funds from operations, results of operations, stock price, ability to service our indebtedness, and/or ability to make cash distributions to our security holders (including those necessary to maintain our REIT qualification). In such case, the value of our common stock and the trading price of our securities could decline, and you may lose all or a significant part of your investment. Some statements in the following risk factors constitute forward-looking statements. Please refer to the explanation of the qualifications and limitations on forward-looking statements under “Forward-Looking Statements” of this Form 10-K.

RISK FACTOR SUMMARY

Risks Related to Our Business and Operations

•We depend on residents for revenue and if residents fail to pay rent it may cause a material decline in our operating results.

•Future unfavorable changes in economic conditions could adversely impact us.

•Our concentration of investments in a single asset class makes our results of operations more vulnerable to a downturn in the multifamily sector.

•Competition could limit our ability to lease apartments or increase or maintain rental income, and short-term leases make us more susceptible to these risks.

•Redevelopment risks may cause our revenues and expenses to fluctuate significantly from one period to another which may result in losses.

•Labor and materials required for maintenance, repair, renovation or capital expenditure may be more expensive than anticipated or significantly delayed.

•We face the risk of fluctuations in the cost, availability and quality of our materials and products, which could adversely affect our results of operations.

•Capital expenditure costs, and other costs of operating real estate assets, may be greater than anticipated which may adversely affect our results of operations.

•Increasing real estate taxes, utilities and insurance costs may negatively impact operating results.

•Substantial inflationary pressures could adversely affect our financial condition or results of operations.

•The loss of services of any of our senior officers or key employees and increased competition for personnel could adversely affect us and/or increase our labor costs.

•We may fail to grow our portfolio through acquisitions or such acquisitions may not yield the cash flows expected.

•A cybersecurity incident and other technology disruptions could negatively impact our business.

•Damage from catastrophic weather and other natural events could result in losses.

•International military conflicts or war could negatively impact our business, increase costs, and increase the likelihood of a cybersecurity incident.

•We may be subject to contingent or unknown uninsurable liabilities related to properties or businesses that we have acquired.

•We may be adversely affected by changes in state and local tax laws and may become subject to tax audits from time to time.

•We may fail to produce accurate and timely financial statements.

•We may acquire or develop properties through joint ventures, which may be riskier than our typical acquisitions.

•Bankruptcy or defaults of our counterparties could adversely affect our performance.

•If we sell properties by providing financing to purchasers, we will bear the risk of default by the purchaser.

•New strains of the COVID-19 virus or other infectious diseases could adversely affect our business operations.

•We are subject to ESG risks that could adversely affect our reputation and the market price of our securities.

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Risks Associated with Debt Financing

•We plan to incur mortgage indebtedness and other borrowings and are not limited in the amount or percentage of indebtedness that we may incur, which may increase our business risk.

•Debt financing and other required capital may not be available to us or may only be available on unfavorable terms.

•Rising interest rates could both increase our borrowing costs, thereby adversely affecting our cash flows and the amounts available for distribution to our stockholders, and decrease our share price, if investors seek higher yields through other investments.

•Failure to hedge effectively against interest rates may adversely affect our results of operations.

•Lender-imposed restrictions may affect our ability to make distributions to our stockholders and otherwise affect our operating policies.

•We may guaranty certain debt made to the entities that own our properties. In certain circumstances, we may be responsible for the satisfaction of the debt which could negatively impact our business.

•We may be adversely affected by our use of SOFR as the base rate for our unsecured debt due to SOFR's limited history and its potential to be volatile.

Risks Related to Regulation and Compliance with Laws

•We are subject to significant regulations, which could adversely affect our results of operations.

•The costs of compliance with laws and regulations may adversely affect our net income and the cash available for any distributions.

•A change in the United States government policy with regard to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac could impact our financial condition.

United States Federal Income Tax Risks

•Legislative or regulatory action could adversely affect the returns to our investors.

•Dividends paid by REITs generally do not qualify for the reduced tax rates applicable to qualified dividend income provided under current law.

•The ability of our Board of Directors to revoke our REIT election without stockholder approval may cause adverse consequences to our stockholders.

•Failure to qualify as a REIT could have adverse consequences.

•We may take action to maintain our REIT status which could adversely affect our overall financial performance.

•Certain of our business activities are potentially subject to the prohibited transaction tax, which could reduce the return on any investment in our securities.

•The income of TRSs will be subject to federal and possibly state corporate income tax.

•If our operating partnership, IROP, is not treated as a partnership or disregarded entity for U.S. federal income tax purposes, its income may be subject to taxation.

•Distributions to tax-exempt investors may be classified as unrelated business taxable income, or UBTI, and tax-exempt investors would be required to pay tax on such income and to file income tax returns.

•Distributions to foreign investors may be treated as an ordinary income distribution to the extent that it is made out of current or accumulated earnings and profits.

•Foreign investors may be subject to FIRPTA tax upon the sale of their shares of our stock or upon a capital gain dividend.

•We may make distributions consisting of both stock and cash, in which case stockholders may be required to pay income taxes in excess of the cash distributions they receive.

Risks Related to Our Organization and Structure

•Our structure as a Maryland real estate investment trust may make it more difficult for us to be acquired.

•Stockholders have limited control over changes in our policies and operations.

•Our holding company structure may limit our ability to get cash from our operating company and its subsidiaries.

•Our authorized but unissued shares of common and preferred stock may prevent a change in our control.

•Rights to recover on claims against our directors are limited.

•Our bylaws could limit stockholders' ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees and could discourage lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and employees.

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DETAILED DISCUSSION OF RISK FACTORS

Risks Related to Our Business and Operations

We are dependent on a concentration of our investments in a single asset class, making our results of operations more vulnerable to a downturn in the sector.

As of December 31, 2023, substantially all of our investments are concentrated in the multifamily apartment sector. As a result, we are subject to risks inherent in investments in a single type of property. A downturn or slowdown in the demand for multifamily housing may have more pronounced effects on our results of operations or on the value of our assets than if we had diversified our investments into more than one asset class.

Our operations are concentrated in the Southeast region of the United States; we are subject to general economic conditions in the regions in which we operate.

Our portfolio of properties consists primarily of multifamily communities geographically concentrated in the Southeastern United States, including Atlanta, GA, Dallas, TX, Denver, CO, Columbus, OH, Indianapolis, IN, Raleigh-Durham, NC, Oklahoma City, OK, Nashville, TN, Houston, TX, and Tampa, FL. Our performance could be adversely affected by economic conditions in, and other factors relating to, these geographic areas, including supply and demand for multifamily communities in these areas, zoning and other regulatory conditions and competition from other communities and alternative forms of housing. In particular our performance is disproportionately influenced by job growth and unemployment. To the extent the economic conditions, job growth and unemployment in any of these markets deteriorate or any of these areas experiences natural disasters, the value of our portfolio, our results of operations and our ability to make payments on our debt and to make distributions could be adversely affected.

Adverse economic conditions may reduce or eliminate our returns and profitability and, as a result, our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.

Our operating results may be materially and adversely affected by market and economic challenges, which may reduce or eliminate our returns and profitability and, as a result, our ability to make distributions to our stockholders. These market and economic challenges include, principally, the following:

•adverse conditions in the real estate industry could harm our business and financial condition by reducing the value of our existing assets, limiting our access to debt and equity capital and otherwise negatively impacting our operations;

•any future downturn in the U.S. economy and the related reduction in spending, reduced home prices and high unemployment may result in resident defaults under leases, vacancies at our multifamily communities and concessions or reduced rental rates under new leases due to reduced demand;

•the rate of household formation or population growth in our markets or a continued or exacerbated economic slow-down experienced by the local economies where our properties are located or by the real estate industry generally may result in changes in supply of, or demand for, multifamily units in our markets; and

•the failure of the real estate market to attract the same level of capital investment in the future that it attracts at the time of our purchases, or a reduction in the number of companies seeking to acquire properties, may result in the value of our investments not appreciating or decreasing significantly below the amount we pay for these investments.

The length and severity of any economic slow-down or downturn cannot be predicted. Our results of operations, financial condition and ability to make distributions to our stockholders could be negatively affected to the extent that an economic slow-down or downturn is prolonged or severe.

We depend on residents for revenue, and vacancies, resident defaults or lease terminations may cause a material decline in our operating results.

The success of our investments depends upon the occupancy levels, rental revenue and operating expenses of our multifamily communities. Our revenues may be adversely affected by the general or local economic climate, local real estate considerations (such as oversupply of or reduced demand for multifamily units), the perception by prospective residents of the safety, convenience and attractiveness of the areas in which our multifamily communities are located

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(including the quality of local schools and other amenities) and increased operating costs (including real estate taxes and utilities).

Occupancy rates and rents at a community, including multifamily communities that are newly constructed or renovated and in the lease-up phase, may fail to meet our original expectations for a number of reasons, including changes in market and economic conditions beyond our control and the development by competitors of competing communities, and we may be unable to complete lease-up of a community on schedule, resulting in increased construction and financing costs and a decrease or delay in expected rental revenues.

Vacancy rates may increase in the future and we may be unable to lease vacant units or renew expiring leases on attractive terms, or at all, and we may be required to offer reduced rental rates or other concessions to residents. Our revenues may be lower as a result of lower occupancy rates, increased turnover, reduced rental rates, increased economic concessions and potential increases in uncollectible rent. In addition, we will continue to incur expenses, including maintenance costs, insurance costs and property taxes, even though a property maintains a high vacancy rate, and our financial performance will suffer if our revenues decrease or our costs increase.

The underlying value of our properties and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders will depend upon our ability to lease our available multifamily units and the ability of our residents to generate enough income to pay their rents in a timely manner. Our residents’ inability to pay rents may be impacted by employment and other constraints on their personal finances, including debts, purchases and other factors. Upon a resident default, we will attempt to remove the resident from the premises and re-lease the unit as promptly as possible. Our ability and the time required to evict a resident, however, will depend on applicable law. Substantially all of the leases for our properties are short-term leases (generally, one year or less in duration). As a result, our rental income and our cash flow are impacted by declines in market conditions more quickly than if our leases were for longer terms.

We recently experienced impairment charges and may in the future experience a decline in the fair value of our assets and be forced to recognize additional impairment charges, which could materially and adversely impact our financial condition, liquidity and results of operations and the market price of our common stock.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, we recognized an aggregate of $66.5 million in impairment charges. A further decline in the fair value of our assets may require us to recognize an impairment against such assets under generally accepted accounting principles as in effect in the United States (“GAAP”), if we were to determine that, with respect to any assets in unrealized loss positions, we do not have the ability and intent to hold such assets to maturity or for a period of time sufficient to allow for recovery to the amortized cost of such assets. If such a determination were to be made, we would recognize unrealized losses through earnings and write down the amortized cost of such assets to a new cost basis, based on the fair value of such assets on the date they are considered to be impaired. Such impairment charges reflect non-cash losses at the time of recognition; and subsequent disposition or sale of such assets could further affect our future losses or gains, as they are based on the difference between the sale price received and adjusted amortized cost of such assets at the time of sale. If we are required to recognize asset impairment charges in the future, these charges could materially and adversely affect our financial condition, liquidity, results of operations and the per share trading price of our common stock.

The international military conflicts between Russia and Ukraine and in the Middle East could negatively impact our business, increase costs, and increase the likelihood of a cyber-attack.

The military conflicts between Russia and Ukraine and in the Middle East may increase the likelihood of material disruptions to our business and may negatively impact our financial condition and results of operations. Potential impacts of these military conflicts include the following:

•an increase in oil and gas prices are likely to contribute to inflation, which may make it more challenging for residents to meet their ongoing rental payment obligations and which may result in higher construction costs;

•an increase in the likelihood of supply chain disruptions, making it harder for us to find favorable pricing and reliable sources for the materials we need for our value add initiative and putting upward pressure on our costs; and

•an increase in cybersecurity risks generally as Russia and Iran and Russia- or Iran-aligned cyber threat groups and cyber-crime groups react to the U.S.’s response to and involvement in these conflicts.

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Short-term resident leases expose us to the effects of declining market rent, which could adversely impact our ability to make cash distributions to our stockholders.

We expect that most of our resident leases will be for a term of one year or less. Because these leases generally permit the residents to leave at the end of the lease term without any penalty, our rental revenues may be impacted by declines in market rents more quickly than if our leases were for longer terms.

Substantial inflationary pressures could have a negative effect on our rental rates and have had and could continue to have a negative effect on our property operating expenses.

The general risk of inflation is that interest on our debt, general and administrative expenses and other expenses, including our costs of personnel, capital improvements and expenditures, increase at a rate faster than increases in our residential rental rates, which would adversely affect our financial condition or results of operations.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, our property operating expenses increased $12.1 million, which was primarily due to a $11.5 million increase in same-store property operating expenses, primarily due to inflationary pressures resulting in higher contract services, insurance expenses, and repairs and maintenance during the year ended December 31, 2023.

Monetary policy actions by the U.S. Federal Reserve could adversely impact our financial condition and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.

During 2023, the U.S. Federal Reserve increased the target range for the federal funds rate by a total of 100 basis points in response to sticky inflation. As of December 31, 2023, the federal funds rate was set at a range from 5.25% to 5.50% and this range was subsequently maintained at the U.S. Federal Reserve's January 2024 meeting. In considering any adjustments to the target range for the federal funds rate, the U.S. Federal Reserve has indicated that it will carefully assess incoming economic data, the evolving outlook for inflation, and the balance of risks. The U.S. Federal Reserve has indicated that it does not expect it will be appropriate to reduce the target range until it has gained greater confidence that inflation is moving sustainably toward 2% and is committed to returning inflation to its 2% objective. Should the U.S. Federal Reserve raise the federal funds rate in the future, it will likely result in an increase in market interest rates, which will increase our interest expense under our variable-rate borrowings and the costs of refinancing existing indebtedness or obtaining new debt. In addition, increases in market interest rates may result in a decrease in the value of our real estate and a decrease in the market price of our common stock. Increases in market interest rates may also adversely affect the securities markets generally, which could reduce the market price of our common stock without regard to our operating performance. Any such unfavorable changes to our borrowing costs and stock price could significantly impact our ability to raise new debt and equity capital going forward.

We face competition from third parties, including other multifamily properties, which may limit our profitability and the return on any investment in our securities.

The multifamily industry is highly competitive. This competition may limit our ability to increase revenue and could reduce occupancy levels and revenues at our multifamily properties. We compete with many other entities engaged in real estate investment activities, including individuals, corporations, bank and insurance company investment accounts, other REITs, real estate limited partnerships, and other entities engaged in real estate investment activities. Many of these entities have significant financial and other resources, including operating experience, allowing them to compete effectively with us. Competitors with substantially greater financial resources than us may be able to accept more risk than we can effectively manage. In addition, those competitors that are not REITs may be at an advantage to the extent they can use working capital to finance projects, while we (and our competitors that are REITs) will be required by the annual distribution provisions under the Code to distribute significant amounts of cash from operations to our stockholders. Competition may also result in overbuilding of multifamily properties, causing an increase in the number of multifamily units available which could potentially decrease our occupancy and multifamily rental rates. We may also be required to expend substantial sums to attract new residents. The resale value of the property could be diminished because the market value of a particular property will depend principally upon the net revenues generated by the property. In addition, increases in operating costs due to inflation may not be offset by increased multifamily rental rates. Further, costs associated with real estate investment, such as real estate taxes and maintenance costs, generally are not reduced when circumstances cause a reduction in income from the investment. These events would cause a significant decrease in revenues and the trading price of our common stock, and could cause us to reduce the amount of distributions to our stockholders.

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Our investment strategy may limit an increase in the diversification of our investments.

Our ability to diversify our portfolio may be limited both as to the number of investments owned and the geographic regions in which our investments are located. While we will seek to diversify our portfolio by geographic location, we expect to continue to focus on markets with high potential for attractive returns located in the United States and, accordingly, our actual investments may continue to result in concentrations in a limited number of geographic regions. As a result, there is an increased likelihood that the performance of any single property, or the economic performance of a particular region in which our properties are located, could materially affect our operating results.

We may fail to consummate one or more property acquisitions or dispositions that we anticipate, whether as part of our capital recycling strategy or otherwise, and this failure could have a material adverse impact on our financial results.

We may disclose anticipated property acquisitions or dispositions, including prior to our entry into a letter of intent or definitive agreement for such acquisition or disposition and prior to our completion of due diligence or satisfaction of closing conditions. Acquisitions and dispositions are inherently subject to a number of factors and conditions, some of which are outside of our control, and there can be no assurance that we will be able to consummate acquisitions or dispositions that we anticipate. If we fail to consummate a disposition that we anticipated, we will not have the use of the proceeds from the disposition and may not be able to carry out our intended plans for use of such proceeds and may be required to obtain alternative sources of funds on less favorable terms. If we fail to consummate a targeted acquisition and have issued additional securities to fund such acquisition, then we will have issued securities without realizing a corresponding increase in earnings and cash flow from the targeted acquisition. In addition, we may have broad authority to use the net proceeds of an offering of securities for other purposes, including the repayment of indebtedness, the acquisition of other properties or for other investments, which may not be initially accretive to our results of operations. As a result, failure to consummate one or more anticipated acquisitions or dispositions could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition, results of operations and the market price of our common stock.

We may suffer from delays in locating suitable investments or, because of our public company status, may be unable to acquire otherwise suitable investments, which could adversely affect our growth prospects and results of operations.

Our ability to achieve our investment objectives and to make distributions to our stockholders depends upon our ability to locate, obtain financing for and consummate the acquisition of multifamily properties that meet our investment criteria. The current market for multifamily properties that meet our investment criteria is highly competitive. We cannot be sure that we will be successful in obtaining suitable investments on financially attractive terms or at all.

Additionally, as a public company, we are subject to the ongoing reporting requirements under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, (the “Exchange Act”). Pursuant to the Exchange Act, we may be required to file with the SEC financial statements for the properties we acquire. To the extent any required financial statements are not available or cannot be obtained, we may not be able to acquire the property. As a result, we may be unable to acquire certain properties that otherwise would be suitable investments.

If we are unable to invest the proceeds of any offering of our securities in real properties in a timely manner, we may invest the proceeds in short-term, investment-grade investments which typically will yield significantly less than what we expect our investments will yield. As a result, delays we encounter in identifying and consummating potential acquisitions may adversely affect our growth prospects, results of operations and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.

If we fail to maintain an effective system of integrated internal controls, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results and may be required to incur additional costs and divert management resources.

We depend on our ability to produce accurate and timely financial statements in order to run our business. If we fail to do so, our business could be negatively affected and our independent registered public accounting firm may be unable to attest to the accuracy of our financial statements. A deficiency in internal control exists when the design or operation of a control does not allow management or employees, in the normal course of performing their assigned functions, to prevent, or detect and correct, misstatements on a timely basis. A significant deficiency is defined as a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting that is less severe than a material weakness, yet important enough to merit attention by those responsible for oversight of a registrant’s financial reporting. A

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material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the entity’s financial statements will not be prevented or detected and corrected, on a timely basis by the company’s internal controls.

Although we continuously monitor the design, implementation and operating effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures, there can be no assurance that significant deficiencies or material weaknesses will not occur in the future. If we fail to maintain effective internal controls and disclosure controls in the future, it could result in a material misstatement of our financial statements that may not be prevented or detected on a timely basis, which could cause investors, analysts and others to lose confidence in our reported financial information. Our inability to remedy any additional deficiencies or material weaknesses that may be identified in the future could, among other things, cause us to fail to file timely our periodic reports with the SEC (which may have a material adverse effect on our ability to access the capital markets); prevent us from providing reliable and accurate financial information and forecasts or from avoiding or detecting fraud; or require us to incur additional costs or divert management resources to achieve compliance.

We may be adversely affected by changes in state and local tax laws and may become subject to tax audits from time to time.

Because we are organized and qualified as a REIT, we are generally not subject to federal income taxes on taxable income that we distribute to our stockholders, but we are subject to certain state and local taxes. From time to time, changes in state and local tax laws or regulations are enacted, which may result in an increase in our tax liability. A shortfall in tax revenues for states and local jurisdictions in which we own multifamily communities may lead to an increase in the frequency and size of such changes. If such changes occur, we may be required to pay additional state and local taxes. These increased tax costs could adversely affect our financial condition and the amount of cash available for distribution to our stockholders. In the normal course of business, we or our affiliates (including entities through which we own real estate) may also become subject to federal, state or local tax audits. If we (or such entities) become subject to federal, state or local tax audits, the ultimate result of such audits could have an adverse effect on our financial condition.

If we are not able to cost-effectively maximize the life of our properties, we may incur greater than anticipated capital expenditure costs, which may adversely affect our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.

As of December 31, 2023, the average age of our multifamily communities was approximately 18 years. While the majority of our properties are newly-constructed or have undergone substantial renovations since they were constructed, older properties may carry certain risks including unanticipated repair costs, increased maintenance costs as older properties continue to age, and cost overruns due to the need for special materials and/or fixtures specific to older properties. Although we take a proactive approach to property preservation, utilizing a preventative maintenance plan, and selective improvements that mitigate the cost impact of maintaining exterior building features and aging building components, if we are not able to cost-effectively maximize the life of our properties, we may incur greater than anticipated capital expenditure costs which may adversely affect our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.

We face the risk of fluctuations in the cost, availability and quality of our materials and products, which could adversely affect our results of operations.

The potential disruptions in the supply of materials or products or the inability of contractors to perform on a timely basis, or at all, could cause delays in completing ongoing or future value add and other capital improvements at our multifamily communities and development projects.

Our growth will depend upon future acquisitions of multifamily communities, and we may be unable to complete acquisitions on advantageous terms or acquisitions may not perform as we expect.

Our growth will depend upon future acquisitions of multifamily communities, which entails various risks, including risks that our investments may not perform as we expect. Further, we will face competition for attractive investment opportunities from other real estate investors, including local real estate investors and developers, as well as other multifamily REITs, income-oriented non-traded REITs, and private real estate fund managers, and these competitors may have greater financial resources than us and a greater ability to borrow funds to acquire properties. This competition may increase as investments in real estate become increasingly attractive relative to other forms of investment. As a result

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of competition, we may be unable to acquire additional properties as we desire or the purchase price may be significantly elevated. In addition, our acquisition activities pose the following risks to our ongoing operations:

•we may not achieve the increased occupancy, cost savings and operational efficiencies projected at the time of acquiring a property;

•management may incur significant costs and expend significant resources evaluating and negotiating potential acquisitions, including those that we subsequently are unable to complete;

•we may acquire properties that are not initially accretive to our results upon acquisition, and we may not successfully manage and operate those properties to meet our expectations;

•we may acquire properties outside of our existing markets where we are less familiar with local economic and market conditions;

•some properties may be worth less or may generate less revenue than, or simply not perform as well as, we believed at the time of the acquisition;

•we may be unable to assume mortgage indebtedness with respect to properties we seek to acquire or obtain financing for acquisitions on favorable terms or at all;

•we may forfeit earnest money deposits with respect to acquisitions we are unable to complete due to lack of financing, failure to satisfy closing conditions or certain other reasons;

•we may spend more than budgeted to make necessary improvements or renovations to acquired properties; and

•we may acquire properties without any recourse, or with only limited recourse, for liabilities, whether known or unknown, such as clean-up of environmental contamination, claims by residents, vendors or other persons against the former owners of the properties, and claims for indemnification by general partners, trustees, officers, and others indemnified by the former owners of the properties.

Our investment in property development or redevelopment may be more costly or difficult to complete than we anticipate, and development and construction risks could adversely affect our profitability.

We may develop or redevelop properties where market conditions warrant such investment. Development and redevelopment activities may be more costly or difficult to complete than we anticipate, and once made, investments in these activities may not produce results in accordance with our expectations. Risks associated with development, redevelopment and associated construction activities include:

•unavailability of favorable financing sources in the debt and equity markets;

•construction cost overruns, including on account of rising interest rates, diminished availability of materials and labor, and increases in the costs of materials and labor;

•construction and lease-up delays, including on account of delays in obtaining materials, and failure to achieve target occupancy levels and rental rates, resulting in increased debt service and lower than projected returns on our investment;

•complications in obtaining, or inability to obtain, necessary zoning, land-use, building occupancy and other governmental or quasi-governmental permits and authorizations, which could result in increased costs or the delay or abandonment of opportunities and impairment charges;

•unexpected environmental remediation costs;

•potential disputes with, and negligent performance by, construction contractors, architects, engineers and other service providers with which we may contract as part of a development or redevelopment project, which would expose us to unexpected costs, delays and potential liabilities; and

•occupancy rates, rents and concessions at a newly developed community may fluctuate depending on a number of factors, including market and economic conditions, preventing us from meeting our expected return on our investment and our overall profitability goals.

Our growth depends on securing external sources of capital that are outside of our control, which may affect our ability to take advantage of strategic opportunities, satisfy debt obligations and make distributions to our stockholders.

In order to maintain our qualification as a REIT, we are generally required under the Code to distribute annually at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, determined without regard to the dividends paid deduction and excluding any net capital gain. In addition, we will be subject to income tax at regular corporate rates to the extent that we distribute less than 100% of our net taxable income, including any net capital gains. Because of these distribution requirements, we may not be able to fund future capital needs, including any necessary acquisition financing, from operating cash flow. Consequently, we may rely on third-party sources to fund our capital needs. We may not be able to obtain financing on favorable terms or

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at all. Any additional debt we incur may increase our leverage or impose additional and more stringent restrictions on our operations than we currently have. If we issue additional equity securities to finance developments and acquisitions instead of incurring debt, the interests of our existing stockholders could be diluted. Our access to third-party sources of capital depends, in part, on:

•general market conditions;

•the market’s perception of our growth potential;

•our current debt levels;

•our current and expected future earnings;

•our cash flow and cash distributions; and

•the market price per share of our common stock

If we cannot obtain capital from third-party sources, we may not be able to acquire properties when strategic opportunities exist, meet the capital and operating needs of our existing properties or satisfy our debt service obligations. Further, in order to meet the REIT distribution requirements and maintain our REIT status and to avoid the payment of income and excise taxes, we may need to borrow funds on a short-term basis even if the then-prevailing market conditions are not favorable for these borrowings. These short-term borrowing needs could result from differences in timing between the actual receipt of cash and inclusion of income for U.S. federal income tax purposes or the effect of non-deductible capital expenditures, the creation of reserves, certain restrictions on distributions under loan documents or required debt or amortization payments.

To the extent that capital is not available to acquire properties, profits may not be realized or their realization may be delayed, which could result in an earnings stream that is less predictable than some of our competitors and result in us not meeting our projected earnings and distributable cash flow levels in a particular reporting period. Failure to meet our projected earnings and distributable cash flow levels in a particular reporting period could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and on the market price of our common stock.

We may be subject to contingent or unknown uninsurable liabilities related to properties or businesses that we have acquired or may acquire for which we may have limited or no recourse against the sellers.

The properties or businesses that we have acquired, including through the acquisition of Steadfast Apartment REIT, Inc. and Steadfast Apartment REIT Operating Partnership, L.P. on December 16, 2021 (the "STAR Merger"), or may acquire, may be subject to unknown or contingent liabilities for which we have limited or no recourse against the sellers. Unknown or contingent liabilities might include liabilities related to, among other things, the cleanup or remediation of undisclosed environmental conditions, liens or clouds on title, hidden defects in the physical condition of the property, non-compliance with zoning laws, building codes, or other legal requirements, many of which may not be known to us at the time of acquisition, liabilities under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended (“ERISA”), claims of residents, vendors or other persons dealing with the entities prior to the acquisition of such property, tax liabilities, and accrued but unpaid liabilities whether incurred in the ordinary course of business or otherwise. If any claim was asserted against us relating to those properties or entities, or if any adverse condition existed with respect to the properties or entities, we might have to pay substantial sums to settle or cure it, which could adversely affect our cash flow and operating results. While we will attempt to obtain appropriate representations and undertakings from the sellers of the properties or entities we acquire, many liabilities, including tax liabilities, may not be identified within the applicable contractual indemnification period, in which case we may have no recourse against any of the owners from whom we acquired such properties for these liabilities, or the sellers may not have the resources to satisfy their indemnification obligations if a liability arises. The existence of such liabilities could significantly adversely affect the value of the property subject to such liability.

Representations and warranties made by us in connection with sales of our properties may subject us to liability that could result in losses and could harm our operating results and, therefore distributions we make to our stockholders.

When we sell a property, we may be required to make representations and warranties regarding the property and other customary items. In the event of a breach of such representations or warranties, the purchaser of the property may have claims for damages against us, rights to indemnification from us or otherwise have remedies against us. In any such case, we may incur liabilities that could result in losses and could harm our operating results and, therefore distributions we make to our stockholders.

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We rely on information technology systems in our operations, and any breach or security failure of those systems could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and reputation.

Our information technology networks and related systems are essential to our ability to conduct our day to day operations. In addition, our business requires us to collect and hold personally identifiable information of our residents and prospective residents, and our employees and their dependents, in connection with our leasing and property management activities. As a result, we face risks associated with security breaches, whether through cyber-attacks or cyber intrusions over the internet, malware, computer viruses, attachments to emails, persons who access our systems from inside or outside our organization and other significant disruptions of our information technology networks and related systems. We undertake various actions to maintain the security and integrity of our information technology networks and related systems and have implemented various measures to manage the risk of a security breach or disruption. We also maintain cyber liability insurance to provide some coverage for certain risks arising out data and network breaches. However, we cannot be sure that our security efforts and measures will be effective or that our cyber liability insurance coverage will be sufficient in the event of a cyber incident.

Furthermore, certain components of our information technology network are dependent upon third-party service providers and we share personally identifiable information with many of these service providers so they can assist us with certain aspects of our business. Our third-party service providers are primarily responsible for the security of their own information technology environments and in certain instances, we rely significantly on third-party service providers to supply and store our sensitive data in a secure manner. All of these third-parties face risks relating to cybersecurity similar to ours which could disrupt their businesses or result in the disclosure of personally identifiable information that has been shared with them, and therefore adversely impact us. While we provide guidance and specific requirements in some cases, we do not directly control any of such parties’ information technology security operations, or the amount of investment they place in guarding against cybersecurity threats. Accordingly, we are subject to any flaws in or breaches to their information technology systems or those which they operate for us.

A security breach or other significant disruption involving our information technology networks and related systems or those of our vendors could: disrupt our operations; result in the unauthorized access to, and the destruction, loss, theft, misappropriation or release of, proprietary, personally identifiable, confidential, sensitive or otherwise valuable information including resident information and lease data, which others could use to compete against us or which could expose us to damage claims by third parties for disruptive, destructive or otherwise harmful outcomes; require significant management attention and resources to remedy any damages that result; subject us to claims for breach of contract, damages, credits, penalties or termination of leases or other agreements; or damage our business relationships or reputation generally. Any or all of the foregoing could materially and adversely affect our business and the value of our stock.

In addition, the collection and use of personally identifiable information is governed by federal and state laws and regulations. Privacy and information security laws continue to evolve and may be inconsistent from one jurisdiction to another. Compliance with all such laws and regulations may be difficult due to the uncertainty surrounding the interpretation of such laws. Such laws may also increase our operating costs and adversely impact our ability to market our properties and services. Noncompliance with such laws could result in the imposition of fines, awards of damages to private litigants, payment of attorneys’ fees and other costs to plaintiffs, and substantial litigation costs.

A change in the United States government policy with regard to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac could impact our financial condition.

Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are a major source of financing for the multifamily residential real estate sector. Many multifamily companies depend heavily on Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac to finance growth by purchasing or guarantying multifamily loans and to refinance outstanding indebtedness as it matures.

If new U.S. government regulations (i) heighten Fannie Mae’s and Freddie Mac’s underwriting standards, (ii) adversely affect interest rates and (iii) continue to reduce the amount of capital they can make available to the multifamily sector, it could reduce or remove entirely a vital resource for multifamily financing. Any potential reduction in loans, guarantees and credit-enhancement arrangements from Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac could jeopardize the effectiveness of the multifamily sector’s available financing and decrease the amount of available liquidity and credit that could be used to acquire and diversify our portfolio of multifamily assets, as well as dispose of our multifamily assets upon our liquidation, and our ability to refinance our existing mortgage obligations as they come due and obtain additional long-term financing for the acquisition of additional multifamily communities on favorable terms or at all. In addition, the members of the current presidential administration have announced that restructuring and privatizing Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac is a

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priority of the current administration, and there is uncertainty regarding the impact of this action on us and buyers of our properties.

Bankruptcy or defaults of our counterparties could adversely affect our performance.

We have relationships with and, from time to time, we execute transactions with or receive services from many counterparties, such as general contractors engaged in connection with our redevelopment activities. As a result, bankruptcies or defaults by these counterparties could result in services not being provided, projects not being completed on time, or on budget, or at all, or volatility in the financial markets and economic weakness could affect the counterparties’ ability to complete transactions with us as intended, both of which could result in disruptions to our operations that may materially adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Severe or inclement weather and climate change could result in losses to us.

Certain of our properties are located in areas that may experience catastrophic weather and other natural events from time to time, including fires, snow or ice storms, windstorms or hurricanes, earthquakes, flooding, prolonged periods of extreme temperatures or other severe weather. To the extent that extreme weather or natural events become more common or severe in areas where our communities are located, as a result of changes in the climate or otherwise, we could experience a significant increase in insurance premiums and deductibles, or a decrease in the availability of coverage, which may adversely affect our financial condition or results of operations. These adverse weather and natural events could cause damage or losses that may be greater than insured levels. In the event of a loss in excess of insured limits, we could lose our capital invested in the affected property, as well as anticipated future revenue related to the property. We could also continue to be obligated to repay any mortgage indebtedness related to the property.

In the event extreme weather conditions such as prolonged changes in precipitation and temperature become more common or severe in areas where our communities are located, we may experience a decrease in demand for our communities located in these areas or affected by these conditions, which may lead to a decline in the value of these communities. We may also see an increase in costs resulting from increased maintenance related to water damage, wind and hail, or the removal of snow and ice, or we may be required to increase capital expenditures on resiliency measures designed to lessen the impact of severe weather. In addition, changes in federal, state, and local legislation and regulation based on concerns about climate change and increasing climate-related disclosures, including the rules proposed by the SEC, could result in increased capital expenditures to improve the energy efficiency of our existing properties without a corresponding increase in revenues or may increase compliance and data collection costs if, and when, such laws and regulations become effective.

We are subject to ESG risks that could adversely affect our reputation and the market price of our securities.

We are subject to a variety of risks arising from ESG matters. ESG matters include climate risk, hiring practices, the diversity of our work force, and racial and social justice issues involving our personnel, customers and third parties with whom we otherwise do business and our internal governance practices. Risks arising from ESG matters may adversely affect, among other things, our reputation and the market price of our securities.

Investors may consider the steps taken and resources allocated by multifamily owners and operators and other commercial organizations to address ESG matters when making investment and operational decisions. Certain investors are beginning to incorporate the business risks of climate change and the adequacy of companies’ responses to the risks posed by climate change and other ESG matters into their investment theses. These shifts in investing priorities may result in adverse effects on the market price of our securities to the extent that investors determine that we have not made sufficient progress on ESG matters.

In 2022 we published our inaugural Sustainability Report. A risk exists that we fail to meet announced goals and targets stated in such report or in future reports. In addition, there is a risk that such reports contain inaccurate or incomplete data, and/or that we have inadequate internal controls related to the disclosure of ESG data. If we disclose inaccurate or incomplete data, or we fail to maintain effective internal controls over our ESG data, it could result in a material misstatement of our financial statements that may not be prevented or detected on a timely basis, which could cause investors, analysts and others to lose confidence in our reported financial information. Our inability to remedy any additional deficiencies or material weaknesses that may be identified in the future could, among other things, cause us to fail to file timely our periodic reports with the SEC (which may have a material adverse effect on our ability to access the

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capital markets); prevent us from providing reliable and accurate financial information and forecasts or from avoiding or detecting fraud; or require us to incur additional costs or divert management resources to achieve compliance.

COVID-19, or a future, similar global pandemic, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results

of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

COVID-19 or other infectious disease outbreaks could negatively impact our businesses in a number of ways. Various federal, state and local authorities have issued measures imposing restrictions on our ability to enforce tenants’ contractual rental obligations or more burdensome eviction processes to combat rising evictions resulting from financial hardships caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. These measures make more onerous our ability to enforce tenants’ contractual rental obligations through evictions.

The potential negative impact of COVID-19 and any future outbreaks or pandemics of infectious diseases on the health of our personnel, particularly if a significant number of them are impacted, could result in a deterioration in our ability to ensure business continuity during a disruption.

The COVID-19 pandemic caused, and could continue to cause, severe economic, market and other disruptions worldwide. In addition, the deterioration of global economic conditions as a result of COVID-19 or other infectious disease outbreaks may ultimately decrease the demand for multifamily communities within the markets in which we operate and may adversely impact occupancy levels and rental rates across our portfolio.

The extent of the effect of a future outbreak of COVID-19 or other infectious disease on our operational and financial performance will depend on future developments of the infectious disease and the spread and intensity of any such infectious disease, all of which are uncertain and difficult to predict.

We face numerous risks associated with the real estate industry that could adversely affect our results of operations through decreased revenues or increased costs.

As a real estate company, we are subject to various changes in real estate conditions and any negative trends in such real estate conditions may adversely affect our results of operations through decreased revenues or increased costs. These conditions include:

•changes in national, regional and local economic conditions, which may be negatively impacted by concerns about inflation, deflation, government deficits, high unemployment rates, decreased consumer confidence and liquidity concerns, particularly in markets in which we have a high concentration of properties;

•fluctuations in interest rates, which could adversely affect our ability to obtain financing on favorable terms or at all, or could reduce our ability to deploy capital in investments that are accretive to our stockholders;

•the inability of our residents to pay rent timely, or at all;

•the existence and quality of the competition, such as the attractiveness of our properties as compared to our competitors’ properties based on considerations such as convenience of location, rental rates, amenities and safety record;

•increased operating costs, including increased real property taxes, maintenance, insurance, utilities and labor costs;

•weather conditions that may increase or decrease energy costs and other weather-related expenses;

•civil unrest, acts of God, including earthquakes, floods, hurricanes and other natural disasters, which may result in uninsured losses, acts of war or terrorism, or other natural or human causes beyond our control, which may disrupt or interrupt our operations;

•oversupply of multifamily housing or a reduction in demand for real estate in the markets in which our properties are located;

•a favorable interest rate environment that may result in a significant number of potential residents of our multifamily communities deciding to purchase homes instead of renting;

•changes in, or increased costs of compliance with, laws and/or governmental regulations, including those governing usage, zoning, the environment and taxes; and

•rent control or stabilization laws, or other laws regulating rental housing, which could prevent us from raising rents to offset increases in operating costs.

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Economic conditions may adversely affect the residential real estate market and our income.

A residential property’s income and value may be adversely affected by international, national and regional economic conditions. The military conflicts between Russia and Ukraine and in the Middle East have disrupted financial markets and significantly impacted worldwide economic activity resulting in a global economic recession. If such conditions continue to have a negative impact or if new economic or capital markets problems arise, the value of our portfolio may decline significantly. A deterioration in economic conditions may also have an adverse effect on our operations if they result in our residents or prospective residents being unable to afford the rents we need to charge to be profitable.

In addition, local real estate conditions such as an oversupply of properties or a reduction in demand for properties, availability of “for sale” properties and competition from other similar properties, our ability to provide adequate maintenance, insurance and management services, increased operating costs (including real estate taxes), the attractiveness and location of the property and changes in market rental rates, may adversely affect a property’s income and value. A rise in energy costs could result in higher operating costs, which may affect our results from operations. In addition, local conditions in the markets in which we own or intend to own properties may significantly affect occupancy or rental rates at such properties. Layoffs, plant closings, relocations of significant local employers and other events reducing local employment rates and the local economy; an oversupply of, or a lack of demand for, apartments; a decline in household formation; the inability or unwillingness of residents to pay rent increases; and rent control, rent stabilization and other housing laws, all could prevent us from raising or maintaining rents, and could cause us to reduce rents.

The illiquidity of real estate investments could make it difficult for us to respond to changing economic, financial, and investment conditions or changes in the operating performance of our properties, which could reduce our cash flows and adversely affect results of operations.

Real estate investments are relatively illiquid and may become even more illiquid during periods of economic downturn. As a result, we will have a limited ability to vary our portfolio in response to changes in economic, financial and investment conditions or changes in the operating performance of our properties. We may not be able to sell a property or properties quickly or on favorable terms in response to changes in the economy or other conditions when it otherwise may be prudent to do so. This inability to respond quickly to changes in the performance of our properties as a result of an economic or market downturn could adversely affect our results of operations if we cannot sell an unprofitable property.

We will also have a limited ability to sell assets in order to fund working capital, repay debt and similar capital needs. Our financial condition could be adversely affected if we were, for example, unable to sell one or more of our properties in order to meet our debt obligations upon maturity. We cannot predict whether we will be able to sell any property for the price or on the terms set by us, or whether any price or other terms offered by a prospective purchaser would be acceptable to us. We also cannot predict the length of time needed to find a willing purchaser and to close the sale of a property. We also may be required to expend funds to correct defects or to make improvements before a property can be sold, and we cannot assure you that we will have funds available to correct those defects or to make those improvements. Our inability to dispose of assets at opportune times or on favorable terms could adversely affect our cash flows and results of operations.

Moreover, the Code imposes restrictions on a REIT’s ability to dispose of properties that are not applicable to other types of real estate companies. In particular, the tax laws applicable to REITs require that we hold our properties for investment, rather than primarily for sale in the ordinary course of business, which may cause us to forego or defer sales of properties that otherwise would be in our best interests.

Therefore, we may not be able to vary our portfolio promptly in response to economic or other conditions or on favorable terms, which may adversely affect our cash flows, our ability to make distributions to our stockholders and the market price of our common stock.

Properties we purchase may not appreciate or may decrease in value.

The residential real estate market may experience substantial influxes of capital from investors. A substantial flow of capital, combined with significant competition for real estate, may result in inflated purchase prices for such assets. To the extent we purchase real estate in such an environment, we are subject to the risk that, if the real estate market subsequently ceases to attract the same level of capital investment, or if the number of investors seeking to acquire such assets decreases, our returns will be lower and the value of our assets may not appreciate or may decrease significantly

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below the amount we paid for such assets. In addition, if interest rates applicable to financing apartment properties rise, that may negatively affect the values of our properties in any period when capitalization rates for our properties, an important valuation metric, do not make corresponding adjustments.

Increasing real estate taxes, utilities and insurance costs may negatively impact operating results.

Our properties may be subject to increases in tax rates, utility costs, operating expenses, insurance costs, repairs and maintenance, administrative and other expenses. Real estate taxes, utilities costs and insurance premiums, in particular, are subject to significant increases and fluctuations, which can be widely outside of our control. A number of our markets had tax reassessments in 2023 and we expect this to continue in future years. If our costs continue to rise, without being offset by a corresponding increase in rental rates, our results of operations could be negatively impacted, and our ability to pay our dividends and distributions and senior debt could be affected.

We may be unable to secure funds for property improvements, which could reduce cash distributions to our stockholders.

When residents do not renew their leases or otherwise vacate, we may be required to expend funds for capital improvements to the vacated apartment units in order to attract replacement residents. In addition, we may require substantial funds to renovate an apartment property in order to sell, upgrade or reposition it in the market. If our reserves are insufficient to fund these improvements, we may have to obtain financing. We cannot assure you that sufficient financing will be available or, if available, will be available on economically feasible terms or on terms acceptable to us. Moreover, some reserves required by lenders may be designated for specific uses and may not be available for capital improvements to other properties.

The profitability of our acquisitions is uncertain.

We intend to acquire properties selectively. Acquisition of properties entails risks that investments will fail to perform in accordance with expectations. In undertaking acquisitions, we will incur certain risks, including the expenditure of funds on, and the devotion of management’s time to, transactions that may not come to fruition. Additional risks inherent in acquisitions include risks that the properties will not achieve anticipated occupancy levels and that estimates of the costs of improvements to bring an acquired property up to standards established for the market position intended for that property may prove inaccurate.

Acquiring or attempting to acquire multiple properties in a single transaction may adversely affect our operations.

We have and may in the future acquire multiple properties in a single transaction. Such portfolio acquisitions are more complex and expensive than single-property acquisitions, and the risk that a multiple-property acquisition does not close may be greater than in a single-property acquisition. Portfolio acquisitions may also result in us owning investments in geographically dispersed markets and placing additional demands on our ability to manage the properties in the portfolio. In addition, a seller may require that a group of properties be purchased as a package even though we may not want to purchase one or more properties in the portfolio. In these situations, if we are unable to identify another person or entity to acquire the unwanted properties, we may be required to operate, or attempt to dispose of, these properties. To acquire multiple properties in a single transaction, we may be required to accumulate a large amount of cash. We expect the returns that we can earn on such cash to be less than the ultimate returns on real property, and therefore, accumulating such cash could reduce the funds available for distributions. Any of the foregoing events may have an adverse effect on our operations.

If we sell properties by providing financing to purchasers, we will bear the risk of default by the purchaser.

If we decide to sell any of our properties, we intend to use commercially reasonable efforts to sell them for cash. However, in some instances, we may sell our properties by providing financing to purchasers. If we provide financing to purchasers, we will bear the risk of default by the purchaser which would reduce the value of our assets, impair our ability to make distributions to our stockholders and reduce the price of our common stock.

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Our revenue and net income may vary significantly from one period to another due to investments in value-add properties and portfolio acquisitions, which could increase the variability of our cash distributions.

We may make investments in properties that have existing cash flow which are in various phases of development, redevelopment or repositioning and where we believe that, through capital expenditures, we can achieve enhanced returns (which we refer to as value-add properties), which may cause our revenues and net income to fluctuate significantly from one period to another. Projects do not produce revenue while in development or redevelopment. We have identified a number of properties in our portfolio as value-add properties and intend to make capital expenditures on such properties. During any period when the number of our projects in development or redevelopment or those with significant capital requirements increases without a corresponding increase in stable revenue-producing properties, our revenues and net income will likely decrease, and we could have losses.

Moreover, value-add properties subject us to the risks of higher than expected construction costs, failure to complete projects on a timely basis, failure of the properties to perform at expected levels upon completion of development or redevelopment, and increased borrowings necessary to fund higher than expected construction or other costs related to the project. There can be no assurance that our value-add properties will be developed or repositioned in accordance with the anticipated timing or at the anticipated cost, or that we will achieve the results we expect from these value-add properties. Failure to achieve anticipated results could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations and ability to make distributions to stockholders.

We have acquired and are developing, and may continue to acquire or develop, properties through joint ventures, and any investment that we may make in joint ventures could be adversely affected by our lack of sole decision-making authority regarding major decisions, our reliance on our joint venture partners’ financial condition and ability to perform their obligations, any disputes that may arise between us and our joint venture partners and our exposure to potential losses from the actions of our joint ventures.

We have entered into, and may continue to enter into, joint ventures with third parties to acquire or develop properties. We may also purchase properties in partnerships, co-tenancies or other co-ownership arrangements. Such investments may involve risks not otherwise present when we acquire or develop properties without third parties, including the following:

•a co-venturer or partner may have certain approval rights over major decisions, including as to forms, amounts and timing of equity and debt financing, operating and capital budgets, and timing of sales and liquidations, which may prevent us from taking actions that we believe are in the best interest of our stockholders but are opposed by our co-venturers or partners;

•a co-venturer or partner may at any time have economic or business interests or goals which are or become inconsistent with our business interests or goals, including inconsistent goals relating to the sale of properties held in the joint venture or the timing of termination or liquidation of the joint venture;

•a co-venturer or partner might experience financial distress, become insolvent or bankrupt or fail to fund its share of required capital contributions, which may delay construction or development of a property or increase our financial commitment to the joint venture;

•we may incur liabilities as a result of an action taken by our co-venturer or partner;

•a co-venturer or partner may be in a position to take actions contrary to our instructions, requests, objectives or policies, including our policy with respect to qualifying and maintaining our qualification as a REIT;

•agreements governing joint ventures, limited liability companies and partnerships often contain restrictions on the transfer of a member’s or partner’s interest or “buy-sell” or other provisions that may result in a purchase or sale of the interest at a disadvantageous time or on disadvantageous terms;

•disputes between us and our co-venturer or partner may result in litigation or arbitration that would increase our expenses and prevent our officers and directors from focusing their time and effort on our business and result in subjecting the properties owned by the joint venture to additional risk; and

•under certain joint venture arrangements, neither venture partner may have the power to control the venture, and an impasse could be reached which may result in a delay of key decisions and such delay may have a negative effect on the joint venture.

Any of these risks could materially and adversely affect our ability to generate and recognize attractive returns on joint venture investments, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and distributions to our stockholders.

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Risks Associated with Debt Financing

We have and plan to incur mortgage indebtedness and other borrowings and are not limited in the amount or percentage of indebtedness that we may incur, which may increase our business risks.

We have and intend to acquire properties subject to existing financing or by borrowing new funds. In addition, we have and intend to incur additional mortgage debt by obtaining loans secured by some, or all, of our real properties in order to obtain funds to acquire additional real properties and/or make capital improvements to properties. We may also borrow funds, if necessary, to satisfy the requirement that we generally distribute to stockholders as dividends at least 90% of our annual REIT taxable income (computed without regard to dividends paid and excluding net capital gain), or otherwise as is necessary or advisable to assure that we maintain our qualification as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

Our Articles of Restatement, which we refer to as our Charter, and our bylaws do not limit the amount or percentage of indebtedness that we may incur. We are subject to risks normally associated with debt financing, including the risk that our cash flows will be insufficient to meet required payments of principal and interest. There can be no assurance that we will be able to refinance any maturing indebtedness, that such refinancing would be on terms as favorable as the terms of the maturing indebtedness or that we will be able to otherwise obtain funds by selling assets or raising equity to make required payments on maturing indebtedness.

In particular, loans obtained to fund property acquisitions may be secured by mortgages or deeds in trust on such properties. If we are unable to make our debt service payments as required, a lender could foreclose on the property or properties securing its debt.

In addition, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, a foreclosure of any of our properties would be treated as a sale of the property for a purchase price equal to the outstanding balance of the debt secured by the mortgage. If the outstanding balance of the debt secured by the mortgage exceeds our tax basis in the property, we would recognize taxable income on foreclosure, but would not receive any cash proceeds. We may, in some circumstances, give a guaranty on behalf of an entity that owns one or more of our properties. In these cases, we will be responsible to the lender for satisfaction of the debt if it is not paid by such entity. If any mortgages contain cross-collateralization or cross-default provisions, there is a risk that we could lose part or all of our investment in multiple properties. Each of these events could in turn cause the value of our common stock and distributions payable to stockholders to be reduced.

Any mortgage debt which we place on properties may prohibit prepayment and/or impose a prepayment penalty upon the sale of a mortgaged property. If a lender invokes these prohibitions or penalties upon the sale of a property or prepayment of a mortgage on a property, the cost to us to sell the property could increase substantially. This could decrease the proceeds from a sale or refinancing or make the sale or refinancing impractical, which may lead to a reduction in our income, reduce our cash flows and adversely impact our ability to make distributions to stockholders.

We may also finance our property acquisitions using interest-only mortgage indebtedness. During the interest-only period, the amount of each scheduled payment will be less than that of a traditional amortizing mortgage loan. The principal balance of the mortgage loan will not be reduced (except in the case of prepayments) because there are no scheduled monthly payments of principal during this period. After the interest-only period, we will be required either to make scheduled payments of amortized principal and interest or to make a lump-sum or “balloon” payment at maturity. These required principal or balloon payments will increase the amount of our scheduled payments and may increase our risk of default under the related mortgage loan. If the mortgage loan has an adjustable interest rate, the amount of our scheduled payments also may increase at a time of rising interest rates. Increased payments and substantial principal or balloon maturity payments will reduce the funds available for distribution to our stockholders because cash otherwise available for distribution will be required to pay principal and interest associated with these mortgage loans.

Lenders may require us to enter into restrictive covenants relating to our operations, which could limit our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.

In providing financing to us, a lender may impose restrictions on us that would affect our ability to incur additional debt, make certain investments, reduce liquidity below certain levels, make distributions to our stockholders and otherwise affect our distribution and operating policies. Our unsecured credit facility and unsecured term loans include restrictions and requirements relating to the incurrence of debt, permitted investments, maximum level of distributions, maintenance of insurance, mergers and sales of assets and transactions with affiliates. We expect that any other loan agreements we enter into will contain similar covenants and may also impose other restrictions and limitations. Any such

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covenants, restrictions or limitations may limit our ability to make distributions to you and could make it difficult for us to satisfy the requirements necessary to maintain our qualification as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

Lenders may be able to recover against our other properties under our mortgage loans.

In financing our property acquisitions, we may seek to obtain secured nonrecourse loans. However, only recourse financing may be available, in which event, in addition to the property securing the loan, the lender would have the ability to look to our other assets for satisfaction of the debt if the proceeds from the sale or other disposition of the property securing the loan are insufficient to fully repay it. Also, in order to facilitate the sale of a property, we may allow the buyer to purchase the property subject to an existing loan whereby we remain responsible for certain liabilities associated with the debt.

If we are required to make payments under any “bad boy” carve-out guaranties that we may provide in connection with certain mortgages and related loans, our business and financial results could be materially adversely affected.

In obtaining certain nonrecourse loans, we may provide standard carve-out guaranties. These guaranties are only applicable if and when the borrower directly, or indirectly through agreement with an affiliate, joint venture partner or other third party, voluntarily files a bankruptcy or similar liquidation or reorganization action or takes other actions that are fraudulent or improper (commonly referred to as “bad boy” guaranties). Although we believe that “bad boy” carve-out guaranties are not guaranties of payment in the event of foreclosure or other actions of the foreclosing lender that are beyond the borrower’s control, some lenders in the real estate industry have recently sought to make claims for payment under such guaranties. In the event such a claim were made against us under a “bad boy” carve-out guaranty following foreclosure on mortgages or related loan, and such claim were successful, our business and financial results could be materially adversely affected.

Our variable rate indebtedness subjects us to interest rate risk, and interest rate hedges that we may obtain may be costly and ineffective.

As of December 31, 2023, $835.1 million of our $2,515.7 million of total outstanding consolidated indebtedness bore interest at variable rates. If interest rates were to increase, our debt service obligations on the variable rate consolidated indebtedness would increase even though the amount borrowed would remain the same, and our net income and cash flows would correspondingly decrease. In order to partially mitigate our exposure to increases in interest rates, we have entered into interest rate swaps and collars on $750.0 million of our variable rate debt, which involve the exchange of variable for fixed rate interest payments. Taking into account our current interest rate swap and collar agreements, a 100-basis point increase in interest rates would result in a $0.9 million increase in annual interest expense. See Item 7. “Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Liquidity and Capital Resources – Interest Rate Risk and Sensitivity.” To the extent that we use derivative financial instruments to hedge our exposure to variable rate consolidated indebtedness, we may be exposed to credit, basis and legal enforceability risks. Derivative financial instruments may include interest rate swap contracts, interest rate cap or floor contracts, futures or forward contracts, options or repurchase agreements. In this context, credit risk is the failure of the counterparty to perform under the terms of the derivative contract. If the fair value of a derivative contract is positive, the counterparty owes us, which creates credit risk for us. Basis risk occurs when the index upon which the contract is based is more or less variable than the index upon which the hedged asset or liability is based, thereby making the hedge less effective. Finally, legal enforceability risks encompass general contractual risks, including the risk that the counterparty will breach the terms of, or fail to perform its obligations under, the derivative contract. Moreover, hedging strategies involve transaction and other costs. If we are unable to manage these risks and costs effectively, our results of operations, financial condition and ability to make distributions may be adversely affected.

Some of our outstanding mortgage indebtedness contains, and we may in the future acquire or finance properties with, lock-out provisions, which may prohibit us from selling a property, or may require us to maintain specified debt levels for a period of years on some properties.

A lock-out provision is a provision that prohibits the prepayment of a loan during a specified period of time. Lock-out provisions may include terms that provide strong financial disincentives for borrowers to prepay their outstanding loan balance and exist in order to protect the yield expectations of lenders. Some of our outstanding mortgage indebtedness is, and we expect that many of our properties will be, subject to lock-out provisions. Lock-out provisions could materially restrict us from selling or otherwise disposing of or refinancing properties when we may desire to do so. Lock-out

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provisions may prohibit us from reducing the outstanding indebtedness with respect to any properties, refinancing such indebtedness on a non-recourse basis at maturity, or increasing the amount of indebtedness with respect to such properties. Lock-out provisions could impair our ability to take other actions during the lock-out period that could be in the best interests of our stockholders and, therefore, may have an adverse impact on the value of our shares relative to the value that would result if the lock-out provisions did not exist. In particular, lock-out provisions could preclude us from participating in major transactions that could result in a disposition of our assets or a change in control even though that disposition or change in control might be in the best interests of our stockholders.

Complying with REIT requirements may limit our ability to hedge risk effectively.

The REIT provisions of the Code may limit our ability to hedge the risks inherent to our operations. Any income or gain derived by us from transactions that hedge certain risks, such as the risk of changes in interest rates, will not be treated as gross income for purposes of either the 75% or the 95% Gross Income Test, as defined in Exhibit 99.1 “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations” of this report, provided specific requirements are met. Such requirements include that the hedging transaction be properly identified within prescribed time periods and that the transaction either (i) hedges risks associated with indebtedness issued by us that is incurred to acquire or carry real estate assets or (ii) manages the risks of currency fluctuations with respect to income or gain that qualifies under the 75% or 95% Gross Income Test (or assets that generate such income). To the extent that we do not properly identify such transactions as hedges, hedge with other types of financial instruments, or hedge other types of indebtedness, the income from those transactions will not be treated as qualifying income for purposes of the 75% and 95% Gross Income Tests. As a result of these rules, we may have to limit the use of hedging techniques that might otherwise be advantageous, which could result in greater risks associated with interest rate or other changes than we would otherwise incur.

There is refinancing risk associated with our debt.

We expect that we will incur additional indebtedness in the future. Certain of our outstanding debt contains, and we may in the future acquire or finance properties with debt containing, limited or no principal amortization, which would require that the principal be repaid at the maturity of the loan in a so-called “balloon payment.” As of December 31, 2023, the financing arrangements of our outstanding indebtedness could require us to make lump-sum or “balloon” payments of approximately $2,401.6 million at maturity dates that range from 2024 to 2030. At the maturity of these loans, assuming we do not have sufficient funds to repay the debt, we will need to refinance the debt. If the credit environment is constrained at the time of our debt maturities, we would have a very difficult time refinancing debt. In addition, for certain loans, we locked in our fixed-rate debt at a point in time when we were able to obtain favorable interest rate, principal payments and other terms. When we refinance our debt, prevailing interest rates and other factors may result in us paying a greater amount of debt service, which will adversely affect our cash flow and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders. If we are unable to refinance our debt on acceptable terms, we may be forced to choose from a number of unfavorable options, including agreeing to otherwise unfavorable financing terms on one or more of our unencumbered assets, selling one or more properties at disadvantageous terms, including unattractive prices, or defaulting on the mortgage and permitting the lender to foreclose. Any one of these options could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.

High mortgage rates and/or unavailability of mortgage debt may make it difficult for us to finance or refinance properties, which could reduce the number of properties we can acquire, our net income and the amount of cash distributions we can make.

If mortgage debt is unavailable at reasonable rates, we may not be able to finance the purchase of properties. If we place mortgage debt on properties, we may be unable to refinance the properties when the loans become due, or to refinance on favorable terms. If interest rates are higher when we refinance our properties, our income could be reduced. If any of these events occur, our cash flow could be reduced. This, in turn, could reduce cash available for distribution to our security holders and may hinder our ability to raise more capital by issuing more stock or by borrowing more money.

Some of our mortgage loans may have “due on sale” provisions, which may impact the manner in which we acquire, sell and/or finance our properties.

In purchasing properties subject to financing, we may obtain financing with “due-on-sale” and/or “due-on-encumbrance” clauses. Due-on-sale clauses in mortgages allow a mortgage lender to demand full repayment of the mortgage loan if the borrower sells the mortgaged property. Similarly, due-on-encumbrance clauses allow a mortgage lender to demand full repayment if the borrower uses the real estate securing the mortgage loan as security for another loan.

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In such event, we may be required to sell our properties on an all-cash basis, to acquire new financing in connection with the sale, or to provide seller financing which may make it more difficult to sell the property or reduce the selling price.

We may be adversely affected by our use of SOFR as the base rate for our unsecured debt due to SOFR's limited history and its potential to be volatile.

The credit agreement governing our unsecured revolving credit facility and unsecured term loans (the “Unsecured Credit Agreement”) provided that on July 1, 2023 or earlier, the benchmark for our London Interbank Offer Rate ("LIBOR") based debt would be determined using the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR"), unless SOFR was unavailable.

On July 25, 2022, we restructured our Revolving Credit Facility to provide for interest to be based on SOFR rather than LIBOR. As of December 31, 2023, we had $834.5 million of such unsecured debt and interest rate swaps and collars with an aggregate notional value of $750.0 million outstanding that were indexed to SOFR. In addition, we had $265.5 million of available liquidity under our Revolving Credit Facility that would be indexed to SOFR upon borrowing.

The publication of SOFR began in April 2018, and, therefore, it has a limited history. In addition, the future performance of SOFR cannot be predicted based on the limited historical performance. Future levels of SOFR may bear little or no relation to the historical actual or historical indicative SOFR data. Prior observed patterns, if any, in the behavior of market variables and their relation to SOFR, such as correlations, may change in the future. While some pre-publication historical data has been released by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (“FRBNY”), production of such historical indicative SOFR data inherently involves assumptions, estimates and approximations. No future performance of SOFR may be inferred from any of the historical actual or historical indicative SOFR data. Hypothetical or historical performance data are not indicative of, and have no bearing on, the potential performance of SOFR.

Since the initial publication of SOFR, daily changes in the rate have, on occasion, been more volatile than daily changes in other benchmark or market rates, such as USD LIBOR, during corresponding periods. In addition, although changes in term SOFR and compounded SOFR generally are not expected to be as volatile as changes in SOFR on a daily basis, the return on, value of and market for the SOFR notes may fluctuate more than floating rate debt securities with interest rates based on less volatile rates.

Compliance with Laws

We are subject to significant regulations, which could adversely affect our results of operations through increased costs and/or an inability to pursue business opportunities.

Local zoning and land use laws, environmental statutes and other governmental requirements may restrict or increase the costs of our development, expansion, renovation and reconstruction activities and thus may prevent or delay us from taking advantage of business opportunities. Failure to comply with these requirements could result in the imposition of fines, awards to private litigants of damages against us, substantial litigation costs and substantial costs of remediation or compliance. In addition, we cannot predict what requirements may be enacted in the future or that such requirements will not increase our costs of regulatory compliance or prohibit us from pursuing business opportunities that could be profitable to us, which could adversely affect our results of operations.

The costs of compliance with environmental laws and regulations may adversely affect our net income and the cash available for any distributions.

All real property and the operations conducted on real property are subject to federal, state and local laws and regulations relating to environmental protection and human health and safety. Examples of federal laws include: the National Environmental Policy Act, the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, the Solid Waste Disposal Act, as amended by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, the Federal Clean Air Act, the Toxic Substances Control Act, the Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act and the Hazard Communication Act. These laws and regulations generally govern wastewater discharges, air emissions, the operation and removal of underground and above ground storage tanks, the use, storage, treatment, transportation and disposal of solid and hazardous materials, and the remediation of contamination associated with disposals. Some of these laws and regulations may impose joint and several liability on residents, owners or operators for the costs of investigation or remediation of contaminated properties, regardless of fault or the legality of the original disposal.

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Under various federal, state and local environmental laws, ordinances and regulations, a current or previous owner or operator of real property may be liable for the cost of removal or remediation of hazardous or toxic substances on, under or in such property. The costs of removal or remediation could be substantial. These laws often impose liability whether or not the owner or operator knew of, or was responsible for, the presence of the hazardous or toxic substances. In addition, the presence of these substances, or the failure to properly remediate these substances, may adversely affect our ability to sell or rent the property or to use the property as collateral for future borrowing.

Environmental laws also may impose restrictions on the manner in which property may be used or businesses may be operated, and these restrictions may require substantial expenditures. Environmental laws provide for sanctions in the event of noncompliance and may be enforced by governmental agencies or, in certain circumstances, by private parties. Certain environmental laws and common law principles govern the presence, maintenance, removal and disposal of certain building materials, including asbestos and lead-based paint. Such hazardous substances could be released into the air and third parties may seek recovery from owners or operators of real properties for personal injury or property damage associated with exposure to released hazardous substances.

In addition, if any property in our portfolio is not properly connected to a water or sewer system, or if the integrity of such systems is breached, microbial matter or other contamination can develop. If this were to occur, we could incur significant remedial costs and we may also be subject to private damage claims and awards, which could be material. If we become subject to claims in this regard, it could materially and adversely affect us.

Property values may also be affected by the proximity of such properties to electric transmission lines. Electric transmission lines are one of many sources of electro-magnetic fields (“EMFs”), to which people may be exposed. Research completed regarding potential health concerns associated with exposure to EMFs has produced inconclusive results. Notwithstanding the lack of conclusive scientific evidence, some states now regulate the strength of electric and magnetic fields emanating from electric transmission lines and other states have required transmission facilities to measure for levels of EMFs. On occasion, lawsuits have been filed (primarily against electric utilities) that allege personal injuries from exposure to transmission lines and EMFs, as well as from fear of adverse health effects due to such exposure. This fear of adverse health effects from transmission lines may be considered both when property values are determined to obtain financing and in condemnation proceedings. We may not, in certain circumstances, search for electric transmission lines near our properties, but are aware of the potential exposure to damage claims by persons exposed to EMFs.

The cost of defending against such claims of liability, of compliance with environmental regulatory requirements, of remediating any contaminated property, or of paying personal injury claims could materially adversely affect our business, assets or results of operations and, consequently, amounts available for distribution to our stockholders.

We cannot provide any assurance properties which we acquire will not have any material environmental conditions, liabilities or compliance concerns. Accordingly, we have no way of determining at this time the magnitude of any potential liability to which we may be subject arising out of environmental conditions or violations with respect to the properties we own.

Costs associated with addressing indoor air quality issues, moisture infiltration and resulting mold remediation may be costly.

As a general matter, concern about indoor exposure to mold or other air contaminants has been increasing as such exposure has been alleged to have a variety of adverse effects on health. As a result, there have been a number of lawsuits in our industry against owners and managers of multifamily communities relating to indoor air quality, moisture infiltration and resulting mold. Some of our properties may contain microbial matter such as mold and mildew. The terms of our property and general liability policies generally exclude certain mold-related claims. Should an uninsured loss arise against us, we would be required to use our funds to resolve the issue, including litigation costs. We can offer no assurance that liabilities resulting from indoor air quality, moisture infiltration and the presence of or exposure to mold will not have a future impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our costs associated with and the risk of failing to comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act may affect our net income.

We generally expect that our properties will be subject to the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, as amended (the “Disabilities Act”). Under the Disabilities Act, all places of public accommodation are required to comply with federal requirements related to access and use by disabled persons. The Disabilities Act has separate compliance

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requirements for “public accommodations” and “commercial facilities” that generally require that buildings and services be made accessible and available to people with disabilities. The Disabilities Act does not, however, consider residential properties, such as multifamily properties, to be public accommodations or commercial facilities, except to the extent portions of such facilities, such as a leasing office, are open to the public. The Disabilities Act’s requirements could require removal of access barriers and could result in the imposition of injunctive relief, monetary penalties or, in some cases, an award of damages. We will attempt to acquire properties that comply with the Disabilities Act or place the burden on the seller or a third party to ensure compliance with such laws. However, we cannot assure you that we will be able to acquire properties or allocate responsibilities in this manner. If we cannot, costs in complying with these laws may adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition and ability to make distributions to our stockholders.

We must comply with the Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988 (the “FHAA”), and failure to comply could result in substantial costs.

We must comply with the FHAA, which requires that apartment properties first occupied after March 13, 1991 be accessible to handicapped residents and visitors. As with the Disabilities Act, compliance with the FHAA could require removal of structural barriers to handicapped access in a community, including the interiors of apartment units covered under the FHAA. There has been heightened scrutiny of apartment housing properties for compliance with the requirements of the FHAA and the Disabilities Act and an increasing number of substantial enforcement actions and private lawsuits have been brought against apartment communities to ensure compliance with these requirements. Noncompliance with the FHAA could result in the imposition of fines, awards of damages to private litigants, payment of attorneys’ fees and other costs to plaintiffs, substantial litigation costs and substantial costs of remediation.

The adoption of, or changes to, rent control, rent stabilization, eviction, tenants’ rights and similar laws and regulations in our markets could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and property values.

Various state and local governments have enacted and may continue to enact rent control, rent stabilization, or limitations, and similar laws and regulations that could limit our ability to raise rents or charge certain fees, including laws or court orders, either of which could have a retroactive effect. We have seen a recent increase in governments enacting or considering, or being urged to consider, such laws and regulations. Federal, state and local governments or courts also have made, and may make in the future, changes to laws related to allowable fees and rents, eviction, resident screening and other tenants’ rights laws and regulations (including changes in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and other changes that apply retroactively) that could adversely impact our results of operations and the value of our properties. Laws and regulations regarding rent control, rent stabilization, eviction, resident screening, tenants’ rights, and similar matters, as well as any lawsuits against us arising from such laws and regulations, may limit our ability to charge market rents, limit our ability to increase rents, evict delinquent tenants or change fees, or recover increases in our operating expenses, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and the value of our properties.

United States Federal Income Tax Risks

Legislative or regulatory action could adversely affect the returns to our investors.

Legislative, regulatory or administrative changes could be enacted or promulgated at any time, either prospectively or with retroactive effect, and may adversely affect us and/or our stockholders. We cannot predict if or when any new federal income tax law, regulation or administrative interpretation, or any amendment to any existing federal income tax law, regulation or administrative interpretation, will be adopted, promulgated or become effective or whether any such law, regulation or interpretation may take effect retroactively. We and our shareholders could be adversely affected by any such change in, or any new, federal income tax law, regulation or administrative interpretation.

We urge you to consult with your own tax advisor with respect to the status of legislative, regulatory or administrative developments and proposals and their potential effect on an investment in shares of our common stock.

Dividends paid by REITs do not qualify for the reduced tax rates provided under current law.

Dividends paid by REITs are generally not eligible for the 20% maximum tax rate that applies to qualified dividend income of individuals. The more favorable rates applicable to qualified dividend income could cause stockholders who are individuals to perceive investments in REITs to be relatively less attractive than investments in the stock of non-REIT corporations that pay dividends to which more favorable rates apply, which could reduce the value of the stocks of REITs. However, under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “TCJA”), for taxable years beginning prior to January 1, 2026, ordinary income dividends from REITs are treated as income from a pass-through entity and are eligible for a 20%

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deduction. As a result, until the end of 2025, our ordinary income dividends will be taxed at 80% of an individual’s marginal tax rate. The current maximum rate for individuals is 37%, resulting in a maximum tax rate of 29.6% on our dividends after application of the 20% deduction. Dividends from REITs as well as regular corporate dividends will also be subject to a 3.8% Medicare surtax for taxpayers with modified adjusted gross income above $200,000 (if single) or $250,000 (if married and filing jointly).

We may decide to borrow funds to satisfy our REIT minimum distribution requirements, which could adversely affect our overall financial performance.

We may decide to borrow funds in order to meet the REIT minimum distribution requirements even if our management believes that the then prevailing market conditions generally are not favorable for such borrowings or that such borrowings would not be advisable in the absence of such tax considerations. If we borrow money to meet the REIT minimum distribution requirements or for other working capital needs, our expenses will increase, our net income will be reduced by the amount of interest we pay on the money we borrow and we will be obligated to repay the money we borrow from future earnings or by selling assets, any or all of which may decrease future distributions to stockholders.

If we fail to maintain our qualification as a REIT, we will be subject to tax on our income, and the amount of distributions we make to our stockholders will be less.

We intend to maintain our qualification as a REIT under the Code. A REIT generally is not taxed at the corporate level on income and gains that it distributes to its stockholders on a timely basis. We do not intend to request a ruling from the Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”), as to our REIT status. Qualification as a REIT involves the application of highly technical and complex rules for which there are only limited judicial or administrative interpretations. The determination of various factual matters and circumstances not entirely within our control may affect our ability to continue to qualify as a REIT. In addition, new legislation, regulations, administrative interpretations or court decisions could significantly change the tax laws with respect to qualification as a REIT or the U.S. federal income tax consequences of such qualification, including changes with retroactive effect.

If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year:

•we would not be allowed to deduct our distributions to our stockholders when computing our taxable income;

•we would be subject to U.S. federal income tax (including any applicable alternative minimum tax in tax years beginning before January 1, 2018) on our taxable income at regular corporate rates;

•for tax years beginning after December 31, 2022, we would possibly also be subject to certain taxes enacted by the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 that are applicable to non-REIT corporations such as the nondeductible one percent excise tax on certain stock repurchases;

•we generally would be disqualified from being taxed as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year during which qualification was lost, unless entitled to relief under certain statutory provisions;

•we would have less cash to make distributions to our stockholders; and

•we might be required to borrow additional funds or sell some of our assets in order to pay corporate tax obligations we may incur as a result of our disqualification.

Although our organization and current and proposed method of operation is intended to enable us to maintain our qualification to be taxed as a REIT, it is possible that future economic, market, legal, tax or other considerations may cause our board of directors to revoke our REIT election. Even if we maintain our qualification to be taxed as a REIT, we expect to incur some taxes, such as state and local taxes, taxes imposed on certain subsidiaries and potential U.S. federal excise taxes.

We encourage you to read Exhibit 99.1- “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations” to this report for further discussion of the tax issues related to an investment in us.

The ability of our Board of Directors to revoke our REIT election without stockholder approval may cause adverse consequences to our stockholders.

Our Charter provides that our Board of Directors may revoke or otherwise terminate our REIT election, without the approval of our stockholders, if it determines that it is no longer in our best interest to continue to maintain our qualification as a REIT. If we cease to maintain our qualification as a REIT, we would become subject to U.S. federal

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income tax on our taxable income without the benefit of the dividends paid deduction and would no longer be required to distribute most of our taxable income to our stockholders, which may have adverse consequences on the total return to our stockholders.

To maintain our qualification as a REIT, we must meet annual distribution requirements, which may result in our distributing amounts that may otherwise be used for our operations.

To obtain the favorable tax treatment accorded to REITs, we generally are required each year to distribute to our stockholders at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (excluding net capital gain), determined without regard to the deduction for distributions paid. We are subject to U.S. federal income tax on our undistributed taxable income and net capital gain and to a 4% nondeductible excise tax on any amount by which distributions we pay with respect to any calendar year are less than the sum of (i) 85% of our ordinary income, (ii) 95% of our capital gain net income and (iii) 100% of our undistributed income from prior years. These requirements could cause us to distribute amounts that otherwise would be spent on investments in real estate assets, and it is possible that we might be required to borrow funds, possibly at unfavorable rates, or sell assets to fund these distributions. Although we intend to make distributions sufficient to meet the annual distribution requirements and to avoid U.S. federal income and excise taxes on our earnings, it is possible that we might not always be able to do so.

Complying with REIT requirements may cause us to forgo otherwise attractive opportunities.

To maintain our qualification as a REIT, we must continually satisfy various tests regarding sources of income, nature and diversification of assets, amounts distributed to stockholders and the ownership of shares of our capital stock. In order to satisfy these tests, we may be required to forgo investments that might otherwise be made. We may be required to make distributions to stockholders at times when it would be more advantageous to reinvest cash in our business or when we do not have funds readily available for distribution. Accordingly, compliance with the REIT requirements may hinder our ability to operate solely on the basis of maximizing profits and adversely affect the trading price of our common stock.

In particular, at least 75% of our total assets at the end of each calendar quarter must consist of real estate assets, government securities, and cash or cash items. For this purpose, “real estate assets” generally include interests in real property, such as land, buildings, leasehold interests in real property, stock of other entities that qualify as REITs, interests in mortgage loans secured by real property, investments in stock or debt instruments during the one-year period following the receipt of new capital and regular or residual interests in a real estate mortgage investment conduit. In addition, the amount of securities of a single issuer that we hold, other than securities qualifying under the 75% asset test and certain other securities, must generally not exceed either 5% of the value of our gross assets or 10% of the vote or value of such issuer’s outstanding securities.

A REIT’s net income from prohibited transactions is subject to a 100% penalty tax. In general, prohibited transactions are sales or other dispositions of property, other than foreclosure property, held in inventory or primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business. It may be possible to reduce the impact of the prohibited transaction tax and the holding of assets not qualifying as real estate assets for purposes of the REIT asset tests by conducting certain activities, or holding non-qualifying REIT assets through a taxable REIT subsidiary (a “TRS”), subject to certain limitations as described below. To the extent that we engage in such activities through a TRS, the income associated with such activities will be subject to full U.S. federal corporate income tax.

Certain of our business activities are potentially subject to the prohibited transaction tax, which could reduce the return on any investment in our securities.

Our ability to dispose of property is restricted to a substantial extent as a result of our REIT status. Under applicable provisions of the Code regarding prohibited transactions by REITs, we will be subject to a 100% tax on any gain recognized on the sale or other disposition of any property (other than foreclosure property) that we own, directly or through any subsidiary entity, including IROP, but excluding a TRS, that is deemed to be inventory or property held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of trade or business. Whether property is inventory or otherwise held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business depends on the particular facts and circumstances surrounding each property. No assurance can be given that any particular property we own, directly or through any subsidiary entity, including IROP, but excluding a “TRS”, will not be treated as inventory or property held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business.

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The use of TRSs would increase our overall tax liability.

Some of our assets may need to be owned or sold, or some of our operations may need to be conducted by TRSs. We do not currently have significant operations through a TRS but may in the future. A TRS will be subject to U.S. federal and state income tax on its taxable income. The after-tax net income of a TRS would be available for distribution to us. Further, we will incur a 100% excise tax on transactions with a TRS that are not conducted on an arm’s-length basis. For example, to the extent that the rent paid by a TRS exceeds an arm’s-length rental amount, such amount is potentially subject to the excise tax. We intend that all transactions between us and any TRS we form will be conducted on an arm’s-length basis, and, therefore, any amounts paid to us by any TRS we form to us will not be subject to the excise tax. However, no assurance can be given that no excise tax would arise from such transactions.

If our operating partnership, IROP, is not treated as a partnership or disregarded entity for U.S. federal income tax purposes, its income may be subject to taxation.

We intend to maintain the status of IROP as a partnership or disregarded entity for U.S. federal income tax purposes. However, if the IRS were to successfully challenge the status of IROP as a partnership or disregarded entity for such purposes, it would be taxable as a corporation. In such event, this would reduce the amount of distributions that IROP could make to us. This would also result in our losing REIT status, and becoming subject to a corporate level tax on our own income. This would substantially reduce our cash available to pay distributions and the yield on any investment in our securities. In addition, if any of the partnerships or limited liability companies through which IROP owns its properties, in whole or in part, loses its characterization as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes, it would be subject to taxation as a corporation, thereby reducing distributions to IROP. Such a recharacterization of an underlying property owner could also threaten our ability to maintain REIT status.

Distributions to tax-exempt investors may be classified as unrelated business taxable income, or UBTI, and tax-exempt investors would be required to pay tax on such income and to file income tax returns.

Neither ordinary nor capital gain distributions with respect to our common stock nor gain from the sale of stock should generally constitute UBTI to a tax-exempt investor. However, there are certain exceptions to this rule, including:

•under certain circumstances, part of the income and gain recognized by certain qualified employee pension trusts with respect to our stock may be treated as UBTI if our stock is predominately held by qualified employee pension trusts, such that we are a “pension-held” REIT (which we do not expect to be the case);

•part of the income and gain recognized by a tax-exempt investor with respect to our stock would constitute UBTI if such investor incurs debt in order to acquire our common stock; and

•part or all of the income or gain recognized with respect to our stock held by social clubs, voluntary employee benefit associations, supplemental unemployment benefit trusts and qualified group legal services plans which are exempt from U.S. federal income taxation under Sections 501(c)(7), (9), (17) or (20) of the Code may be treated as UBTI.

We encourage you to consult your own tax advisor to determine the tax consequences applicable to you if you are a tax-exempt investor.

Distributions to foreign investors may be treated as an ordinary income distribution to the extent that it is made out of current or accumulated earnings and profits.

In general, foreign investors will be subject to regular U.S. federal income tax with respect to their investment in our stock if the income derived therefrom is “effectively connected” with the foreign investor’s conduct of a trade or business in the United States. A distribution to a foreign investor that is not attributable to gain realized by us from the sale or exchange of a “U.S. real property interest” within the meaning of the Foreign Investment in Real Property Tax Act of 1980, as amended, “FIRPTA” will be treated as an ordinary income distribution to the extent that it is made out of current or accumulated earnings and profits (as determined for U.S. federal income tax purposes). Generally, any ordinary income distribution will be subject to a U.S. withholding tax equal to 30% of the gross amount of the distribution, unless this tax is reduced by the provisions of an applicable treaty.

Foreign investors may be subject to FIRPTA tax upon the sale of their shares of our stock.

A foreign investor disposing of a U.S. real property interest, including shares of stock of a U.S. corporation whose assets consist principally of U.S. real property interests, is generally subject to FIRPTA tax on the gain recognized on the

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disposition. Such FIRPTA tax does not apply, however, to the disposition of stock in a REIT if the REIT is “domestically controlled.” A REIT is “domestically controlled” if less than 50% of the REIT’s stock, by value, has been owned directly or indirectly by persons who are not U.S. persons during a continuous five-year period ending on the date of disposition or, if shorter, during the entire period of the REIT’s existence. While we intend to qualify as “domestically controlled,” we cannot assure you that we will. If we were to fail to so qualify, gain realized by foreign investors on a sale of shares of our stock would be subject to FIRPTA tax, unless the shares of our stock were traded on an established securities market and the foreign investor did not at any time during a specified testing period directly or indirectly own more than 10% of the value of our outstanding common stock.

Foreign investors may be subject to FIRPTA tax upon a capital gain dividend.

A foreign investor may be subject to FIRPTA tax upon the payment of any capital gain dividend by us if such dividend is attributable to gain from sales or exchanges of U.S. real property interests, unless the shares of our stock were traded on an established securities market and the foreign investor did not at any time during a specified testing period directly or indirectly own more than 10% of the value of our outstanding common stock.

We encourage you to consult your own tax advisor to determine the tax consequences applicable to you if you are a foreign investor.

We may make distributions consisting of both stock and cash, in which case stockholders may be required to pay income taxes in excess of the cash distributions they receive.

We may make distributions that are paid in cash and stock at the election of each stockholder and may distribute other forms of taxable stock dividends. Taxable stockholders receiving such distributions will be required to include the full amount of the distributions as ordinary income to the extent of our current and accumulated earnings and profits for U.S. federal income tax purposes. As a result, stockholders may be required to pay income taxes with respect to such distributions in excess of the cash received. If a stockholder sells the stock that it receives in order to pay this tax, the sales proceeds may be less than the amount included in income with respect to the distribution, depending on the market price of our stock at the time of the sale. Furthermore, in the case of certain non-U.S. stockholders, we may be required to withhold federal income tax with respect to taxable dividends, including taxable dividends that are paid in stock. In addition, if a significant number of our stockholders decide to sell their shares in order to pay taxes owed with respect to taxable stock dividends, it may put downward pressure on the trading price of our stock.

Our stockholders may be restricted from acquiring or transferring certain amounts of our common stock.

Certain provisions of the Code and the stock ownership limits in our Charter may inhibit market activity in our capital stock and restrict our business combination opportunities. In order to maintain our qualification as a REIT, five or fewer individuals, as defined in the Code, may not own, beneficially or constructively, more than 50% in value of our issued and outstanding stock at any time during the last half of a taxable year. Attribution rules in the Code determine if any individual or entity beneficially or constructively owns our capital stock under this requirement. Additionally, at least 100 persons must beneficially own our capital stock during at least 335 days of a taxable year. To help ensure that we meet these tests, our Charter restricts the acquisition and ownership of shares of our stock.

Our Charter, with certain exceptions, authorizes our Board of Directors to take such actions as are necessary and desirable to preserve our qualification as a REIT. Unless exempted by our Board of Directors, our Charter prohibits any person from beneficially or constructively owning more than 9.8% in value or number of shares, whichever is more restrictive, of the outstanding shares of our common stock or capital stock. Our Board of Directors may not grant an exemption from these restrictions to any proposed transferee whose ownership in excess of ownership limits would result in our failing to maintain our qualification as a REIT. These restrictions on transferability and ownership will not apply, however, if our Board of Directors determines that it is no longer in our best interest to continue to maintain our qualification as a REIT.

Risks Related to Our Organization and Structure

The Maryland General Corporation Law prohibits certain business combinations, which may make it more difficult for us to be acquired.

Under the Maryland General Corporation Law, “business combinations” between a Maryland corporation and an “interested stockholder” or an affiliate of an interested stockholder are prohibited for five years after the most recent date

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on which the interested stockholder became an interested stockholder. These business combinations include a merger, consolidation, share exchange, or in circumstances specified in the statute, an asset transfer or issuance or reclassification of equity securities. An interested stockholder is defined as (i) any person who beneficially owns 10% or more of the voting power of the then outstanding voting stock of the corporation; or (ii) an affiliate or associate of the corporation who, at any time within the two-year period prior to the date in question, was the beneficial owner of 10% or more of the voting power of the then outstanding stock of the corporation.

A person is not an interested stockholder under the statute if the board of directors approved in advance the transaction by which the person otherwise would have become an interested stockholder. However, in approving a transaction, the board of directors may provide that its approval is subject to compliance, at or after the time of approval, with any terms and conditions determined by the board.

After the expiration of the five-year period described above, any business combination between the Maryland corporation and an interested stockholder must generally be recommended by the board of directors of the corporation and approved by the affirmative vote of at least:

•80% of the votes entitled to be cast by holders of the then outstanding shares of voting stock of the corporation; and

•two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast by holders of voting stock of the corporation, other than shares held by the interested stockholder with whom or with whose affiliate the business combination is to be effected, or held by an affiliate or associate of the interested stockholder.

These super-majority vote requirements do not apply if the corporation’s common stockholders receive a minimum price, as defined under the Maryland General Corporation Law, for their shares in the form of cash or other consideration in the same form as previously paid by the interested stockholder for its shares. The Maryland General Corporation Law also permits various exemptions from these provisions, including business combinations that are exempted by the board of directors before the time that the interested stockholder becomes an interested stockholder. Pursuant to the statute, our board of directors has by resolution exempted business combinations between us and any other person from these provisions of the Maryland General Corporation Law, provided that the business combination is first approved by our board of directors and, consequently, the five year prohibition and the supermajority vote requirements will not apply to such business combinations. As a result, any person approved by our board of directors will be able to enter into business combinations with us that may not be in the best interests of our stockholders without compliance by us with the supermajority vote requirements and other provisions of the statute. This resolution, however, may be altered or repealed in whole or in part at any time. If this resolution is repealed, or our board of directors does not otherwise approve a business combination, the statute may discourage others from trying to acquire control of us and increase the difficulty of consummating any offer.

Stockholders have limited control over changes in our policies and operations.

Our board of directors determines our major policies, including those regarding our investment objectives and strategies, financing, growth, debt capitalization, REIT qualification and distributions. Our board of directors may amend or revise these and other policies without a vote of the stockholders. Under our Charter, and bylaws and the Maryland General Corporation Law, our stockholders generally have a right to vote only on the following matters:

•the election or removal of directors;

•certain mergers, consolidations, statutory share exchanges and transfers of assets;

•our dissolution;

•adoption, amendment, alteration or repeal of provisions in our bylaws;

•the amendment of our charter, except that our board of directors may amend our charter without stockholder approval to:

•change our name;

•change the name or other designation or the par value of any class or series of stock and the aggregate par value of our stock;

•increase or decrease the aggregate number of our authorized shares;

•increase or decrease the number of our shares of any class or series of stock that we have the authority to issue; and

•effect certain reverse stock splits.

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All other matters are subject to the discretion of our board of directors.

Our authorized but unissued shares of common and preferred stock may prevent a change in our control.

Our Charter authorizes us to issue additional authorized but unissued shares of common or preferred stock. In addition, our board of directors may, without stockholder approval, amend our Charter from time to time to increase or decrease the aggregate number of shares of our stock or the number of shares of stock of any class or series that we have authority to issue and classify or reclassify any unissued shares of common or preferred stock into other classes or series of stock and set the preferences, rights and other terms of the classified or reclassified shares. As a result, our board of directors may establish a series of common or preferred stock that could delay or prevent a transaction or a change in control that might involve a premium price for our common stock or otherwise be in the best interest of our stockholders.

Because of our holding company structure, we depend on our operating partnership, IROP, and its subsidiaries for cash flow; however, we will be structurally subordinated in right of payment to the obligations of IROP and its subsidiaries.

We are a holding company with no business operations of our own. Our only significant asset is and will be the partnership interests in IROP. We conduct, and intend to continue to conduct, all of our business operations through IROP. Accordingly, our only source of cash to pay our obligations is distributions from IROP and its subsidiaries of their net earnings and cash flows. We cannot assure you that IROP or its subsidiaries will be able to, or be permitted to, make distributions to us that will enable us to make distributions to our stockholders from cash flows from operations. Each of IROP’s subsidiaries is a distinct legal entity and, under certain circumstances, legal and contractual restrictions may limit our ability to obtain cash from such entities. In addition, because we are a holding company, your claims as stockholders will be structurally subordinated to all existing and future liabilities and obligations of IROP and its subsidiaries. Therefore, in the event of our bankruptcy, liquidation or reorganization, our assets and those of IROP and its subsidiaries will be able to satisfy your claims as stockholders only after all of our and IROP’s and its subsidiaries’ liabilities and obligations have been paid in full.

Our rights and the rights of our stockholders to recover on claims against our directors are limited, which could reduce your and our recovery against them if they negligently cause us to incur losses.

The Maryland General Corporation Law provides that a director has no liability in such capacity if he or she performs his or her duties in good faith, in a manner he or she reasonably believes to be in our best interests and with the care that an ordinarily prudent person in a like position would use under similar circumstances. In addition, our directors and officers will not be liable to us or our stockholders for monetary damages unless the director or officer actually received an improper benefit or profit in money, property or services, or is adjudged to be liable to us or our stockholders based on a finding that his or her action, or failure to act, was the result of active and deliberate dishonesty and was material to the cause of action adjudicated in the proceeding. We will indemnify and advance expenses to our directors and officers to the maximum extent permitted by the Maryland General Corporation Law and we are permitted to purchase and maintain insurance or provide similar protection on behalf of any directors, officers, employees and agents, against any liability asserted which was incurred in any such capacity with us or arising out of such status.

Our bylaws designate the Circuit Court for Baltimore City, Maryland as the sole and exclusive forum for certain types of actions and proceedings that may be initiated by our stockholders and provide that claims relating to causes of action under the Securities Act may only be brought in federal district courts, which could limit stockholders' ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees and could discourage lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and employees.

Our bylaws provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Circuit Court for Baltimore City, Maryland, or, if that court does not have jurisdiction, the United States District Court for the District of Maryland, Baltimore Division, will be the sole and exclusive forum for (a) any Internal Corporate Claim, as such term is defined in Section 1-101(p) of the Maryland General Corporation Law, or any successor provision thereof, (b) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, (c) any action asserting a claim of breach of any duty owed by any of our directors or officers or other employees to us or to our stockholders, (d) any action asserting a claim against us or any of our directors or officers or other employees arising pursuant to any provision of the Maryland General Corporation Law or our charter or bylaws, or (e) any other action asserting a claim against us or any of our directors or officers or other employees that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine.

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General Risk Factors

If we are unable to retain or obtain key personnel, our ability to implement our investment strategies could be hindered, which could reduce our ability to make distributions and adversely affect the trading price of our common stock.

Our success depends to a significant degree upon the contributions of certain of our officers and our other personnel. If any of our key personnel were to terminate their employment with us, our operating results could suffer. Further, we do not have and do not intend to maintain key person life insurance that would provide us with proceeds in the event of death or disability of any of our key personnel. Moreover, we believe our future success depends upon our ability to hire and retain experienced managerial, operational and marketing personnel. Competition for such personnel is intense, and we cannot assure you that we will be successful in attracting and retaining such personnel or that we will not need to incur additional expense to attract and retain such personnel. If we lose or are unable to obtain the services of key personnel, our ability to implement our investment strategies could be delayed or hindered, and the trading price of our common stock may be adversely affected.

We may suffer losses that are not covered by insurance.

If we suffer losses that are not covered by insurance or that are in excess of our insurance coverage, we could lose invested capital and anticipated profits. We maintain comprehensive insurance for our properties, including casualty, liability, accidental death or injury to persons, fire, extended coverage, terrorism, earthquakes, hurricanes and rental loss customarily obtained for similar properties in amounts which our advisors determine are sufficient to cover reasonably foreseeable losses, and with policy specifications and insured limits that we believe are adequate and appropriate under the circumstances. Material losses may occur in excess of insurance proceeds with respect to any property, and there are types of losses, generally of a catastrophic nature, such as losses due to wars, pollution, environmental matters (such as snow or ice storms, windstorms, tornadoes, hurricanes, earthquakes, flooding or other severe weather) and mold, which are either uninsurable or not economically insurable, or may be insured subject to limitations, such as large deductibles or co-payments. Moreover, we cannot predict whether all of the coverage that we currently maintain will be available to us in the future, or what the future costs or limitations on any coverage that is available to us will be. We rely on third party insurance providers for our property, general liability and worker’s compensation insurance. While there has yet to be any non-performance by these major insurance providers, should any of them experience liquidity issues or other financial distress, it could negatively impact us. In addition, we annually assess our insurance needs based on the cost of coverage and other factors. We may choose to self-insure a greater portion of these risks in the future or may choose to have higher deductibles or lesser policy terms.

Changes in U.S. accounting standards may materially and adversely affect our reported results of operations.

Accounting for public companies in the United States is in accordance with GAAP, which is established by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”), an independent body whose standards are recognized by the SEC as authoritative for publicly held companies. Uncertainties posed by various initiatives of accounting standard-setting by the FASB and the SEC, which create and interpret applicable accounting standards for U.S. companies, may change the financial accounting and reporting standards or their interpretation and application of these standards that govern the preparation of our financial statements. These changes could have a material impact on our reported financial condition and results of operations. In some cases, we could be required to apply a new or revised standard retroactively, resulting in potentially material restatements of prior period financial statements.

Our use of social media presents risks.

Our use of social media could cause us to suffer brand damage or unintended information disclosure. Negative posts or communications about us on a social networking website could damage our reputation. Further, employees or others may disclose non-public information regarding us or our business or otherwise make negative comments regarding us on social networking or other websites, which could adversely affect our business and results of operations. As social media evolves we will be presented with new risks and challenges.

Lawsuits or other legal proceedings could result in substantial costs.

We are subject to various lawsuits and other legal proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of our business operations. The defense or settlement of any lawsuit or claim may adversely affect our business, financial condition, or results of operations or result in increased insurance premiums.

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The percentage of ownership of any of our common stockholders may be diluted if we issue new shares of common stock.

Stockholders have no rights to buy additional shares of stock if we issue new shares of stock. We may issue common stock, convertible debt or preferred stock pursuant to a public offering or a private placement, to sellers of properties we directly or indirectly acquire instead of, or in addition to, cash consideration. Because our decision to issue securities in any future offering will depend on market conditions and other factors beyond our control, we cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing or nature of our future offerings. Any of our common stockholders who do not participate in any future stock issuances will experience dilution in the percentage of the issued and outstanding stock they own.

Sales of our common stock, or the perception that such sales will occur, may have adverse effects on our share price.

We cannot predict the effect, if any, of future sales of common stock, or the availability of shares for future sales, on the market price of our common stock. Sales of substantial amounts of common stock, including shares of common stock issuable upon the exchange of units of our operating partnership, IROP, that we may issue from time to time, the sale of shares of common stock held by our current stockholders and the sale of any shares we may issue under our long-term incentive plan, or the perception that these sales could occur, may adversely affect prevailing market prices for our common stock.

An increase in market interest rates may have an adverse effect on the market price of our common stock.

One of the factors that investors may consider in deciding whether to buy or sell our common stock is our distribution yield, which is our distribution rate as a percentage of our share price, relative to market interest rates. If market interest rates increase, prospective investors may desire a higher distribution yield on our common stock or may seek securities paying higher dividends or interest. The market price of our common stock likely will be based primarily on the earnings that we derive from rental income with respect to our properties and our related distributions to stockholders, and not from the underlying appraised value of the properties themselves. As a result, interest rate fluctuations and capital market conditions are likely to affect the market price of our common stock, and such effects could be significant. For example, if interest rates rise without an increase in our distribution rate, the market price of our common stock could decrease because potential investors may require a higher distribution yield on our common stock as market rates on interest-bearing securities, such as bonds, rise.

Some of our distributions may include a return of capital for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

Some of our distributions may include a return of capital. To the extent that we decide to make distributions in excess of our current and accumulated earnings and profits, such distributions would generally be considered a return of capital for U.S. federal income tax purposes to the extent of the holder’s adjusted tax basis in its shares, and thereafter as gain on a sale or exchange of such shares.

Future issuances of debt securities, which would rank senior to our common stock upon liquidation, or future issuances of preferred equity securities, may adversely affect the trading price of our common stock.

In the future, we may issue debt or equity securities or incur other borrowings. Upon our liquidation, holders of our debt securities, other loans and preferred stock will receive a distribution of our available assets before common stockholders. Any preferred stock, if issued, likely will also have a preference on periodic distribution payments, which could eliminate or otherwise limit our ability to make distributions to common stockholders. Common stockholders bear the risk that our future issuances of debt or equity securities or our incurrence of other borrowings may negatively affect the trading price of our common stock.

The market prices for our common stock may be volatile.

The prices at which our common stock may sell in the public market may be volatile. Fluctuations in the market prices of our common stock may not be correlated in a predictable way to our performance or operating results. The prices at which our common stock trade may fluctuate as a result of factors that are beyond our control or unrelated to our performance or operating results.

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We have not established a minimum dividend payment level and we cannot assure you of our ability to pay dividends in the future or the amount of any dividends.

Our board of directors will determine the amount and timing of distributions. In making this determination, our directors will consider all relevant factors, including REIT minimum distribution requirements, the amount of core funds from operation, restrictions under Maryland law, capital expenditures and reserve requirements and general operational requirements. We cannot assure you that we will be able to make distributions in the future or in amounts similar to our past distributions. We may need to fund distributions through borrowings, returning capital or selling assets, which may be available only at commercially unattractive terms, if at all. Any of the foregoing could adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

ITEM 1B.    Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

ITEM 1C.    Cybersecurity

Risk Management and Strategy

Our corporate information technology, communication networks, enterprise applications, accounting and financial reporting platforms, and related systems, and those that we offer to our residents are necessary for the operation of our business. We use these systems, among others, to manage our resident and vendor relationships, for internal communications, for accounting to operate record-keeping function, and for many other key aspects of our business. Our business operations rely on the secure collection, storage, transmission, and other processing of proprietary, confidential, and sensitive data.

In recent years, cybersecurity attacks have increased on businesses as cyber criminals seek to gain access to sensitive information and use it for their personal or financial gain. We continuously seek to implement advanced technologies to strengthen our infrastructure, monitor for threats, and evaluate our capability to respond to incidents in order to minimize the potential impact to our systems, data, and operations.

We rely on a multidisciplinary team, including our information security function, legal department, management, and third-party service providers, as described further below, to identify, assess, and manage cybersecurity threats and risks. We identify and assess risks from cybersecurity threats by monitoring and evaluating our threat environment and our risk profile using various methods including, for example, using manual and automated tools, subscribing to reports and services that identify cybersecurity threats, analyzing reports of threats and threat actors, conducting scans of the threat environment, evaluating our industry’s risk profile, utilizing internal and external audits, and conducting threat and vulnerability assessments. We perform simulations and drills for responding to cybersecurity threats at both a technical and management level. We incorporate external expertise and reviews in all aspects of our cybersecurity program. All of our employees receive annual cybersecurity awareness training.

Management, in coordination with our information technology department, is responsible for hiring appropriate personnel, helping to integrate cybersecurity risk considerations into the Company’s overall risk management strategy, and communicating key priorities to relevant personnel. Management is also responsible for approving budgets, approving cybersecurity processes, and reviewing cybersecurity assessments and other cybersecurity-related matters.

We also work with third parties that assist us in identifying, assessing, and managing cybersecurity risks, including professional services firms, consulting firms, threat intelligence service providers, and penetration testing firms. We seek to engage reliable, reputable service providers that maintain cybersecurity programs. Depending on the nature of the services provided, the sensitivity and quantity of information processed, and the identity of the service provider, our vendor management process may include reviewing the cybersecurity practices of such provider, contractually imposing certain obligations on the provider, conducting security assessments, and conducting periodic reassessments during their engagement.

We have experienced various types of cyber-attack incidents which, to date, have been contained and did not have a material impact on our business strategy, results of operations or financial condition. As a result of such incidents, we continue to implement new controls, governance, technical protections, and other procedures to mitigate and prevent future incidents. We have a cybersecurity committee that is composed of our Executive Vice President of Technology, our Director of Information Technology and our General Counsel. The committee meets quarterly to review any incidents and

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incident responses and reports its findings to the Chief Financial Officer. We may incur substantial costs and suffer other negative consequences such as liability, reputational harm and significant remediation costs and experience material harm to our business and financial results if we, or our vendors or suppliers fall victim to other successful cyber-attacks.

Governance

Our Board of Directors holds oversight responsibility over the Company’s strategy and risk management, including material risks related to cybersecurity threats. This oversight is executed directly by the Board of Directors and through its committees. Our Audit Committee oversees risks and exposures associated with financial matters, particularly financial reporting, tax (including compliance with REIT rules), accounting, disclosure, internal control over financial reporting, cybersecurity, financial policies, investment guidelines, development and leasing, and credit and liquidity matters. In addition, the Risk Committee oversees our enterprise risk management practices to ensure that we are equipped to anticipate, identify, prioritize, and manage material risks to the Company. Our Risk Committee assists our Board of Directors in its oversight of our enterprise risk management framework, including cybersecurity, our overall risk-taking tolerance and our management of financial, reputational and operational risk.

Within the principal functions of the Risk Committee are its responsibilities in overseeing cybersecurity risk, information security, and technology risk, as a well as management’s actions to identify, assess, mitigate, and remediate material issues. On a quarterly basis, our Executive Vice President of Technology provides information to our Chief Financial Officer, who reports to our Chief Executive Officer and the Risk Committee on our cybersecurity risk capabilities and threats.

Our Executive Vice President of Technology has extensive cybersecurity knowledge and skills gained from over five years of work experience on the security team at IRT and an extensive career in the technology and cybersecurity industries as a President and Chief Information Officer at Results Theory, Inc.. Our Executive Vice President of Technology heads the team responsible for implementing and maintaining cybersecurity and data protection practices at IRT and reports directly to the Chief Financial Officer.

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ITEM 2.    Properties

We hold fee title to all of the multifamily properties in our portfolio (other than four properties owned by unconsolidated joint ventures in which we hold interests). The following table presents an overview of our consolidated portfolio as of December 31, 2023 (including one development property).

Market	Property Count	Units (a)	Gross Cost		Accumulated Depreciation		Net Book Value		Period End Occupancy (b)	Average Occupancy (c)	Average Effective Rent per Occupied Unit (d)
Asheville, NC	1	252	$	29,377	$	(5,815)	$	23,562	96.8%	96.6%	$	1,552
Atlanta, GA	13	5,180	1,090,677		(90,537)		1,000,140		93.6%	92.2%	1,648
Austin, TX	1	256	58,946		(3,893)		55,053		94.1%	92.1%	1,808
Birmingham, AL	2	1,074	233,911		(13,897)		220,014		93.2%	91.8%	1,482
Charleston, SC	2	518	81,866		(15,589)		66,277		94.6%	94.6%	1,692
Charlotte, NC	3	714	189,558		(14,754)		174,804		94.4%	95.5%	1,762
Chattanooga, TN	1	192	30,179		(1,935)		28,244		89.1%	91.5%	1,377
Cincinnati, OH	2	542	123,465		(6,990)		116,475		92.3%	94.5%	1,598
Columbus, OH	10	2,510	374,054		(43,394)		330,660		94.8%	94.7%	1,425
Dallas, TX	14	4,007	866,009		(65,789)		800,220		94.6%	94.2%	1,814
Denver, CO	9	2,400	614,501		(33,686)		580,815		94.7%	94.9%	1,734
Greenville, SC	1	702	124,546		(7,330)		117,216		96.0%	94.2%	1,293
Houston, TX	7	1,932	316,463		(17,722)		298,741		95.2%	95.3%	1,459
Huntsville, AL	4	1,051	241,112		(14,487)		226,625		94.8%	95.4%	1,527
Indianapolis, IN	7	1,979	293,760		(28,197)		265,563		94.6%	95.4%	1,369
Lexington, KY	3	886	161,068		(9,316)		151,752		96.7%	96.7%	1,323
Louisville, KY	4	1,150	147,034		(35,701)		111,333		96.3%	94.2%	1,284
Memphis, TN	4	1,383	162,113		(39,830)		122,283		93.0%	93.5%	1,519
Myrtle Beach, SC - Wilmington, NC	3	628	68,185		(11,901)		56,284		93.3%	94.8%	1,420
Nashville, TN	5	1,508	371,562		(21,450)		350,112		95.0%	93.6%	1,634
Oklahoma City, OK	8	2,147	328,355		(29,900)		298,455		95.1%	93.9%	1,184
Orlando, FL	1	297	50,331		(10,029)		40,302		94.9%	93.8%	1,815
Raleigh - Durham, NC	6	1,690	254,971		(45,528)		209,443		95.5%	94.4%	1,562
San Antonio, TX	1	306	57,300		(3,380)		53,920		95.4%	96.2%	1,475
Tampa-St. Petersburg, FL	5	1,452	309,847		(35,354)		274,493		96.3%	94.7%	1,822
TOTAL	117	34,756	$	6,579,190	$	(606,404)	$	5,972,786	94.6%	94.2%	$	1,558

(a)Units represent the total number of units available for rent at December 31, 2023, including 325 units at the Destination at Arista development property.

(b)Period end occupancy for each of our properties is calculated as (i) total units rented as of December 31, 2023 divided by (ii) total units available for rent as of December 31, 2023, expressed as a percentage. Excludes the Destination at Arista, which, as of December 31, 2023, is in the lease-up phase and has not reached 90% occupancy.

(c)Average occupancy represents the daily average occupancy of available units for the three-month period ended December 31, 2023. Excludes the Destination at Arista, which, as of December 31, 2023, is in the lease-up phase and has not reached 90% occupancy.

(d)Average effective monthly rent, per unit, represents the average monthly rent for all occupied units for the three-month period ended December 31, 2023. Excludes the Destination at Arista, which, as of December 31, 2023, is in the lease-up phase and has not reached 90% occupancy.

Additional information on our consolidated properties is contained in “Schedule III - Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which is incorporated herein by reference.

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ITEM 3.    Legal Proceedings

We are subject to various legal proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of our business operations. Matters which arise out of allegations of bodily injury, property damage, and employment practices are generally covered by insurance. While the resolution of these matters cannot be predicted with certainty, we currently believe the final outcome of such matters will not have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Starting around November 2022, putative class action representatives began filing complaints in various United States District Courts across the country naming as defendants RealPage, Inc. (“RealPage”) and approximately 50 defendants who own and/or manage multifamily residential rental housing, alleging that the defendants conspired to fix, raise, maintain, and stabilize rent prices in violation of Section 1 of the Sherman Act. Some of the complaints, including one filed on November 14, 2022 in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, named us as one of the defendants, and others did not. On April 10, 2023, the United States Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation issued an order transferring the cases to the United States District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee for coordinated and consolidated pretrial proceedings, where plaintiffs filed a consolidated complaint. We filed an answer to the consolidated complaint and asserted affirmative defenses. We deny all allegations of wrongdoing and intend to defend against these claims vigorously.

ITEM 4.    Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

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PART II

ITEM 5.    Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Market Information; Holders

Our common stock is listed and traded on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) under the symbol “IRT”. At the close of business on February 23, 2024, the closing price for our common stock on the NYSE was $14.94 per share and there were 5,638 holders of record, one of which is the holder for all beneficial owners who hold in street name.

Dividends

Our quarterly dividend rate is currently $0.16 per common share. Our Board of Directors reviews and declares the dividend rate quarterly. Actual dividends paid by us will be affected by a number of factors, including, but not limited to, the revenues received from our multifamily communities, our operating expenses, the interest expense incurred on borrowings and anticipated capital expenditures. We expect to make future quarterly distributions to stockholders; however, future distributions will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend on our actual funds from operations, our financial condition, capital requirements, the annual distribution requirements under the REIT provisions of the Code (see “Business - Qualification as a Real Estate Investment Trust” above) and such other factors as our Board of Directors deems relevant.

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PERFORMANCE GRAPH

The following graph compares the index of the cumulative total stockholder return on our common stock for the measurement period beginning December 31, 2018 and ending December 31, 2023 with the cumulative total returns of the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts (NAREIT) Equity REIT index and the Russell 3000 Index. The following graph assumes that each index was 100 on the initial day of the relevant measurement period and that all dividends were reinvested.

		12/31/2018	12/31/2019	12/31/2020	12/31/2021	12/31/2022	12/31/2023
	IRT	100.00	162.40	162.77	320.96	215.42	203.29
	Russell 3000	100.00	130.93	158.21	198.65	160.40	201.96
	NAREIT Equity	100.00	128.66	122.07	172.49	129.45	144.16

Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities

As of January 1, 2023, an aggregate of 6,091,171 IROP units were outstanding and held by unaffiliated third parties. As discussed above, holders of IROP units may tender their units to us for cash in an amount equal to the market price (based on a trailing average computation) of an equivalent number of shares of IRT common stock at the time we receive notice of the exchange. We have the option, in lieu of paying cash, to settle the exchange for a number of shares of IRT common stock equal to the number of IROP units tendered for exchange. On January 9, 2023, we issued 144,600 shares of common stock in exchange for an equal number of IROP units. Our issuances of shares of common stock were exempt from registration pursuant to Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. As a result of the foregoing exchange of IROP units, an aggregate of 5,946,571 IROP units held by unaffiliated third parties were outstanding at December 31, 2023 and as of February 14, 2024 reduced by 4,928 IROP units exchanged on February 6, 2024.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

None.

ITEM 6.     Reserved

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ITEM 7.    Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) is intended to help provide an understanding of our business, financial condition and results of operations. This MD&A should be read in conjunction with our Consolidated Financial Statements and the accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report. This report, including the following MD&A, contains forward-looking statements regarding future events or trends that are intended to be made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995.

These forward-looking statements are based upon the current beliefs and expectations of our management and are inherently subject to significant business, economic and competitive uncertainties and contingencies, many of which are difficult to predict and generally beyond our control. In addition, these forward-looking statements are subject to assumptions with respect to future business strategies and decisions that are subject to change. We assume no obligation to update or supplement forward-looking statements because of subsequent events. Actual results may differ materially from the anticipated results discussed in these forward-looking statements. Factors which may cause our actual results or performance to differ materially from those contemplated by forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, the following:

•Unfavorable changes in economic conditions, either nationally or regionally in one or more of the markets in which we operate, could adversely impact us;

•Short-term leases expose us to the effects of declining rents;

•Competition could limit our ability to lease our units or increase or maintain rental income;

•Redevelopment risks could impact our profitability;

•Impairment charges;

•Labor and materials required for maintenance, repair, renovation or capital expenditure may be more expensive than anticipated or significantly delayed;

•Competition could adversely affect our ability to acquire properties;

•Our acquisition strategy may not produce the cash flows expected;

•Failure to qualify as a REIT could have adverse consequences;

•Litigation risks could affect our business;

•A cybersecurity incident and other technology disruptions could negatively impact our business;

•Damage from catastrophic weather and other natural events could result in losses;

•Volatility in capital markets may result in fluctuations in our share price;

•Debt financing and other required capital may not be available to us or may only be available on adverse terms;

•Substantial inflationary or deflationary pressures could adversely affect our financial condition or results of operations;

•Rising interest rates could both increase our borrowing costs, thereby adversely affecting our cash flows and the amounts available for distribution to our stockholders, and decrease our share price, if investors seek higher yields through other investments;

•Failure to hedge effectively against interest rates may adversely affect results of operations; and

•Additional factors as discussed in Item 1A. “Risk Factors”.

Forward-looking statements and related uncertainties are also included in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this report.

Overview

See Item 1. Business for an overview of our company.

Business Objective and Investment Strategies

See Item 1. Business for discussion regarding our business objective and investment strategies and for an additional discussion regarding developments in our business during 2023.

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Results of Operations

The following discussion is based on our Consolidated Financial Statements for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. Refer to Item 7, “Results of Operations” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 for a comparison of the year ended December 31, 2022 to the year ended December 31, 2021.

Year Ended December 31, 2023 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2022

	SAME-STORE PROPERTIES				NON SAME-STORE PROPERTIES				CONSOLIDATED
(Dollars in thousands except per unit data)	2023	2022	Increase (Decrease)	% Change	2023	2022	Increase (Decrease)	% Change	2023	2022	Increase (Decrease)	% Change
Statistical Property Data:
Number of properties (1)	106	106	—	—	10	14	(4)	(28.6)%	116	120	(4)	(3.3)%
Number of units (1)	31,829	31,829	—	—	2,602	3,697	(1,095)	(29.6)%	34,431	35,526	(1,095)	(3.1)%
Average occupancy (1)	94.0%	94.7%	(0.7)%	(0.7)%	93.6%	94.3%	(0.7)%	(0.7)%	94.0%	94.6%	(0.6)%	(0.6)%
Average effective monthly rent, per unit (1)	$1,537	$1,445	$92	6.4%	$1,627	$1,496	$131	8.7%	$1,543	$1,431	$112	7.9%
Revenue:
Rental and other property revenue	$589,749	$558,203	$31,546	5.7%	$70,092	$69,211	$881	1.3%	$659,841	$627,414	$32,427	5.2%
Expenses:
Property operating expenses	218,209	206,687	11,522	5.6%	26,121	25,588	533	2.1%	244,330	232,275	12,055	5.2%
Net Operating Income	$371,540	$351,516	$20,024	5.7%	$43,971	$43,623	$348	0.8%	$415,511	$395,139	$20,372	5.2%
Other Revenue:
Other revenue									$1,142	$1,111	$31	2.8%
Corporate and other expenses:
Property management expenses									27,081	24,033	3,048	12.7%
General and administrative expenses									22,766	26,260	(3,494)	(13.3)%
Depreciation and amortization expense									218,968	252,849	(33,881)	(13.4)%
Casualty losses (gains), net									925	(8,866)	9,791	(110.4)%
Interest expense									(89,921)	(86,955)	(2,966)	3.4%
(Loss on impairment) gain on sale of real estate assets, net									(66,547)	111,756	(178,303)	(159.5)%
Loss on extinguishment of debt									(124)	—	(124)	100.0%
Merger and integration costs									—	(5,505)	5,505	(100.0)%
Other (loss) income, net									(427)	1,558	(1,985)	(127.4)%
Loss from investments in unconsolidated real estate entities									(4,488)	(2,169)	(2,319)	106.9%
Restructuring costs									(3,213)	—	(3,213)	100.0%
Net (loss) income									(17,807)	120,659	(138,466)	(114.8)%
Loss (income) allocated to noncontrolling interests									580	(3,410)	3,990	(117.0)%
Net (loss) income available to common shares									$(17,227)	$117,249	$(134,476)	(114.7)%

(1)Excludes our development projects. See Non-GAAP Financial Measures for our definition of a development property and our methodology for determining same-store properties.

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Revenue

Rental and other property revenue. Rental and other property revenue increased $32.4 million to $659.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 from $627.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily attributable to a $31.5 million increase in same-store rental and other property revenue driven by a 6.4% increase in average effective monthly rents and partially offset by a 0.7% decrease in average occupancy compared to the prior year period.

Expenses

Property operating expenses. Property operating expenses increased $12.1 million to $244.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 from $232.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily due to the $11.5 million increase in same-store property operating expenses, primarily due to inflationary pressures resulting in higher contract services, insurance expense, and repairs and maintenance during the year ended December 31, 2023. In addition, advertising expenses increased 31% during the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the prior year period, as we increased investment in our brand.

Property management expenses. Property management expenses increased $3.1 million to $27.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 from $24.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily due to higher personnel costs, stock compensation, and subscription costs related to the rollout of community call centers, compared to the prior year.

General and administrative expenses. General and administrative expenses decreased $3.5 million to $22.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 from $26.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease was primarily due to lower personnel costs from the departure of executives in 2023, including from the forfeiture of their bonus and stock awards.

Depreciation and amortization expense. Depreciation and amortization expense decreased $33.9 million to $219.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 from $252.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease was primarily due to lower intangible asset amortization expenses during the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the prior year period as a result of the full amortization in 2022 of the intangible assets acquired in the STAR merger on December 16, 2021.

Casualty losses (gains), net. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we incurred $0.9 million in net casualty losses due to fires at three properties and winter storm damage at various properties where the carrying value of the damage exceeded insurance proceeds due to policy deductible levels. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we recognized net casualty gains of $8.9 million as a result of receiving insurance proceeds in excess of the carrying value of the associated damage.

Interest expense. Interest expense increased $3.0 million to $89.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 from $86.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily driven by a 0.3% increase in our weighted average effective interest rate from 3.9% for the full year 2022 to 4.2% for the full year 2023.

(Loss on impairment) gain on sale of real estate assets, net. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we sold five multifamily properties resulting in a loss on impairment of $33.5 million. In addition, as of December 31, 2023, we identified six multifamily properties as held for sale and recorded a loss on impairment of $33.0 million as a result of the carrying value of the real estate exceeding the expected sales price, less transaction costs. During the year ended December 31, 2022, six multifamily properties were sold resulting in a gain on sale of real estate, net of $111.8 million.

Merger and integration costs. We incurred no STAR Merger-related integration costs during the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $5.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2022. These costs in the prior year period primarily consisted of technology migration and implementation costs, consulting and professional fees and employee severance costs.

Loss from investments in unconsolidated joint ventures. Loss from investments in unconsolidated joint ventures increased $2.3 million to $4.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, from $2.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to an increase in our proportionate share of net losses of unconsolidated real estate entities, which primarily included increases in interest expense and depreciation and amortization recognized by the unconsolidated real estate entities.

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Restructuring costs. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we incurred approximately $3.2 million of severance costs related to the reorganization of certain departments that impacted a limited number of employees.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

Funds from Operations (FFO) and Core Funds from Operations (CFFO)

We believe that FFO and CFFO, each of which is a non-GAAP financial measure, are additional appropriate measures of the operating performance of a REIT and us in particular. We compute FFO in accordance with the standards established by the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts (“NAREIT”), as net income or loss allocated to common shares (computed in accordance with GAAP), excluding real estate-related depreciation and amortization expense, loss on impairment (gain on sale) of real estate and the cumulative effect of changes in accounting principles. While our calculation of FFO is in accordance with NAREIT’s definition, it may differ from the methodology for calculating FFO utilized by other REITs and, accordingly, may not be comparable to FFO computations of such other REITs.

CFFO is a computation made by analysts and investors to measure a real estate company’s operating performance by removing the effect of items that do not reflect ongoing property operations, including depreciation and amortization of other items not included in FFO, and other non-cash or non-operating gains or losses related to items such as casualty (gains) losses, loan premium accretion and discount amortization, debt extinguishment costs, merger and integration costs, and restructuring costs from the determination of FFO.

Our calculation of CFFO may differ from the methodology used for calculating CFFO by other REITs and, accordingly, our CFFO may not be comparable to CFFO reported by other REITs. Our management utilizes FFO and CFFO as measures of our operating performance, and believe they are also useful to investors, because they facilitate an understanding of our operating performance after adjustment for certain non-cash or non-recurring items that are required by GAAP to be expensed but may not necessarily be indicative of current operating performance and our operating performance between periods. Furthermore, although FFO, CFFO and other supplemental performance measures are defined in various ways throughout the REIT industry, we believe that FFO and CFFO may provide us and our investors with an additional useful measure to compare our financial performance to certain other REITs. Neither FFO nor CFFO is equivalent to net income or cash generated from operating activities determined in accordance with GAAP. Furthermore, FFO and CFFO do not represent amounts available for management’s discretionary use because of needed capital replacement or expansion, debt service obligations or other commitments or uncertainties. Accordingly, FFO and CFFO do not measure whether cash flow is sufficient to fund all of our cash needs, including principal amortization and capital improvements. Neither FFO nor CFFO should be considered as an alternative to net income or any other GAAP measurement as an indicator of our operating performance or as an alternative to cash flow from operating, investing, and financing activities as a measure of our liquidity.

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Set forth below is a reconciliation of net (loss) income to FFO and CFFO for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands, except share and per share information):

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2023				For the Year Ended December 31, 2022				For the Year Ended December 31, 2021
	Amount		Per Share (1)		Amount		Per Share (1)		Amount		Per Share (1)
Net (loss) income	$	(17,807)	$	(0.08)	$	120,659	$	0.53	$	45,529	$	0.41
Adjustments:
Real estate depreciation and     amortization	217,716		0.94		251,545		1.10		76,487		0.70
Our share of real estate depreciation     and amortization from investments in      unconsolidated real estate entities	2,115		0.01		2,320		0.01		—		—
Loss on impairment (gain on sale) of      real estate assets, net, excluding       prepayment gains	68,447		0.30		(111,347)		(0.49)		(90,277)		(0.82)
FFO	$	270,471	$	1.17	$	263,177	$	1.15	$	31,739	$	0.29
FFO	$	270,471	$	1.17	$	263,177	$	1.15	$	31,739	$	0.29
Adjustments:
Other depreciation and amortization	1,252		0.01		1,304		0.01		423		—
Casualty losses (gains), net	925		0.01		(8,866)		(0.04)		359		—
Loan (premium accretion) discount     amortization, net	(10,899)		(0.04)		(11,005)		(0.05)		(501)		—
Prepayment (gains) losses on asset     dispositions	(1,900)		(0.01)		(409)		—		2,607		0.02
Loss on extinguishment of debt	124		—		—		—		10,261		0.09
Other expense (income)	743		—		(2,298)		(0.01)		—		—
Merger and integration costs	—		—		5,505		0.02		47,063		0.44
Restructuring costs	3,213		0.01		—		—		—		—
CFFO	$	263,929	$	1.15	$	247,408	$	1.08	$	91,951	$	0.84

(1)Based on 230,364,184, 228,452,958, and 109,418,810 weighted average shares and units outstanding for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

Same-Store Portfolio Net Operating Income

We believe that Net Operating Income (“NOI”), a non-GAAP financial measure, is a useful supplemental measure of our operating performance. We define NOI as total property revenues less total property operating expenses, excluding interest expenses, depreciation and amortization, casualty related costs and gains, property management expenses, general and administrative expense, net gains on sale of assets, merger and integration costs, and restructuring costs. Other REITs may use different methodologies for calculating NOI, and accordingly, our NOI may not be comparable to other REITs. We believe that this measure provides an operating perspective not immediately apparent from GAAP operating income or net income insofar as the measure reflects only operating income and expense at the property level. We use NOI to evaluate our performance on a same-store and non same-store basis because NOI measures the core operations of property performance by excluding corporate level expenses, financing expenses, and other items not related to property operating performance and captures trends in rental housing and property operating expenses. However, NOI should only be used as an alternative measure of our financial performance.

Same-Store Properties and Same-Store Portfolio

We review our same-store portfolio at the beginning of each calendar year. Properties are added into the same-store portfolio if they were owned and not a development property at the beginning of the previous year. Properties that are held for sale or have been sold are excluded from the same-store portfolio.

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Non Same-Store Properties and Non Same-Store Portfolio

Properties that did not meet the definition of a same-store property as of the beginning of the previous year are added into the non same-store portfolio.

Development Property

A development property is a property that is either currently under development or is in lease-up prior to reaching overall occupancy of 90%.

Set forth below is a reconciliation of GAAP net (loss) income to Same-Store Portfolio(a) NOI for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		% change
Net (loss) income	$	(17,807)	$	120,659	(114.8)	%
Other revenue	(1,142)		(1,111)		2.8	%
Property management expenses	27,081		24,033		12.7	%
General and administrative expenses	22,766		26,260		(13.3)	%
Depreciation and amortization expense	218,968		252,849		(13.4)	%
Casualty losses (gains), net	925		(8,866)		(110.4)	%
Interest expense	89,921		86,955		3.4	%
Loss on impairment (gain on sale) of real estate assets, net	66,547		(111,756)		(159.5)	%
Loss on extinguishment of debt	124		—		100.0	%
Other loss (income), net	427		(1,558)		(127.4)	%
Loss from investments in unconsolidated real estate entities	4,488		2,169		106.9	%
Merger and integration costs	—		5,505		(100.0)	%
Restructuring costs	3,213		—		100.0	%
NOI	415,511		395,139		5.2	%
Less: Non same-store portfolio NOI	43,971		43,623		0.8	%
Same-store portfolio(a) NOI	$	371,540	$	351,516	5.7	%

(a)Same-Store Portfolio for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 included 106 properties containing 31,829 units.

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Set forth below is Same-Store Portfolio (a) NOI for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands, except per unit data):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		% change
Revenue:
Rental and other property revenue	$	589,749	$	558,203	5.7	%
Property Operating Expenses
Real estate taxes	72,947		72,406		0.7	%
Property insurance	14,647		11,683		25.4	%
Personnel expenses	46,179		45,347		1.8	%
Utilities	29,277		28,026		4.5	%
Repairs and maintenance	20,545		18,484		11.2	%
Contract services	21,612		18,998		13.8	%
Advertising expenses	6,350		4,852		30.9	%
Other expenses	6,652		6,891		(3.5)	%
Total property operating expenses	218,209		206,687		5.6	%
Same-store portfolio(a) NOI	$	371,540	$	351,516	5.7	%

Same-store portfolio NOI Margin	63.0	%	63.0	%	0.0	%
Average Occupancy	94.0	%	94.7	%	(0.7)	%

Average effective monthly rent, per unit $ 1,537  $ 1,445  6.4  %

(a)Same-Store Portfolio for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 included 106 properties containing 31,829 units.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Overview

Liquidity is a measure of our ability to meet potential cash requirements, including ongoing commitments to repay borrowings, fund and maintain investments, pay distributions and other general business needs. We believe our available cash balances, financing arrangements and cash flows from operations will be sufficient to fund our liquidity requirements with respect to our existing portfolio for the next 12 months and the foreseeable future.

Our primary cash requirements are to:

•make investments to continue our value add initiatives to improve the quality and performance of our properties;

•repay our indebtedness;

•fund costs necessary to maintain our properties;

•continue funding our current real estate developments until completion;

•pay our operating expenses; and

•distribute a minimum of 90% of our REIT taxable income (determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding net capital gain) and to make investments in a manner that enables us to maintain our qualification as a REIT.

We intend to meet our liquidity requirements primarily through a combination of one or more of the following:

•the use of our cash and cash equivalents of $22.9 million as of December 31, 2023;

•existing and future unsecured financing, including advances under our unsecured credit facility, and financing secured directly or indirectly by the apartment properties in our portfolio;

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•cash generated from operating activities;

•net cash proceeds from property sales, including sales undertaken as part of our capital recycling strategy, Portfolio Optimization and Deleveraging Strategy, and other sales; and

•proceeds from the sales of our common stock and other equity securities, including common stock that may be sold under our 2023 ATM Program (as defined below).

We continue to seek to reduce our leverage ratio over time through the execution of various strategies. These strategies include using the proceeds from sales of properties which are outside our core geographic footprint in the Southeastern United States or which we believe have limited potential for further improvements to their operating results to repay a portion of our indebtedness or to acquire new properties at a lower leverage and selectively raising capital through the sale of common stock under our 2023 ATM Program and re-investing the proceeds into our value add initiatives in order to increase our portfolio’s gross asset value. We have successfully continued to implement these strategies to reduce our leverage and reduce our exposure to short term indebtedness.

Stock Repurchase Program

On May 18, 2022, our Board of Directors authorized a common stock repurchase program (the “Stock Repurchase Program”) covering up to $250 million in shares of our common stock. Under the Stock Repurchase Program, we, in our discretion, may purchase our shares from time to time in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions. The amount and timing of the purchases will depend on a number of factors, including the price and availability of our shares, trading volumes and general market conditions. The Stock Repurchase Program has no time limit and may be suspended or discontinued at any time. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we had no repurchases of shares under the Stock Repurchase Program.

Cash Flows

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we maintained cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash of approximately $50.7 million and $44.0 million, respectively. Our cash and cash equivalents were generated from the following activities (dollars in thousands):

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Cash flows provided by operating activities	$	262,170	$	249,537	$	52,257
Cash flows used in investing activities	(1,712)		(135,766)		(216,124)
Cash flows (used in) provided by financing activities	(253,743)		(135,425)		215,923
Net change in cash and cash equivalents, and restricted cash	6,715		(21,654)		52,056
Cash and cash equivalents, and restricted cash, beginning of period	44,017		65,671		13,615
Cash and cash equivalents, and restricted cash, end of the period	$	50,732	$	44,017	$	65,671

Our cash flows provided by operating activities during the year ended December 31, 2023 were primarily driven by the ongoing operations of our properties. Our cash flows provided by operating activities during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 were primarily driven by an increase in the size of our operating portfolio by the STAR Merger and ongoing operations of our properties, respectively.

Our cash flows used in investing activities during the year ended December 31, 2023 were primarily driven by $146.6 million of capital expenditures, $66.2 million in additions to real estate under development, and $26.0 million of outflows related to our investments in four unconsolidated real estate entities, partially offset by $230.8 million of inflows from property dispositions and $4.2 million in proceeds from insurance claims.

Our cash flows used in investing activities during the year ended December 31, 2022 were primarily driven by $201.8 million of outflows related to the acquisitions of three multifamily apartment communities, $84.0 million of capital expenditures, $61.8 million in additions to real estate under development, and $60.8 million of outflows related to our investment in five unconsolidated real estate entities, partially offset by $253.6 million of inflows from property dispositions and $15.6 million in proceeds from insurance claims.

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Our cash flows used in investing activities during the year ended December 31, 2021 were primarily driven by $186.1 million of outflows related to the STAR Merger, $139.5 million of outflows related to two property acquisitions, $25.0 million of outflows related to our investment in two unconsolidated real estate entities, and capital expenditures of $43.0 million, partially offset by $177.5 million of inflows from property dispositions.

Our cash flows used in financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2023 were primarily driven by distributions of $138.5 million and mortgage principal repayments of $129.6 million partially offset by new borrowings on the unsecured credit facility, net of repayments of $19.7 million.

Our cash flows used in financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2022 were primarily driven by distributions on our common stock of $105.8 million, and mortgage principal repayments of $53.4 million partially offset by proceeds from the issuance of common stock of $48.7 million.

Our cash flows provided by financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2021 were primarily driven by $594.5 million of term loan and credit facility proceeds and $317.0 million of proceeds from sales of common stock partially offset by $312.9 million of mortgage repayments, $302.3 million of credit facility repayments, and $49.8 million of distributions on our common stock.

Capitalization

Shelf Registration Statement

On June 14, 2023, we replaced our previous shelf registration statement with our new shelf registration statement. On July 28, 2023, we entered into an equity distribution agreement pursuant to which we may from time to time offer and sell shares of our common stock under our shelf registration statement having an aggregate offering price of up to $450,000 (the “2023 ATM Program”) in negotiated transactions or transactions that are deemed to be “at the market” offerings as defined in Rule 415 under the Securities Act. Under the 2023 ATM Program, we may also enter into one or more forward sale transactions for the sale of shares of our common stock on a forward basis. There were no forward sale transactions as of December 31, 2023, and no shares of our common stock were sold under the 2023 ATM Program during the year ended December 31, 2023.

Swap Agreement

On March 16, 2023, we entered into an interest rate swap contract with a notional value of $200,000, a strike rate of 3.39% and a maturity date of March 17, 2030. We designated this interest rate swap as a cash flow hedge at inception and determined that the hedge is highly effective in offsetting interest rate fluctuations associated with the identified indebtedness.

Dividend Distribution

On December 11, 2023, our board of directors declared a quarterly dividend of $0.16 per share of common stock. The fourth quarter dividend was paid on January 19, 2024 to stockholders of record at the close of business on December 29, 2023.

On May 10, 2023, our board of directors approved a quarterly dividend of $0.16 per share on our common stock, which represented a 14% increase in the dividend over the prior quarterly rate of $0.14 per share.

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Consolidated Debt

The following tables contain summary information concerning our consolidated indebtedness as of December 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands):

Debt:	Outstanding Principal		Unamortized Debt Issuance Costs		Unamortized Loan (Discount)/Premiums		Carrying  Amount		Type	Weighted Average Contractual Rate(3)	Weighted Average Effective Rate(4)	Weighted Average Maturity (in years)
Unsecured revolver(1)	$	234,479	$	(1,117)	$	—	$	233,362	Floating	6.6%	5.4%	2.1
Unsecured term loans	600,000		(2,456)		—		597,544		Floating	6.5%	3.9%	3.5
Secured credit facilities	586,286		(1,949)		21,762		606,099		Floating/Fixed	4.2%	4.6%	4.9
Mortgages(2)	1,094,933		(5,250)		22,721		1,112,404		Fixed	3.8%	4.0%	4.3
Total Debt	$	2,515,698	$	(10,772)	$	44,483	$	2,549,409		4.8%	4.2%	4.0

(1)The unsecured credit facility total capacity is $500,000, of which $234,479 was outstanding as of December 31, 2023.

(2)Includes indebtedness secured by real estate held for sale of $122,621.

(3)Represents the weighted average of the contractual interest rates in effect as of year-end without regard to any interest rate swaps or collars.

(4)Represents the total weighted average effective interest rate for the full year ended December 31, 2023, after giving effect to all components of interest expense including the impact of interest rate swaps and collars, but excluding the impact of loan premium amortization, discount accretion, and interest capitalization.

	Original maturities on or before December 31,
Debt:	2024		2025		2026	2027	2028	Thereafter
Unsecured revolver	$	—	$	—