Stock-Based Compensation Plans

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2025

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Stock-Based Compensation Plans

Stock-Based Compensation Plans

In 2009, the Company adopted its 2009 Equity Incentive Plan which provided for the grant of stock

options to the Company’s employees, members of the Board of Directors and consultants. Effective upon

the Company’s IPO in August 2025, the Company’s Board of Directors approved the termination of the

2009 Equity Incentive Plan and the adoption of the 2025 Performance Incentive Plan (“2025 Plan”).

Options granted under the 2025 Plan may be either incentive stock options (“ISOs”) or nonqualified stock

options (“NSOs”). ISOs may be granted only to employees. NSOs, Stock Appreciation Rights, Restricted

Stock, and Restricted Stock Units (“RSUs”) may be granted to employees, members of the Board of

Directors and consultants. A total of 17,189,139 shares of common stock were initially reserved for

issuance pursuant to the 2025 Plan. In addition, the shares reserved for issuance under the 2025 Plan

will also include shares reserved but not issued under the 2009 Equity Incentive Plan, plus any share

awards granted under the 2009 Equity Incentive Plan that expire or terminate without having been

exercised in full or that are forfeited or repurchased. In addition, the number of shares available for

issuance under the 2025 Plan will also include an annual increase on the first day of each fiscal year

beginning in fiscal 2026, equal to or greater than (i) 5% of the outstanding shares of common stock as of

the last day of the immediately preceding fiscal year less any Board of Directors-approved increase(s)

during the preceding fiscal year; or (ii) an amount as determined by the Board of Directors.

Options under the 2009 Equity Incentive Plan and 2025 Plan have a term of ten years from the grant

date. The option exercise price will be determined by the Board of Directors, but will be no less than

100% of the fair market value per share on the date of grant. In addition, in the case of an ISO granted to

an employee who owns stock representing more than 10% of the voting power of all classes of stock of

the Company, the per share exercise price will be no less than 110% of the fair market value per share on

the date of grant. Through September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, options granted generally vest

over (i) four years with 25% vesting on the first anniversary of the issuance date and 1/48th per month

thereafter or (ii) vesting monthly in equal installments over four years.

Stock option activity under the Company’s 2009 Equity Incentive Plan and 2025 Plan is set forth below (in

thousands, except share and per share amounts):

	Number of Options	Awards Weighted- Average Exercise Price	Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Balance at December 31, 2024 .............................	8,537,210	$4.72	7.96	$68,256
Options granted .......................................................	2,317,260	$17.79
Options exercised ....................................................	(487,890)	$4.98
Options canceled .....................................................	(359,760)	$6.24
Balance at September 30, 2025 ............................	10,006,820	$7.68	8.01	$260,007
Vested and exercisable, September 30, 2025 ....	3,892,199	$5.24	6.70	$110,604
Vested and expected to vest, September 30, 2025 .......................................................................	10,006,820	$7.68	8.01	$260,007

The weighted-average grant date fair value of options granted during the three and nine months ended

September 30, 2025 was $10.84 and $10.12 per share, respectively.

The aggregate intrinsic value is calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the underlying

stock options and the fair value of the Company’s common stock for stock options that were in-the-money

at each reporting period. The aggregate intrinsic value of stock options exercised during the three and

nine months ended September 30, 2025 was $4.8 million and $6.9 million, respectively.

Restricted Stock Units

In August 2025, the Company began granting RSUs under the 2025 Plan. RSUs generally vest over four

years in equal quarterly increments. The fair value of RSUs is based on the Company’s closing stock

price on the date of grant. A summary of RSUs activity is set forth below:

	Number of Restricted Stock Units	Awards Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested at December 31, 2024 .......................................................	—	$—
Awards granted .....................................................................................	822,386	$19.14
Awards vested ......................................................................................	—	—
Awards canceled ..................................................................................	(9,103)	$19.00
Unvested at September 30, 2025 ......................................................	813,283	$19.14

2025 Employee Stock Purchase Plan

In August 2025, the Company’s Board of Directors adopted the 2025 Employee Stock Purchase Plan

(“2025 ESPP”) to be effective upon the Company’s IPO, under which eligible employees are permitted to

purchase common stock at a discount through payroll deductions. A total of 1,233,964 shares of common

stock are reserved for issuance and will be increased on the first day of each fiscal year, beginning in

2026, by an amount equal to the lesser of (i) 1.0% of the issued and outstanding shares of common stock

as of the last day of the immediately preceding fiscal year; or (ii) an amount as determined by the Board

of Directors. The price of the common stock purchased will be the lower of 85% of the fair market value of

the common stock at the beginning of an offering period or at the end of a purchase period. The 2025

ESPP is intended to qualify as an “employee stock purchase plan” within the meaning of Section 423 of

the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “IRC”).

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company estimated the fair value of stock options using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model

based on the following assumptions:

	Three Months Ended September 30,		Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025	2024	2025	2024
Expected life (in years) ........................	6.0	5.6	6.0	5.6
Expected volatility .................................	56.6%-57.9%	54.5%-54.6%	55.0%-57.9%	53.7%-54.6%
Risk-free interest rate ...........................	3.7%-3.9%	3.5%	3.7%-4.2%	3.5%-4.4%
Dividend yield ........................................	–%	–%	–%	–%

The Company estimated the fair value of the shares to be issued under the Company’s 2025 ESPP using

the Black-Scholes option-pricing model based on the following assumptions:

	Three Months Ended September 30,	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025	2025
Expected life (in years) .............................................................	0.6	0.6
Expected volatility .....................................................................	58.1%	58.1%
Risk-free interest rate ...............................................................	4.1%	4.1%
Dividend yield ............................................................................	–%	–%

The significant assumptions used in these calculations are summarized as follows:

Fair value of common stock. Because there had been no public market for the Company’s common stock

prior to the IPO, the fair value of common stock shares underlying stock options has historically been

determined by the Board of Directors at the time of option grant by considering an independent valuation

performed by a third-party valuation firm as well as a number of objective and subjective factors, including

a valuation of comparable companies, sales of convertible preferred stock to unrelated third parties,

operating and financial performance, the lack of liquidity of capital stock and general and industry specific

economic outlook, among other factors. The fair value of common stock was determined in accordance

with applicable elements of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants Practice Aid, Valuation

of Privately-Held-Company Equity Securities Issued as Compensation. Subsequent to its IPO, the fair

value of the underlying common stock is based on the closing price of the Company’s common stock on

the Nasdaq Stock Market on the date of grant.

Expected term. The expected term of stock options represents the weighted-average period the stock

options are expected to remain outstanding. The Company does not have sufficient historical exercise

and post-vesting termination activity to provide accurate data for estimating the expected term of options

and has opted to use the “simplified method,” whereby the expected term equals the arithmetic average

of the vesting term and the original contractual term of the option.

Expected volatility. As the Company was not publicly traded prior to the IPO and does not have sufficient

trading history after the IPO, the expected volatility for the Company’s stock options was determined by

using an average of historical volatilities of selected industry peers deemed to be comparable to the

Company’s business corresponding to the expected term of the awards.

Risk-free interest rate. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the

time of grant for zero-coupon U.S. Treasury notes with maturities corresponding to the expected term of

the awards.

Expected dividend yield. The expected dividend rate is zero as the Company currently has no history or

expectation of declaring dividends on its common stock.

The Company also issues stock options with vesting based upon completion of performance goals. The

fair value for these performance-based awards is recognized over the period during which the goals are

to be achieved. Stock-based compensation expense recognized at fair value includes the impact of

estimated probability that the goals would be achieved, which is assessed prior to the requisite service

period for the specific goals.

Total stock-based compensation expense is as follows (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended September 30,		Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025	2024	2025	2024
Cost of revenue ...............................................	$127	$71	$229	$231
Research and development ..........................	959	563	1,887	1,566
Selling, general and administrative ..............	2,874	1,702	6,589	5,902
Total stock-based compensation expense .	$3,960	$2,336	$8,705	$7,699

As of September 30, 2025, total unrecognized stock-based compensation costs related to unvested stock

options was $31.1 million, which is expected to be recognized over a remaining weighted-average period

of 3.23 years, a total of $15.0 million of unrecognized compensation costs related to unvested RSUs

expected to be recognized over a period of approximately 3.91 years and $1.3 million of unrecognized

compensation costs related to the ESPP, which the Company will recognize over 0.44 years.