10-Q

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2018

of

ATLANTICUS HOLDINGS CORPORATION

a Georgia Corporation

IRS Employer Identification No. 58-2336689

SEC File Number 0-53717

Five Concourse Parkway, Suite 300

Atlanta, Georgia 30328

(770) 828-2000

Atlanticus’ common stock, no par value per share, is registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Act”) and is listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market.

Atlanticus is not a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933.

Atlanticus (1) is required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 of the Act, (2) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 of the Act during the preceding 12 months and (3) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Atlanticus has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months.

Atlanticus is a smaller reporting company and is not a shell company or an emerging growth company.

As of May 9, 2018, 15,349,923 shares of common stock, no par value, of Atlanticus were outstanding, including 1,459,233 loaned shares to be returned.

Table of Contents

Page
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
	Item 1.	Financial Statements (Unaudited)	1
		Consolidated Balance Sheets	1
		Consolidated Statements of Operations	2
		Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income	3
		Consolidated Statement of Shareholders’ Deficit	4
		Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	5
		Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	6
	Item 2.	Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	24
	Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	41
	Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	41
Part II. OTHER INFORMATION
	Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	42
	Item 1A.	Risk Factors	42
	Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	50
	Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	51
	Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosure	51
	Item 5.	Other Information	52
	Item 6.	Exhibits	52
		Signatures	53

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PART I--FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Atlanticus Holdings Corporation and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited)

(Dollars in thousands)

	March 31, 2018			December 31, 2017
Assets
Unrestricted cash and cash equivalents	$	35,414		$	41,484
Restricted cash and cash equivalents	31,240			29,174
Loans and fees receivable:
Loans and fees receivable, at fair value	9,413			11,109
Loans and fees receivable, gross	400,727			393,898
Allowances for uncollectible loans and fees receivable	(58,323		)	(62,970		)
Deferred revenue	(36,097		)	(36,956		)
Net loans and fees receivable	315,720			305,081
Property at cost, net of depreciation	3,021			3,229
Investment in equity-method investee	3,561			4,244
Deposits	272			252
Prepaid expenses and other assets	43,684			42,149
Total assets	$	432,912		$	425,613
Liabilities
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	$	114,709		$	115,737
Notes payable, at face value, net	242,130			226,238
Notes payable to related parties	40,000			40,000
Notes payable associated with structured financings, at fair value	7,909			9,240
Convertible senior notes	61,650			61,393
Income tax liability	9,465			9,132
Total liabilities	475,863			461,740
Commitments and contingencies (Note 9)
Equity
Common stock, no par value, 150,000,000 shares authorized: 15,353,878 shares issued and outstanding (including 1,459,233 loaned shares to be returned) at March 31, 2018; and 15,291,884 shares issued and outstanding (including 1,459,233 loaned shares to be returned) at December 31, 2017	—			—
Additional paid-in capital	213,025			212,785
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(4,523		)	(2,178		)
Retained deficit	(251,310		)	(246,640		)
Total shareholders’ equity	(42,808		)	(36,033		)
Noncontrolling interests	(143		)	(94		)
Total equity	(42,951		)	(36,127		)
Total liabilities and equity	$	432,912		$	425,613

See accompanying notes.

1

Atlanticus Holdings Corporation and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Operations (Unaudited)

(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)

	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2018			2017
Interest income:
Consumer loans, including past due fees	$	35,681		$	25,859
Other	45			101
Total interest income	35,726			25,960
Interest expense	(8,153		)	(5,817		)
Net interest income before fees and related income on earning assets and provision for losses on loans and fees receivable	27,573			20,143
Fees and related income on earning assets	6,214			2,801
(Losses upon) net recovery of charge off of loans and fees receivable recorded at fair value	(1,791		)	7,851
Provision for losses on loans and fees receivable recorded at net realizable value	(15,991		)	(10,653		)
Net interest income, fees and related income on earning assets	16,005			20,142
Other operating income:
Servicing income	632			1,089
Other income	516			109
Equity in income of equity-method investee	9			334
Total other operating income	1,157			1,532
Other operating expense:
Salaries and benefits	6,298			5,780
Card and loan servicing	9,164			7,137
Marketing and solicitation	2,346			2,201
Depreciation	229			310
Other	3,700			4,901
Total other operating expense	21,737			20,329
(Loss) income before income taxes	(4,575		)	1,345
Income tax expense	(144		)	(618		)
Net (loss) income	(4,719		)	727
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests	49			1
Net (loss) income attributable to controlling interests	$	(4,670	)	$	728
Net (loss) income attributable to controlling interests per common share—basic	$	(0.34	)	$	0.05
Net (loss) income attributable to controlling interests per common share—diluted	$	(0.34	)	$	0.05

See accompanying notes.

2

Atlanticus Holdings Corporation and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income (Unaudited)

(Dollars in thousands)

	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2018			2017
Net (loss) income	$	(4,719	)	$	727
Other comprehensive loss:
Foreign currency translation adjustment	(2,345		)	—
Reclassifications of foreign currency translation adjustment to Other operating expense on the consolidated statements of operations	—			—
Income tax benefit related to other comprehensive loss	—			—
Comprehensive (loss) income	(7,064		)	727
Comprehensive loss attributable to noncontrolling interests	49			1
Comprehensive (loss) income attributable to controlling interests	$	(7,015	)	$	728

See accompanying notes.

3

Atlanticus Holdings Corporation and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statement of Shareholders’ Deficit

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 (Unaudited)

(Dollars in thousands)

	Common Stock
	Shares Issued		Amount		Additional Paid-In Capital			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss			Retained Deficit			Noncontrolling Interests			Total Equity
Balance at December 31, 2017	15,291,884		$	—	$	212,785		$	(2,178	)	$	(246,640	)	$	(94	)	$	(36,127	)
Compensatory stock issuances, net of forfeitures	69,000		—		—			—			—			—			—
Amortization of deferred stock-based compensation costs	—		—		254			—			—			—			254
Redemption and retirement of shares	(7,006	)	—		(14		)	—			—			—			(14		)
Other comprehensive loss	—		—		—			(2,345		)	(4,670		)	(49		)	(7,064		)
Balance at March 31, 2018	15,353,878		$	—	$	213,025		$	(4,523	)	$	(251,310	)	$	(143	)	$	(42,951	)

See accompanying notes.

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Atlanticus Holdings Corporation and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)

(Dollars in thousands)

	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2018			2017
Operating activities
Net (loss) income	$	(4,719	)	$	727
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash (used in) provided by operating activities:
Depreciation, amortization and accretion, net	229			310
Losses upon charge off of loans and fees receivable recorded at fair value	1,791			1,093
Provision for losses on loans and fees receivable	15,991			10,653
Interest expense from accretion of discount on notes	216			178
Income from accretion of discount associated with receivables purchases	(18,020		)	(12,263		)
Unrealized gain on loans and fees receivable and underlying notes payable held at fair value	(1,313		)	(1,269		)
Amortization of deferred loan costs	390			126
Income from equity-method investments	(9		)	(334		)
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Increase in uncollected fees on earning assets	(802		)	(983		)
Increase in income tax liability	333			438
(Increase) decrease in deposits	(20		)	200
(Decrease) increase in accounts payable and accrued expenses	(4,323		)	3,530
Other	19			(9		)
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities	(10,237		)	2,397
Investing activities
Proceeds from equity-method investee	692			1,066
Investments in earning assets	(125,768		)	(99,045		)
Proceeds from earning assets	116,164			93,961
Purchases and development of property, net of disposals	(21		)	(22		)
Net cash used in investing activities	(8,933		)	(4,040		)
Financing activities
Purchase and retirement of outstanding stock	(14		)	(18		)
Proceeds from borrowings	89,538			64,761
Repayment of borrowings	(73,996		)	(61,248		)
Net cash provided by financing activities	15,528			3,495
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash	(362		)	50
Net (decrease) increase in unrestricted cash	(4,004		)	1,902
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period	70,658			92,641
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	66,654		$	94,543
Supplemental cash flow information
Cash paid for interest	$	8,718		$	6,698
Net cash income tax (refunds) payments	$	(189	)	$	180
Supplemental non-cash information
Issuance of stock options and restricted stock	$	169		$	1,005

See accompanying notes.

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Atlanticus Holdings Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

March 31, 2018 and 2017

1. Description of Our Business

Our accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Atlanticus Holdings Corporation (the “Company”) and those entities we control. We are primarily focused on providing financial technology and related services. Through our subsidiaries, we provide technology and other support services to lenders who offer an array of financial products and services to consumers who may have been declined under traditional financing options. In most cases, we invest in the receivables originated by lenders who utilize our technology platform and other related services. As discussed further below, we reflect our business lines within two reportable segments:  Credit and Other Investments; and Auto Finance. See also Note 3, “Segment Reporting,” for further details.

Within our Credit and Other Investments segment, we facilitate consumer finance programs offered by our bank partners to originate consumer loans through multiple channels, including retail point-of-sale, direct mail solicitation, on-line and partnerships. In the retail credit (the “point-of-sale” operations) channel, we partner with retailers and service providers in various industries across the United States (“U.S.”) to enable them to provide credit to their customers for the purchase of goods and services. These services of our lending partners are often extended to consumers who may have been declined under traditional financing options. We specialize in supporting this “second look” credit service in various industries across the U.S. Additionally, we support lenders who market general purpose personal loans and credit cards directly to consumers (collectively, the “direct-to-consumer” operations) through additional channels enabling them to reach consumers through a diverse origination platform which includes direct mail, Internet-based marketing and through partnerships. Using our infrastructure and technology platform, we also provide loan servicing, including risk management and customer service outsourcing, for third parties.

Beyond these activities within our Credit and Other Investments segment, we continue to service portfolios of credit card receivables. One of our portfolios of credit card receivables is encumbered by non-recourse structured financing, and for this portfolio our principal remaining economic interest is the servicing compensation we receive as an offset against our servicing costs given that the likely future collections on the portfolio are insufficient to allow for full repayment of the financing.

Additionally, we report within our Credit and Other Investments segment: 1) the income earned from an investment in an equity-method investee that holds credit card receivables for which we are the servicer; and 2) gains or losses associated with investments previously made in consumer finance technology platforms. These include investments in companies engaged in mobile technologies, marketplace lending and other financial technologies. These investments are carried at the lower of cost or market valuation. None of these companies are publicly-traded and there are no material pending liquidity events.

Within our Auto Finance segment, our CAR subsidiary operations principally purchase and/or service loans secured by automobiles from or for, and also provide floor plan financing for, a pre-qualified network of independent automotive dealers and automotive finance companies in the buy-here, pay-here, used car business. We purchase auto loans at a discount and with dealer retentions or holdbacks that provide risk protection. Also within our Auto Finance segment, we are providing certain installment lending products in addition to our traditional loans secured by automobiles.

2. Significant Accounting Policies and Consolidated Financial Statement Components

The following is a summary of significant accounting policies we follow in preparing our consolidated financial statements, as well as a description of significant components of our consolidated financial statements.

Basis of Presentation and Use of Estimates

We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the U.S. (“GAAP”). The preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of our consolidated financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during each reporting period. We base these estimates on information available to us as of the date of the financial statements. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates. Certain estimates, such as credit losses, payment rates, costs of funds, discount rates and the yields earned on credit card receivables, significantly affect the reported amount of credit card receivables that we report at

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fair value and our notes payable associated with structured financings, at fair value; these estimates likewise affect the changes in these amounts reflected within our fees and related income on earning assets line item on our consolidated statements of operations. Additionally, estimates of future credit losses have a significant effect on loans and fees receivable, net, as shown on our consolidated balance sheets, as well as on the provision for losses on loans and fees receivable within our consolidated statements of operations.

We have eliminated all significant intercompany balances and transactions for financial reporting purposes.

Loans and Fees Receivable

Our loans and fees receivable include loans and fees receivable, at fair value and loans and fees receivable, gross.

As of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the weighted average remaining accretion period for the $36.1 million and $37.0 million of deferred revenue reflected in the consolidated balance sheets was 12 months and 11 months, respectively.

A roll-forward (in millions) of our allowance for uncollectible loans and fees receivable by class of receivable is as follows: 

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2018	Credit Cards			Auto Finance			Other Unsecured Lending Products			Total
Allowance for uncollectible loans and fees receivable:
Balance at beginning of period	$	(18.2	)	$	(2.3	)	$	(42.5	)	$	(63.0	)
Provision for loan losses	(9.0		)	—			(7.0		)	(16.0		)
Charge offs	6.5			0.7			15.1			22.3
Recoveries	(0.1		)	(0.3		)	(1.2		)	(1.6		)
Balance at end of period	$	(20.8	)	$	(1.9	)	$	(35.6	)	$	(58.3	)

As of March 31, 2018	Credit Cards			Auto Finance			Other Unsecured Lending Products			Total
Allowance for uncollectible loans and fees receivable:
Balance at end of period individually evaluated for impairment	$	—		$	—		$	(0.2	)	$	(0.2	)
Balance at end of period collectively evaluated for impairment	$	(20.8	)	$	(1.9	)	$	(35.4	)	$	(58.1	)
Loans and fees receivable:
Loans and fees receivable, gross	$	97.8		$	78.4		$	224.5		$	400.7
Loans and fees receivable individually evaluated for impairment	$	—		$	0.1		$	0.2		$	0.3
Loans and fees receivable collectively evaluated for impairment	$	97.8		$	78.3		$	224.3		$	400.4

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2017	Credit Cards			Auto Finance			Other Unsecured Lending Products			Total
Allowance for uncollectible loans and fees receivable:
Balance at beginning of period	$	(1.4	)	$	(2.1	)	$	(39.8	)	$	(43.3	)
Provision for loan losses	(0.4		)	(0.4		)	(9.9		)	(10.7		)
Charge offs	0.4			0.8			14.6			15.8
Recoveries	(0.4		)	(0.3		)	(0.6		)	(1.3		)
Balance at end of period	$	(1.8	)	$	(2.0	)	$	(35.7	)	$	(39.5	)

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As of December 31, 2017	Credit Cards			Auto Finance			Other Unsecured Lending Products			Total
Allowance for uncollectible loans and fees receivable:
Balance at end of period individually evaluated for impairment	$	—		$	(0.2	)	$	(0.2	)	$	(0.4	)
Balance at end of period collectively evaluated for impairment	$	(18.2	)	$	(2.1	)	$	(42.3	)	$	(62.6	)
Loans and fees receivable:
Loans and fees receivable, gross	$	87.2		$	77.8		$	228.9		$	393.9
Loans and fees receivable individually evaluated for impairment	$	—		$	0.4		$	0.2		$	0.6
Loans and fees receivable collectively evaluated for impairment	$	87.2		$	77.4		$	228.7		$	393.3

An aging of our delinquent loans and fees receivable, gross (in millions) by class of receivable as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 is as follows:

Balance at March 31, 2018	Credit Cards		Auto Finance		Other Unsecured Lending Products		Total
30-59 days past due	$	2.8	$	4.3	$	7.1	$	14.2
60-89 days past due	2.7		1.4		5.9		10.0
90 or more days past due	6.9		1.3		14.7		22.9
Delinquent loans and fees receivable, gross	12.4		7.0		27.7		47.1
Current loans and fees receivable, gross	85.4		71.4		196.8		353.6
Total loans and fees receivable, gross	$	97.8	$	78.4	$	224.5	$	400.7
Balance of loans 90 or more days past due and still accruing interest and fees	$	—	$	1.1	$	—	$	1.1

Balance at December 31, 2017	Credit Cards		Auto Finance		Other Unsecured Lending Products		Total
30-59 days past due	$	3.2	$	6.4	$	9.0	$	18.6
60-89 days past due	3.3		2.1		7.1		12.5
90 or more days past due	4.9		1.9		15.7		22.5
Delinquent loans and fees receivable, gross	11.4		10.4		31.8		53.6
Current loans and fees receivable, gross	75.8		67.4		197.1		340.3
Total loans and fees receivable, gross	$	87.2	$	77.8	$	228.9	$	393.9
Balance of loans 90 or more days past due and still accruing interest and fees	$	—	$	1.6	$	—	$	1.6

Troubled Debt Restructurings.As part of ongoing collection efforts, once an account in our Credit and Other Investments segment is 90 days or more past due, the account is placed on a non-accrual status. Placement on a non-accrual status results in the elimination of the annual percentage rate (“APR”) charged to an account and a cessation of fee billing. Following this adjustment, if a customer demonstrates a willingness and ability to resume making monthly payments and meets certain additional criteria, we will re-age the customer’s account. When we re-age an account, we adjust the status of the account to bring a delinquent account current, but generally do not make any further modifications to the payment terms or amount owed. Once an account is placed on a non-accrual status, it is closed for further purchases. Accounts that are placed on a non-accrual status and thereafter make at least one payment qualify as troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”).

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The following table details by class of receivable, the number and amount of modified loans, including TDRs that have been re-aged, of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017:

	As of
	March 31, 2018				December 31, 2017
	Point-of-sale		Direct-to-consumer		Point-of-sale		Direct-to-consumer
Number of accounts on non-accrual status	11,711		8,650		11,432		6,681
Number of accounts on non-accrual status above that have been re-aged	1,135		157		915		80
Amount of receivables on non-accrual status (in thousands)	$	17,388	$	8,778	$	17,169	$	7,067
Amount of receivables on non-accrual status above that have been re-aged (in thousands)	$	2,048	$	171	$	1,570	$	86
Carrying value of receivables on non-accrual status (in thousands)	$	5,431	$	1,365	$	4,247	$	1,173
TDRs - Performing (carrying value, in thousands)*	$	3,563	$	856	$	2,368	$	508
TDRs - Nonperforming (carrying value, in thousands)*	$	1,868	$	509	$	1,879	$	665

*“TDRs - Performing” include accounts that are current on all amounts owed, while “TDRs - Nonperforming” include all accounts with past due amounts owed.

Given that the above TDRs have a high reserve rate prior to modification as TDRs, we do not separately reserve or impair these receivables outside of our general reserve process.

The following table details by class of receivable, the number of accounts and carrying value of loans that completed a modification (including those that were classified as TDRs) within the prior twelve months and subsequently charged off.

	Twelve Months Ended
	March 31, 2018				March 31, 2017
	Point-of-Sale		Direct-to-Consumer		Point-of-Sale	Direct-to-Consumer
Number of accounts	1,881		868		1,617	654
Loan balance at time of charge off (in thousands)	$	2,885	$	1,845	$1,860	$1,906

Prepaid Expenses and Other Assets

Prepaid expenses and other assets include amounts paid to third parties for marketing and other services as well as amounts owed to us by third parties. Prepaid amounts are expensed as the underlying related services are performed.  Also included are (1) commissions paid associated with our various office leases which we amortize into expense over the lease terms, (2) amounts due from a third party in respect of a servicing agreement totaling $31.6 million as of March 31, 2018, (3) ongoing deferred costs associated with service contracts and (4) investments in consumer finance technology platforms carried at the lower of cost or market valuation.

Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses

Accounts payable and accrued expenses reflect both the billed and unbilled amounts owed at the end of a period for services rendered. Also included within accounts payable and accrued expenses are amounts which may be owed in respect of one of our portfolios.

Income Taxes

We experienced a negative effective income tax expense rate of 3.1% for the three months ended March 31, 2018, compared to an effective income tax expense rate of 45.9% for the three months ended March 31, 2017. Our negative effective income tax expense rate for the three months ended March 31, 2018, is below the statutory rate principally due to (1) interest we accrued during such period on unpaid federal tax liabilities and uncertain tax positions, (2) additions during such period to valuation allowances against our net federal deferred tax assets associated with our net loss incurred during such period, and (3) foreign tax expense incurred during such period. Our effective income tax expense rate for the three months ended March 31,

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2017 was above the statutory rate applicable during such period principally due to interest we accrued during such period on unpaid federal tax liabilities.

As implied above, we report income tax-related interest and penalties (including those associated with both our accrued liabilities for uncertain tax positions and unpaid tax liabilities) within our income tax benefit or expense line item on our consolidated statements of operations. We likewise report the reversal of income tax-related interest and penalties within such line item to the extent that we resolve our liabilities for uncertain tax positions or unpaid tax liabilities in a manner favorable to our accruals therefor. During both the three months ended March 31, 2018, and 2017, we included $0.2 million of net income tax-related interest and penalties within those periods’ respective income tax expense line items.

In December 2014, we reached a settlement with the IRS concerning the tax treatment of net operating losses we incurred in 2007 and 2008 and carried back to obtain refunds of federal income taxes paid in earlier years dating back to 2003. Our net unpaid income tax assessment associated with that settlement was $7.4 million at March 31, 2018; this amount excludes unpaid interest and penalties on the tax assessment, the accruals for which aggregated $4.3 million at March 31, 2018. Prior to our filing amended return claims that would have eliminated the $7.4 million assessment (and corresponding interest and penalties) under a negotiated provision of the IRS settlement, the IRS filed a lien (as is customarily the case), associated with the assessment. Subsequently, an IRS examination team denied our amended return claims, and we filed a protest with IRS Appeals. Following correspondence and conferences we held with IRS Appeals, we received a settlement offer from IRS Appeals in April 2018 that would reduce our $7.4 million net unpaid income tax assessment referenced above to $3.7 million. We currently are evaluating the settlement offer, and should we accept the offer, (1) our $3.7 million reduction in the unpaid income tax assessment and liability accrued therefor would be reversed into income (along with a commensurate portion of the $4.3 million we have accrued for interest and penalties associated with the $3.7 million settled accrual), and (2) we would expect to pay the remaining accrued income tax, interest and penalties liability to the IRS after the settlement is finalized.

Revenue Recognition and Revenue from Contracts with Customers

Consumer Loans, Including Past Due Fees

Consumer loans, including past due fees reflect interest income, including finance charges, and late fees on loans in accordance with the terms of the related customer agreements. Premiums and discounts paid or received associated with a loan are generally deferred and amortized over the average life of the related loans using the effective interest method. Finance charges and fees, net of amounts that we consider uncollectible, are included in loans and fees receivable and revenue when the fees are earned.

Fees and Related Income on Earning Assets

Fees and related income on earning assets primarily include:  (1) fees associated with our credit products, including the receivables underlying our U.S. point-of-sale finance and direct-to-consumer activities, and our historical credit card receivables; (2) changes in the fair value of loans and fees receivable recorded at fair value; (3) changes in fair value of notes payable associated with structured financings recorded at fair value; (4) revenues associated with rent payments on rental merchandise; and (5) gains or losses associated with our investments in securities. 

We assess fees on credit card accounts underlying our credit card receivables according to the terms of the related cardholder agreements and, except for annual membership fees, we recognize these fees as income when they are charged to the customers’ accounts. We accrete annual membership fees associated with our credit card receivables into income on a straight-line basis over the cardholder privilege period. Similarly, fees on our other credit products are recognized when earned, which coincides with the time they are charged to the customer’s account. Fees and related income on earning assets, net of amounts that we consider uncollectible, are included in loans and fees receivable and revenue when the fees are earned.

In periods where applicable, we accrue periodic billed rental amounts (net of allowances for uncollectible billings) into revenues over the rental period to which the billed amounts relate, and we defer recognition in revenues of any advanced customer rental payments until the rental period in which they are properly recognizable under the terms of the contract.

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The components (in thousands) of our fees and related income on earning assets are as follows:

	Three months ended March 31,
	2018			2017
Fees on credit products	$	4,905		$	1,096
Changes in fair value of loans and fees receivable recorded at fair value	(18		)	563
Changes in fair value of notes payable associated with structured financings recorded at fair value	1,331			706
Rental revenue	—			148
Other	(4		)	288
Total fees and related income on earning assets	$	6,214		$	2,801

The above changes in the fair value of loans and fees receivable recorded at fair value category exclude the impact of charge offs associated with these receivables which are separately stated in Net recovery of charge off of loans and fees receivable recorded at fair value on our consolidated statements of operations.  See Note 6, “Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities,” for further discussion of these receivables and their effects on our consolidated statements of operations.

Revenue from Contracts with Customers

In the first quarter of 2018, we adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers” under the modified retrospective transition method. We have determined that revenue from contracts with customers would primarily consist of interchange revenues in our Credit and Other Investments segment and other customer-related fees in both our Credit and Other Investments segment and our Auto Finance segment. Revenue from these contracts with customers is included as a component of Other income on our Consolidated Statements of Operations. Components (in thousands) of our revenue from contracts with customers is as follows:

Three months ended March 31, 2018	Credit and Other Investments		Auto Finance		Total
Interchange revenues, net (1)	$	444	$	—	$	444
Service charges and other customer related fees	25		47		72
Total Other income	469		47		516

(1) Interchange revenue is presented net of customer reward expense

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. The guidance requires an assessment of credit losses based on expected rather than incurred losses (known as the current expected credit loss model). This generally will result in the recognition of allowances for losses earlier than under current accounting guidance for trade and other receivables, held to maturity debt securities and other instruments. The standard will be adopted on a prospective basis with a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the guidance is effective. ASU 2016-13 is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted. We are currently in the process of reviewing accounting interpretations, expected data requirements and necessary changes to our loss estimation methods, processes and systems. This standard is expected to result in an increase to our allowance for loan losses given the change to expected losses for the estimated life of the financial asset. The extent of the increase will depend on the asset quality of the portfolio, and economic conditions and forecasts at adoption.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases, which requires lessees to recognize assets and liabilities for most leases, changing certain aspects of current lessor accounting, among other things. ASU 2016-02 is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted. The adoption of ASU 2016-02 will result in the Company recognizing a right-of-use asset and lease liability on the consolidated balance sheet based on the present value of remaining operating lease payments. Net future minimum lease payments totaled $12.2 million as of December 31, 2017. We do not expect the adoption of ASU 2016-02 to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements due to the limited lease activity we are involved in.

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In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers.” ASU 2014-09 establishes a principles-based model under which revenue from a contract is allocated to the distinct performance obligations within the contract and recognized in income as each performance obligation is satisfied. Additional disclosure about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from customer contracts, including significant judgments and changes in judgments and assets recognized from costs incurred to obtain or fulfill a contract is also required. In August 2015, the FASB delayed the effective date by one year and the guidance was effective for annual and interim periods beginning January 1, 2018. Most revenue associated with financial instruments, including interest income, loan origination fees and credit card fees, is outside the scope of the guidance. We adopted this standard as of January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective method of adoption. Our adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Subsequent Events

We evaluate subsequent events that occur after our consolidated balance sheet date but before our consolidated financial statements are issued. There are two types of subsequent events:  (1) recognized, or those that provide additional evidence with respect to conditions that existed at the date of the balance sheet, including the estimates inherent in the process of preparing financial statements; and (2) nonrecognized, or those that provide evidence with respect to conditions that did not exist at the date of the balance sheet but arose subsequent to that date.  We have evaluated subsequent events occurring after March 31, 2018, and based on our evaluation we did not identify any recognized or nonrecognized subsequent events that would have required further adjustments to our consolidated financial statements.

3. Segment Reporting

We operate primarily within one industry consisting of two reportable segments by which we manage our business. Our two reportable segments are: Credit and Other Investments, and Auto Finance.

As of both March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, we did not have a material amount of long-lived assets located outside of the U.S., and only a negligible portion of our revenues for the three months ended March 31,2018 and 2017 were generated outside of the U.S.

We measure the profitability of our reportable segments based on their income after allocation of specific costs and corporate overhead; however, our segment results do not reflect any charges for internal capital allocations among our segments. Overhead costs are allocated based on headcounts and other applicable measures to better align costs with the associated revenues.

Summary operating segment information (in thousands) is as follows:

Three months ended March 31, 2018	Credit and Other Investments			Auto Finance			Total
Interest income:
Consumer loans, including past due fees	$	28,562		$	7,119		$	35,681
Other	45			—			45
Total interest income	28,607			7,119			35,726
Interest expense	(7,892		)	(261		)	(8,153		)
Net interest income before fees and related income on earning assets and provision for losses on loans and fees receivable	$	20,715		$	6,858		$	27,573
Fees and related income on earning assets	$	6,197		$	17		$	6,214
Servicing income	$	402		$	230		$	632
Equity in income of equity-method investee	$	9		$	—		$	9
(Loss) income before income taxes	$	(6,914	)	$	2,339		$	(4,575	)
Income tax benefit (expense)	$	399		$	(543	)	$	(144	)
Total assets	$	365,882		$	67,030		$	432,912

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Three months ended March 31, 2017	Credit and Other Investments			Auto Finance			Total
Interest income:
Consumer loans, including past due fees	$	18,830		$	7,029		$	25,859
Other	101			—			101
Total interest income	18,931			7,029			25,960
Interest expense	(5,594		)	(223		)	(5,817		)
Net interest income before fees and related income on earning assets and provision for losses on loans and fees receivable	$	13,337		$	6,806		$	20,143
Fees and related income on earning assets	$	2,779		$	22		$	2,801
Servicing income	$	857		$	232		$	1,089
Depreciation of rental merchandise	$	(27	)	$	—		$	(27	)
Equity in income of equity-method investee	$	334		$	—		$	334
(Loss) income before income taxes	$	(387	)	$	1,732		$	1,345
Income tax expense	$	(33	)	$	(585	)	$	(618	)
Total assets	$	306,721		$	64,402		$	371,123

4. Shareholders’ Equity

During the three months endedMarch 31, 2018 and 2017, we repurchased and contemporaneously retired 7,006 and 6,702 shares of our common stock at an aggregate cost of $14,000 and $18,000, respectively, pursuant to both open market and private purchases and the return of stock by holders of equity incentive awards to pay tax withholding obligations.

We had 1,459,233 loaned shares outstanding at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, which were originally lent in connection with our November 2005 issuance of convertible senior notes. We retire lent shares as they are returned to us.

5. Investment in Equity-Method Investee

Our equity-method investment outstanding at March 31, 2018 consists of our 66.7% interest in a joint venture formed to purchase a credit card receivable portfolio.

In the following tables, we summarize (in thousands) balance sheet and results of operations data for our equity-method investee:

	As of
	March 31, 2018		December 31, 2017
Loans and fees receivable, at fair value	$	5,088	$	6,123
Total assets	$	5,366	$	6,392
Total liabilities	$	24	$	26
Members’ capital	$	5,342	$	6,366

	Three months ended March 31,
	2018			2017
Net interest income, fees and related income on earning assets	$	14		$	504
Net (loss) income	$	(61	)	$	397
Net income attributable to our equity investment in investee	$	9		$	334

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6. Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities

Valuations and Techniques for Assets

Our assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment and considers factors specific to the asset or liability. The table below summarizes (in thousands) by fair value hierarchy the March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 fair values and carrying amounts of (1) our assets that are required to be carried at fair value in our consolidated financial statements and (2) our assets not carried at fair value, but for which fair value disclosures are required:

Assets – As of March 31, 2018 (1)	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Carrying Amount of Assets
Loans and fees receivable, net for which it is practicable to estimate fair value	$	—	$	—	$	328,404	$	306,307
Loans and fees receivable, at fair value	$	—	$	—	$	9,413	$	9,413

Assets – As of December 31, 2017 (1)	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Carrying Amount of Assets
Loans and fees receivable, net for which it is practicable to estimate fair value	$	—	$	—	$	324,945	$	293,972
Loans and fees receivable, at fair value	$	—	$	—	$	11,109	$	11,109

(1) For cash, deposits and other short-term investments, the carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value.

For those asset classes above that are required to be carried at fair value in our consolidated financial statements, gains and losses associated with fair value changes are detailed on our fees and related income on earning assets table within Note 2, “Significant Accounting Policies and Consolidated Financial Statement Components.”

For Level 3 assets carried at fair value measured on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs, the following table presents (in thousands) a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances for the three months endedMarch 31, 2018 and 2017:

	Loans and Fees Receivable, at Fair Value
	2018			2017
Balance at January 1,	$	11,109		$	15,648
Total gains—realized/unrealized:
Net revaluations of loans and fees receivable, at fair value	(18		)	563
Settlements	(1,691		)	(2,626		)
Impact of foreign currency translation	13			6
Balance at March 31,	$	9,413		$	13,591

The unrealized gains and losses for assets within the Level 3 category presented in the tables above include changes in fair value that are attributable to both observable and unobservable inputs. Impacts related to foreign currency translation are included as a component of other operating expense on the consolidated statements of operations.

Net Revaluation of Loans and Fees Receivable. We record the net revaluation of loans and fees receivable (including those pledged as collateral) in the fees and related income on earning assets category in our consolidated statements of operations, specifically as changes in fair value of loans and fees receivable recorded at fair value. The net revaluation of loans

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and fees receivable is based on the present value of future cash flows using a valuation model of expected cash flows and the estimated cost to service and collect those cash flows. We estimate the present value of these future cash flows using a valuation model consisting of internally developed estimates of assumptions third-party market participants would use in determining fair value, including estimates of net collected yield, principal payment rates, expected principal credit loss rates, costs of funds, discount rates and servicing costs. Accrued interest income on receivables underlying our asset classes that are carried at fair value in our consolidated financial statements is recorded in Interest income - Consumer loans, including past due fees in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.

For Level 3 assets carried at fair value measured on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs, the following table presents (in thousands) quantitative information about the valuation techniques and the inputs used in the fair value measurement as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017:

Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
Fair Value Measurements	Fair Value at March 31, 2018		Valuation Technique	Unobservable Input	Range (Weighted Average)
Loans and fees receivable, at fair value	$	9,413	Discounted cash flows	Gross yield	16.3% to 27.9% (25.8%)
				Principal payment rate	1.2% to 3.1% (2.4%)
				Expected credit loss rate	9.0% to 13.4% (12.3%)
				Servicing rate	12.0% to 14.8% (12.3%)
				Discount rate	6.0% to 14.4% (12.9%)

Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
Fair Value Measurements	Fair Value at December 31, 2017		Valuation Technique	Unobservable Input	Range (Weighted Average)
Loans and fees receivable, at fair value	$	11,109	Discounted cash flows	Gross yield	15.8% to 27.4% (24.5%)
				Principal payment rate	1.9% to 3.6% (2.6%)
				Expected credit loss rate	9.4% to 10.4% (9.7%)
				Servicing rate	10.2% to 12.3% (10.5%)
				Discount rate	6.0% to 14.2% (12.8%)

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Valuations and Techniques for Liabilities

Our assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment and considers factors specific to the liability. The table below summarizes (in thousands) by fair value hierarchy the March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 fair values and carrying amounts of (1) our liabilities that are required to be carried at fair value in our consolidated financial statements and (2) our liabilities not carried at fair value, but for which fair value disclosures are required:

Liabilities – As of March 31, 2018	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Carrying Amount of Liabilities
Liabilities not carried at fair value
Revolving credit facilities	$	—	$	—	$	183,388	$	183,388
Amortizing debt facilities	$	—	$	—	$	58,742	$	58,742
Senior secured term loan	$	—	$	—	$	40,000	$	40,000
5.875% convertible senior notes	$	—	$	43,588	$	—	$	61,650
Liabilities carried at fair value
Notes payable associated with structured financings, at fair value	$	—	$	—	$	7,909	$	7,909

Liabilities - As of December 31, 2017	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Carrying Amount of Liabilities
Liabilities not carried at fair value
Revolving credit facilities	$	—	$	—	$	160,854	$	160,854
Amortizing debt facilities	$	—	$	—	$	65,384	$	65,384
Senior secured term loan	$	—	$	—	$	40,000	$	40,000
5.875% convertible senior notes	$	—	$	43,588	$	—	$	61,393
Liabilities carried at fair value
Notes payable associated with structured financings, at fair value	$	—	$	—	$	9,240	$	9,240

For our material Level 3 liabilities carried at fair value measured on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs, the following table presents (in thousands) a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances for the three months endedMarch 31, 2018 and 2017.

	Notes Payable Associated with Structured Financings, at Fair Value
	2018			2017
Beginning balance, January 1,	$	9,240		$	12,276
Total (gains) losses—realized/unrealized:
Net revaluations of notes payable associated with structured financings, at fair value	(1,331		)	(706		)
Repayments on outstanding notes payable, net	—			(439		)
Ending balance, March 31,	$	7,909		$	11,131

The unrealized gains and losses for liabilities within the Level 3 category presented in the table above include changes in fair value that are attributable to both observable and unobservable inputs. We provide below a brief description of the valuation techniques used for Level 3 liabilities.

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Net Revaluation of Notes Payable Associated with Structured Financings, at Fair Value. We record the net revaluations of notes payable associated with structured financings, at fair value, in the changes in fair value of notes payable associated with structured financings line item within the fees and related income on earning assets category of our consolidated statements of operations. The net revaluation of these notes is based on the present value of future cash flows utilized in repayment of the outstanding principal and interest under the facilities using a valuation model of expected cash flows net of the contractual service expenses within the facilities. We estimate the present value of these future cash flows using a valuation model consisting of internally developed estimates of assumptions third-party market participants would use in determining fair value, including:  estimates of net collected yield, principal payment rates and expected principal credit loss rates on the credit card receivables that secure the non-recourse notes payable; costs of funds; discount rates; and contractual servicing fees. Accrued interest expense on notes payable underlying our notes payable associated with structured financings, at fair value is recorded in Interest expense in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.

For material Level 3 liabilities carried at fair value measured on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs, the following table presents (in thousands) quantitative information about the valuation techniques and the inputs used in the fair value measurement as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017:

Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
Fair Value Measurements	Fair Value at March 31, 2018		Valuation Technique	Unobservable Input	Weighted Average
Notes payable associated with structured financings, at fair value	$	7,909	Discounted cash flows	Gross yield	27.9	%
				Principal payment rate	2.6	%
				Expected credit loss rate	13.4	%
				Discount rate	14.4	%

Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
Fair Value Measurements	Fair Value at December 31, 2017		Valuation Technique	Unobservable Input	Weighted Average
Notes payable associated with structured financings, at fair value	$	9,240	Discounted cash flows	Gross yield	25.9	%
				Principal payment rate	2.5	%
				Expected credit loss rate	9.4	%
				Discount rate	14.2	%

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Other Relevant Data

Other relevant data (in thousands) as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 concerning certain assets and liabilities we carry at fair value are as follows:

As of March 31, 2018	Loans and Fees Receivable at Fair Value		Loans and Fees Receivable Pledged as Collateral under Structured Financings at Fair Value
Aggregate unpaid principal balance within loans and fees receivable that are reported at fair value	$	4,088	$	10,222
Aggregate fair value of loans and fees receivable that are reported at fair value	$	1,504	$	7,909
Aggregate fair value of receivables carried at fair value that are 90 days or more past due (which also coincides with finance charge and fee non-accrual policies)	$	2	$	12
Aggregate excess of balance of unpaid principal receivables within loans and fees receivable that are reported at fair value and are 90 days or more past due (which also coincides with finance charge and fee non-accrual policies) over the fair value of such loans and fees receivable	$	85	$	303

As of December 31, 2017	Loans and Fees Receivable at Fair Value		Loans and Fees Receivable Pledged as Collateral under Structured Financings at Fair Value
Aggregate unpaid principal balance within loans and fees receivable that are reported at fair value	$	4,416	$	11,349
Aggregate fair value of loans and fees receivable that are reported at fair value	$	1,869	$	9,240
Aggregate fair value of receivables carried at fair value that are 90 days or more past due (which also coincides with finance charge and fee non-accrual policies)	$	5	$	17
Aggregate excess of balance of unpaid principal receivables within loans and fees receivable that are reported at fair value and are 90 days or more past due (which also coincides with finance charge and fee non-accrual policies) over the fair value of such loans and fees receivable	$	107	$	369

Notes Payable	Notes Payable Associated with Structured Financings, at Fair Value as of March 31, 2018		Notes Payable Associated with Structured Financings, at Fair Value as of December 31, 2017
Aggregate unpaid principal balance of notes payable	$	101,314	$	101,314
Aggregate fair value of notes payable	$	7,909	$	9,240

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7. Notes Payable

Notes Payable Associated with Structured Financings, at Fair Value

Scheduled (in millions) in the table below are (1) the carrying amount of our structured financing note secured by certain credit card receivables and reported at fair value as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, (2) the outstanding face amount of our structured financing note secured by certain credit card receivables and reported at fair value as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, and (3) the carrying amount of the credit card receivables and restricted cash that provide the exclusive means of repayment for the note (i.e., lenders have recourse only to the specific credit card receivables and restricted cash underlying each respective facility and cannot look to our general credit for repayment) as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017.

	Carrying Amounts at Fair Value as of
	March 31, 2018		December 31, 2017
Amortizing securitization facility (stated maturity of December 2021), outstanding face amount of $101.3 million as of March 31, 2018 ($101.3 million as of December 31, 2017) bearing interest at a weighted average 7.0% interest rate at March 31, 2018 (6.7% at December 31, 2017), which is secured by credit card receivables and restricted cash aggregating $7.9 million as of March 31, 2018 ($9.2 million as of December 31, 2017) in carrying amount	$	7.9	$	9.2

Contractual payment allocations within this credit card receivables structured financing provide for a priority distribution of cash flows to us to service the credit card receivables, a distribution of cash flows to pay interest and principal due on the notes, and a distribution of all excess cash flows (if any) to us. The structured financing facility included in the above table is amortizing down along with collections of the underlying receivables and there are no provisions within the debt agreement that allow for acceleration or bullet repayment of the facility prior to its scheduled expiration date. The aggregate carrying amount of the credit card receivables and restricted cash that provide security for the $7.9 million in fair value of the structured financing facility included in the above table is $7.9 million, which means that we have no aggregate exposure to pre-tax equity loss associated with the above structured financing arrangement at March 31, 2018.

Beyond our role as servicer of the underlying assets within the credit cards receivables structured financing, we have provided no other financial or other support to the structure, and we have no explicit or implicit arrangements that could require us to provide financial support to the structure.

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Notes Payable, at Face Value and Notes Payable to Related Parties

Other notes payable outstanding as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 that are secured by the financial and operating assets of either the borrower, another of our subsidiaries or both, include the following, scheduled (in millions); except as otherwise noted, the assets of our holding company (Atlanticus Holdings Corporation) are subject to creditor claims under these scheduled facilities:

	As of
	March 31, 2018		December 31, 2017
Revolving credit facilities at a weighted average interest rate equal to 8.3% at March 31, 2018 (7.8% at December 31, 2017) secured by the financial and operating assets of CAR and/or certain receivables and restricted cash with a combined aggregate carrying amount of $243.0 million as of March 31, 2018 ($216.0 million at December 31, 2017)
Revolving credit facility, not to exceed $40.0 million (expiring November 1, 2019) (1)	24.6		24.8
Revolving credit facility, not to exceed $50.0 million (expiring October 30, 2019) (2) (3)	49.2		49.4
Revolving credit facility, not to exceed $12.0 million (expiring December 21, 2019) (2) (3)	11.8		3.8
Revolving credit facility, not to exceed $20.0 million (expiring December 31, 2019) (2) (3)	19.7		19.8
Revolving credit facility, not to exceed $90.0 million (expiring February 8, 2022) (2) (4)	80.0		65.0
Amortizing facilities at a weighted average interest rate equal to 6.3% at March 31, 2018 (6.0% at December 31, 2017) secured by certain receivables and restricted cash with a combined aggregate carrying amount of $73.1 million as of March 31, 2018 ($77.9 million as of December 31, 2017)
Amortizing debt facility (repaid March 31, 2018) (2) (3) (5)	—		3.7
Amortizing debt facility (expiring June 30, 2018) (2) (3) (5)	9.2		18.3
Amortizing debt facility (expiring December 12, 2018) (2) (3)	4.0		6.0
Amortizing debt facility (expiring September 14, 2018) (2) (3)	5.0		7.5
Amortizing debt facility (expiring November 30, 2018) (2) (3) (5)	14.9		20.5
Amortizing debt facility (expiring April 22, 2019) (2) (3) (5)	26.1		10.0
Other facilities
Senior secured term loan from related parties (expiring November 21, 2018) that is secured by certain assets of the Company with an annual interest rate equal to 9.0% (4)	40.0		40.0
Total notes payable before unamortized debt issuance costs and discounts	284.5		268.8
Unamortized debt issuance costs and discounts	2.4		2.6
Total notes payable outstanding, net	$	282.1	$	266.2

(1) Loan is subject to certain affirmative covenants, including a coverage ratio, a leverage ratio and a collateral performance test, the failure of which could result in required early repayment of all or a portion of the outstanding balance by our CAR Auto Finance operations.

(2) Loans are subject to certain affirmative covenants tied to default rates and other performance metrics the failure of which could result in required early repayment of the remaining unamortized balances of the notes.

(3) These notes reflect modifications to either extend the maturity date, increase the loaned amount or both.

(4) See below for additional information.

(5) Loans are comprised of four tranches with the same lenders. Terms and conditions are substantially identical with the exception of maturity date as indicated in the table above.

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On November 26, 2014, we and certain of our subsidiaries entered into a Loan and Security Agreement with Dove Ventures, LLC, a Nevada limited liability company (“Dove”). The agreement provides for a senior secured term loan facility in an amount of up to $40.0 million at any time outstanding. The Loan and Security Agreement was fully drawn with $40.0 million outstanding as of March 31, 2018. In November 2017, the agreement was amended to extend the maturity date of the term loan to November 21, 2018. All other terms remain unchanged.

Our obligations under the agreement are guaranteed by certain subsidiary guarantors and secured by a pledge of certain assets of ours and the subsidiary guarantors. The loans bear interest at the rate of 9.0% per annum, payable monthly in arrears. The principal amount of these loans is payable in a single installment on November 21, 2018 (as amended). The agreement includes customary affirmative and negative covenants, as well as customary representations, warranties and events of default. Subject to certain conditions, we can prepay the principal amounts of these loans without premium or penalty.

Dove is a limited liability company owned by three trusts. David G. Hanna is the sole shareholder and the President of the corporation that serves as the sole trustee of one of the trusts, and David G. Hanna and members of his immediate family are the beneficiaries of this trust. Frank J. Hanna, III is the sole shareholder and the President of the corporation that serves as the sole trustee of the other two trusts, and Frank J. Hanna, III and members of his immediate family are the beneficiaries of these other two trusts.

In February 2017, we (through a wholly owned subsidiary) established a program under which we sell certain receivables to a consolidated trust in exchange for notes issued by the trust. The notes are secured by the receivables and other assets of the trust. Simultaneously with the establishment of the program, the trust issued a series of variable funding notes and sold an aggregate amount of up to $90.0 million (of which $80.0 million was outstanding as of March 31, 2018) to an unaffiliated third party pursuant to a facility that can be drawn upon to the extent of outstanding eligible receivables. Interest rates on the notes range from 8.0% to 14.0%.

The facility matures on February 8, 2022 and is subject to certain affirmative covenants and collateral performance tests, the failure of which could result in required early repayment of all or a portion of the outstanding balance of notes. The facility also may be prepaid subject to payment of a prepayment fee.

8. Convertible Senior Notes

In November 2005, we issued $300.0 million aggregate principal amount of 5.875% convertible senior notes due November 30, 2035 (“5.875% convertible senior notes”). The 5.875% convertible senior notes are unsecured, subordinate to existing and future secured obligations and structurally subordinate to existing and future claims of our subsidiaries’ creditors. These notes (net of repurchases since the issuance dates) are reflected within convertible senior notes on our consolidated balance sheets.   No put rights exist under our 5.875% convertible senior notes.  

The following summarizes (in thousands) components of our consolidated balance sheets associated with our convertible senior notes:

	As of
	March 31, 2018			December 31, 2017
Face amount of 5.875% convertible senior notes	$	88,280		$	88,280
Discount	(26,630		)	(26,887		)
Net carrying value	$	61,650		$	61,393
Carrying amount of equity component included in additional paid-in capital	$	108,714		$	108,714
Excess of instruments’ if-converted values over face principal amounts	$	—		$	—

9. Commitments and Contingencies

General

Under finance products available in the point-of-sale and direct-to-consumer channels, consumers have the ability to borrow up to the maximum credit limit assigned to each individual’s account.  Unfunded commitments under these products aggregated $453.4 million at March 31, 2018. We have never experienced a situation in which all borrowers have exercised their entire available lines of credit at any given point in time, nor do we anticipate this will ever occur in the future.  Moreover,

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there would be a concurrent increase in assets should there be any exercise of these lines of credit.  We also have the effective right to reduce or cancel these available lines of credit at any time.

Additionally our CAR operations provide floor-plan financing for a pre-qualified network of independent automotive dealers and automotive finance companies in the buy-here, pay-here used car business.  The financings allow dealers and finance companies to borrow up to the maximum pre-approved credit limit allowed in order to finance ongoing inventory needs.  These loans are secured by the underlying auto inventory and, in certain cases where we have other lending products outstanding with the dealer, are secured by the collateral under those lending arrangements as well, including any outstanding dealer reserves. As of March 31, 2018, CAR had unfunded outstanding floor-plan financing commitments totaling $8.8 million.  Each draw against unused commitments is reviewed for conformity to pre-established guidelines.

Under agreements with third-party originating and other financial institutions, we have pledged security (collateral) related to their issuance of consumer credit and purchases thereunder, of which $8.7 million remains pledged as of March 31, 2018 to support various ongoing contractual obligations. 

Under agreements with third-party originating and other financial institutions, we have agreed to indemnify the financial institutions for certain liabilities associated with the services we provide on behalf of the financial institutions—such indemnification obligations generally being limited to instances in which we either (a) have been afforded the opportunity to defend against any potentially indemnifiable claims or (b) have reached agreement with the financial institutions regarding settlement of potentially indemnifiable claims. As of March 31, 2018, we have assessed the likelihood of any potential payments related to the aforementioned contingencies as remote. We will accrue liabilities related to these contingencies in any future period if and in which we assess the likelihood of an estimable payment as probable.

We also are subject to certain minimum payments under cancelable and non-cancelable lease arrangements. For further information regarding these commitments, see Note 8, “Leases” to the consolidated financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.

Litigation

See Note 11, “Commitments and Contingencies” to the consolidated financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 for information regarding outstanding litigation.

Additionally, we are involved in various other legal proceedings that are incidental to the conduct of our business, none of which are expected to be material to us.

10. Net (Loss) Income Attributable to Controlling Interests Per Common Share

The following table sets forth the computations of net loss per common share (in thousands, except per share data): 

	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2018			2017
Numerator:
Net (loss) income attributable to controlling interests	$	(4,670	)	$	728
Denominator:
Basic (including unvested share-based payment awards) (1)	13,899			13,944
Effect of dilutive stock compensation arrangements (2)	—			33
Diluted (including unvested share-based payment awards) (1)	13,899			13,977
Net (loss) income attributable to controlling interests per common share—basic	$	(0.34	)	$	0.05
Net (loss) income attributable to controlling interests per common share—diluted	$	(0.34	)	$	0.05

(1) Shares related to unvested share-based payment awards included in our basic and diluted share counts were 184,196 for the three months endedMarch 31, 2018, compared to 345,385 for the three months endedMarch 31, 2017.

(2) The effect of dilutive stock compensation arrangements is shown only for informational purposes where we are in a net loss position.  In such situations, the effect of including outstanding options and restricted stock would be anti-dilutive, and they are thus excluded from all loss period calculations.

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For the three months endedMarch 31, 2018 and 2017, there were no shares potentially issuable and thus includible in the diluted net income attributable to controlling interests per common share calculations pursuant to our 5.875% convertible senior notes. However, in future reporting periods during which our closing stock price is above the $24.61 conversion price for the 5.875% convertible senior notes, and depending on the closing stock price at conversion, the maximum potential dilution under the conversion provisions of such notes is 3.6 million shares, which could be included in diluted share counts in net income per common share calculations. See Note 8, “Convertible Senior Notes,” for a further discussion of these convertible securities.

11. Stock-Based Compensation

We currently have two stock-based compensation plans, the Second Amended and Restated Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”) and the Second Amended and Restated 2014 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2014 Plan”).  As of March 31, 2018, 103,702 shares remained available for issuance under the ESPP and 1,024,515 shares remained available for issuance under the 2014 Plan.

Exercises and vestings under our stock-based compensation plans resulted in $0 in income tax-related charges to additional paid-in capital during the three months endedMarch 31, 2018 and 2017.

Restricted Stock

During the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, we granted 69,000 and 57,000 shares of restricted stock (net of any forfeitures), respectively, with aggregate grant date fair values of $0.2 million and $0.2 million, respectively. We incurred expenses of $0.1 million and $0.2 million during the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, related to restricted stock awards. When we grant restricted stock, we defer the grant date value of the restricted stock and amortize that value (net of the value of anticipated forfeitures) as compensation expense with an offsetting entry to the additional paid-in capital component of our consolidated shareholders’ equity. Our restricted stock awards typically vest over a range of 12 to 60 months (or other term as specified in the grant) and are amortized to salaries and benefits expense ratably over applicable vesting periods. As of March 31, 2018, our unamortized deferred compensation costs associated with non-vested restricted stock awards were $0.2 million with a weighted-average remaining amortization period of 0.4 years.

Stock Options

Our 2014 Plan provides that we may grant options on or shares of our common stock (and other types of equity awards) to members of our Board of Directors, employees, consultants and advisors. The exercise price per share of the options must be equal to or greater than the market price on the date the option is granted. The option period may not exceed 10 years from the date of grant.   The vesting requirements for options are determined by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors. We had expense of $0.2 million and $0.3 million related to stock option-related compensation costs during the three months endedMarch 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. When applicable, we recognize stock option-related compensation expense for any awards with graded vesting on a straight-line basis over the vesting period for the entire award. The table below includes additional information about outstanding options:

	March 31, 2018
	Number of Shares		Weighted- Average Exercise Price		Weighted- Average of Remaining Contractual Life (in years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding at December 31, 2017	2,619,334		$	3.04
Issued	—		$	—
Exercised	—		$	—
Cancelled/Forfeited	(4,667	)	$	3.04
Outstanding at March 31, 2018	2,614,667		$	3.04	3.1	$	—
Exercisable at March 31, 2018	1,010,815		$	2.95	2.1	$	—

We had $0.7 million and $0.9 million of unamortized deferred compensation costs associated with non-vested stock options as of March 31, 2018 and December 31,2017, respectively.

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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

    The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included therein, where certain terms have been defined.

This Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations includes forward-looking statements. We base these forward-looking statements on our current plans, expectations and beliefs about future events. There are risks, including the factors discussed in “Risk Factors” in Part II, Item 1A and elsewhere in this report, that our actual experience will differ materially from these expectations.  For more information, see “Forward-Looking Information” below.

In this report, except as the context suggests otherwise, the words “Company,” “Atlanticus Holdings Corporation,” “Atlanticus,” “we,” “our,” “ours,” and “us” refer to Atlanticus Holdings Corporation and its subsidiaries and predecessors.

OVERVIEW

We utilize proprietary analytics and a flexible technology platform to enable financial institutions to provide various credit and related financial services and products to or associated with the financially underserved consumer credit market. Currently, within our Credit and Other Investments segment, we are applying the experiences gained and infrastructure built from servicing over $25 billion in consumer loans over our 22-year operating history to support lenders who originate a range of consumer loan products. These products include retail credit, personal loans, and credit cards marketed through multiple channels, including retail point-of-sale, direct mail solicitation, Internet-based marketing, and partnerships with third parties. In the point-of-sale channel, we partner with retailers and service providers in various industries across the U.S. to allow them to provide credit to their customers for the purchase of a variety of goods and services including consumer electronics, furniture, elective medical procedures, healthcare, educational services and home-improvements. Our flexible technology platform allows our lending partners to integrate our paperless process and instant decision-making platform with the technology infrastructure of participating retailers and service providers. These services of our lending partners are often extended to consumers who may have been declined under traditional financing options. We specialize in supporting this “second-look” credit service. Additionally, we support lenders who market general purpose personal loans and credit cards directly to consumers through additional channels, which enables them to reach consumers through a diverse origination platform that includes direct mail, Internet-based marketing and our retail partnerships. Our technology platform and proprietary analytics enable lenders to make instant credit decisions utilizing hundreds of inputs from multiple sources and thereby offer credit to consumers overlooked by traditional providers of credit. By offering a range of products through a multitude of channels, we enable lenders to provide the right type of credit, whenever and wherever the consumer has a need. In most cases, we invest in the receivables originated by lenders who utilize our technology platform and other related services.

Using our infrastructure and technology platform, we also provide loan servicing, including risk management and customer service outsourcing, for third parties. Also through our Credit and Other Investments segment, we engage in testing and limited investment in consumer finance technology platforms as we seek to capitalize on our expertise and infrastructure.

Beyond these activities within our Credit and Other Investments segment, we invest in and service portfolios of credit card receivables. One of our portfolios of credit card receivables is encumbered by non-recourse structured financing, and for this portfolio our principal remaining economic interest is the servicing compensation we receive as an offset against our servicing costs given that the likely future collections on the portfolio are insufficient to allow for full repayment of the financing.

Additionally, we report within our Credit and Other Investments segment: (1) the income earned from an investment in an equity-method investee that holds credit card receivables for which we are the servicer; and (2) gains or losses associated with investments previously made in consumer finance technology platforms. These include investments in companies engaged in mobile technologies, marketplace lending and other financial technologies. These investments are carried at the lower of cost or market valuation. None of these companies are publicly-traded and there are no material pending liquidity events.

The recurring cash flows we receive within our Credit and Other Investments segment principally include those associated with (1) point-of-sale and direct-to-consumer receivables, (2) servicing compensation and (3) credit card receivables portfolios that are unencumbered or where we own a portion of the underlying structured financing facility.

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We believe that our point-of-sale and direct-to-consumer receivables are generating, and will continue to generate, attractive returns on assets, thereby facilitating debt financing under terms and conditions (including advance rates and pricing) that will support attractive returns on equity, and we continue to pursue growth in this area.

Within our Auto Finance segment, our CAR subsidiary operations principally purchase and/or service loans secured by automobiles from or for, and also provide floor plan financing for, a pre-qualified network of independent automotive dealers and automotive finance companies in the buy-here, pay-here, used car business. We purchase auto loans at a discount and with dealer retentions or holdbacks that provide risk protection. Also within our Auto Finance segment, we are providing certain installment lending products in addition to our traditional loans secured by automobiles.

We closely monitor and manage our expenses based on current product offerings (and in recent years have significantly reduced our overhead infrastructure which was built to accommodate higher managed receivables levels and a much greater number of accounts serviced). As such, we are maintaining our infrastructure and incurring increased overhead and other costs in order to expand point-of-sale and direct-to-consumer finance and credit solutions and new product offerings that we believe have the potential to grow into our existing infrastructure and allow for long-term shareholder returns.

Subject to the availability of capital at attractive terms and pricing, we plan to continue to evaluate and pursue a variety of activities, including:  (1) investments in additional financial assets associated with point-of-sale and direct-to-consumer finance and credit activities as well as the acquisition of interests in receivables portfolios; (2) investments in other assets or businesses that are not necessarily financial services assets or businesses; and (3) the repurchase of our convertible senior notes and other debt or our outstanding common stock.

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CONSOLIDATED RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

							Income
	For the Three Months Ended March 31,						Increases (Decreases)
(In Thousands)	2018			2017			from 2017 to 2018
Total interest income	$	35,726		$	25,960		$	9,766
Interest expense	(8,153		)	(5,817		)	(2,336		)
Fees and related income on earning assets:
Fees on credit products	4,905			1,096			3,809
Changes in fair value of loans and fees receivable recorded at fair value	(18		)	563			(581		)
Changes in fair value of notes payable associated with structured financings recorded at fair value	1,331			706			625
Rental revenue	—			148			(148		)
Other	(4		)	288			(292		)
Other operating income:
Servicing income	632			1,089			(457		)
Other income	516			109			407
Equity in income equity-method investee	9			334			(325		)
Total	$	34,944		$	24,476		$	10,468
Net losses upon (recovery of) charge off of loans and fees receivable recorded at fair value	1,791			(7,851		)	(9,642		)
Provision for losses on loans and fees receivable recorded at net realizable value	15,991			10,653			(5,338		)
Other operating expenses:
Salaries and benefits	6,298			5,780			(518		)
Card and loan servicing	9,164			7,137			(2,027		)
Marketing and solicitation	2,346			2,201			(145		)
Depreciation, primarily related to rental merchandise	229			310			81
Other	3,700			4,901			1,201
Net (loss) income	(4,719		)	727			(5,446		)
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests	49			1			48
Net (loss) income attributable to controlling interests	(4,670		)	728			(5,398		)

Three Months EndedMarch 31, 2018, Compared to Three Months EndedMarch 31, 2017

Total interest income. Total interest income consists primarily of finance charges and late fees earned on point-of-sale and direct-to-consumer receivables, credit card and auto finance receivables. Period-over-period results primarily relate to growth in point-of-sale finance and direct-to-consumer products, the receivables of which increased from $225.6 million as of March 31, 2017 to $322.3 million as of March 31, 2018. These increases were partially offset, however, by continued net liquidations of our historical credit card receivable portfolios over the past year. We are currently experiencing continued period-over-period growth in point-of-sale and direct-to-consumer receivables and to a lesser extent in our CAR receivables—growth which we expect to result in net period-over-period growth in our total interest income for these operations throughout 2018. Future periods’ growth is also dependent on the addition of new retail partners to expand the reach of point-of-sale operations as well as growth within existing partnerships and continued growth and marketing within the direct-to-consumer receivables. Despite anticipated increases in point-of-sale and direct-to-consumer receivables, continued net liquidations of our historical credit card receivables will continue to offset some of the expected increases but are not expected to result in overall net declines in interest income period-over-period.

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Interest expense. Variations in interest expense are due to our debt facilities being repaid commensurate with net liquidations of the underlying credit card, auto finance and installment loan receivables that serve as collateral for the facilities offset by new borrowings associated with growth in point-of-sale and direct-to-consumer receivables and CAR operations as evidenced within Note 7, “Notes Payable,” to our consolidated financial statements. Outstanding notes payable associated with our point-of-sale and direct-to-consumer operations increased from $119.4 million as of March 31, 2017 to $219.9 million as of March 31, 2018. We anticipate additional debt financing over the next few quarters as we continue to acquire receivables, and as such, we expect our quarterly interest expense to be above that experienced in the prior periods for these operations.

Fees and related income on earning assets.  The significant factors affecting our differing levels of fees and related income on earning assets include:

•     increases in fees on credit products, primarily associated with growth in direct-to-consumer products and to a lesser degree by growth in point-of-sale finance products, offset somewhat by general net declines in historical credit card receivables; and

• the effects of changes in the fair values of credit card receivables recorded at fair value and notes payable associated with structured financings recorded at fair value as described below.

We expect increasing levels of direct-to-consumer fee income throughout 2018 as we continue to invest in new credit card receivables as part of our direct-to-consumer operations, offset somewhat by diminishing fee income associated with our existing portfolios of liquidating credit card receivables. Additionally, for credit card accounts for which we use fair value accounting, we expect our change in fair value of credit card receivables recorded at fair value and our change in fair value of notes payable associated with structured financings recorded at fair value amounts to gradually diminish (absent significant changes in the assumptions used to determine these fair values) in the future. These amounts, however, are subject to potentially high levels of volatility if we experience changes in the quality of our credit card receivables or if there are significant changes in market valuation factors (e.g., interest rates and spreads) in the future. Such volatility will be muted somewhat, however, by the offsetting nature of the receivables and underlying debt being recorded at fair value and with the expected reductions in the face amounts of such outstanding receivables and debt as we experience further historical credit card receivables liquidations and associated debt amortizing repayments. Further, as discussed above, we do not expect meaningful levels of rental revenue as existing rent-to-own contracts have effectively concluded with no new acquisitions expected. This decline in rental revenues will serve to offset some of the aforementioned growth we expect in our credit card fee income.

Servicing income.  We earn servicing income by servicing loan portfolios for third parties (including our equity-method investee). Additionally, we will receive periodic compensation for processing reimbursements to consumers with respect to one of our portfolios. Unless and/or until we grow the number of contractual servicing relationships we have with third parties or our current relationships grow their loan portfolios, we will not experience significant growth and income within this category, and we currently expect to experience continued declines in this category of revenue relative to revenue earned in prior periods.

Other income.  Historically included within our other income category are ancillary and interchange revenues, which are now relatively insignificant for us due to previous credit card account closures and net credit card receivables portfolio liquidations. Given recent growth associated with new credit card offerings and related receivables, we expect ancillary and interchange revenues to grow modestly throughout the year. Also included within our other income category are gains or losses associated with investments previously made in consumer finance technology platforms carried at the lower of cost or market valuation.

Equity in income of equity-method investee.  Because our equity-method investee uses the fair value option to account for its financial assets and liabilities, changes in fair value estimates can cause some volatility in the earnings of this investee. Because of continued liquidations in the credit card receivables portfolio of our equity-method investee, absent additional investments in our existing or in new equity-method investees in the future, we expect gradually declining effects from our equity-method investment on our operating results.

Net losses upon (recovery of) charge off of loans and fees receivable recorded at fair value. This account reflects charge offs (net of recoveries) of the face amount of credit card receivables we record at fair value on our consolidated balance sheet. We have experienced a general trending decline in, and we expect future trending declines in, these charge-offs as we continue to liquidate our historical credit card receivables. Additionally, net recovery in the three months endedMarch 31, 2017 reflects the effects of reimbursements received in respect of one of our portfolios which were not replicated in the three months endedMarch 31, 2018. In the three months endedMarch 31, 2017, these reimbursements exceeded the charge-offs experienced within the portfolio during the period as the reimbursements are not directly associated with the timing of actual

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charge-offs. The timing of these reimbursements cannot be reliably determined and we currently do not expect that these reimbursements will result in a net recovery of losses upon charge-off in 2018.

Provision for losses on loans and fees receivable recorded at net realizable value.  Our provision for losses on loans and fees receivable recorded at net realizable value covers, with respect to such receivables, changes in estimates regarding our aggregate loss exposures on (1) principal receivable balances, (2) finance charges and late fees receivable underlying income amounts included within our total interest income category, and (3) other fees receivable. We have experienced a period-over-period increase in this category between the three months endedMarch 31, 2018 and 2017 primarily reflecting the effects of volume associated with point-of-sale and direct-to-consumer finance receivables (i.e., growth of new product receivables and their subsequent maturation), rather than specific credit quality changes or deterioration, which also impacted our provision for losses on loans and fees receivable recorded at net realizable value to a lesser degree. See Note 2, “Significant Accounting Policies and Consolidated Financial Statement Components,” to our consolidated financial statements and the discussions of our Credit and Other Investments and Auto Finance segments for further credit quality statistics and analysis.

Total other operating expense. Total other operating expense variances for the three months endedMarch 31, 2018, relative to the three months endedMarch 31, 2017, reflect the following:

• increases in card and loan servicing expenses in the three months endedMarch 31, 2018 when compared to the three months endedMarch 31, 2017 due to growth in receivables associated with our investments in point-of-sale and direct-to-consumer receivables which grew from $225.6 million outstanding to $322.3 million outstanding at March 31, 2017 and March 31, 2018, respectively, offset by the continued net liquidations in our historical credit card portfolios, the receivables of which declined from $21.9 million outstanding to $15.6 million outstanding at March 31, 2017 and March 31, 2018, respectively;

• slight increases in marketing and solicitation costs for the three months endedMarch 31, 2018 primarily due to volume-related increases in costs attributable to the growth in our retail point-of-sale and direct-to-consumer portfolios. We expect that increased origination and brand marketing support will result in overall increases in year-over-year costs during 2018 although the frequency and timing of marketing efforts could result in reductions in quarter-over-quarter marketing costs; and

• declines in other expenses primarily related to realized translation gains and losses recognized during both periods.

Certain operating costs are variable based on the levels of accounts and receivables we service (both for our own account and for others) and the pace and breadth of our growth in receivables. However, a number of our operating costs are fixed and until recently have comprised a larger percentage of our total costs based on the ongoing contraction of our historical credit card receivables. This trend is gradually reversing as we continue to grow our earning assets (including loans and fees receivable) based principally on growth of point-of-sale and direct-to-consumer receivables and to a lesser extent, growth within our CAR operations. This is evidenced by the growth we experienced in our managed receivables levels relative to minimal growth in the fixed portion of our card and loan servicing expenses as well as our salaries and benefits costs as we were able to better utilize our fixed costs to grow our asset base. We continue to perform extensive reviews of all areas of our businesses for cost savings opportunities to better align our costs with our portfolio of managed receivables.

Notwithstanding our ongoing cost-control efforts and focus, we expect increased levels of expenditures associated with anticipated growth in point-of-sale and direct-to-consumer personal loan and credit card-related operations. These expenses will primarily relate to the variable costs of marketing efforts and card and loan servicing expenses associated with new receivable acquisitions. While we have greater control over our variable expenses, it is difficult (as explained above) for us to appreciably reduce our fixed and other costs associated with an infrastructure (particularly within our Credit and Other Investments segment) that was built to support levels of managed receivables that are significantly higher than both our current levels and the levels that we expect to see in the near future. At this point, our Credit and Other Investments segment cash inflows are sufficient to cover its direct variable costs and a portion, but not all, of its share of overhead costs (including, for example, corporate-level executive and administrative costs and our convertible senior notes interest costs). As such, if we are unable to contain overhead costs or expand revenue-earning activities to levels commensurate with such costs, then, depending upon the earnings generated from our Auto Finance segment and our liquidating credit card portfolios, we may experience continuing pressure on our ability to achieve consistent profitability.

Noncontrolling interests.  We reflect the ownership interests of noncontrolling holders of equity in our majority-owned subsidiaries as noncontrolling interests in our consolidated statements of operations. Unless we enter into significant new majority-owned subsidiary ventures with noncontrolling interest holders in the future, we expect to have negligible noncontrolling interests in our majority-owned subsidiaries and negligible allocations of income or loss to noncontrolling interest holders in future quarters.

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Income Taxes. We experienced a negative effective income tax expense rate of 3.1% for the three months ended March 31, 2018, compared to an effective income tax expense rate of 45.9% for the three months ended March 31, 2017. Our negative effective income tax expense rate for the three months ended March 31, 2018, is below the statutory rate principally due to (1) interest we accrued during such period on unpaid federal tax liabilities and uncertain tax positions, (2) additions during such period to valuation allowances against our net federal deferred tax assets associated with our net loss incurred during such period, and (3) foreign tax expense incurred during such period. Our effective income tax expense rate for the three months ended March 31, 2017, was above the statutory rate applicable during such period principally due to interest we accrued during such period on unpaid federal tax liabilities.

As implied above, we report income tax-related interest and penalties (including those associated with both our accrued liabilities for uncertain tax positions and unpaid tax liabilities) within our income tax benefit or expense line item on our consolidated statements of operations. We likewise report the reversal of income tax-related interest and penalties within such line item to the extent that we resolve our liabilities for uncertain tax positions or unpaid tax liabilities in a manner favorable to our accruals therefor. During both the three months ended March 31, 2018, and 2017, we included $0.2 million of net income tax-related interest and penalties within those periods’ respective income tax expense line items.

In December 2014, we reached a settlement with the IRS concerning the tax treatment of net operating losses we incurred in 2007 and 2008 and carried back to obtain refunds of federal income taxes paid in earlier years dating back to 2003. Our net unpaid income tax assessment associated with that settlement was $7.4 million at March 31, 2018; this amount excludes unpaid interest and penalties on the tax assessment, the accruals for which aggregated $4.3 million at March 31, 2018. Prior to our filing amended return claims that would have eliminated the $7.4 million assessment (and corresponding interest and penalties) under a negotiated provision of the IRS settlement, the IRS filed a lien (as is customarily the case), associated with the assessment. Subsequently, an IRS examination team denied our amended return claims, and we filed a protest with IRS Appeals. Following correspondence and conferences we held with IRS Appeals, we received a settlement offer from IRS Appeals in April 2018 that would reduce our $7.4 million net unpaid income tax assessment referenced above to $3.7 million. We currently are evaluating the settlement offer, and should we accept the offer, (1) our $3.7 million reduction in the unpaid income tax assessment and liability accrued therefor would be reversed into income (along with a commensurate portion of the $4.3 million we have accrued for interest and penalties associated with the $3.7 million settled accrual), and (2) we would expect to pay the remaining accrued income tax, interest and penalties liability to the IRS after the settlement is finalized.

Credit and Other Investments Segment

     Our Credit and Other Investments segment includes our activities relating to our servicing of and our investments in the point-of-sale, direct-to-consumer personal finance and credit card operations, our various credit card receivables portfolios, as well as other product testing and investments that generally utilize much of the same infrastructure. The types of revenues we earn from our investments in receivables portfolios and services primarily include finance charges, fees and the accretion of discounts associated with the point-of-sale receivables or annual fees on our direct-to-consumer receivables.

We record (i) the finance charges, discount accretion and late fees assessed on our Credit and Other Investments segment receivables in the interest income - consumer loans, including past due fees category on our consolidated statements of operations, (ii) the rental revenue, over-limit, annual, activation, monthly maintenance, returned-check, cash advance and other fees in the fees and related income on earning assets category on our consolidated statements of operations, and (iii) the charge offs (and recoveries thereof) within our provision for losses on loans and fees receivable on our consolidated statements of operations (for all credit product receivables other than those for which we have elected the fair value option) and within net losses upon (recovery of) charge off of loans and fees receivable recorded at fair value on our consolidated statements of operations (for all of our other receivables for which we have elected the fair value option). Additionally, we show the effects of fair value changes for those credit card receivables for which we have elected the fair value option as a component of fees and related income on earning assets in our consolidated statements of operations.

We historically have invested in receivables portfolios through subsidiary entities. If we control through direct ownership or exert a controlling interest in the entity, we consolidate it and reflect its operations as noted above. If we exert significant influence but do not control the entity, we record our share of its net operating results in the equity in income of equity-method investee category on our consolidated statements of operations.

Managed Receivables

We make various references within our discussion of the Credit and Other Investments segment to our managed receivables. Historically, our managed receivables data included the current period results for our ownership in receivables, regardless of the manner of accounting. This included those receivables that are shown as Loans and fees receivable, gross on

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our consolidated balance sheet, the liquidating credit card portfolios underlying our Loans and fees receivable, at fair value on our consolidated balance sheet and those liquidating credit card portfolios underlying non-consolidated equity-method investees. In order to provide data that are more reflective of our current operations, we have changed our methodology for calculating managed receivables data to include only the performance of those receivables underlying consolidated subsidiaries and exclude from managed receivables data the performance of receivables held by our equity method investee. As the receivables underlying our equity method investee reflect a diminishing portion of our overall receivables base, we do not believe their inclusion or exclusion in the overall results is material. Additionally, we now calculate average managed receivables based on the quarter ending balances. In this report, we have calculated managed receivables and the related ratios for all periods presented in accordance with this new methodology.

Financial, operating and statistical data based on aggregate managed receivables are important to any evaluation of the performance of our credit portfolios, including our risk management, servicing and collection activities and our valuing of purchased receivables.  In allocating our resources and managing our business, management relies heavily upon financial data and results prepared on this “managed basis.” Analysts, investors and others also consider it important that we provide selected financial, operating and statistical data on a managed basis because this allows a comparison of us to others within the specialty finance industry. Moreover, our management, analysts, investors and others believe it is critical that they understand the credit performance of our managed receivables because it provides information concerning the quality of loan originations and the related credit risks inherent within the portfolios.

Reconciliation of the managed receivables data to our GAAP financial statements requires an understanding that: (1) our managed receivables data are based on billings and actual charge-offs as they occur, without regard to any changes in our allowance for uncollectible loans and fees receivable; (2) our managed receivables data exclude non-consolidated receivables (3) the period-end and average managed receivables data include the face value of consolidated receivables which are accounted for under the fair value option; and (4) we exclude from our managed receivables data certain reimbursements received in respect of one of our portfolios which resulted in pre-tax income benefits within our net recovery of charge off of loans and fees receivable recorded at fair value line item on our consolidated statements of operations totaling approximately $2.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017, $1.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2017, $8.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017, $10.3 million for the three months ended December 31, 2016, $2.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016, and $7.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2016. This last category of reconciling items above is excluded because it does not bear on our performance in managing our credit card portfolios, including our risk management, servicing and collection activities and our valuing of purchased receivables; moreover, it is difficult to determine the future effects of any such reimbursements that may be received.

A reconciliation of our Loans and fees receivable, at fair value to the assets underlying those receivables which are included in our managed receivables are as follows (in thousands):

	At or for the Three Months Ended
	2018	2017				2016
	Mar. 31	Dec. 31	Sept. 30	Jun. 30	Mar. 31	Dec. 31	Sept. 30	Jun. 30
Loans and fees receivable, gross	15,557	16,601	18,180	20,102	21,922	24,229	28,313	28,514
Fair value adjustment	(6,144)	(5,492)	(6,161)	(7,332)	(8,331)	(8,581)	(9,868)	(7,994)
Loans and fees receivable, at fair value	9,413	11,109	12,019	12,770	13,591	15,648	18,445	20,520

Asset quality. Our delinquency and charge-off data at any point in time reflect the credit performance of our managed receivables. The average age of the accounts underlying our receivables, the timing of portfolio purchases, the success of our collection and recovery efforts and general economic conditions all affect our delinquency and charge-off rates. The average age of the accounts underlying our receivables portfolio also affects the stability of our delinquency and loss rates. We consider this delinquency and charge-off data in our allowance for uncollectible loans and fees receivable for our other credit product receivables that we report at net realizable value. Our strategy for managing delinquency and receivables losses consists of account management throughout the life of the receivable. This strategy includes credit line management and pricing based on the risks. See also our discussion of collection strategies under the “How Do We Collect?” in Item 1, “Business” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.

The following table presents the delinquency trends of the receivables we manage within our Credit and Other Investments segment, as well as charge-off data and other managed receivables statistics (in thousands; percentages of total):

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	At or for the Three Months Ended
	2018		2017								2016
	Mar. 31		Dec. 31		Sept. 30		Jun. 30		Mar. 31		Dec. 31		Sept. 30		Jun. 30
Period-end managed receivables	$337,848		$333,286		$303,080		$267,637		$247,569		$238,493		$219,016		$193,253
Percent 30 or more days past due	12.1	%	13.7	%	12.1	%	11.5	%	11.5	%	12.7	%	11.7	%	8.9	%
Percent 60 or more days past due	9.1	%	9.8	%	8.3	%	7.8	%	8.3	%	8.8	%	7.8	%	5.8	%
Percent 90 or more days past due	6.5	%	6.5	%	5.5	%	4.9	%	5.5	%	5.5	%	4.9	%	3.7	%
Average managed receivables	$335,567		$318,183		$285,359		$257,603		$243,031		$228,755		$206,135		$169,503
Total yield ratio	41.0	%	39.5	%	36.5	%	35.1	%	34.8	%	33.4	%	35.6	%	35.8	%
Combined gross charge-off ratio	24.2	%	20.1	%	18.2	%	21.1	%	22.4	%	20.1	%	12.6	%	13.9	%

The following table presents additional trends and data with respect to our current point-of-sale (“Retail”) and direct-to-consumer operations (“Direct”) (dollars in thousands). Results of our historical credit card receivables portfolios are excluded:

	Retail - At or for the Three Months Ended
	2018	2017				2016
	Mar. 31	Dec. 31	Sept. 30	Jun. 30	Mar. 31	Dec. 31	Sept. 30	Jun. 30
Period-end managed receivables	$207,231	$206,877	$193,403	$180,830	161,876	$141,261	$110,542	$89,836
Percent 30 or more days past due	12.6%	14.0%	14.0%	12.3%	11.8%	13.4%	13.8%	12.6%
Percent 60 or more days past due	9.4%	10.1%	9.9%	8.4%	8.6%	9.6%	9.5%	8.3%
Percent 90 or more days past due	6.8%	7.2%	6.9%	5.6%	6.1%	6.4%	6.5%	5.4%
Average APR	24.2%	24.2%	26.7%	26.7%	26.5%	26.3%	25.5%	25%
Receivables purchased during period	$60,932	$64,036	$59,293	$65,786	$64,617	$60,118	$44,871	$35,478

	Direct - At or for the Three Months Ended
	2018	2017				2016
	Mar. 31	Dec. 31	Sept. 30	Jun. 30	Mar. 31	Dec. 31	Sept. 30	Jun. 30
Period-end managed receivables	$115,060	$109,808	$91,497	$66,705	$63,771	$73,003	$80,161	$74,903
Percent 30 or more days past due	12.2%	12.9%	8.3%	9.3%	10.8%	10.8%	7.9%	3.5%
Percent 60 or more days past due	9.2%	9.1%	5.0%	6.2%	7.4%	6.9%	4.9%	2.0%
Percent 90 or more days past due	6.4%	5.3%	2.7%	3.4%	3.8%	3.6%	2.3%	1.1%
Average APR	26.9%	27.5%	28.5%	28.0%	27.8%	28.3%	29.2%	30.1%
Receivables purchased during period	$33,747	$38,338	$38,005	$15,051	$5,782	$5,602	$15,852	$45,562

The following discussion relates to the tables above.

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Managed receivables levels. We experienced overall quarterly growth for the last eight quarters related to our current product offerings with over $96.7 million in net receivables growth associated with our point-of-sale and direct-to-consumer products from March 31, 2017 to March 31, 2018. The addition of large point‑of‑sale retail partners and ongoing purchases of receivables from existing retail partners helped grow our point-of-sale receivables by $65.6 million and $65.4 million in the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and helped continue growth into the first quarter of 2018. Similarly, our direct-to-consumer acquisitions grew by over $36.8 million and $43.0 million, net during the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and also continued to grow into the first quarter of 2018. Towards the end of 2016, we changed the product mix of direct-to-consumer receivables we purchased such that new receivable acquisitions in this business line decreased for the last two quarters of 2016 and the first quarter of 2017. As such, we experienced net declines in our direct-to-consumer receivables growth levels as we completed our shift in receivable acquisitions for these quarters. While we expect continued quarterly growth in our managed receivables balances for all of our products throughout 2018, this growth in future periods largely is dependent on the addition of new retail partners to the point-of-sale operations as well as the timing of solicitations within the direct-to-consumer operations. Further, the loss of existing retail partner relationships could adversely affect new loan acquisition levels.

Delinquencies. Delinquencies have the potential to impact net income in the form of net credit losses. Delinquencies also are costly in terms of the personnel and resources dedicated to resolving them. We intend for the receivables management strategies we use on our portfolios to manage and, to the extent possible, reduce the higher delinquency rates that can be expected with the younger average age of the newer originations in our managed portfolio. These account management strategies include conservative credit line management, purging of inactive accounts and collection strategies intended to optimize the effective account-to-collector ratio across delinquency categories. We measure the success of these efforts by reviewing delinquency rates. These rates exclude receivables that have been charged off.

As we continue to invest in our newer point-of-sale and direct-to-consumer receivables, our delinquency rates have increased. This is largely a result of the risk profiles (and corresponding expected returns) for these receivables. Our delinquency rates have continued to be somewhat lower than what we ultimately expect for our new point-of-sale and direct-to-consumer receivables given the continued growth and age of the related accounts. This trend can be seen in periods of large growth in the charts above which result in artificially low delinquency rates. If and when growth for these product lines moderates, we expect increased overall delinquency rates as the existing receivables mature through their peak charge-off periods. Additionally, we expect to continue to see seasonal payment patterns on these receivables which impact our delinquencies. For example, delinquency rates historically are lower in the first quarter of each year due to the benefits of seasonally strong payment patterns associated with year-end tax refunds for most consumers.

Total yield ratio. Currently, we are experiencing growth in our newer, higher yielding receivables, including point-of-sale receivables and direct-to-consumer loans. While this growth has contributed to increases in our total yield ratio, we expect this growth also will continue to result in higher charge-off rates than those experienced historically. The second quarter 2016 total yield ratio excludes the impact of gain associated with our repurchase of $4.5 million aggregate principal amount of outstanding 5.875% convertible senior notes which resulted in a net gain of $1.0 million. Additionally, our fourth quarter 2017 total yield ratio excludes the impact of our $2.1 million write-down of the carrying value associated with a previous investment in a consumer finance technology platform.

We expect total yield ratios to continue to fluctuate somewhat based on the relative mix of growth in point-of-sale receivables and our higher yielding direct-to-consumer credit card receivables. This growth will be offset somewhat by the continued liquidation and thus reduced impacts of our historical loans and fees receivable, at fair value.

Combined gross charge-off ratio. We charge off our Credit and Other Investments segment receivables when they become contractually more than 180 days past due or 120 days past due for the direct-to-consumer personal loan receivables. However, if a payment is made greater than or equal to two minimum payments within a month of the charge-off date, we may reconsider whether charge-off status remains appropriate. Typically, we charge off receivables within 30 days of notification and confirmation of a consumer’s bankruptcy or death. However, in some cases of death, we do not charge off receivables if there is a surviving, contractually liable individual or an estate large enough to pay the debt in full.

Growth within point-of-sale finance and direct-to-consumer receivables has resulted in increases in our charge-off rates over time. Our recent combined gross charge-off ratios benefited in the first few quarters of 2016 from growth we experienced in our point-of-sale operations and more directly from growth in our direct-to-consumer receivables. Many of these receivables reached peak charge off periods in the fourth quarter of 2016 but continued to negatively impact the first and second quarters of 2017. Additionally, we made substantial investments in our personal loan offerings in the second quarter of 2016 which did not reach their peak-charge off period until the fourth quarter of 2016, thus positively impacting our second and third quarter combined gross charge-off ratios and negatively impacting the same ratios in the fourth quarter of 2016 and the

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first and second quarters of 2017. Our fourth quarter 2017 and first quarter 2018 combined gross charge-off ratios reflect further significant investments during the second and third quarters in 2017 in direct-to-consumer receivables, which reached their peak charge off periods during the fourth quarter of 2017 and first quarter of 2018.

The growth in the point-of-sale and direct-to-consumer receivables continues to result in higher charge-offs than those experienced historically. In the next few quarters, we expect continued elevated charge off rates when compared to historical results, given the following: (1) higher expected charge off rates on the point-of-sale and direct-to-consumer receivables corresponding with higher yields on these product offerings, (2) continued testing of receivables with higher risk profiles, which could lead to periodic increases in combined gross charge-offs, (3) the low charge-off ratios experienced in the second and third quarters of 2016 as discussed above and (4) recent vintages reaching peak charge-off periods. Offsetting these increases will be growth in the underlying receivables base which will serve to mute to a varying degree some of the aforementioned impacts as has been seen in recent quarters. Further impacting our charge-off rates are the timing of solicitations which serve to minimize charge off rates in periods of high receivable acquisitions but also exacerbate charge-off rates in periods of lower receivable acquisitions.

Average APR.Our average annual percentage rate (“APR”) charged to customers varies by receivable type, credit history and other factors. The APR for receivables in our point-of-sale operations range from 9.99% to 36.0%. For our direct-to-consumer receivables, APR ranges from 19.99% to 36.0%. We have experienced minor fluctuations in our average APR based on the relative product mix of receivables purchased during a period. We currently expect average APRs in 2018 to remain consistent with the average APRs we have experienced over the past several quarters; however, the timing and relative mix of receivables acquired could cause some minor fluctuations.

Receivables purchased during period. Receivables purchased during the period reflect the gross amount of investments we have made, net of any credits issued to consumers during that same period. For most periods presented, our point-of-sale receivable purchases experienced overall growth throughout the periods presented largely based on the addition of new point-of-sale retail partners, as previously discussed. We may experience periodic declines in these acquisitions due to the loss of one or more retail partners or due to seasonal purchase activity by consumers but we currently expect to see slight increases in receivable acquisitions when compared to the same period in prior years. Our direct-to-consumer receivable acquisitions tend to have more volatility based on the issuance of new credit card accounts by our banking partner and the availability of capital to fund new purchases. Nonetheless, we expect continued growth in the acquisition of these receivables throughout 2018. 

Auto Finance Segment

Our Auto Finance segment historically included a variety of auto sales and lending activities. Similar to changes in the managed calculation above, the average managed receivables used in the ratios below is now calculated based on the quarter ending balances of consolidated receivables. In this report, we have calculated managed receivables and the related ratios for all periods presented in accordance with this new methodology.

CAR, our auto finance platform acquired in April 2005, principally purchases and/or services loans secured by automobiles from or for, and also provides floor-plan financing for, a pre-qualified network of independent automotive dealers and automotive finance companies in the buy-here, pay-here used car business.  We have expanded these operations to also include certain installment lending products in addition to our traditional loans secured by automobiles both in the U.S. and U.S. territories.  

Collectively, as of March 31, 2018, we served more than 550 dealers through our Auto Finance segment in 33 states, the District of Columbia and two U.S. territories.

Managed Receivables Background

For reasons set forth above within our Credit and Other Investments segment discussion, we also provide managed receivables-based financial, operating and statistical data for our Auto Finance segment. Reconciliation of the auto finance managed receivables data to our GAAP financial statements requires an understanding that our managed receivables data are based on billings and actual charge offs as they occur, without regard to any changes in our allowance for uncollectible loans and fees receivable.

Analysis of Statistical Data

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Financial, operating and statistical metrics for our Auto Finance segment are detailed (in thousands; percentages of total) in the following table:

	At or for the Three Months Ended
	2018			2017												2016
	Mar. 31			Dec. 31			Sept. 30			Jun. 30			Mar. 31			Dec. 31			Sept. 30			Jun. 30
Period-end managed receivables	$	78,436		$	77,213		$	74,923		$	76,387		$	72,121		$	76,433		$	73,624		$	78,010
Percent 30 or more days past due	8.8		%	12.8		%	13.0		%	11.7		%	10.0		%	14.2		%	12.7		%	12.3		%
Percent 60 or more days past due	3.3		%	5.0		%	5.0		%	4.0		%	4.2		%	5.4		%	4.5		%	3.9		%
Percent 90 or more days past due	1.6		%	2.4		%	2.2		%	1.4		%	2.1		%	2.4		%	1.8		%	1.5		%
Average managed receivables	$	77,825		$	76,068		$	75,655		$	74,254		$	74,278		$	75,029		$	75,817		$	76,878
Total yield ratio	37.9		%	37.9		%	38.8		%	39.2		%	39.3		%	39.5		%	40.3		%	39.6		%
Combined gross charge-off ratio	2.1		%	3.0		%	1.1		%	2.5		%	2.5		%	2.8		%	2.9		%	3.2		%
Recovery ratio	1.5		%	1.5		%	1.7		%	2.0		%	1.6		%	1.6		%	1.1		%	1.6		%

Managed receivables.  We expect modest growth in the level of our managed receivables when compared to the same periods in prior years in both the U.S. and U.S. territories. Although we are expanding our CAR operations, the Auto Finance segment faces strong competition from other specialty finance lenders, as well as the indirect effects on us of our buy-here, pay-here dealership partners’ competition with more traditional franchise dealerships for consumers interested in purchasing automobiles.

Delinquencies.  Current delinquency levels are consistent with our expectations for levels in the near term with some improvement noted in the first quarter of 2018 due to a shift in the underlying mix of receivables held that, under certain conditions, require participating dealers to guarantee the performance of the underlying receivables. Delinquency rates also tend to fluctuate based on seasonal trends and historically are lower in the first quarter of each year as seen above due to the benefits of strong payment patterns associated with year-end tax refunds for most consumers. We are not concerned with modest fluctuations in delinquency rates and do not believe they will have a significantly positive or adverse impact on our results of operations; even at slightly elevated rates, we earn significant yields on CAR’s receivables and have significant dealer reserves (i.e., retainages or holdbacks on the amount of funding CAR provides to its dealer customers) to protect against meaningful credit losses.

Total yield ratio.  We have experienced modest fluctuations in our total yield ratio largely impacted by the relative mix of receivables in various products offered by CAR as some shorter term product offerings tend to have higher yields. Yields on our CAR products over the last few quarters are consistent with our expectations and we expect our total yield ratio to remain in line with current experience with moderate fluctuations based on relative growth or declines in average managed receivables for a given quarter as noted above and the relative mix of receivables in our various product offerings. Additionally, our product offerings in the U.S. territories tend to have slightly lower yields than those offered in the U.S. As such, continued growth in that region will also serve to slightly depress our overall total yield ratio, yet will continue to generate attractive returns on assets.

Combined gross charge-off ratio and recovery ratio.  We charge off auto finance receivables when they are between 120 and 180 days past due, unless the collateral is repossessed and sold before that point, in which case we will record a charge off when the proceeds are received. Combined gross charge-off ratios in the above table reflect the lower delinquency rates we have recently experienced. While we anticipate our charge-offs to be incurred ratably across our portfolio of dealers, specific dealer-related losses are difficult to predict and can negatively influence our combined gross charge-off ratio. We continually re-assess our dealers and will take appropriate action if we believe a particular dealer’s risk characteristics adversely change. While we have appropriate dealer reserves to mitigate losses across the majority of our pool of receivables, the timing of recognition of these reserves as an offset to charge offs is largely dependent on various factors specific to each of our dealer partners including ongoing purchase volumes, outstanding balances of receivables and current performance of outstanding loans. As such, the timing of charge off offsets is difficult to predict; however, we believe that these reserves are adequate to offset any loss exposure we may incur. Additionally, the products we issue in the U.S. territories do not have dealer reserves

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with which we can offset losses. As our investments in these loans grow, we expect that gross charge-off rates will climb slightly over existing rates. We also expect our recovery rate to fluctuate modestly from quarter to quarter due to the timing of the sale of repossessed autos.

Definitions of Financial, Operating and Statistical Measures

Total yield ratio.Represents an annualized fraction, the numerator of which includes (as appropriate for each applicable disclosed segment) the: 1) finance charge and late fee income billed on all consolidated outstanding receivables and the amortization of the accretable yield component of our acquisition discounts for portfolio purchases, collectively included in the consumer loans, including past due fees category on our consolidated statements of income; plus 2) credit card fees (including over-limit fees, cash advance fees, returned check fees and interchange income), earned, amortized amounts of annual membership fees and activation fees with respect to certain credit card receivables, collectively included in our fees and related income on earning assets category on our consolidated statements of income; plus 3) servicing, other income and other activities collectively included in our other operating income category on our consolidated statements of income. The denominator used represents our average managed receivables.

Combined gross charge-off ratio.Represents an annualized fraction, the numerator of which is the aggregate consolidated amounts of finance charge, fee and principal losses from consumers unwilling or unable to pay their receivables balances, as well as from bankrupt and deceased consumers, less current-period recoveries (including recoveries from dealer reserve offsets for our CAR operations) and the related portion of unamortized discounts, as reflected in Note 2 “Significant Accounting Policies and Consolidated Financial Statement Components-Loans and Fees Receivable”, and the denominator of which is average managed receivables. Recoveries on managed receivables represent all amounts received related to managed receivables that previously have been charged off, including payments received directly from consumers and proceeds received from the sale of those charged-off receivables. Recoveries typically have represented less than 2% of average managed receivables.

LIQUIDITY, FUNDING AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

As discussed elsewhere in this report, we incur a significant level of costs associated with a fixed infrastructure that had been designed to support our significant legacy credit card operations. Our infrastructure costs are still somewhat elevated, and while we had in the past focused on cost reduction, our primary focus now is growing the point-of-sale and direct-to-consumer personal loan and credit card receivables so that our revenues from these investments can cover our infrastructure costs and return us to consistent profitability. Increases in new and existing retail partnerships and the expansion of our investments in direct-to-consumer finance products have resulted in quarterly growth of total managed receivables levels, and we expect this growth to continue in the coming quarters.

Accordingly, we will continue to focus in the coming quarters on (i) containing costs (as opposed to our previous focus on reducing expenses) (ii) obtaining new retail partners to continue growth of the point-of-sale receivables (iii) continuing growth in direct-to-consumer credit card receivables and (iv) obtaining the funding necessary to meet capital needs required by the growth of our receivables and to cover our infrastructure costs until our receivables investments generate enough revenues and cash flows to cover such costs.

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All of our Credit and Other Investments segment’s structured financing facilities are expected to amortize down with collections on the receivables within their underlying trusts and should not represent significant refunding or refinancing risks to our consolidated balance sheet.  Additionally, we do not expect any imminent refunding or financing needs associated with our 5.875% convertible senior notes given their maturity in 2035. As such, the only facilities that could represent near-term significant refunding or refinancing needs as of March 31, 2018 are those associated with the following notes payable in the amounts indicated (in millions): 

Revolving credit facility (expiring October 30, 2019) that is secured by certain receivables and restricted cash	$	49.2
Revolving credit facility (expiring November 1, 2019) that is secured by the financial and operating assets of our CAR operations	24.6
Revolving credit facility (expiring December 31, 2019) that is secured by certain receivables and restricted cash	19.7
Revolving credit facility (expiring December 21, 2019) that is secured by certain receivables and restricted cash	11.8
Senior secured term loan from related parties (expiring November 21, 2018) that is secured by certain assets of the Company with an annual interest rate equal to 9.0%	40.0
Total	$	145.3

Further details concerning the above debt facilities are provided in Note 7, “Notes Payable,” and Note 8, “Convertible Senior Notes,” to our consolidated financial statements included herein. Based on the state of the debt capital markets, the performance of our assets that serve as security for the above facilities, and our relationships with lenders, we view imminent refunding or refinancing risks with respect to the above facilities as low in the current environment, and we believe that the quality of our new receivables should allow us to raise more capital through increasing the size of our facilities with our existing lenders and attracting new lending relationships.  

In February 2017, we (through a wholly owned subsidiary) established a program under which we sell certain receivables to a consolidated trust in exchange for notes issued by the trust. The notes are secured by the receivables and other assets of the trust. Simultaneously with the establishment of the program, the trust issued a series of variable funding notes and sold an aggregate amount of up to $90.0 million (of which $80.0 million was outstanding as of March 31, 2018) to an unaffiliated third party pursuant to a facility that can be drawn upon to the extent of outstanding eligible receivables.

The facility matures on February 8, 2022 and is subject to certain affirmative covenants and collateral performance tests, the failure of which could result in required early repayment of all or a portion of the outstanding balance of notes. The facility also may be prepaid subject to payment of a prepayment fee.

In December 2014, we reached a settlement with the IRS concerning the tax treatment of net operating losses we incurred in 2007 and 2008 and carried back to obtain refunds of federal income taxes paid in earlier years dating back to 2003. Our net unpaid income tax assessment associated with that settlement was $7.4 million at March 31, 2018; this amount excludes unpaid interest and penalties on the tax assessment, the accruals for which aggregated $4.3 million at March 31, 2018. Prior to our filing amended return claims that would have eliminated the $7.4 million assessment (and corresponding interest and penalties) under a negotiated provision of the IRS settlement, the IRS filed a lien (as is customarily the case), associated with the assessment. Subsequently, an IRS examination team denied our amended return claims, and we filed a protest with IRS Appeals. Following correspondence and conferences we held with IRS Appeals, we received a settlement offer from IRS Appeals in April 2018 that would reduce our $7.4 million net unpaid income tax assessment referenced above to $3.7 million. We currently are evaluating the settlement offer, and should we accept the offer, (1) our $3.7 million reduction in the unpaid income tax assessment and liability accrued therefor would be reversed into income (along with a commensurate portion of the $4.3 million we have accrued for interest and penalties associated with the $3.7 million settled accrual), and (2) we would expect to pay the remaining accrued income tax, interest and penalties liability to the IRS after the settlement is finalized.

At March 31, 2018, we had $35.4 million in unrestricted cash held by our various business subsidiaries. Because the characteristics of our assets and liabilities change, liquidity management has been a dynamic process for us, driven by the pricing and maturity of our assets and liabilities. We historically have financed our business through cash flows from operations, asset-backed structured financings and the issuance of debt and equity. Details concerning our cash flows for the three months endedMarch 31, 2018 and 2017 are as follows:

• During the three months ended March 31, 2018, we used$10.2 million of cash flows from operations compared to the generation of$2.4 million of cash flows from operations during the three months ended March 31, 2017. The

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decrease in cash provided by operating activities was principally related to the decline in reimbursements received in respect of one of our portfolios.

• During the three months ended March 31, 2018, we used$8.9 million of cash from our investing activities, compared to use of$4.0 million of cash from investing activities during the three months ended March 31, 2017.  This increase is primarily due to: 1) the shrinking size of our historical credit card receivables, resulting in lower corresponding payments from consumers; and 2) increasing levels of investments for 2018 in the point-of-sale and direct-to-consumer receivables relative to the same period in 2017 and which we expect to continue to make throughout 2018. Slightly offsetting this increase in cash used by investing activities are returns on our aforementioned investments in point-of-sale and direct-to-consumer receivables which contributed positively to our cash generated from investing activities.

• During the three months ended March 31, 2018, we generated$15.5 million of cash in financing activities, compared to our generating$3.5 million of cash in financing activities during the three months ended March 31, 2017. In both periods, the data reflect borrowings associated with point-of-sale and direct-to-consumer receivables offset by net repayments of amortizing debt facilities as payments are made on the underlying receivables that serve as collateral.

Beyond our immediate financing efforts discussed throughout this report, we will continue to evaluate debt and equity issuances as a means to fund our investment opportunities. We expect to take advantage of any opportunities to raise additional capital if terms and pricing are attractive to us. Any proceeds raised under these efforts or additional liquidity available to us could be used to fund (1) the acquisition of additional financial assets associated with the point-of-sale and direct-to-consumer finance operations as well as the acquisition of credit card receivables portfolios, (2) further repurchases of our 5.875% convertible senior notes and common stock, and (3) investments in certain financial and non-financial assets or businesses. Pursuant to a share repurchase plan authorized by our Board of Directors on May 10, 2018, we are authorized to repurchase an additional 5,000,000 shares of our common stock through June 30, 2020.

CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS, COMMITMENTS AND OFF-BALANCE-SHEET ARRANGEMENTS

See Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.

Commitments and Contingencies

We do not currently have any off-balance-sheet arrangements; however, we do have certain contractual arrangements that would require us to make payments or provide funding if certain circumstances occur, which we refer to as contingent commitments. We do not currently expect that these contingent commitments will result in any material amounts being paid by us. See Note 9, “Commitments and Contingencies,” to our consolidated financial statements included herein for further discussion of these matters.

RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

See Note 2, “Significant Accounting Policies and Consolidated Financial Statement Components,” to our consolidated financial statements included herein for a discussion of recent accounting pronouncements.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES

We have prepared our financial statements in accordance with GAAP. These principles are numerous and complex. We have summarized our significant accounting policies in the notes to our consolidated financial statements. In many instances, the application of GAAP requires management to make estimates or to apply subjective principles to particular facts and circumstances. A variance in the estimates used or a variance in the application or interpretation of GAAP could yield a materially different accounting result. It is impracticable for us to summarize every accounting principle that requires us to use judgment or estimates in our application. Nevertheless, we describe below the areas for which we believe that the estimations, judgments or interpretations that we have made, if different, would have yielded the most significant differences in our consolidated financial statements.

On a quarterly basis, we review our significant accounting policies and the related assumptions, in particular, those mentioned below, with the audit committee of the Board of Directors.

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Revenue Recognition

Consumer Loans, Including Past Due Fees

Consumer loans, including past due fees reflect interest income, including finance charges, and late fees on loans in accordance with the terms of the related customer agreements. Premiums and discounts paid or received associated with a loan are generally deferred and amortized over the average life of the related loans using the effective interest method. Finance charges and fees, net of amounts that we consider uncollectible, are included in loans and fees receivable and revenue when the fees are earned.

Fees and Related Income on Earning Assets

Fees and related income on earning assets primarily include:  (1) fees associated with our credit products, including the receivables underlying our U.S. point-of-sale finance and direct-to-consumer activities, and our historical credit card receivables; (2) changes in the fair value of loans and fees receivable recorded at fair value; (3) changes in fair value of notes payable associated with structured financings recorded at fair value; (4) revenues associated with rent payments on rental merchandise; and (5) gains or losses associated with our investments in securities. 

We assess fees on credit card accounts underlying our credit card receivables according to the terms of the related cardholder agreements and, except for annual membership fees, we recognize these fees as income when they are charged to the customers’ accounts. We accrete annual membership fees associated with our credit card receivables into income on a straight-line basis over the cardholder privilege period. Similarly, fees on our other credit products are recognized when earned, which coincides with the time they are charged to the customer’s account. Fees and related income on earning assets, net of amounts that we consider uncollectible, are included in loans and fees receivable and revenue when the fees are earned.

In periods where applicable, we accrue periodic billed rental amounts (net of allowances for uncollectible billings) into revenues over the rental period to which the billed amounts relate, and we defer recognition in revenues of any advanced customer rental payments until the rental period in which they are properly recognizable under the terms of the contract.

Measurements for Loans and Fees Receivable at Fair Value and Notes Payable Associated with Structured Financings at Fair Value

Our valuation of loans and fees receivable, at fair value is based on the present value of future cash flows using a valuation model of expected cash flows and the estimated cost to service and collect those cash flows. We estimate the present value of these future cash flows using a valuation model consisting of internally developed estimates of assumptions third-party market participants would use in determining fair value, including estimates of net collected yield, principal payment rates, expected principal credit loss rates, costs of funds, discount rates and servicing costs.  Similarly, our valuation of notes payable associated with structured financings, at fair value is based on the present value of future cash flows utilized in repayment of the outstanding principal and interest under the facilities using a valuation model of expected cash flows net of the contractual service expenses within the facilities. We estimate the present value of these future cash flows using a valuation model consisting of internally developed estimates of assumptions third-party market participants would use in determining fair value, including:  estimates of net collected yield, principal payment rates and expected principal credit loss rates on the credit card receivables that secure the non-recourse notes payable; costs of funds; discount rates; and contractual servicing fees.

The estimates for credit losses, payment rates, servicing costs, contractual servicing fees, costs of funds, discount rates and yields earned on credit card receivables significantly affect the reported amount of our loans and fees receivable, at fair value and our notes payable associated with structured financings, at fair value on our consolidated balance sheet, and they likewise affect our changes in fair value of loans and fees receivable recorded at fair value and changes in fair value of notes payable associated with structured financings recorded at fair value categories within our fees and related income on earning assets line item on our consolidated statement of operations.

Allowance for Uncollectible Loans and Fees

Through our analysis of loan performance, delinquency data, charge-off data, economic trends and the potential effects of those economic trends on consumers, we establish an allowance for uncollectible loans and fees receivable as an estimate of the probable losses inherent within those loans and fees receivable that we do not report at fair value. Our loans and fees receivable consist of smaller-balance, homogeneous loans, divided into two portfolio segments:  Credit and Other Investments; and Auto Finance. Each of these portfolio segments is further divided into pools based on common characteristics such as contract or acquisition channel. For each pool, we determine the necessary allowance for uncollectible loans and fees

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receivable by analyzing some or all of the following unique to each type of receivable pool:  historical loss rates; current delinquency and roll-rate trends; vintage analyses based on the number of months an account has been in existence; the effects of changes in the economy on our customers; changes in underwriting criteria; and estimated recoveries. To the extent that actual results differ from our estimates of uncollectible loans and fees receivable, our results of operations and liquidity could be materially affected.

RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

Under a shareholders’ agreement into which we entered with David G. Hanna, Frank J. Hanna, III, Richard R. House, Jr., Richard W. Gilbert and certain trusts that were Hanna affiliates, following our initial public offering (1) if one or more of the shareholders accepts a bona fide offer from a third party to purchase more than 50% of the outstanding common stock, each of the other shareholders that is a party to the agreement may elect to sell his shares to the purchaser on the same terms and conditions, and (2) if shareholders that are a party to the agreement owning more than 50% of the common stock propose to transfer all of their shares to a third party, then such transferring shareholders may require the other shareholders that are a party to the agreement to sell all of the shares owned by them to the proposed transferee on the same terms and conditions.

In June 2007, we entered into a sublease for 1,000 square feet of excess office space at our Atlanta headquarters with HBR Capital, Ltd. (“HBR”), a company co-owned by David G. Hanna and his brother Frank J. Hanna, III. The sublease rate per square foot is the same as the rate that we pay under the prime lease. Under the sublease, HBR paid us $26,629 and $26,103 for 2017 and 2016, respectively. The aggregate amount of payments required under the sublease from January 1, 2018 to the expiration of the sublease in May 2022 is $124,087.

In January 2013, HBR began leasing four employees from us.  HBR reimburses us for the full cost of the employees, based on the amount of time devoted to HBR.  In the three months ended March 31,2018 and 2017, we received $70,004 and $67,338, respectively, of reimbursed costs from HBR associated with these leased employees.

On November 26, 2014, we and certain of our subsidiaries entered into a Loan and Security Agreement with Dove Ventures, LLC, a Nevada limited liability company (“Dove”). The agreement provides for a senior secured term loan facility in an amount of up to $40.0 million at any time outstanding. The Loan and Security Agreement was fully drawn with $40.0 million outstanding as of March 31, 2018. In November 2017, the agreement was amended to extend the maturity date of the term loan to November 21, 2018. All other terms remain unchanged.

Our obligations under the agreement are guaranteed by certain subsidiary guarantors and secured by a pledge of certain assets of ours and the subsidiary guarantors. The loans bear interest at the rate of 9.0% per annum, payable monthly in arrears. The principal amount of these loans is payable in a single installment on November 21, 2018 (as amended). The agreement includes customary affirmative and negative covenants, as well as customary representations, warranties and events of default. Subject to certain conditions, we can prepay the principal amounts of these loans without premium or penalty.

Dove is a limited liability company owned by three trusts. David G. Hanna is the sole shareholder and the President of the corporation that serves as the sole trustee of one of the trusts, and David G. Hanna and members of his immediate family are the beneficiaries of this trust. Frank J. Hanna, III is the sole shareholder and the President of the corporation that serves as the sole trustee of the other two trusts, and Frank J. Hanna, III and members of his immediate family are the beneficiaries of these other two trusts.

FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION

We make forward-looking statements in this report and in other materials we file with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) or otherwise make public. This Part I, Item 2, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” contains forward-looking statements. In addition, our senior management might make forward-looking statements to analysts, investors, the media and others. Statements with respect to expected revenue; income; receivables; income ratios; net interest margins; long-term shareholder returns; acquisitions of financial assets and other growth opportunities; divestitures and discontinuations of businesses; loss exposure and loss provisions; delinquency and charge-off rates; the effects of account actions we may take or have taken; changes in collection programs and practices; changes in the credit quality and fair value of our credit card loans and fees receivable and the fair value of their underlying structured financing facilities; the impact of actions by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”), Federal Reserve Board, Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”), Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“CFPB”) and other regulators on both us, banks that issue credit cards and other credit products on our behalf, and merchants that participate in our point-of-sale finance operations; account growth; the performance of investments that we have made; operating expenses; the impact of bankruptcy law changes; marketing plans and expenses; the performance of our Auto Finance segment; our plans in the U.K.; the impact of

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our credit card receivables on our financial performance; the sufficiency of available capital; the prospect for improvements in the capital and finance markets; future interest costs; sources of funding operations and acquisitions; growth and profitability of our point-of-sale finance operations; our entry into international markets; our ability to raise funds or renew financing facilities; share repurchases or issuances; debt retirement; the results associated with our equity-method investee; our servicing income levels; gains and losses from investments in securities; experimentation with new products and other statements of our plans, beliefs or expectations are forward-looking statements. These and other statements using words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “plan,” “project,” “target,” “can,” “could,” “may,” “should,” “will,” “would” and similar expressions also are forward-looking statements. Each forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date of the particular statement. The forward-looking statements we make are not guarantees of future performance, and we have based these statements on our assumptions and analyses in light of our experience and perception of historical trends, current conditions, expected future developments and other factors we believe are appropriate in the circumstances. Forward-looking statements by their nature involve substantial risks and uncertainties that could significantly affect expected results, and actual future results could differ materially from those described in such statements. Management cautions against putting undue reliance on forward-looking statements or projecting any future results based on such statements or present or historical earnings levels.

Although it is not possible to identify all factors, we continue to face many risks and uncertainties. Among the factors that could cause actual future results to differ materially from our expectations are the risks and uncertainties described under “Risk Factors” set forth in Part II, Item 1A, and the risk factors and other cautionary statements in other documents we file with the SEC, including the following:

• the availability of adequate financing to support growth;

• the extent to which federal, state, local and foreign governmental regulation of our various business lines and the products we service for others limits or prohibits the operation of our businesses;

• current and future litigation and regulatory proceedings against us;

• the effect of adverse economic conditions on our revenues, loss rates and cash flows;

• competition from various sources providing similar financial products, or other alternative sources of credit, to consumers;

• the adequacy of our allowances for uncollectible loans and fees receivable and estimates of loan losses used within our risk management and analyses;

• the possible impairment of assets;

• our ability to manage costs in line with the expansion or contraction of our various business lines;

• our relationship with (i) the merchants that participate in point-of-sale finance operations and (ii) the banks that issue credit cards and provide certain other credit products utilizing our technology platform and related services; and

• theft and employee errors.

Most of these factors are beyond our ability to predict or control. Any of these factors, or a combination of these factors, could materially affect our future financial condition or results of operations and the ultimate accuracy of our forward-looking statements. There also are other factors that we may not describe (because we currently do not perceive them to be material) that could cause actual results to differ materially from our expectations.

We expressly disclaim any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law.

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ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

As a “smaller reporting company,” as defined by Item 10 of Regulation S-K, we are not required to provide this information.

ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

As of the end of the period covered by this report, an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Act”)) was carried out on behalf of Atlanticus Holdings Corporation and our subsidiaries by our management and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer (principal executive officer) and Chief Financial Officer (principal financial officer). Based upon the evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that these disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

During the quarter ended March 31, 2018, no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Act) occurred that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II--OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

See Part I, Item 3 “Legal Proceedings” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 for information regarding outstanding litigation.

Additionally, we are involved in various other legal proceedings that are incidental to the conduct of our business. There are currently no other pending legal proceedings that are expected to be material to us.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

An investment in our common stock or other securities involves a number of risks. You should carefully consider each of the risks described below before deciding to invest in our common stock or other securities. If any of the following risks develops into actual events, our business, financial condition or results of operations could be negatively affected, the market price of our common stock or other securities could decline and you may lose all or part of your investment.

Investors should be particularly cautious regarding investments in our common stock or other securities at the present time in light of uncertainties as to the profitability of our business model going forward and our inability to achieve consistent earnings from our operations in recent years.

Our Cash Flows and Net Income Are Dependent Upon Payments from Our Investments in Receivables

The collectibility of our investments in receivables is a function of many factors including the criteria used to select who is issued credit, the pricing of the credit products, the lengths of the relationships, general economic conditions, the rate at which consumers repay their accounts or become delinquent, and the rate at which consumers borrow funds.  Deterioration in these factors would adversely impact our business.  In addition, to the extent we have over-estimated collectibility, in all likelihood we have over-estimated our financial performance. Some of these concerns are discussed more fully below.

Our portfolio of receivables is not diversified and primarily originates from consumers whose creditworthiness is considered sub-prime. Historically, we have invested in receivables in one of two ways—we have either (i) invested in receivables originated by lenders who utilize our services or (ii) invested in or purchased pools of receivables from other issuers. In either case, substantially all of our receivables are from financially underserved borrowers—borrowers represented by credit risks that regulators classify as “sub-prime.” Our reliance on sub-prime receivables has negatively impacted and may in the future negatively impact, our performance. Our various past and current losses might have been mitigated had our portfolios consisted of higher-grade receivables in addition to our sub-prime receivables.

Economic slowdowns increase our credit losses. During periods of economic slowdown or recession, we experience an increase in rates of delinquencies and frequency and severity of credit losses. Our actual rates of delinquencies and frequency and severity of credit losses may be comparatively higher during periods of economic slowdown or recession than those experienced by more traditional providers of consumer credit because of our focus on the financially underserved consumer market, which may be disproportionately impacted.

We are subject to foreign economic and exchange risks. Because of our operations in the U.K.,we have exposure to fluctuations in the U.K. economy. We also have exposure to fluctuations in the relative values of the U.S. dollar and the British pound. Because the British pound has experienced a net decline in value relative to the U.S. dollar since we commenced our most significant operations in the U.K., we have experienced significant transaction and translation losses within our financial statements.

Because a significant portion of our reported income is based on management’s estimates of the future performance of receivables, differences between actual and expected performance of the receivables may cause fluctuations in net income. Significant portions of our reported income (or losses) are based on management’s estimates of cash flows we expect to receive on receivables, particularly for such assets that we report based on fair value. The expected cash flows are based on management’s estimates of interest rates, default rates, payment rates, cardholder purchases, servicing costs, and discount rates. These estimates are based on a variety of factors, many of which are not within our control. Substantial differences between actual and expected performance of the receivables will occur and cause fluctuations in our net income. For instance, higher than expected rates of delinquencies and losses could cause our net income to be lower than expected. Similarly, levels of loss and delinquency can result in our being required to repay lenders earlier than expected, thereby

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reducing funds available to us for future growth. Because all of the credit card receivables structured financing facilities are now in amortization status—which for us generally means that the only meaningful cash flows that we are receiving with respect to the credit card receivables that are encumbered by such structured financing facilities are those associated with our contractually specified fee for servicing the receivables—recent payment and default trends have substantially reduced the cash flows that we receive from these receivables.

Due to our relative lack of historical experience with Internet consumers, we may not be able to evaluate their creditworthiness. We have less historical experience with respect to the credit risk and performance of receivables owed by consumers acquired over the Internet. As a result, we may not be able to target and evaluate successfully the creditworthiness of these potential consumers. Therefore, we may encounter difficulties managing the expected delinquencies and losses and appropriately pricing products.

We Are Substantially Dependent Upon Borrowed Funds to Fund Receivables We Purchase

We finance receivables that we acquire in large part through financing facilities. All of our financing facilities are of finite duration (and ultimately will need to be extended or replaced) and contain financial covenants and other conditions that must be fulfilled in order for funding to be available. Moreover, some of our facilities currently are in amortization stages (and are not allowing for the funding of any new loans) based on their original terms.  The cost and availability of equity and borrowed funds is dependent upon our financial performance, the performance of our industry generally and general economic and market conditions, and at times equity and borrowed funds have been both expensive and difficult to obtain.

If additional financing facilities are not available in the future on terms we consider acceptable—an issue that has been made even more acute in the U.S. given regulatory changes that reduced asset-level returns on credit card lending—we will not be able to purchase additional receivables and those receivables may contract in size.

Our Financial Performance Is, in Part, a Function of the Aggregate Amount of Receivables That Are Outstanding

The aggregate amount of outstanding receivables is a function of many factors including purchase rates, payment rates, interest rates, seasonality, general economic conditions, competition from credit card issuers and other sources of consumer financing, access to funding, and the timing and extent of our receivable purchases.

Despite our recent purchases of credit card receivables, our aggregate credit card receivables contracted over the last several years. The amount of our credit card receivables is a product of a combination of factors, many of which are not in our control. Factors include:

• the availability of funding on favorable terms;

• our relationships with the banks that issue credit cards;

• the degree to which we lose business to competitors;

• the level of usage of our credit card products by consumers;

• the availability of portfolios for purchase on attractive terms;

• levels of delinquencies and charge offs;

• the level of costs of acquiring new receivables;

• our ability to employ and train new personnel;

• our ability to maintain adequate management systems, collection procedures, internal controls and automated systems; and

• general economic and other factors beyond our control.

Reliance upon relationships with a few large retailers in the point-of-sale finance operations may adversely affect our revenues and operating results from these operations. Our five largest retail partners accounted for over 50% of our outstanding point-of-sale receivables as of December 31, 2017.  Although we are adding new retail partners on a regular basis, it is likely that we will continue to derive a significant portion of this operations’ receivables base and corresponding revenue from a relatively small number of partners in the future.  If a significant partner reduces or terminates its relationship with us, these operations’ revenue could decline significantly and our operating results and financial condition could be harmed.

We Operate in a Heavily Regulated Industry

Changes in bankruptcy, privacy or other consumer protection laws, or to the prevailing interpretation thereof, may expose us to litigation, adversely affect our ability to collect receivables, or otherwise adversely affect our operations. Similarly,

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regulatory changes could adversely affect the ability or willingness of lenders who utilize our technology platform and related services to market credit products and services to consumers. While the new Presidential Administration and the congressional majorities in the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives support reducing regulatory burdens, the prospects for significant modifications are uncertain. Also, the accounting rules that apply to our business are exceedingly complex, difficult to apply and in a state of flux. As a result, how we value our receivables and otherwise account for our business is subject to change depending upon the changes in, and, interpretation of, those rules. Some of these issues are discussed more fully below.

Reviews and enforcement actions by regulatory authorities under banking and consumer protection laws and regulations may result in changes to our business practices, may make collection of receivables more difficult or may expose us to the risk of fines, restitution and litigation. Our operations and the operations of the issuing banks through which the credit products we service are originated are subject to the jurisdiction of federal, state and local government authorities, including the CFPB, the SEC, the FDIC, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, the FTC, U.K. banking and licensing authorities, state regulators having jurisdiction over financial institutions and debt origination and collection and state attorneys general. Our business practices and the practices of issuing banks, including the terms of products, servicing and collection practices, are subject to both periodic and special reviews by these regulatory and enforcement authorities. These reviews can range from investigations of specific consumer complaints or concerns to broader inquiries. If as part of these reviews the regulatory authorities conclude that we or issuing banks are not complying with applicable law, they could request or impose a wide range of remedies including requiring changes in advertising and collection practices, changes in the terms of products (such as decreases in interest rates or fees), the imposition of fines or penalties, or the paying of restitution or the taking of other remedial action with respect to affected consumers. They also could require us or issuing banks to stop offering some credit products or obtain licenses to do so, either nationally or in selected states. To the extent that these remedies are imposed on the issuing banks that originate credit products using our platform, under certain circumstances we are responsible for the remedies as a result of our indemnification obligations with those banks. We also may elect to change practices that we believe are compliant with law in order to respond to regulatory concerns. Furthermore, negative publicity relating to any specific inquiry or investigation could hurt our ability to conduct business with various industry participants or to generate new receivables and could negatively affect our stock price, which would adversely affect our ability to raise additional capital and would raise our costs of doing business.

If any deficiencies or violations of law or regulations are identified by us or asserted by any regulator, or if the CFPB, the FDIC, the FTC or any other regulator requires us or issuing banks to change any practices, the correction of such deficiencies or violations, or the making of such changes, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or business. In addition, whether or not these practices are modified when a regulatory or enforcement authority requests or requires, there is a risk that we or other industry participants may be named as defendants in litigation involving alleged violations of federal and state laws and regulations, including consumer protection laws. Any failure to comply with legal requirements by us or the banks that originate credit products utilizing our platform in connection with the issuance of those products, or by us or our agents as the servicer of our accounts, could significantly impair our ability to collect the full amount of the account balances. The institution of any litigation of this nature, or any judgment against us or any other industry participant in any litigation of this nature, could adversely affect our business and financial condition in a variety of ways.

We are dependent upon banks to issue credit cards and provide certain other credit products utilizing our technology platform and related services. We acquire receivables generated by banks from credit cards that they have issued and other products, and their regulators could at any time limit their ability to issue some or all of these products that we service, or to modify those products significantly. Any significant interruption of those relationships would result in our being unable to acquire new receivables or help develop other credit products.  It is possible that a regulatory position or action taken with respect to any of the issuing banks might result in the bank’s inability or unwillingness to originate future credit products in collaboration with us. In the current state, such a disruption of our issuing bank relationships principally would adversely affect our ability to grow our investments in point-of-sale and direct-to-consumer receivables.

Changes to consumer protection laws or changes in their interpretation may impede collection efforts or otherwise adversely impact our business practices. Federal and state consumer protection laws regulate the creation and enforcement of consumer credit card receivables and other loans. Many of these laws (and the related regulations) are focused on sub-prime lenders and are intended to prohibit or curtail industry-standard practices as well as non-standard practices. For instance, Congress enacted legislation that regulates loans to military personnel through imposing interest rate and other limitations and requiring new disclosures, all as regulated by the Department of Defense. Similarly, in 2009 Congress enacted legislation that required changes to a variety of marketing, billing and collection practices, and the Federal Reserve adopted significant changes to a number of practices through its issuance of regulations. While our practices are in compliance with these changes, some of the changes (e.g., limitations on the ability to assess up-front fees) have significantly affected the viability of certain credit products within the U.S. Changes in the consumer protection laws could result in the following:

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• receivables not originated in compliance with law (or revised interpretations) could become unenforceable and uncollectible under their terms against the obligors;

• we may be required to credit or refund previously collected amounts;

• certain fees and finance charges could be limited, prohibited or restricted, which would reduce the profitability of certain investments in receivables;

• certain collection methods could be prohibited, forcing us to revise our practices or adopt more costly or less effective practices;

• limitations on our ability to recover on charged-off receivables regardless of any act or omission on our part;

• some credit products and services could be banned in certain states or at the federal level;

• federal or state bankruptcy or debtor relief laws could offer additional protections to consumers seeking bankruptcy protection, providing a court greater leeway to reduce or discharge amounts owed to us; and

• a reduction in our ability or willingness to invest in receivables arising under loans to certain consumers, such as military personnel.

Material regulatory developments may adversely impact our business and results from operations.

Our Automobile Lending Activities Involve Risks in Addition to Others Described Herein

Automobile lending exposes us not only to most of the risks described above but also to additional risks, including the regulatory scheme that governs installment loans and those attendant to relying upon automobiles and their repossession and liquidation value as collateral. In addition, our Auto Finance segment operation acquires loans on a wholesale basis from used car dealers, for which we rely upon the legal compliance and credit determinations by those dealers.

Funding for automobile lending may become difficult to obtain and expensive. In the event we are unable to renew or replace any Auto Finance segment facilities that bear refunding or refinancing risks when they become due, our Auto Finance segment could experience significant constraints and diminution in reported asset values as lenders retain significant cash flows within underlying structured financings or otherwise under security arrangements for repayment of their loans.  If we cannot renew or replace future facilities or otherwise are unduly constrained from a liquidity perspective, we may choose to sell part or all of our auto loan portfolios, possibly at less than favorable prices.

Our automobile lending business is dependent upon referrals from dealers. Currently we provide substantially all of our automobile loans only to or through used car dealers. Providers of automobile financing have traditionally competed based on the interest rate charged, the quality of credit accepted and the flexibility of loan terms offered. In order to be successful, we not only need to be competitive in these areas, but also need to establish and maintain good relations with dealers and provide them with a level of service greater than what they can obtain from our competitors.

The financial performance of our automobile loan portfolio is in part dependent upon the liquidation of repossessed automobiles. In the event of certain defaults, we may repossess automobiles and sell repossessed automobiles at wholesale auction markets located throughout the U.S. Auction proceeds from these types of sales and other recoveries rarely are sufficient to cover the outstanding balances of the contracts; where we experience these shortfalls, we will experience credit losses. Decreased auction proceeds resulting from depressed prices at which used automobiles may be sold would result in higher credit losses for us.

Repossession of automobiles entails the risk of litigation and other claims. Although we have contracted with reputable repossession firms to repossess automobiles on defaulted loans, it is not uncommon for consumers to assert that we were not entitled to repossess an automobile or that the repossession was not conducted in accordance with applicable law. These claims increase the cost of our collection efforts and, if correct, can result in awards against us.

We Routinely Explore Various Opportunities to Grow Our Business, to Make Investments and to Purchase and Sell Assets

We routinely consider acquisitions of, or investments in, portfolios and other assets as well as the sale of portfolios and portions of our business. There are a number of risks attendant to any acquisition, including the possibility that we will overvalue the assets to be purchased and that we will not be able to produce the expected level of profitability from the acquired business or assets. Similarly, there are a number of risks attendant to sales, including the possibility that we will undervalue the assets to be sold. As a result, the impact of any acquisition or sale on our future performance may not be as favorable as expected and actually may be adverse.

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Portfolio purchases may cause fluctuations in our reported Credit and Other Investments segment’s managed receivables data, which may reduce the usefulness of this data in evaluating our business. Our reported Credit and Other Investments segment managed receivables data may fluctuate substantially from quarter to quarter as a result of recent and future credit card portfolio acquisitions.

Receivables included in purchased portfolios are likely to have been originated using credit criteria different from the criteria of issuing bank partners that have originated accounts utilizing our technology platform. Receivables included in any particular purchased portfolio may have significantly different delinquency rates and charge-off rates than the receivables previously originated and purchased by us. These receivables also may earn different interest rates and fees as compared to other similar receivables in our receivables portfolio. These variables could cause our reported managed receivables data to fluctuate substantially in future periods making the evaluation of our business more difficult.

Any acquisition or investment that we make will involve risks different from and in addition to the risks to which our business is currently exposed. These include the risks that we will not be able to integrate and operate successfully new businesses, that we will have to incur substantial indebtedness and increase our leverage in order to pay for the acquisitions, that we will be exposed to, and have to comply with, different regulatory regimes and that we will not be able to apply our traditional analytical framework (which is what we expect to be able to do) in a successful and value-enhancing manner.

Other Risks of Our Business    

We are a holding company with no operations of our own.  As a result, our cash flow and ability to service our debt is dependent upon distributions from our subsidiaries.  The distribution of subsidiary earnings, or advances or other distributions of funds by subsidiaries to us, all of which are subject to statutory and could be subject to contractual restrictions, are contingent upon the subsidiaries’ cash flows and earnings and are subject to various business and debt covenant considerations.

Unless we obtain a bank charter, we cannot issue credit cards other than through agreements with banks. Because we do not have a bank charter, we currently cannot issue credit cards ourselves. Unless we obtain a bank or credit card bank charter, we will continue to rely upon banking relationships to provide for the issuance of credit cards to consumers. Even if we obtain a bank charter, there may be restrictions on the types of credit that the bank may extend. Our various issuing bank agreements have scheduled expiration dates. If we are unable to extend or execute new agreements with our issuing banks at the expirations of our current agreements with them, or if our existing or new agreements with our issuing banks were terminated or otherwise disrupted, there is a risk that we would not be able to enter into agreements with an alternate issuer on terms that we consider favorable or in a timely manner without disruption of our business.

We are party to litigation. We are defendants in certain legal proceedings which include litigation customary for a business of our nature. In each case we believe that we have meritorious defenses or that the positions we are asserting otherwise are correct. However, adverse outcomes are possible in these matters, and we could decide to settle one or more of our litigation matters in order to avoid the ongoing cost of litigation or to obtain certainty of outcome. Adverse outcomes or settlements of these matters could require us to pay damages, make restitution, change our business practices or take other actions at a level, or in a manner, that would adversely impact our business.

We face heightened levels of economic risk associated with new investment activities.  We have made a number of investments in businesses that are not directly related to our traditional servicing and receivables financing activities to, or associated with, the underserved consumer credit market.  In addition, some of these investments that we have made and may make in the future are or will be in debt or equity securities of businesses over which we exert little or no control, which likely exposes us to greater risks of loss than investments in activities and operations that we control.  We make only those investments we believe have the potential to provide a favorable return. However, because some of the investments are outside of our core areas of expertise, they entail risks beyond those described elsewhere in this report.  As occurred with respect to certain such investments in 2012 and 2011, these risks could result in the loss of part or all of our investments.

Because we outsource account-processing functions that are integral to our business, any disruption or termination of that outsourcing relationship could harm our business. We generally outsource account and payment processing, and in 2017, we paid Total System Services, Inc. $4.7 million for these services. If these agreements were not renewed or were terminated or the services provided to us were otherwise disrupted, we would have to obtain these services from an alternative provider. There is a risk that we would not be able to enter into a similar agreement with an alternate provider on terms that we consider favorable or in a timely manner without disruption of our business.

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If we are unable to protect our information systems against service interruption, our operations could be disrupted and our reputation may be damaged. We rely heavily on networks and information systems and other technology, that are largely hosted by third-parties to support our business processes and activities, including processes integral to the origination and collection of loans and other financial products, and information systems to process financial information and results of operations for internal reporting purposes and to comply with regulatory financial reporting and legal and tax requirements. Because information systems are critical to many of our operating activities, our business may be impacted by hosted system shutdowns, service disruptions or security breaches. These incidents may be caused by failures during routine operations such as system upgrades or user errors, as well as network or hardware failures, malicious or disruptive software, computer hackers, rogue employees or contractors, cyber-attacks by criminal groups, geopolitical events, natural disasters, failures or impairments of telecommunications networks, or other catastrophic events. If our information systems suffer severe damage, disruption or shutdown and our business continuity plans do not effectively resolve the issues in a timely manner, we could experience delays in reporting our financial results, and we may lose revenue and profits as a result of our inability to collect payments in a timely manner. We also could be required to spend significant financial and other resources to repair or replace networks and information systems. 

Unauthorized or unintentional disclosure of sensitive or confidential customer data could expose us to protracted and costly litigation, and civil and criminal penalties.  To conduct our business, we are required to manage, use, and store large amounts of personally identifiable information, consisting primarily of confidential personal and financial data regarding consumers across all operations areas. We also depend on our IT networks and systems, and those of third parties, to process, store, and transmit this information. As a result, we are subject to numerous U.S. federal and state laws designed to protect this information. Security breaches involving our files and infrastructure could lead to unauthorized disclosure of confidential information.

We take a number of measures to ensure the security of our hardware and software systems and customer information. Advances in computer capabilities, new discoveries in the field of cryptography or other developments may result in the technology used by us to protect data being breached or compromised. In the past, banks and other financial service providers have been the subject of sophisticated and highly targeted attacks on their information technology. An increasing number of websites have reported breaches of their security.

If any person, including our employees or those of third-party vendors, negligently disregards or intentionally breaches our established controls with respect to such data or otherwise mismanages or misappropriates that data, we could be subject to costly litigation, monetary damages, fines, and/or criminal prosecution.  Any unauthorized disclosure of personally identifiable information could subject us to liability under data privacy laws.  Further, under credit card rules and our contracts with our card processors, if there is a breach of credit card information that we store, we could be liable to the credit card issuing banks for their cost of issuing new cards and related expenses. In addition, if we fail to follow credit card industry security standards, even if there is no compromise of customer information, we could incur significant fines. Security breaches also could harm our reputation, which could potentially cause decreased revenues, the loss of existing merchant credit partners, or difficulty in adding new merchant credit partners.

Internet and data security breaches also could impede our bank partners from originating loans over the Internet, cause us to lose consumers or otherwise damage our reputation or business.  Consumers generally are concerned with security and privacy, particularly on the Internet.  As part of our growth strategy, we have enabled lenders to originate loans over the Internet. The secure transmission of confidential information over the Internet is essential to maintaining customer confidence in such products and services offered online.

Advances in computer capabilities, new discoveries or other developments could result in a compromise or breach of the technology used by us to protect our client or consumer application and transaction data transmitted over the Internet.  In addition to the potential for litigation and civil penalties described above, security breaches could damage our reputation and cause consumers to become unwilling to do business with our clients or us, particularly over the Internet. Any publicized security problems could inhibit the growth of the Internet as a means of conducting commercial transactions. Our ability to service our clients’ needs over the Internet would be severely impeded if consumers become unwilling to transmit confidential information online.

Also, a party that is able to circumvent our security measures could misappropriate proprietary information, cause interruption in our operations, damage our computers or those of our users, or otherwise damage our reputation and business.

Regulation in the areas of privacy and data security could increase our costs.  We are subject to various regulations related to privacy and data security/breach, and we could be negatively impacted by these regulations. For example, we are subject to the safeguards guidelines under the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act. The safeguards guidelines require that each financial

47

institution develop, implement and maintain a written, comprehensive information security program containing safeguards that are appropriate to the financial institution’s size and complexity, the nature and scope of the financial institution’s activities and the sensitivity of any customer information at issue. Broad-ranging data security laws that affect our business also have been adopted by various states. Compliance with these laws regarding the protection of consumer and employee data could result in higher compliance and technology costs for us, as well as potentially significant fines and penalties for non-compliance. Further, there are various other statutes and regulations relevant to the direct email marketing, debt collection and text-messaging industries including the Telephone Consumer Protection Act. The interpretation of many of these statutes and regulations is evolving in the courts and administrative agencies and an inability to comply with them may have an adverse impact on our business.

In addition to the foregoing enhanced data security requirements, various federal banking regulatory agencies, and all 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, have enacted data security regulations and laws requiring varying levels of consumer notification in the event of a security breach.

Also, federal legislators and regulators are increasingly pursuing new guidelines, laws and regulations that, if adopted, could further restrict how we collect, use, share and secure consumer information, which could impact some of our current or planned business initiatives.

Unplanned system interruptions or system failures could harm our business and reputation.  Any interruption in the availability of our transactional processing services due to hardware and operating system failures will reduce our revenues and profits. Any unscheduled interruption in our services results in an immediate, and possibly substantial, loss of revenues. Frequent or persistent interruptions in our services could cause current or potential consumers to believe that our systems are unreliable, leading them to switch to our competitors or to avoid our websites or services, and could permanently harm our reputation.

Although our systems have been designed around industry-standard architectures to reduce downtime in the event of outages or catastrophic occurrences, they remain vulnerable to damage or interruption from earthquakes, floods, fires, power loss, telecommunication failures, computer viruses, computer denial-of-service attacks, and similar events or disruptions. Some of our systems are not fully redundant, and our disaster recovery planning may not be sufficient for all eventualities. Our systems also are subject to break-ins, sabotage, and intentional acts of vandalism. Despite any precautions we may take, the occurrence of a natural disaster, a decision by any of our third-party hosting providers to close a facility we use without adequate notice for financial or other reasons, or other unanticipated problems at our hosting facilities could cause system interruptions, delays, and loss of critical data, and result in lengthy interruptions in our services. Our business interruption insurance may not be sufficient to compensate us for losses that may result from interruptions in our service as a result of system failures.

Climate change and related regulatory responses may impact our business.  Climate change as a result of emissions of greenhouse gases is a significant topic of discussion and may generate federal and other regulatory responses.  It is impracticable to predict with any certainty the impact on our business of climate change or the regulatory responses to it, although we recognize that they could be significant.  The most direct impact is likely to be an increase in energy costs, which would adversely impact consumers and their ability to incur and repay indebtedness.  However, we are uncertain of the ultimate impact, either directionally or quantitatively, of climate change and related regulatory responses on our business.

Risks Relating to an Investment in Our Securities

The price of our common stock may fluctuate significantly, and this may make it difficult for you to resell your shares of our common stock when you want or at prices you find attractive. The price of our common stock on the NASDAQ Global Select Market constantly changes. We expect that the market price of our common stock will continue to fluctuate. The market price of our common stock may fluctuate in response to numerous factors, many of which are beyond our control. These factors include the following:

• actual or anticipated fluctuations in our operating results;

• changes in expectations as to our future financial performance, including financial estimates by securities analysts and investors;

• the overall financing environment, which is critical to our value;

• the operating and stock performance of our competitors;

• announcements by us or our competitors of new products or services or significant contracts, acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures or capital commitments;

• changes in interest rates;

48

• the announcement of enforcement actions or investigations against us or our competitors or other negative publicity relating to us or our industry;

• changes in GAAP, laws, regulations or the interpretations thereof that affect our various business activities and segments;

• general domestic or international economic, market and political conditions;

• changes in ownership by executive officers, directors and parties related to them who control a majority of our common stock;

• additions or departures of key personnel; and

• future sales of our common stock and the transfer or cancellation of shares of common stock pursuant to a share lending agreement.

In addition, the stock markets from time to time experience extreme price and volume fluctuations that may be unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of companies. These broad fluctuations may adversely affect the trading price of our common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance.

We are not currently in compliance with the minimum public float requirement of the NASDAQ Global Select Market. If our common stock is delisted from NASDAQ, the market price and liquidity of our common stock and our ability to raise additional capital would be adversely impacted. Our common stock is currently listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market (“NASDAQ”). Continued listing of a security on NASDAQ is conditioned upon compliance with various continued listing standards. On February 20, 2018, we received a letter from NASDAQ notifying us that, for the last 30 consecutive business days, we had not met the $15 million minimum market value of publicly held shares continued listing standard. As provided in the NASDAQ rules, NASDAQ provided 180 calendar days, or until August 20, 2018, to regain compliance. In order to do so, the market value of our publicly held shares must be $15 million or more for a minimum of ten consecutive business days at any time prior to August 20, 2018. During this period, our common stock will continue to trade uninterrupted on NASDAQ.

If we do not regain compliance with the minimum public float requirement by August 20, 2018, we may transfer our common stock listing to The NASDAQ Capital Market, provided we meet the continued listing requirements for that market. If we fail to regain compliance with the minimum public float requirement and are not eligible for listing on The NASDAQ Capital Market, we will receive notice of delisting from NASDAQ, which notice may be appealed at that time. If our common stock is delisted, the liquidity of our common stock would be adversely affected and the market price of our common stock could decrease. The delisting of our common stock from NASDAQ also would make it more difficult for us to raise additional capital.

Future sales of our common stock or equity-related securities in the public market, including sales of our common stock pursuant to share lending agreements or short sale transactions by purchasers of convertible senior notes, could adversely affect the trading price of our common stock and our ability to raise funds in new stock offerings.  Sales of significant amounts of our common stock or equity-related securities in the public market, including sales pursuant to share lending agreements, or the perception that such sales will occur, could adversely affect prevailing trading prices of our common stock and could impair our ability to raise capital through future offerings of equity or equity-related securities. Future sales of shares of common stock or the availability of shares of common stock for future sale, including sales of our common stock in short sale transactions by purchasers of our convertible senior notes, may have a material adverse effect on the trading price of our common stock.

We have the ability to issue preferred stock, warrants, convertible debt and other securities without shareholder approval. Our common stock may be subordinate to classes of preferred stock issued in the future in the payment of dividends and other distributions made with respect to common stock, including distributions upon liquidation or dissolution. Our articles of incorporation permit our Board of Directors to issue preferred stock without first obtaining shareholder approval. If we issue preferred stock, these additional securities may have dividend or liquidation preferences senior to the common stock. If we issue convertible preferred stock, a subsequent conversion may dilute the current common shareholders’ interest. We have similar abilities to issue convertible debt, warrants and other equity securities.

Our executive officers, directors and parties related to them, in the aggregate, control a majority of our common stock and may have the ability to control matters requiring shareholder approval. Our executive officers, directors and parties related to them own a large enough share of our common stock to have an influence on, if not control of, the matters presented to shareholders. As a result, these shareholders may have the ability to control matters requiring shareholder approval, including the election and removal of directors, the approval of significant corporate transactions, such as any reclassification, reorganization, merger, consolidation or sale of all or substantially all of our assets and the control of our management and affairs. Accordingly, this concentration of ownership may have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change of

49

control of us, impede a merger, consolidation, takeover or other business combination involving us or discourage a potential acquirer from making a tender offer or otherwise attempting to obtain control of us, which in turn could have an adverse effect on the market price of our common stock.

The right to receive payments on our convertible senior notes is subordinate to the rights of our existing and future secured creditors. Our convertible senior notes are unsecured and are subordinate to existing and future secured obligations to the extent of the value of the assets securing such obligations. As a result, in the event of a bankruptcy, liquidation, dissolution, reorganization or similar proceeding of our company, our assets generally would be available to satisfy obligations of our secured debt before any payment may be made on the convertible senior notes. To the extent that such assets cannot satisfy in full our secured debt, the holders of such debt would have a claim for any shortfall that would rank equally in right of payment (or effectively senior if the debt were issued by a subsidiary) with the convertible senior notes. In such an event, we may not have sufficient assets remaining to pay amounts on any or all of the convertible senior notes.

As of March 31, 2018, Atlanticus Holdings Corporation had outstanding: $259.9 million of secured indebtedness, which would rank senior in right of payment to the convertible senior notes; $119.4 million of senior unsecured indebtedness in addition to the convertible senior notes that would rank equal in right of payment to the convertible senior notes; and no subordinated indebtedness. Included in senior secured indebtedness are certain guarantees we have executed in favor of our subsidiaries. For more information on our outstanding indebtedness, See Note 7, “Notes Payable,” to our consolidated financial statements included herein.

Our convertible senior notes are junior to the indebtedness of our subsidiaries. Our convertible senior notes are structurally subordinated to the existing and future claims of our subsidiaries’ creditors. Holders of the convertible senior notes are not creditors of our subsidiaries. Any claims of holders of the convertible senior notes to the assets of our subsidiaries derive from our own equity interests in those subsidiaries. Claims of our subsidiaries’ creditors will generally have priority as to the assets of our subsidiaries over our own equity interest claims and will therefore have priority over the holders of the convertible senior notes. Consequently, the convertible senior notes are effectively subordinate to all liabilities, whether or not secured, of any of our subsidiaries and any subsidiaries that we may in the future acquire or establish. Our subsidiaries’ creditors also may include general creditors and taxing authorities. As of March 31, 2018, our subsidiaries had total liabilities of approximately $337.6 million (including the $259.9 million of senior secured indebtedness mentioned above), excluding intercompany indebtedness. In addition, in the future, we may decide to increase the portion of our activities that we conduct through subsidiaries.

Note Regarding Risk Factors

The risk factors presented above are all of the ones that we currently consider material. However, they are not the only ones facing our company. Additional risks not presently known to us, or which we currently consider immaterial, also may adversely affect us. There may be risks that a particular investor views differently from us, and our analysis might be wrong. If any of the risks that we face actually occurs, our business, financial condition and operating results could be materially adversely affected and could differ materially from any possible results suggested by any forward-looking statements that we have made or might make. In such case, the trading price of our common stock or other securities could decline, and you could lose part or all of your investment.  We expressly disclaim any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law.

ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

The following table sets forth information with respect to our repurchases of common stock during the three months ended March 31, 2018.

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	Total Number of Shares Purchased	Average Price Paid per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs	Maximum Number of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased under the Plans or Programs (1)(2)
January 1- January 31	826	$	2.36	826	4,826,775
February 1 - February 28	—	$	—	—	4,826,775
March 1 - March 31	6,180	$	2.00	—	4,826,775
Total	7,006	$	2.04	826	4,826,775

(1) Because withholding tax-related stock repurchases are permitted outside the scope of our 5,000,000 share Board-authorized repurchase plan, these amounts exclude shares of stock returned to us by employees in satisfaction of withholding tax requirements on vested stock grants. There were 6,180 such shares returned to us during the three months ended March 31, 2018.

(2) Pursuant to a share repurchase plan authorized by our Board of Directors on May 10, 2018, we are authorized to repurchase 5,000,000 shares of our common stock through June 30, 2020.

We will continue to evaluate our stock price relative to other investment opportunities and, to the extent we believe that the repurchase of our stock represents an appropriate return of capital, we will repurchase shares of our stock.

ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES

None.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

None.

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ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION

None.

ITEM 6. EXHIBITS

Exhibit Number	Description of Exhibit	Incorporated by Reference from Atlanticus’ SEC Filings Unless Otherwise Indicated
10.1	Second Amended and Restated Employee Stock Purchase Plan	April 10, 2018, Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A, Appendix A
31.1	Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)	Filed herewith
31.2	Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)	Filed herewith
32.1	Certification of Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350	Filed herewith
101.INS	XBRL Instance Document	Filed herewith
101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document	Filed herewith
101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document	Filed herewith
101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document	Filed herewith
101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Presentation Linkbase Document	Filed herewith
101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document	Filed herewith

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

	ATLANTICUS HOLDINGS CORPORATION
May 15, 2018	By	/s/ WILLIAM R. McCAMEY
		William R. McCamey
		Chief Financial Officer
		(duly authorized officer and principal financial officer)

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EX-31.1

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATIONS

I, David G. Hanna, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this report on Form 10-Q of Atlanticus Holdings Corporation;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the periods covered by this report; and

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report.

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a) designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b) designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c) evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d) disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the fourth fiscal period in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting;

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a) all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b) any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: May 15, 2018

/s/ DAVID G. HANNA

David G. Hanna

Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board

EX-31.2

Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATIONS

I, William R. McCamey, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this Report on Form 10-Q of Atlanticus Holdings Corporation;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the periods covered by this report; and

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report.

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a) designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b) designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c) evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d) disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the fourth fiscal period in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting;

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a) all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b) any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: May 15, 2018

/s/ WILLIAM R. McCAMEY

William R. McCamey

Chief Financial Officer

EX-32.1

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATION

The undersigned, as the Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board, and as the Chief Financial Officer, respectively, of Atlanticus Holdings Corporation, certify that, to the best of their knowledge and belief, the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2018, which accompanies this certification fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the information contained in the periodic report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of Atlanticus Holdings Corporation at the dates and for the periods indicated. The foregoing certifications are made pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (18 U.S.C. Section 1350) and shall not be relied upon for any other purpose.

This 15th day of May, 2018.

/s/ DAVID G. HANNA

David G. Hanna

Chief Executive Officer and

Chairman of the Board

/s/ WILLIAM R. McCAMEY

William R. McCamey

Chief Financial Officer

A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906, or other document authenticating, acknowledging, or otherwise adopting the signature that appears in typed form within the electronic version of this written statement required by Section 906, has been provided to Atlanticus Holdings Corporation and will be retained by Atlanticus Holdings Corporation and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.

XML

Document and Entity Information - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018	May 09, 2018	Jun. 30, 2017
Document and Entity Information [Abstract]
Trading Symbol	ATLC
Entity Registrant Name	Atlanticus Holdings Corp
Entity Central Index Key	0001464343
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Entity Well-known Seasoned Issuer	No
Entity Voluntary Filers	No
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Smaller Reporting Company
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		15,349,923
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2018
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q1
Document Type	10-Q
Amendment Flag	false
Document Period End Date	Mar. 31, 2018
Entity Public Float			$ 14,443,220

XML

Consolidated Balance Sheets - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Loans and fees receivable, gross	$ 400,700	$ 393,900
Loans and Leases Receivable, Net Amount	315,720	305,081
Assets
Unrestricted cash and cash equivalents	35,414	41,484
Restricted cash and cash equivalents	31,240	29,174
Property at cost, net of depreciation	3,021	3,229
Investment in equity-method investee	3,561	4,244
Deposits	272	252
Prepaid expenses and other assets	43,684	42,149
Total assets	432,912	425,613
Liabilities
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	114,709	115,737
Notes Payable to Bank	242,130	226,238
Notes Payable, Related Parties	40,000	40,000
Notes payable associated with structured financings, at fair value	7,909	9,240
Convertible senior notes	61,650	61,393
Income tax liability	9,465	9,132
Total liabilities	475,863	461,740
Commitments and contingencies (Note 9)
Equity
Common stock, no par value, 150,000,000 shares authorized: 15,353,878 shares issued and outstanding (including 1,459,233 loaned shares to be returned) at March 31, 2018; and 15,291,884 shares issued and outstanding (including 1,459,233 loaned shares to be returned) at December 31, 2017	0	0
Additional paid-in capital	213,025	212,785
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(4,523)	(2,178)
Retained deficit	(251,310)	(246,640)
Total shareholders’ equity	(42,808)	(36,033)
Noncontrolling interests	(143)	(94)
Total equity	(42,951)	(36,127)
Total liabilities and equity	432,912	425,613
Loans Receivable [Member]
Loans and Fees Receivable, at Fair Value	9,413	11,109
Loans and fees receivable, gross	400,727	393,898
Loans and Leases Receivable, Allowance	(58,323)	(62,970)
Loans and Leases Receivable, Deferred Income	$ 36,097	$ 36,956

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Consolidated Balance Sheets (Parenthetical) - $ / shares	Mar. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Equity
Common stock, par value	$ 0	$ 0
Common stock, shares authorized	150,000,000	150,000,000
Common stock, shares issued	15,353,878	15,291,884
Common stock, shares outstanding	15,353,878	15,291,884
Own-share Lending Arrangement, Shares, Outstanding	1,459,233	1,459,233

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Consolidated Statements of Operations (Unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017
Interest income:
Consumer loans, including past due fees	$ 35,681	$ 25,859
Other	45	101
Total interest income	35,726	25,960
Interest expense	(8,153)	(5,817)
Net interest income before fees and related income on earning assets and provision for losses on loans and fees receivable	27,573	20,143
Fees and related income on earning assets	6,214	2,801
(Losses upon) net recovery of charge off of loans and fees receivable recorded at fair value	(1,791)	7,851
Provision for losses on loans and fees receivable recorded at net realizable value	(15,991)	(10,653)
Net interest income, fees and related income on earning assets	16,005	20,142
Other operating income:
Servicing income	632	1,089
Noninterest Income, Other Operating Income	516	109
Equity in income of equity-method investee	9	334
Total other operating income	1,157	1,532
Other operating expense:
Salaries and benefits	6,298	5,780
Cost of Services	9,164	7,137
Marketing and solicitation	2,346	2,201
Depreciation	229	310
Other Nonoperating Income (Expense)	3,700	4,901
Total other operating expense	21,737	20,329
(Loss) income before income taxes	(4,575)	1,345
Income tax expense	(144)	(618)
Net (loss) income	(4,719)	727
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests	49	1
Net (loss) income attributable to controlling interests	$ (4,670)	$ 728
Net (loss) income attributable to controlling interests per common share-basic (in dollars per share)	$ (0.34)	$ 0.05
Net (loss) income attributable to controlling interests per common share-diluted (in dollars per share)	$ (0.34)	$ 0.05

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Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss (Unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017
Other comprehensive loss:
Net (loss) income	$ (4,719)	$ 727
Foreign currency translation adjustment	(2,345)	0
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Foreign Currency Transaction and Translation Reclassification Adjustment from AOCI, Realized upon Sale or Liquidation, Net of Tax	0	0
Income tax benefit related to other comprehensive loss	0	0
Comprehensive (loss) income	(7,064)	727
Comprehensive loss attributable to noncontrolling interests	49	1
Comprehensive (loss) income attributable to controlling interests	$ (7,015)	$ 728

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Consolidated Statements of Equity (Unaudited) - 3 months ended Mar. 31, 2018 - USD ($)	Total	Common Stock [Member]	Additional Paid-In Capital [Member]	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss [Member]	Retained Deficit [Member]	Noncontrolling Interests [Member]
Balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2017		15,291,884
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Exercises in Period	0
Stock Issued During Period, Shares, Restricted Stock Award, Net of Forfeitures		69,000
Redemption and retirement of shares (in shares)		(7,006)
Balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2018		15,353,878
Balance at Dec. 31, 2017	$ (36,127,000)	$ 0	$ 212,785,000	$ (2,178,000)	$ (246,640,000)	$ (94,000)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Amortization of deferred stock-based compensation costs	254,000		254,000
Redemption and retirement of shares	(14,000)		(14,000)		0
Adjustments to Additional Paid in Capital, Share-based Compensation and Exercise of Stock Options	0
Net (loss) income	(4,719,000)				(4,670,000)	(49,000)
Foreign currency translation adjustment, net of tax				(2,345,000)
Balance at Mar. 31, 2018	(42,951,000)	$ 0	$ 213,025,000	$ (4,523,000)	$ (251,310,000)	$ (143,000)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax, Including Portion Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest	$ (7,064,000)

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Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017
Operating activities
Net (loss) income	$ (4,719)	$ 727
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash (used in) provided by operating activities:
Depreciation of rental merchandise		27
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization	229	310
Losses upon charge off of loans and fees receivable recorded at fair value	1,791	1,093
Provision for losses on loans and fees receivable	15,991	10,653
Interest expense from accretion of discount on notes	216	178
Income from accretion of discount associated with receivables purchases	(18,020)	(12,263)
Unrealized gain on loans and fees receivable and underlying notes payable held at fair value	(1,313)	(1,269)
Amortization of Deferred Loan Origination Fees, Net	390	126
Income from equity-method investments	(9)	(334)
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Increase in uncollected fees on earning assets	(802)	(983)
Increase in income tax liability	333	438
(Increase) decrease in deposits	(20)	200
(Decrease) increase in accounts payable and accrued expenses	(4,323)	3,530
Other	19	(9)
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities	(10,237)	2,397
Investing activities
Proceeds from equity-method investee	692	1,066
Investments in earning assets	(125,768)	(99,045)
Proceeds from earning assets	116,164	93,961
Purchases and development of property, net of disposals	(21)	(22)
Net cash used in investing activities	(8,933)	(4,040)
Financing activities
Payments for Repurchase of Common Stock	14	18
Proceeds from borrowings	89,538	64,761
Repayments of Long-term Debt	73,996	61,248
Net cash provided by financing activities	15,528	3,495
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash	(362)	50
Net (decrease) increase in unrestricted cash	(4,004)	1,902
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period	70,658	92,641
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	66,654	94,543
Supplemental cash flow information
Cash paid for interest	8,718	6,698
Proceeds from Income Tax Refunds	(189)
Net cash income tax (refunds) payments		180
Supplemental non-cash information
Issuance of stock options and restricted stock	$ 169	$ 1,005

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Description of Our Business

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2018

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Description of Our Business

Description of Our Business

Our accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Atlanticus Holdings Corporation (the “Company”) and those entities we control. We are primarily focused on providing financial technology and related services. Through our subsidiaries, we provide technology and other support services to lenders who offer an array of financial products and services to consumers who may have been declined under traditional financing options. In most cases, we invest in the receivables originated by lenders who utilize our technology platform and other related services. As discussed further below, we reflect our business lines within two reportable segments:  Credit and Other Investments; and Auto Finance. See also Note 3, “Segment Reporting,” for further details.

Within our Credit and Other Investments segment, we facilitate consumer finance programs offered by our bank partners to originate consumer loans through multiple channels, including retail point-of-sale, direct mail solicitation, on-line and partnerships. In the retail credit (the “point-of-sale” operations) channel, we partner with retailers and service providers in various industries across the United States (“U.S.”) to enable them to provide credit to their customers for the purchase of goods and services. These services of our lending partners are often extended to consumers who may have been declined under traditional financing options. We specialize in supporting this “second look” credit service in various industries across the U.S. Additionally, we support lenders who market general purpose personal loans and credit cards directly to consumers (collectively, the “direct-to-consumer” operations) through additional channels enabling them to reach consumers through a diverse origination platform which includes direct mail, Internet-based marketing and through partnerships. Using our infrastructure and technology platform, we also provide loan servicing, including risk management and customer service outsourcing, for third parties.

Beyond these activities within our Credit and Other Investments segment, we continue to service portfolios of credit card receivables. One of our portfolios of credit card receivables is encumbered by non-recourse structured financing, and for this portfolio our principal remaining economic interest is the servicing compensation we receive as an offset against our servicing costs given that the likely future collections on the portfolio are insufficient to allow for full repayment of the financing.

Additionally, we report within our Credit and Other Investments segment: 1) the income earned from an investment in an equity-method investee that holds credit card receivables for which we are the servicer; and 2) gains or losses associated with investments previously made in consumer finance technology platforms. These include investments in companies engaged in mobile technologies, marketplace lending and other financial technologies. These investments are carried at the lower of cost or market valuation. None of these companies are publicly-traded and there are no material pending liquidity events.

Within our Auto Finance segment, our CAR subsidiary operations principally purchase and/or service loans secured by automobiles from or for, and also provide floor plan financing for, a pre-qualified network of independent automotive dealers and automotive finance companies in the buy-here, pay-here, used car business. We purchase auto loans at a discount and with dealer retentions or holdbacks that provide risk protection. Also within our Auto Finance segment, we are providing certain installment lending products in addition to our traditional loans secured by automobiles.

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Segment Reporting

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2018

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Segment Reporting

Segment Reporting

We operate primarily within one industry consisting of two reportable segments by which we manage our business. Our two reportable segments are: Credit and Other Investments, and Auto Finance.

As of both March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, we did not have a material amount of long-lived assets located outside of the U.S., and only a negligible portion of our revenues for the three months ended March 31,2018 and 2017 were generated outside of the U.S.

We measure the profitability of our reportable segments based on their income after allocation of specific costs and corporate overhead; however, our segment results do not reflect any charges for internal capital allocations among our segments. Overhead costs are allocated based on headcounts and other applicable measures to better align costs with the associated revenues.

Summary operating segment information (in thousands) is as follows:

Three months ended March 31, 2018	Credit and Other Investments			Auto Finance			Total
Interest income:
Consumer loans, including past due fees	$	28,562		$	7,119		$	35,681
Other	45			—			45
Total interest income	28,607			7,119			35,726
Interest expense	(7,892		)	(261		)	(8,153		)
Net interest income before fees and related income on earning assets and provision for losses on loans and fees receivable	$	20,715		$	6,858		$	27,573
Fees and related income on earning assets	$	6,197		$	17		$	6,214
Servicing income	$	402		$	230		$	632
Equity in income of equity-method investee	$	9		$	—		$	9
(Loss) income before income taxes	$	(6,914	)	$	2,339		$	(4,575	)
Income tax benefit (expense)	$	399		$	(543	)	$	(144	)
Total assets	$	365,882		$	67,030		$	432,912

Three months ended March 31, 2017	Credit and Other Investments			Auto Finance			Total
Interest income:
Consumer loans, including past due fees	$	18,830		$	7,029		$	25,859
Other	101			—			101
Total interest income	18,931			7,029			25,960
Interest expense	(5,594		)	(223		)	(5,817		)
Net interest income before fees and related income on earning assets and provision for losses on loans and fees receivable	$	13,337		$	6,806		$	20,143
Fees and related income on earning assets	$	2,779		$	22		$	2,801
Servicing income	$	857		$	232		$	1,089
Depreciation of rental merchandise	$	(27	)	$	—		$	(27	)
Equity in income of equity-method investee	$	334		$	—		$	334
(Loss) income before income taxes	$	(387	)	$	1,732		$	1,345
Income tax expense	$	(33	)	$	(585	)	$	(618	)
Total assets	$	306,721		$	64,402		$	371,123

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Shareholders' Equity

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2018

Stockholders' Equity Note [Abstract]

Shareholders' Equity

Shareholders’ Equity

During the three months endedMarch 31, 2018 and 2017, we repurchased and contemporaneously retired 7,006 and 6,702 shares of our common stock at an aggregate cost of $14,000 and $18,000, respectively, pursuant to both open market and private purchases and the return of stock by holders of equity incentive awards to pay tax withholding obligations.

We had 1,459,233 loaned shares outstanding at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, which were originally lent in connection with our November 2005 issuance of convertible senior notes. We retire lent shares as they are returned to us.

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Investments in Equity-Method Investees

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2018

Equity Method Investments and Joint Ventures [Abstract]

Investments in Equity-Method Investees

Investment in Equity-Method Investee

Our equity-method investment outstanding at March 31, 2018 consists of our 66.7% interest in a joint venture formed to purchase a credit card receivable portfolio.

In the following tables, we summarize (in thousands) balance sheet and results of operations data for our equity-method investee:

	As of
	March 31, 2018		December 31, 2017
Loans and fees receivable, at fair value	$	5,088	$	6,123
Total assets	$	5,366	$	6,392
Total liabilities	$	24	$	26
Members’ capital	$	5,342	$	6,366

	Three months ended March 31,
	2018			2017
Net interest income, fees and related income on earning assets	$	14		$	504
Net (loss) income	$	(61	)	$	397
Net income attributable to our equity investment in investee	$	9		$	334

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Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2018

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities

Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities

Valuations and Techniques for Assets

Our assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment and considers factors specific to the asset or liability. The table below summarizes (in thousands) by fair value hierarchy the March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 fair values and carrying amounts of (1) our assets that are required to be carried at fair value in our consolidated financial statements and (2) our assets not carried at fair value, but for which fair value disclosures are required:

Assets – As of March 31, 2018 (1)	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Carrying Amount of Assets
Loans and fees receivable, net for which it is practicable to estimate fair value	$	—	$	—	$	328,404	$	306,307
Loans and fees receivable, at fair value	$	—	$	—	$	9,413	$	9,413

Assets – As of December 31, 2017 (1)	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Carrying Amount of Assets
Loans and fees receivable, net for which it is practicable to estimate fair value	$	—	$	—	$	324,945	$	293,972
Loans and fees receivable, at fair value	$	—	$	—	$	11,109	$	11,109

(1) For cash, deposits and other short-term investments, the carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value.

For those asset classes above that are required to be carried at fair value in our consolidated financial statements, gains and losses associated with fair value changes are detailed on our fees and related income on earning assets table within Note 2, “Significant Accounting Policies and Consolidated Financial Statement Components.”

For Level 3 assets carried at fair value measured on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs, the following table presents (in thousands) a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances for the three months endedMarch 31, 2018 and 2017:

	Loans and Fees Receivable, at Fair Value
	2018			2017
Balance at January 1,	$	11,109		$	15,648
Total gains—realized/unrealized:
Net revaluations of loans and fees receivable, at fair value	(18		)	563
Settlements	(1,691		)	(2,626		)
Impact of foreign currency translation	13			6
Balance at March 31,	$	9,413		$	13,591

The unrealized gains and losses for assets within the Level 3 category presented in the tables above include changes in fair value that are attributable to both observable and unobservable inputs. Impacts related to foreign currency translation are included as a component of other operating expense on the consolidated statements of operations.

Net Revaluation of Loans and Fees Receivable. We record the net revaluation of loans and fees receivable (including those pledged as collateral) in the fees and related income on earning assets category in our consolidated statements of operations, specifically as changes in fair value of loans and fees receivable recorded at fair value. The net revaluation of loans and fees receivable is based on the present value of future cash flows using a valuation model of expected cash flows and the estimated cost to service and collect those cash flows. We estimate the present value of these future cash flows using a valuation model consisting of internally developed estimates of assumptions third-party market participants would use in determining fair value, including estimates of net collected yield, principal payment rates, expected principal credit loss rates, costs of funds, discount rates and servicing costs. Accrued interest income on receivables underlying our asset classes that are carried at fair value in our consolidated financial statements is recorded in Interest income - Consumer loans, including past due fees in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.

For Level 3 assets carried at fair value measured on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs, the following table presents (in thousands) quantitative information about the valuation techniques and the inputs used in the fair value measurement as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017:

Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
Fair Value Measurements	Fair Value at March 31, 2018		Valuation Technique	Unobservable Input	Range (Weighted Average)
Loans and fees receivable, at fair value	$	9,413	Discounted cash flows	Gross yield	16.3% to 27.9% (25.8%)
				Principal payment rate	1.2% to 3.1% (2.4%)
				Expected credit loss rate	9.0% to 13.4% (12.3%)
				Servicing rate	12.0% to 14.8% (12.3%)
				Discount rate	6.0% to 14.4% (12.9%)

Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
Fair Value Measurements	Fair Value at December 31, 2017		Valuation Technique	Unobservable Input	Range (Weighted Average)
Loans and fees receivable, at fair value	$	11,109	Discounted cash flows	Gross yield	15.8% to 27.4% (24.5%)
				Principal payment rate	1.9% to 3.6% (2.6%)
				Expected credit loss rate	9.4% to 10.4% (9.7%)
				Servicing rate	10.2% to 12.3% (10.5%)
				Discount rate	6.0% to 14.2% (12.8%)

Valuations and Techniques for Liabilities

Our assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment and considers factors specific to the liability. The table below summarizes (in thousands) by fair value hierarchy the March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 fair values and carrying amounts of (1) our liabilities that are required to be carried at fair value in our consolidated financial statements and (2) our liabilities not carried at fair value, but for which fair value disclosures are required:

Liabilities – As of March 31, 2018	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Carrying Amount of Liabilities
Liabilities not carried at fair value
Revolving credit facilities	$	—	$	—	$	183,388	$	183,388
Amortizing debt facilities	$	—	$	—	$	58,742	$	58,742
Senior secured term loan	$	—	$	—	$	40,000	$	40,000
5.875% convertible senior notes	$	—	$	43,588	$	—	$	61,650
Liabilities carried at fair value
Notes payable associated with structured financings, at fair value	$	—	$	—	$	7,909	$	7,909

Liabilities - As of December 31, 2017	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Carrying Amount of Liabilities
Liabilities not carried at fair value
Revolving credit facilities	$	—	$	—	$	160,854	$	160,854
Amortizing debt facilities	$	—	$	—	$	65,384	$	65,384
Senior secured term loan	$	—	$	—	$	40,000	$	40,000
5.875% convertible senior notes	$	—	$	43,588	$	—	$	61,393
Liabilities carried at fair value
Notes payable associated with structured financings, at fair value	$	—	$	—	$	9,240	$	9,240

For our material Level 3 liabilities carried at fair value measured on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs, the following table presents (in thousands) a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances for the three months endedMarch 31, 2018 and 2017.

	Notes Payable Associated with Structured Financings, at Fair Value
	2018			2017
Beginning balance, January 1,	$	9,240		$	12,276
Total (gains) losses—realized/unrealized:
Net revaluations of notes payable associated with structured financings, at fair value	(1,331		)	(706		)
Repayments on outstanding notes payable, net	—			(439		)
Ending balance, March 31,	$	7,909		$	11,131

The unrealized gains and losses for liabilities within the Level 3 category presented in the table above include changes in fair value that are attributable to both observable and unobservable inputs. We provide below a brief description of the valuation techniques used for Level 3 liabilities.

Net Revaluation of Notes Payable Associated with Structured Financings, at Fair Value. We record the net revaluations of notes payable associated with structured financings, at fair value, in the changes in fair value of notes payable associated with structured financings line item within the fees and related income on earning assets category of our consolidated statements of operations. The net revaluation of these notes is based on the present value of future cash flows utilized in repayment of the outstanding principal and interest under the facilities using a valuation model of expected cash flows net of the contractual service expenses within the facilities. We estimate the present value of these future cash flows using a valuation model consisting of internally developed estimates of assumptions third-party market participants would use in determining fair value, including:  estimates of net collected yield, principal payment rates and expected principal credit loss rates on the credit card receivables that secure the non-recourse notes payable; costs of funds; discount rates; and contractual servicing fees. Accrued interest expense on notes payable underlying our notes payable associated with structured financings, at fair value is recorded in Interest expense in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.

For material Level 3 liabilities carried at fair value measured on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs, the following table presents (in thousands) quantitative information about the valuation techniques and the inputs used in the fair value measurement as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017:

Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
Fair Value Measurements	Fair Value at March 31, 2018		Valuation Technique	Unobservable Input	Weighted Average
Notes payable associated with structured financings, at fair value	$	7,909	Discounted cash flows	Gross yield	27.9	%
				Principal payment rate	2.6	%
				Expected credit loss rate	13.4	%
				Discount rate	14.4	%

Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
Fair Value Measurements	Fair Value at December 31, 2017		Valuation Technique	Unobservable Input	Weighted Average
Notes payable associated with structured financings, at fair value	$	9,240	Discounted cash flows	Gross yield	25.9	%
				Principal payment rate	2.5	%
				Expected credit loss rate	9.4	%
				Discount rate	14.2	%

Other Relevant Data

Other relevant data (in thousands) as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 concerning certain assets and liabilities we carry at fair value are as follows:

As of March 31, 2018	Loans and Fees Receivable at Fair Value		Loans and Fees Receivable Pledged as Collateral under Structured Financings at Fair Value
Aggregate unpaid principal balance within loans and fees receivable that are reported at fair value	$	4,088	$	10,222
Aggregate fair value of loans and fees receivable that are reported at fair value	$	1,504	$	7,909
Aggregate fair value of receivables carried at fair value that are 90 days or more past due (which also coincides with finance charge and fee non-accrual policies)	$	2	$	12
Aggregate excess of balance of unpaid principal receivables within loans and fees receivable that are reported at fair value and are 90 days or more past due (which also coincides with finance charge and fee non-accrual policies) over the fair value of such loans and fees receivable	$	85	$	303

As of December 31, 2017	Loans and Fees Receivable at Fair Value		Loans and Fees Receivable Pledged as Collateral under Structured Financings at Fair Value
Aggregate unpaid principal balance within loans and fees receivable that are reported at fair value	$	4,416	$	11,349
Aggregate fair value of loans and fees receivable that are reported at fair value	$	1,869	$	9,240
Aggregate fair value of receivables carried at fair value that are 90 days or more past due (which also coincides with finance charge and fee non-accrual policies)	$	5	$	17
Aggregate excess of balance of unpaid principal receivables within loans and fees receivable that are reported at fair value and are 90 days or more past due (which also coincides with finance charge and fee non-accrual policies) over the fair value of such loans and fees receivable	$	107	$	369

Notes Payable	Notes Payable Associated with Structured Financings, at Fair Value as of March 31, 2018		Notes Payable Associated with Structured Financings, at Fair Value as of December 31, 2017
Aggregate unpaid principal balance of notes payable	$	101,314	$	101,314
Aggregate fair value of notes payable	$	7,909	$	9,240

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Notes Payable

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2018

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Notes Payable

Notes Payable

Notes Payable Associated with Structured Financings, at Fair Value

Scheduled (in millions) in the table below are (1) the carrying amount of our structured financing note secured by certain credit card receivables and reported at fair value as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, (2) the outstanding face amount of our structured financing note secured by certain credit card receivables and reported at fair value as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, and (3) the carrying amount of the credit card receivables and restricted cash that provide the exclusive means of repayment for the note (i.e., lenders have recourse only to the specific credit card receivables and restricted cash underlying each respective facility and cannot look to our general credit for repayment) as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017.

	Carrying Amounts at Fair Value as of
	March 31, 2018		December 31, 2017
Amortizing securitization facility (stated maturity of December 2021), outstanding face amount of $101.3 million as of March 31, 2018 ($101.3 million as of December 31, 2017) bearing interest at a weighted average 7.0% interest rate at March 31, 2018 (6.7% at December 31, 2017), which is secured by credit card receivables and restricted cash aggregating $7.9 million as of March 31, 2018 ($9.2 million as of December 31, 2017) in carrying amount	$	7.9	$	9.2

Contractual payment allocations within this credit card receivables structured financing provide for a priority distribution of cash flows to us to service the credit card receivables, a distribution of cash flows to pay interest and principal due on the notes, and a distribution of all excess cash flows (if any) to us. The structured financing facility included in the above table is amortizing down along with collections of the underlying receivables and there are no provisions within the debt agreement that allow for acceleration or bullet repayment of the facility prior to its scheduled expiration date. The aggregate carrying amount of the credit card receivables and restricted cash that provide security for the $7.9 million in fair value of the structured financing facility included in the above table is $7.9 million, which means that we have no aggregate exposure to pre-tax equity loss associated with the above structured financing arrangement at March 31, 2018.

Beyond our role as servicer of the underlying assets within the credit cards receivables structured financing, we have provided no other financial or other support to the structure, and we have no explicit or implicit arrangements that could require us to provide financial support to the structure.

Notes Payable, at Face Value and Notes Payable to Related Parties

Other notes payable outstanding as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 that are secured by the financial and operating assets of either the borrower, another of our subsidiaries or both, include the following, scheduled (in millions); except as otherwise noted, the assets of our holding company (Atlanticus Holdings Corporation) are subject to creditor claims under these scheduled facilities:

	As of
	March 31, 2018		December 31, 2017
Revolving credit facilities at a weighted average interest rate equal to 8.3% at March 31, 2018 (7.8% at December 31, 2017) secured by the financial and operating assets of CAR and/or certain receivables and restricted cash with a combined aggregate carrying amount of $243.0 million as of March 31, 2018 ($216.0 million at December 31, 2017)
Revolving credit facility, not to exceed $40.0 million (expiring November 1, 2019) (1)	24.6		24.8
Revolving credit facility, not to exceed $50.0 million (expiring October 30, 2019) (2) (3)	49.2		49.4
Revolving credit facility, not to exceed $12.0 million (expiring December 21, 2019) (2) (3)	11.8		3.8
Revolving credit facility, not to exceed $20.0 million (expiring December 31, 2019) (2) (3)	19.7		19.8
Revolving credit facility, not to exceed $90.0 million (expiring February 8, 2022) (2) (4)	80.0		65.0
Amortizing facilities at a weighted average interest rate equal to 6.3% at March 31, 2018 (6.0% at December 31, 2017) secured by certain receivables and restricted cash with a combined aggregate carrying amount of $73.1 million as of March 31, 2018 ($77.9 million as of December 31, 2017)
Amortizing debt facility (repaid March 31, 2018) (2) (3) (5)	—		3.7
Amortizing debt facility (expiring June 30, 2018) (2) (3) (5)	9.2		18.3
Amortizing debt facility (expiring December 12, 2018) (2) (3)	4.0		6.0
Amortizing debt facility (expiring September 14, 2018) (2) (3)	5.0		7.5
Amortizing debt facility (expiring November 30, 2018) (2) (3) (5)	14.9		20.5
Amortizing debt facility (expiring April 22, 2019) (2) (3) (5)	26.1		10.0
Other facilities
Senior secured term loan from related parties (expiring November 21, 2018) that is secured by certain assets of the Company with an annual interest rate equal to 9.0% (4)	40.0		40.0
Total notes payable before unamortized debt issuance costs and discounts	284.5		268.8
Unamortized debt issuance costs and discounts	2.4		2.6
Total notes payable outstanding, net	$	282.1	$	266.2

(1) Loan is subject to certain affirmative covenants, including a coverage ratio, a leverage ratio and a collateral performance test, the failure of which could result in required early repayment of all or a portion of the outstanding balance by our CAR Auto Finance operations.

(2) Loans are subject to certain affirmative covenants tied to default rates and other performance metrics the failure of which could result in required early repayment of the remaining unamortized balances of the notes.

(3) These notes reflect modifications to either extend the maturity date, increase the loaned amount or both.

(4) See below for additional information.

(5) Loans are comprised of four tranches with the same lenders. Terms and conditions are substantially identical with the exception of maturity date as indicated in the table above.

On November 26, 2014, we and certain of our subsidiaries entered into a Loan and Security Agreement with Dove Ventures, LLC, a Nevada limited liability company (“Dove”). The agreement provides for a senior secured term loan facility in an amount of up to $40.0 million at any time outstanding. The Loan and Security Agreement was fully drawn with $40.0 million outstanding as of March 31, 2018. In November 2017, the agreement was amended to extend the maturity date of the term loan to November 21, 2018. All other terms remain unchanged.

Our obligations under the agreement are guaranteed by certain subsidiary guarantors and secured by a pledge of certain assets of ours and the subsidiary guarantors. The loans bear interest at the rate of 9.0% per annum, payable monthly in arrears. The principal amount of these loans is payable in a single installment on November 21, 2018 (as amended). The agreement includes customary affirmative and negative covenants, as well as customary representations, warranties and events of default. Subject to certain conditions, we can prepay the principal amounts of these loans without premium or penalty.

Dove is a limited liability company owned by three trusts. David G. Hanna is the sole shareholder and the President of the corporation that serves as the sole trustee of one of the trusts, and David G. Hanna and members of his immediate family are the beneficiaries of this trust. Frank J. Hanna, III is the sole shareholder and the President of the corporation that serves as the sole trustee of the other two trusts, and Frank J. Hanna, III and members of his immediate family are the beneficiaries of these other two trusts.

In February 2017, we (through a wholly owned subsidiary) established a program under which we sell certain receivables to a consolidated trust in exchange for notes issued by the trust. The notes are secured by the receivables and other assets of the trust. Simultaneously with the establishment of the program, the trust issued a series of variable funding notes and sold an aggregate amount of up to $90.0 million (of which $80.0 million was outstanding as of March 31, 2018) to an unaffiliated third party pursuant to a facility that can be drawn upon to the extent of outstanding eligible receivables. Interest rates on the notes range from 8.0% to 14.0%.

The facility matures on February 8, 2022 and is subject to certain affirmative covenants and collateral performance tests, the failure of which could result in required early repayment of all or a portion of the outstanding balance of notes. The facility also may be prepaid subject to payment of a prepayment fee.

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Convertible Senior Notes

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2018

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Convertible Senior Notes

Convertible Senior Notes

In November 2005, we issued $300.0 million aggregate principal amount of 5.875% convertible senior notes due November 30, 2035 (“5.875% convertible senior notes”). The 5.875% convertible senior notes are unsecured, subordinate to existing and future secured obligations and structurally subordinate to existing and future claims of our subsidiaries’ creditors. These notes (net of repurchases since the issuance dates) are reflected within convertible senior notes on our consolidated balance sheets.   No put rights exist under our 5.875% convertible senior notes.  

The following summarizes (in thousands) components of our consolidated balance sheets associated with our convertible senior notes:

	As of
	March 31, 2018			December 31, 2017
Face amount of 5.875% convertible senior notes	$	88,280		$	88,280
Discount	(26,630		)	(26,887		)
Net carrying value	$	61,650		$	61,393
Carrying amount of equity component included in additional paid-in capital	$	108,714		$	108,714
Excess of instruments’ if-converted values over face principal amounts	$	—		$	—

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Commitments and Contingencies

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2018

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Commitments and Contingencies

Commitments and Contingencies

General

Under finance products available in the point-of-sale and direct-to-consumer channels, consumers have the ability to borrow up to the maximum credit limit assigned to each individual’s account.  Unfunded commitments under these products aggregated $453.4 million at March 31, 2018. We have never experienced a situation in which all borrowers have exercised their entire available lines of credit at any given point in time, nor do we anticipate this will ever occur in the future.  Moreover, there would be a concurrent increase in assets should there be any exercise of these lines of credit.  We also have the effective right to reduce or cancel these available lines of credit at any time.

Additionally our CAR operations provide floor-plan financing for a pre-qualified network of independent automotive dealers and automotive finance companies in the buy-here, pay-here used car business.  The financings allow dealers and finance companies to borrow up to the maximum pre-approved credit limit allowed in order to finance ongoing inventory needs.  These loans are secured by the underlying auto inventory and, in certain cases where we have other lending products outstanding with the dealer, are secured by the collateral under those lending arrangements as well, including any outstanding dealer reserves. As of March 31, 2018, CAR had unfunded outstanding floor-plan financing commitments totaling $8.8 million.  Each draw against unused commitments is reviewed for conformity to pre-established guidelines.

Under agreements with third-party originating and other financial institutions, we have pledged security (collateral) related to their issuance of consumer credit and purchases thereunder, of which $8.7 million remains pledged as of March 31, 2018 to support various ongoing contractual obligations. 

Under agreements with third-party originating and other financial institutions, we have agreed to indemnify the financial institutions for certain liabilities associated with the services we provide on behalf of the financial institutions—such indemnification obligations generally being limited to instances in which we either (a) have been afforded the opportunity to defend against any potentially indemnifiable claims or (b) have reached agreement with the financial institutions regarding settlement of potentially indemnifiable claims. As of March 31, 2018, we have assessed the likelihood of any potential payments related to the aforementioned contingencies as remote. We will accrue liabilities related to these contingencies in any future period if and in which we assess the likelihood of an estimable payment as probable.

We also are subject to certain minimum payments under cancelable and non-cancelable lease arrangements. For further information regarding these commitments, see Note 8, “Leases” to the consolidated financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.

Litigation

See Note 11, “Commitments and Contingencies” to the consolidated financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 for information regarding outstanding litigation.

Additionally, we are involved in various other legal proceedings that are incidental to the conduct of our business, none of which are expected to be material to us.

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Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Controlling Interests Per Common Share

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2018

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Controlling Interests Per Common Share

Net (Loss) Income Attributable to Controlling Interests Per Common Share

The following table sets forth the computations of net loss per common share (in thousands, except per share data): 

	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2018			2017
Numerator:
Net (loss) income attributable to controlling interests	$	(4,670	)	$	728
Denominator:
Basic (including unvested share-based payment awards) (1)	13,899			13,944
Effect of dilutive stock compensation arrangements (2)	—			33
Diluted (including unvested share-based payment awards) (1)	13,899			13,977
Net (loss) income attributable to controlling interests per common share—basic	$	(0.34	)	$	0.05
Net (loss) income attributable to controlling interests per common share—diluted	$	(0.34	)	$	0.05

(1) Shares related to unvested share-based payment awards included in our basic and diluted share counts were 184,196 for the three months endedMarch 31, 2018, compared to 345,385 for the three months endedMarch 31, 2017.

(2) The effect of dilutive stock compensation arrangements is shown only for informational purposes where we are in a net loss position.  In such situations, the effect of including outstanding options and restricted stock would be anti-dilutive, and they are thus excluded from all loss period calculations.

For the three months endedMarch 31, 2018 and 2017, there were no shares potentially issuable and thus includible in the diluted net income attributable to controlling interests per common share calculations pursuant to our 5.875% convertible senior notes. However, in future reporting periods during which our closing stock price is above the $24.61 conversion price for the 5.875% convertible senior notes, and depending on the closing stock price at conversion, the maximum potential dilution under the conversion provisions of such notes is 3.6 million shares, which could be included in diluted share counts in net income per common share calculations. See Note 8, “Convertible Senior Notes,” for a further discussion of these convertible securities.

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Stock-Based Compensation

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2018

Disclosure of Compensation Related Costs, Share-based Payments [Abstract]

Stock-Based Compensation

11. Stock-Based Compensation

We currently have two stock-based compensation plans, the Second Amended and Restated Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”) and the Second Amended and Restated 2014 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2014 Plan”).  As of March 31, 2018, 103,702 shares remained available for issuance under the ESPP and 1,024,515 shares remained available for issuance under the 2014 Plan.

Exercises and vestings under our stock-based compensation plans resulted in $0 in income tax-related charges to additional paid-in capital during the three months endedMarch 31, 2018 and 2017.

Restricted Stock

During the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, we granted 69,000 and 57,000 shares of restricted stock (net of any forfeitures), respectively, with aggregate grant date fair values of $0.2 million and $0.2 million, respectively. We incurred expenses of $0.1 million and $0.2 million during the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, related to restricted stock awards. When we grant restricted stock, we defer the grant date value of the restricted stock and amortize that value (net of the value of anticipated forfeitures) as compensation expense with an offsetting entry to the additional paid-in capital component of our consolidated shareholders’ equity. Our restricted stock awards typically vest over a range of 12 to 60 months (or other term as specified in the grant) and are amortized to salaries and benefits expense ratably over applicable vesting periods. As of March 31, 2018, our unamortized deferred compensation costs associated with non-vested restricted stock awards were $0.2 million with a weighted-average remaining amortization period of 0.4 years.

Stock Options

Our 2014 Plan provides that we may grant options on or shares of our common stock (and other types of equity awards) to members of our Board of Directors, employees, consultants and advisors. The exercise price per share of the options must be equal to or greater than the market price on the date the option is granted. The option period may not exceed 10 years from the date of grant.   The vesting requirements for options are determined by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors. We had expense of $0.2 million and $0.3 million related to stock option-related compensation costs during the three months endedMarch 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. When applicable, we recognize stock option-related compensation expense for any awards with graded vesting on a straight-line basis over the vesting period for the entire award. The table below includes additional information about outstanding options:

	March 31, 2018
	Number of Shares		Weighted- Average Exercise Price		Weighted- Average of Remaining Contractual Life (in years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding at December 31, 2017	2,619,334		$	3.04
Issued	—		$	—
Exercised	—		$	—
Cancelled/Forfeited	(4,667	)	$	3.04
Outstanding at March 31, 2018	2,614,667		$	3.04	3.1	$	—
Exercisable at March 31, 2018	1,010,815		$	2.95	2.1	$	—

We had $0.7 million and $0.9 million of unamortized deferred compensation costs associated with non-vested stock options as of March 31, 2018 and December 31,2017, respectively.

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Significant Accounting Policies and Consolidated Financial Statement Components (Policies)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2018

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Loans and Leases Receivable, Troubled Debt Restructuring Policy [Policy Text Block]

Troubled Debt Restructurings.As part of ongoing collection efforts, once an account in our Credit and Other Investments segment is 90 days or more past due, the account is placed on a non-accrual status. Placement on a non-accrual status results in the elimination of the annual percentage rate (“APR”) charged to an account and a cessation of fee billing. Following this adjustment, if a customer demonstrates a willingness and ability to resume making monthly payments and meets certain additional criteria, we will re-age the customer’s account. When we re-age an account, we adjust the status of the account to bring a delinquent account current, but generally do not make any further modifications to the payment terms or amount owed. Once an account is placed on a non-accrual status, it is closed for further purchases. Accounts that are placed on a non-accrual status and thereafter make at least one payment qualify as troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”).

The following table details by class of receivable, the number and amount of modified loans, including TDRs that have been re-aged, of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017:

	As of
	March 31, 2018				December 31, 2017
	Point-of-sale		Direct-to-consumer		Point-of-sale		Direct-to-consumer
Number of accounts on non-accrual status	11,711		8,650		11,432		6,681
Number of accounts on non-accrual status above that have been re-aged	1,135		157		915		80
Amount of receivables on non-accrual status (in thousands)	$	17,388	$	8,778	$	17,169	$	7,067
Amount of receivables on non-accrual status above that have been re-aged (in thousands)	$	2,048	$	171	$	1,570	$	86
Carrying value of receivables on non-accrual status (in thousands)	$	5,431	$	1,365	$	4,247	$	1,173
TDRs - Performing (carrying value, in thousands)*	$	3,563	$	856	$	2,368	$	508
TDRs - Nonperforming (carrying value, in thousands)*	$	1,868	$	509	$	1,879	$	665

*“TDRs - Performing” include accounts that are current on all amounts owed, while “TDRs - Nonperforming” include all accounts with past due amounts owed.

Given that the above TDRs have a high reserve rate prior to modification as TDRs, we do not separately reserve or impair these receivables outside of our general reserve process.

The following table details by class of receivable, the number of accounts and carrying value of loans that completed a modification (including those that were classified as TDRs) within the prior twelve months and subsequently charged off.

	Twelve Months Ended
	March 31, 2018				March 31, 2017
	Point-of-Sale		Direct-to-Consumer		Point-of-Sale	Direct-to-Consumer
Number of accounts	1,881		868		1,617	654
Loan balance at time of charge off (in thousands)	$	2,885	$	1,845	$1,860	$1,906

Prepaid Expenses and Other Assets [Policy Text Block]

Prepaid Expenses and Other Assets

Prepaid expenses and other assets include amounts paid to third parties for marketing and other services as well as amounts owed to us by third parties. Prepaid amounts are expensed as the underlying related services are performed.  Also included are (1) commissions paid associated with our various office leases which we amortize into expense over the lease terms, (2) amounts due from a third party in respect of a servicing agreement totaling $31.6 million as of March 31, 2018, (3) ongoing deferred costs associated with service contracts and (4) investments in consumer finance technology platforms carried at the lower of cost or market valuation.

Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities Disclosure [Text Block]

Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses

Accounts payable and accrued expenses reflect both the billed and unbilled amounts owed at the end of a period for services rendered. Also included within accounts payable and accrued expenses are amounts which may be owed in respect of one of our portfolios.

Basis of Presentation and Use of Estimates

Basis of Presentation and Use of Estimates

We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the U.S. (“GAAP”).

Use of Estimates, Policy [Policy Text Block]

The preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of our consolidated financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during each reporting period. We base these estimates on information available to us as of the date of the financial statements. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates. Certain estimates, such as credit losses, payment rates, costs of funds, discount rates and the yields earned on credit card receivables, significantly affect the reported amount of credit card receivables that we report at fair value and our notes payable associated with structured financings, at fair value; these estimates likewise affect the changes in these amounts reflected within our fees and related income on earning assets line item on our consolidated statements of operations. Additionally, estimates of future credit losses have a significant effect on loans and fees receivable, net, as shown on our consolidated balance sheets, as well as on the provision for losses on loans and fees receivable within our consolidated statements of operations.

We have eliminated all significant intercompany balances and transactions for financial reporting purposes.

Loans and Fees Receivable

Loans and Fees Receivable

Our loans and fees receivable include loans and fees receivable, at fair value and loans and fees receivable, gross.

As of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the weighted average remaining accretion period for the $36.1 million and $37.0 million of deferred revenue reflected in the consolidated balance sheets was 12 months and 11 months, respectively.

A roll-forward (in millions) of our allowance for uncollectible loans and fees receivable by class of receivable is as follows: 

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2018	Credit Cards			Auto Finance			Other Unsecured Lending Products			Total
Allowance for uncollectible loans and fees receivable:
Balance at beginning of period	$	(18.2	)	$	(2.3	)	$	(42.5	)	$	(63.0	)
Provision for loan losses	(9.0		)	—			(7.0		)	(16.0		)
Charge offs	6.5			0.7			15.1			22.3
Recoveries	(0.1		)	(0.3		)	(1.2		)	(1.6		)
Balance at end of period	$	(20.8	)	$	(1.9	)	$	(35.6	)	$	(58.3	)

As of March 31, 2018	Credit Cards			Auto Finance			Other Unsecured Lending Products			Total
Allowance for uncollectible loans and fees receivable:
Balance at end of period individually evaluated for impairment	$	—		$	—		$	(0.2	)	$	(0.2	)
Balance at end of period collectively evaluated for impairment	$	(20.8	)	$	(1.9	)	$	(35.4	)	$	(58.1	)
Loans and fees receivable:
Loans and fees receivable, gross	$	97.8		$	78.4		$	224.5		$	400.7
Loans and fees receivable individually evaluated for impairment	$	—		$	0.1		$	0.2		$	0.3
Loans and fees receivable collectively evaluated for impairment	$	97.8		$	78.3		$	224.3		$	400.4

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2017	Credit Cards			Auto Finance			Other Unsecured Lending Products			Total
Allowance for uncollectible loans and fees receivable:
Balance at beginning of period	$	(1.4	)	$	(2.1	)	$	(39.8	)	$	(43.3	)
Provision for loan losses	(0.4		)	(0.4		)	(9.9		)	(10.7		)
Charge offs	0.4			0.8			14.6			15.8
Recoveries	(0.4		)	(0.3		)	(0.6		)	(1.3		)
Balance at end of period	$	(1.8	)	$	(2.0	)	$	(35.7	)	$	(39.5	)

As of December 31, 2017	Credit Cards			Auto Finance			Other Unsecured Lending Products			Total
Allowance for uncollectible loans and fees receivable:
Balance at end of period individually evaluated for impairment	$	—		$	(0.2	)	$	(0.2	)	$	(0.4	)
Balance at end of period collectively evaluated for impairment	$	(18.2	)	$	(2.1	)	$	(42.3	)	$	(62.6	)
Loans and fees receivable:
Loans and fees receivable, gross	$	87.2		$	77.8		$	228.9		$	393.9
Loans and fees receivable individually evaluated for impairment	$	—		$	0.4		$	0.2		$	0.6
Loans and fees receivable collectively evaluated for impairment	$	87.2		$	77.4		$	228.7		$	393.3

An aging of our delinquent loans and fees receivable, gross (in millions) by class of receivable as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 is as follows:

Balance at March 31, 2018	Credit Cards		Auto Finance		Other Unsecured Lending Products		Total
30-59 days past due	$	2.8	$	4.3	$	7.1	$	14.2
60-89 days past due	2.7		1.4		5.9		10.0
90 or more days past due	6.9		1.3		14.7		22.9
Delinquent loans and fees receivable, gross	12.4		7.0		27.7		47.1
Current loans and fees receivable, gross	85.4		71.4		196.8		353.6
Total loans and fees receivable, gross	$	97.8	$	78.4	$	224.5	$	400.7
Balance of loans 90 or more days past due and still accruing interest and fees	$	—	$	1.1	$	—	$	1.1

Balance at December 31, 2017	Credit Cards		Auto Finance		Other Unsecured Lending Products		Total
30-59 days past due	$	3.2	$	6.4	$	9.0	$	18.6
60-89 days past due	3.3		2.1		7.1		12.5
90 or more days past due	4.9		1.9		15.7		22.5
Delinquent loans and fees receivable, gross	11.4		10.4		31.8		53.6
Current loans and fees receivable, gross	75.8		67.4		197.1		340.3
Total loans and fees receivable, gross	$	87.2	$	77.8	$	228.9	$	393.9
Balance of loans 90 or more days past due and still accruing interest and fees	$	—	$	1.6	$	—	$	1.6

Income Tax, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Income Taxes

We experienced a negative effective income tax expense rate of 3.1% for the three months ended March 31, 2018, compared to an effective income tax expense rate of 45.9% for the three months ended March 31, 2017. Our negative effective income tax expense rate for the three months ended March 31, 2018, is below the statutory rate principally due to (1) interest we accrued during such period on unpaid federal tax liabilities and uncertain tax positions, (2) additions during such period to valuation allowances against our net federal deferred tax assets associated with our net loss incurred during such period, and (3) foreign tax expense incurred during such period. Our effective income tax expense rate for the three months ended March 31, 2017 was above the statutory rate applicable during such period principally due to interest we accrued during such period on unpaid federal tax liabilities.

As implied above, we report income tax-related interest and penalties (including those associated with both our accrued liabilities for uncertain tax positions and unpaid tax liabilities) within our income tax benefit or expense line item on our consolidated statements of operations. We likewise report the reversal of income tax-related interest and penalties within such line item to the extent that we resolve our liabilities for uncertain tax positions or unpaid tax liabilities in a manner favorable to our accruals therefor. During both the three months ended March 31, 2018, and 2017, we included $0.2 million of net income tax-related interest and penalties within those periods’ respective income tax expense line items.

In December 2014, we reached a settlement with the IRS concerning the tax treatment of net operating losses we incurred in 2007 and 2008 and carried back to obtain refunds of federal income taxes paid in earlier years dating back to 2003. Our net unpaid income tax assessment associated with that settlement was $7.4 million at March 31, 2018; this amount excludes unpaid interest and penalties on the tax assessment, the accruals for which aggregated $4.3 million at March 31, 2018. Prior to our filing amended return claims that would have eliminated the $7.4 million assessment (and corresponding interest and penalties) under a negotiated provision of the IRS settlement, the IRS filed a lien (as is customarily the case), associated with the assessment. Subsequently, an IRS examination team denied our amended return claims, and we filed a protest with IRS Appeals. Following correspondence and conferences we held with IRS Appeals, we received a settlement offer from IRS Appeals in April 2018 that would reduce our $7.4 million net unpaid income tax assessment referenced above to $3.7 million. We currently are evaluating the settlement offer, and should we accept the offer, (1) our $3.7 million reduction in the unpaid income tax assessment and liability accrued therefor would be reversed into income (along with a commensurate portion of the $4.3 million we have accrued for interest and penalties associated with the $3.7 million settled accrual), and (2) we would expect to pay the remaining accrued income tax, interest and penalties liability to the IRS after the settlement is finalized.

Revenue Recognition, Policy

Income Taxes

We experienced a negative effective income tax expense rate of 3.1% for the three months ended March 31, 2018, compared to an effective income tax expense rate of 45.9% for the three months ended March 31, 2017. Our negative effective income tax expense rate for the three months ended March 31, 2018, is below the statutory rate principally due to (1) interest we accrued during such period on unpaid federal tax liabilities and uncertain tax positions, (2) additions during such period to valuation allowances against our net federal deferred tax assets associated with our net loss incurred during such period, and (3) foreign tax expense incurred during such period. Our effective income tax expense rate for the three months ended March 31, 2017 was above the statutory rate applicable during such period principally due to interest we accrued during such period on unpaid federal tax liabilities.

As implied above, we report income tax-related interest and penalties (including those associated with both our accrued liabilities for uncertain tax positions and unpaid tax liabilities) within our income tax benefit or expense line item on our consolidated statements of operations. We likewise report the reversal of income tax-related interest and penalties within such line item to the extent that we resolve our liabilities for uncertain tax positions or unpaid tax liabilities in a manner favorable to our accruals therefor. During both the three months ended March 31, 2018, and 2017, we included $0.2 million of net income tax-related interest and penalties within those periods’ respective income tax expense line items.

In December 2014, we reached a settlement with the IRS concerning the tax treatment of net operating losses we incurred in 2007 and 2008 and carried back to obtain refunds of federal income taxes paid in earlier years dating back to 2003. Our net unpaid income tax assessment associated with that settlement was $7.4 million at March 31, 2018; this amount excludes unpaid interest and penalties on the tax assessment, the accruals for which aggregated $4.3 million at March 31, 2018. Prior to our filing amended return claims that would have eliminated the $7.4 million assessment (and corresponding interest and penalties) under a negotiated provision of the IRS settlement, the IRS filed a lien (as is customarily the case), associated with the assessment. Subsequently, an IRS examination team denied our amended return claims, and we filed a protest with IRS Appeals. Following correspondence and conferences we held with IRS Appeals, we received a settlement offer from IRS Appeals in April 2018 that would reduce our $7.4 million net unpaid income tax assessment referenced above to $3.7 million. We currently are evaluating the settlement offer, and should we accept the offer, (1) our $3.7 million reduction in the unpaid income tax assessment and liability accrued therefor would be reversed into income (along with a commensurate portion of the $4.3 million we have accrued for interest and penalties associated with the $3.7 million settled accrual), and (2) we would expect to pay the remaining accrued income tax, interest and penalties liability to the IRS after the settlement is finalized.

Revenue Recognition and Revenue from Contracts with Customers

Consumer Loans, Including Past Due Fees

Consumer loans, including past due fees reflect interest income, including finance charges, and late fees on loans in accordance with the terms of the related customer agreements. Premiums and discounts paid or received associated with a loan are generally deferred and amortized over the average life of the related loans using the effective interest method. Finance charges and fees, net of amounts that we consider uncollectible, are included in loans and fees receivable and revenue when the fees are earned.

Fees and Related Income on Earning Assets

Fees and related income on earning assets primarily include:  (1) fees associated with our credit products, including the receivables underlying our U.S. point-of-sale finance and direct-to-consumer activities, and our historical credit card receivables; (2) changes in the fair value of loans and fees receivable recorded at fair value; (3) changes in fair value of notes payable associated with structured financings recorded at fair value; (4) revenues associated with rent payments on rental merchandise; and (5) gains or losses associated with our investments in securities. 

We assess fees on credit card accounts underlying our credit card receivables according to the terms of the related cardholder agreements and, except for annual membership fees, we recognize these fees as income when they are charged to the customers’ accounts. We accrete annual membership fees associated with our credit card receivables into income on a straight-line basis over the cardholder privilege period. Similarly, fees on our other credit products are recognized when earned, which coincides with the time they are charged to the customer’s account. Fees and related income on earning assets, net of amounts that we consider uncollectible, are included in loans and fees receivable and revenue when the fees are earned.

In periods where applicable, we accrue periodic billed rental amounts (net of allowances for uncollectible billings) into revenues over the rental period to which the billed amounts relate, and we defer recognition in revenues of any advanced customer rental payments until the rental period in which they are properly recognizable under the terms of the contract.

The components (in thousands) of our fees and related income on earning assets are as follows:

	Three months ended March 31,
	2018			2017
Fees on credit products	$	4,905		$	1,096
Changes in fair value of loans and fees receivable recorded at fair value	(18		)	563
Changes in fair value of notes payable associated with structured financings recorded at fair value	1,331			706
Rental revenue	—			148
Other	(4		)	288
Total fees and related income on earning assets	$	6,214		$	2,801

The above changes in the fair value of loans and fees receivable recorded at fair value category exclude the impact of charge offs associated with these receivables which are separately stated in Net recovery of charge off of loans and fees receivable recorded at fair value on our consolidated statements of operations.  See Note 6, “Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities,” for further discussion of these receivables and their effects on our consolidated statements of operations.

Revenue from Contracts with Customers

In the first quarter of 2018, we adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers” under the modified retrospective transition method. We have determined that revenue from contracts with customers would primarily consist of interchange revenues in our Credit and Other Investments segment and other customer-related fees in both our Credit and Other Investments segment and our Auto Finance segment. Revenue from these contracts with customers is included as a component of Other income on our Consolidated Statements of Operations. Components (in thousands) of our revenue from contracts with customers is as follows:

Three months ended March 31, 2018	Credit and Other Investments		Auto Finance		Total
Interchange revenues, net (1)	$	444	$	—	$	444
Service charges and other customer related fees	25		47		72
Total Other income	469		47		516

(1) Interchange revenue is presented net of customer reward expense

New Accounting Pronouncements, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. The guidance requires an assessment of credit losses based on expected rather than incurred losses (known as the current expected credit loss model). This generally will result in the recognition of allowances for losses earlier than under current accounting guidance for trade and other receivables, held to maturity debt securities and other instruments. The standard will be adopted on a prospective basis with a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the guidance is effective. ASU 2016-13 is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted. We are currently in the process of reviewing accounting interpretations, expected data requirements and necessary changes to our loss estimation methods, processes and systems. This standard is expected to result in an increase to our allowance for loan losses given the change to expected losses for the estimated life of the financial asset. The extent of the increase will depend on the asset quality of the portfolio, and economic conditions and forecasts at adoption.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases, which requires lessees to recognize assets and liabilities for most leases, changing certain aspects of current lessor accounting, among other things. ASU 2016-02 is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted. The adoption of ASU 2016-02 will result in the Company recognizing a right-of-use asset and lease liability on the consolidated balance sheet based on the present value of remaining operating lease payments. Net future minimum lease payments totaled $12.2 million as of December 31, 2017. We do not expect the adoption of ASU 2016-02 to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements due to the limited lease activity we are involved in.

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers.” ASU 2014-09 establishes a principles-based model under which revenue from a contract is allocated to the distinct performance obligations within the contract and recognized in income as each performance obligation is satisfied. Additional disclosure about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from customer contracts, including significant judgments and changes in judgments and assets recognized from costs incurred to obtain or fulfill a contract is also required. In August 2015, the FASB delayed the effective date by one year and the guidance was effective for annual and interim periods beginning January 1, 2018. Most revenue associated with financial instruments, including interest income, loan origination fees and credit card fees, is outside the scope of the guidance. We adopted this standard as of January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective method of adoption. Our adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Subsequent Events

Subsequent Events

We evaluate subsequent events that occur after our consolidated balance sheet date but before our consolidated financial statements are issued. There are two types of subsequent events:  (1) recognized, or those that provide additional evidence with respect to conditions that existed at the date of the balance sheet, including the estimates inherent in the process of preparing financial statements; and (2) nonrecognized, or those that provide evidence with respect to conditions that did not exist at the date of the balance sheet but arose subsequent to that date.  We have evaluated subsequent events occurring after March 31, 2018, and based on our evaluation we did not identify any recognized or nonrecognized subsequent events that would have required further adjustments to our consolidated financial statements.

Significant Accounting Policies and Consolidated Financial Statement Components

Significant Accounting Policies and Consolidated Financial Statement Components

The following is a summary of significant accounting policies we follow in preparing our consolidated financial statements, as well as a description of significant components of our consolidated financial statements.

Basis of Presentation and Use of Estimates

We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the U.S. (“GAAP”). The preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of our consolidated financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during each reporting period. We base these estimates on information available to us as of the date of the financial statements. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates. Certain estimates, such as credit losses, payment rates, costs of funds, discount rates and the yields earned on credit card receivables, significantly affect the reported amount of credit card receivables that we report at fair value and our notes payable associated with structured financings, at fair value; these estimates likewise affect the changes in these amounts reflected within our fees and related income on earning assets line item on our consolidated statements of operations. Additionally, estimates of future credit losses have a significant effect on loans and fees receivable, net, as shown on our consolidated balance sheets, as well as on the provision for losses on loans and fees receivable within our consolidated statements of operations.

We have eliminated all significant intercompany balances and transactions for financial reporting purposes.

Loans and Fees Receivable

Our loans and fees receivable include loans and fees receivable, at fair value and loans and fees receivable, gross.

As of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the weighted average remaining accretion period for the $36.1 million and $37.0 million of deferred revenue reflected in the consolidated balance sheets was 12 months and 11 months, respectively.

A roll-forward (in millions) of our allowance for uncollectible loans and fees receivable by class of receivable is as follows: 

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2018	Credit Cards			Auto Finance			Other Unsecured Lending Products			Total
Allowance for uncollectible loans and fees receivable:
Balance at beginning of period	$	(18.2	)	$	(2.3	)	$	(42.5	)	$	(63.0	)
Provision for loan losses	(9.0		)	—			(7.0		)	(16.0		)
Charge offs	6.5			0.7			15.1			22.3
Recoveries	(0.1		)	(0.3		)	(1.2		)	(1.6		)
Balance at end of period	$	(20.8	)	$	(1.9	)	$	(35.6	)	$	(58.3	)

As of March 31, 2018	Credit Cards			Auto Finance			Other Unsecured Lending Products			Total
Allowance for uncollectible loans and fees receivable:
Balance at end of period individually evaluated for impairment	$	—		$	—		$	(0.2	)	$	(0.2	)
Balance at end of period collectively evaluated for impairment	$	(20.8	)	$	(1.9	)	$	(35.4	)	$	(58.1	)
Loans and fees receivable:
Loans and fees receivable, gross	$	97.8		$	78.4		$	224.5		$	400.7
Loans and fees receivable individually evaluated for impairment	$	—		$	0.1		$	0.2		$	0.3
Loans and fees receivable collectively evaluated for impairment	$	97.8		$	78.3		$	224.3		$	400.4

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2017	Credit Cards			Auto Finance			Other Unsecured Lending Products			Total
Allowance for uncollectible loans and fees receivable:
Balance at beginning of period	$	(1.4	)	$	(2.1	)	$	(39.8	)	$	(43.3	)
Provision for loan losses	(0.4		)	(0.4		)	(9.9		)	(10.7		)
Charge offs	0.4			0.8			14.6			15.8
Recoveries	(0.4		)	(0.3		)	(0.6		)	(1.3		)
Balance at end of period	$	(1.8	)	$	(2.0	)	$	(35.7	)	$	(39.5	)

As of December 31, 2017	Credit Cards			Auto Finance			Other Unsecured Lending Products			Total
Allowance for uncollectible loans and fees receivable:
Balance at end of period individually evaluated for impairment	$	—		$	(0.2	)	$	(0.2	)	$	(0.4	)
Balance at end of period collectively evaluated for impairment	$	(18.2	)	$	(2.1	)	$	(42.3	)	$	(62.6	)
Loans and fees receivable:
Loans and fees receivable, gross	$	87.2		$	77.8		$	228.9		$	393.9
Loans and fees receivable individually evaluated for impairment	$	—		$	0.4		$	0.2		$	0.6
Loans and fees receivable collectively evaluated for impairment	$	87.2		$	77.4		$	228.7		$	393.3

An aging of our delinquent loans and fees receivable, gross (in millions) by class of receivable as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 is as follows:

Balance at March 31, 2018	Credit Cards		Auto Finance		Other Unsecured Lending Products		Total
30-59 days past due	$	2.8	$	4.3	$	7.1	$	14.2
60-89 days past due	2.7		1.4		5.9		10.0
90 or more days past due	6.9		1.3		14.7		22.9
Delinquent loans and fees receivable, gross	12.4		7.0		27.7		47.1
Current loans and fees receivable, gross	85.4		71.4		196.8		353.6
Total loans and fees receivable, gross	$	97.8	$	78.4	$	224.5	$	400.7
Balance of loans 90 or more days past due and still accruing interest and fees	$	—	$	1.1	$	—	$	1.1

Balance at December 31, 2017	Credit Cards		Auto Finance		Other Unsecured Lending Products		Total
30-59 days past due	$	3.2	$	6.4	$	9.0	$	18.6
60-89 days past due	3.3		2.1		7.1		12.5
90 or more days past due	4.9		1.9		15.7		22.5
Delinquent loans and fees receivable, gross	11.4		10.4		31.8		53.6
Current loans and fees receivable, gross	75.8		67.4		197.1		340.3
Total loans and fees receivable, gross	$	87.2	$	77.8	$	228.9	$	393.9
Balance of loans 90 or more days past due and still accruing interest and fees	$	—	$	1.6	$	—	$	1.6

Troubled Debt Restructurings.As part of ongoing collection efforts, once an account in our Credit and Other Investments segment is 90 days or more past due, the account is placed on a non-accrual status. Placement on a non-accrual status results in the elimination of the annual percentage rate (“APR”) charged to an account and a cessation of fee billing. Following this adjustment, if a customer demonstrates a willingness and ability to resume making monthly payments and meets certain additional criteria, we will re-age the customer’s account. When we re-age an account, we adjust the status of the account to bring a delinquent account current, but generally do not make any further modifications to the payment terms or amount owed. Once an account is placed on a non-accrual status, it is closed for further purchases. Accounts that are placed on a non-accrual status and thereafter make at least one payment qualify as troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”).

The following table details by class of receivable, the number and amount of modified loans, including TDRs that have been re-aged, of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017:

	As of
	March 31, 2018				December 31, 2017
	Point-of-sale		Direct-to-consumer		Point-of-sale		Direct-to-consumer
Number of accounts on non-accrual status	11,711		8,650		11,432		6,681
Number of accounts on non-accrual status above that have been re-aged	1,135		157		915		80
Amount of receivables on non-accrual status (in thousands)	$	17,388	$	8,778	$	17,169	$	7,067
Amount of receivables on non-accrual status above that have been re-aged (in thousands)	$	2,048	$	171	$	1,570	$	86
Carrying value of receivables on non-accrual status (in thousands)	$	5,431	$	1,365	$	4,247	$	1,173
TDRs - Performing (carrying value, in thousands)*	$	3,563	$	856	$	2,368	$	508
TDRs - Nonperforming (carrying value, in thousands)*	$	1,868	$	509	$	1,879	$	665

*“TDRs - Performing” include accounts that are current on all amounts owed, while “TDRs - Nonperforming” include all accounts with past due amounts owed.

Given that the above TDRs have a high reserve rate prior to modification as TDRs, we do not separately reserve or impair these receivables outside of our general reserve process.

The following table details by class of receivable, the number of accounts and carrying value of loans that completed a modification (including those that were classified as TDRs) within the prior twelve months and subsequently charged off.

	Twelve Months Ended
	March 31, 2018				March 31, 2017
	Point-of-Sale		Direct-to-Consumer		Point-of-Sale	Direct-to-Consumer
Number of accounts	1,881		868		1,617	654
Loan balance at time of charge off (in thousands)	$	2,885	$	1,845	$1,860	$1,906

Prepaid Expenses and Other Assets

Prepaid expenses and other assets include amounts paid to third parties for marketing and other services as well as amounts owed to us by third parties. Prepaid amounts are expensed as the underlying related services are performed.  Also included are (1) commissions paid associated with our various office leases which we amortize into expense over the lease terms, (2) amounts due from a third party in respect of a servicing agreement totaling $31.6 million as of March 31, 2018, (3) ongoing deferred costs associated with service contracts and (4) investments in consumer finance technology platforms carried at the lower of cost or market valuation.

Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses

Accounts payable and accrued expenses reflect both the billed and unbilled amounts owed at the end of a period for services rendered. Also included within accounts payable and accrued expenses are amounts which may be owed in respect of one of our portfolios.

Income Taxes

We experienced a negative effective income tax expense rate of 3.1% for the three months ended March 31, 2018, compared to an effective income tax expense rate of 45.9% for the three months ended March 31, 2017. Our negative effective income tax expense rate for the three months ended March 31, 2018, is below the statutory rate principally due to (1) interest we accrued during such period on unpaid federal tax liabilities and uncertain tax positions, (2) additions during such period to valuation allowances against our net federal deferred tax assets associated with our net loss incurred during such period, and (3) foreign tax expense incurred during such period. Our effective income tax expense rate for the three months ended March 31, 2017 was above the statutory rate applicable during such period principally due to interest we accrued during such period on unpaid federal tax liabilities.

As implied above, we report income tax-related interest and penalties (including those associated with both our accrued liabilities for uncertain tax positions and unpaid tax liabilities) within our income tax benefit or expense line item on our consolidated statements of operations. We likewise report the reversal of income tax-related interest and penalties within such line item to the extent that we resolve our liabilities for uncertain tax positions or unpaid tax liabilities in a manner favorable to our accruals therefor. During both the three months ended March 31, 2018, and 2017, we included $0.2 million of net income tax-related interest and penalties within those periods’ respective income tax expense line items.

In December 2014, we reached a settlement with the IRS concerning the tax treatment of net operating losses we incurred in 2007 and 2008 and carried back to obtain refunds of federal income taxes paid in earlier years dating back to 2003. Our net unpaid income tax assessment associated with that settlement was $7.4 million at March 31, 2018; this amount excludes unpaid interest and penalties on the tax assessment, the accruals for which aggregated $4.3 million at March 31, 2018. Prior to our filing amended return claims that would have eliminated the $7.4 million assessment (and corresponding interest and penalties) under a negotiated provision of the IRS settlement, the IRS filed a lien (as is customarily the case), associated with the assessment. Subsequently, an IRS examination team denied our amended return claims, and we filed a protest with IRS Appeals. Following correspondence and conferences we held with IRS Appeals, we received a settlement offer from IRS Appeals in April 2018 that would reduce our $7.4 million net unpaid income tax assessment referenced above to $3.7 million. We currently are evaluating the settlement offer, and should we accept the offer, (1) our $3.7 million reduction in the unpaid income tax assessment and liability accrued therefor would be reversed into income (along with a commensurate portion of the $4.3 million we have accrued for interest and penalties associated with the $3.7 million settled accrual), and (2) we would expect to pay the remaining accrued income tax, interest and penalties liability to the IRS after the settlement is finalized.

Revenue Recognition and Revenue from Contracts with Customers

Consumer Loans, Including Past Due Fees

Consumer loans, including past due fees reflect interest income, including finance charges, and late fees on loans in accordance with the terms of the related customer agreements. Premiums and discounts paid or received associated with a loan are generally deferred and amortized over the average life of the related loans using the effective interest method. Finance charges and fees, net of amounts that we consider uncollectible, are included in loans and fees receivable and revenue when the fees are earned.

Fees and Related Income on Earning Assets

Fees and related income on earning assets primarily include:  (1) fees associated with our credit products, including the receivables underlying our U.S. point-of-sale finance and direct-to-consumer activities, and our historical credit card receivables; (2) changes in the fair value of loans and fees receivable recorded at fair value; (3) changes in fair value of notes payable associated with structured financings recorded at fair value; (4) revenues associated with rent payments on rental merchandise; and (5) gains or losses associated with our investments in securities. 

We assess fees on credit card accounts underlying our credit card receivables according to the terms of the related cardholder agreements and, except for annual membership fees, we recognize these fees as income when they are charged to the customers’ accounts. We accrete annual membership fees associated with our credit card receivables into income on a straight-line basis over the cardholder privilege period. Similarly, fees on our other credit products are recognized when earned, which coincides with the time they are charged to the customer’s account. Fees and related income on earning assets, net of amounts that we consider uncollectible, are included in loans and fees receivable and revenue when the fees are earned.

In periods where applicable, we accrue periodic billed rental amounts (net of allowances for uncollectible billings) into revenues over the rental period to which the billed amounts relate, and we defer recognition in revenues of any advanced customer rental payments until the rental period in which they are properly recognizable under the terms of the contract.

The components (in thousands) of our fees and related income on earning assets are as follows:

	Three months ended March 31,
	2018			2017
Fees on credit products	$	4,905		$	1,096
Changes in fair value of loans and fees receivable recorded at fair value	(18		)	563
Changes in fair value of notes payable associated with structured financings recorded at fair value	1,331			706
Rental revenue	—			148
Other	(4		)	288
Total fees and related income on earning assets	$	6,214		$	2,801

The above changes in the fair value of loans and fees receivable recorded at fair value category exclude the impact of charge offs associated with these receivables which are separately stated in Net recovery of charge off of loans and fees receivable recorded at fair value on our consolidated statements of operations.  See Note 6, “Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities,” for further discussion of these receivables and their effects on our consolidated statements of operations.

Revenue from Contracts with Customers

In the first quarter of 2018, we adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers” under the modified retrospective transition method. We have determined that revenue from contracts with customers would primarily consist of interchange revenues in our Credit and Other Investments segment and other customer-related fees in both our Credit and Other Investments segment and our Auto Finance segment. Revenue from these contracts with customers is included as a component of Other income on our Consolidated Statements of Operations. Components (in thousands) of our revenue from contracts with customers is as follows:

Three months ended March 31, 2018	Credit and Other Investments		Auto Finance		Total
Interchange revenues, net (1)	$	444	$	—	$	444
Service charges and other customer related fees	25		47		72
Total Other income	469		47		516

(1) Interchange revenue is presented net of customer reward expense

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. The guidance requires an assessment of credit losses based on expected rather than incurred losses (known as the current expected credit loss model). This generally will result in the recognition of allowances for losses earlier than under current accounting guidance for trade and other receivables, held to maturity debt securities and other instruments. The standard will be adopted on a prospective basis with a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the guidance is effective. ASU 2016-13 is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted. We are currently in the process of reviewing accounting interpretations, expected data requirements and necessary changes to our loss estimation methods, processes and systems. This standard is expected to result in an increase to our allowance for loan losses given the change to expected losses for the estimated life of the financial asset. The extent of the increase will depend on the asset quality of the portfolio, and economic conditions and forecasts at adoption.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases, which requires lessees to recognize assets and liabilities for most leases, changing certain aspects of current lessor accounting, among other things. ASU 2016-02 is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted. The adoption of ASU 2016-02 will result in the Company recognizing a right-of-use asset and lease liability on the consolidated balance sheet based on the present value of remaining operating lease payments. Net future minimum lease payments totaled $12.2 million as of December 31, 2017. We do not expect the adoption of ASU 2016-02 to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements due to the limited lease activity we are involved in.

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers.” ASU 2014-09 establishes a principles-based model under which revenue from a contract is allocated to the distinct performance obligations within the contract and recognized in income as each performance obligation is satisfied. Additional disclosure about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from customer contracts, including significant judgments and changes in judgments and assets recognized from costs incurred to obtain or fulfill a contract is also required. In August 2015, the FASB delayed the effective date by one year and the guidance was effective for annual and interim periods beginning January 1, 2018. Most revenue associated with financial instruments, including interest income, loan origination fees and credit card fees, is outside the scope of the guidance. We adopted this standard as of January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective method of adoption. Our adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Subsequent Events

We evaluate subsequent events that occur after our consolidated balance sheet date but before our consolidated financial statements are issued. There are two types of subsequent events:  (1) recognized, or those that provide additional evidence with respect to conditions that existed at the date of the balance sheet, including the estimates inherent in the process of preparing financial statements; and (2) nonrecognized, or those that provide evidence with respect to conditions that did not exist at the date of the balance sheet but arose subsequent to that date.  We have evaluated subsequent events occurring after March 31, 2018, and based on our evaluation we did not identify any recognized or nonrecognized subsequent events that would have required further adjustments to our consolidated financial statements.

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Significant Accounting Policies and Consolidated Financial Statement Components (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2018

Mar. 31, 2017

Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Text Block]

Components (in thousands) of our revenue from contracts with customers is as follows:

Three months ended March 31, 2018	Credit and Other Investments		Auto Finance		Total
Interchange revenues, net (1)	$	444	$	—	$	444
Service charges and other customer related fees	25		47		72
Total Other income	469		47		516

(1) Interchange revenue is presented net of customer reward expense

Troubled Debt Restructurings on Financing Receivables [Table Text Block]

The following table details by class of receivable, the number and amount of modified loans, including TDRs that have been re-aged, of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017:

	As of
	March 31, 2018				December 31, 2017
	Point-of-sale		Direct-to-consumer		Point-of-sale		Direct-to-consumer
Number of accounts on non-accrual status	11,711		8,650		11,432		6,681
Number of accounts on non-accrual status above that have been re-aged	1,135		157		915		80
Amount of receivables on non-accrual status (in thousands)	$	17,388	$	8,778	$	17,169	$	7,067
Amount of receivables on non-accrual status above that have been re-aged (in thousands)	$	2,048	$	171	$	1,570	$	86
Carrying value of receivables on non-accrual status (in thousands)	$	5,431	$	1,365	$	4,247	$	1,173
TDRs - Performing (carrying value, in thousands)*	$	3,563	$	856	$	2,368	$	508
TDRs - Nonperforming (carrying value, in thousands)*	$	1,868	$	509	$	1,879	$	665

*“TDRs - Performing” include accounts that are current on all amounts owed, while “TDRs - Nonperforming” include all accounts with past due amounts owed.

Given that the above TDRs have a high reserve rate prior to modification as TDRs, we do not separately reserve or impair these receivables outside of our general reserve process.

The following table details by class of receivable, the number of accounts and carrying value of loans that completed a modification (including those that were classified as TDRs) within the prior twelve months and subsequently charged off.

	Twelve Months Ended
	March 31, 2018				March 31, 2017
	Point-of-Sale		Direct-to-Consumer		Point-of-Sale	Direct-to-Consumer
Number of accounts	1,881		868		1,617	654
Loan balance at time of charge off (in thousands)	$	2,885	$	1,845	$1,860	$1,906

Roll-forward of allowance for uncollectible loans and fees receivable, net

A roll-forward (in millions) of our allowance for uncollectible loans and fees receivable by class of receivable is as follows: 

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2018	Credit Cards			Auto Finance			Other Unsecured Lending Products			Total
Allowance for uncollectible loans and fees receivable:
Balance at beginning of period	$	(18.2	)	$	(2.3	)	$	(42.5	)	$	(63.0	)
Provision for loan losses	(9.0		)	—			(7.0		)	(16.0		)
Charge offs	6.5			0.7			15.1			22.3
Recoveries	(0.1		)	(0.3		)	(1.2		)	(1.6		)
Balance at end of period	$	(20.8	)	$	(1.9	)	$	(35.6	)	$	(58.3	)

As of March 31, 2018	Credit Cards			Auto Finance			Other Unsecured Lending Products			Total
Allowance for uncollectible loans and fees receivable:
Balance at end of period individually evaluated for impairment	$	—		$	—		$	(0.2	)	$	(0.2	)
Balance at end of period collectively evaluated for impairment	$	(20.8	)	$	(1.9	)	$	(35.4	)	$	(58.1	)
Loans and fees receivable:
Loans and fees receivable, gross	$	97.8		$	78.4		$	224.5		$	400.7
Loans and fees receivable individually evaluated for impairment	$	—		$	0.1		$	0.2		$	0.3
Loans and fees receivable collectively evaluated for impairment	$	97.8		$	78.3		$	224.3		$	400.4

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2017	Credit Cards			Auto Finance			Other Unsecured Lending Products			Total
Allowance for uncollectible loans and fees receivable:
Balance at beginning of period	$	(1.4	)	$	(2.1	)	$	(39.8	)	$	(43.3	)
Provision for loan losses	(0.4		)	(0.4		)	(9.9		)	(10.7		)
Charge offs	0.4			0.8			14.6			15.8
Recoveries	(0.4		)	(0.3		)	(0.6		)	(1.3		)
Balance at end of period	$	(1.8	)	$	(2.0	)	$	(35.7	)	$	(39.5	)

As of December 31, 2017	Credit Cards			Auto Finance			Other Unsecured Lending Products			Total
Allowance for uncollectible loans and fees receivable:
Balance at end of period individually evaluated for impairment	$	—		$	(0.2	)	$	(0.2	)	$	(0.4	)
Balance at end of period collectively evaluated for impairment	$	(18.2	)	$	(2.1	)	$	(42.3	)	$	(62.6	)
Loans and fees receivable:
Loans and fees receivable, gross	$	87.2		$	77.8		$	228.9		$	393.9
Loans and fees receivable individually evaluated for impairment	$	—		$	0.4		$	0.2		$	0.6
Loans and fees receivable collectively evaluated for impairment	$	87.2		$	77.4		$	228.7		$	393.3

Delinquent loans and fees receivable, gross

An aging of our delinquent loans and fees receivable, gross (in millions) by class of receivable as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 is as follows:

Balance at March 31, 2018	Credit Cards		Auto Finance		Other Unsecured Lending Products		Total
30-59 days past due	$	2.8	$	4.3	$	7.1	$	14.2
60-89 days past due	2.7		1.4		5.9		10.0
90 or more days past due	6.9		1.3		14.7		22.9
Delinquent loans and fees receivable, gross	12.4		7.0		27.7		47.1
Current loans and fees receivable, gross	85.4		71.4		196.8		353.6
Total loans and fees receivable, gross	$	97.8	$	78.4	$	224.5	$	400.7
Balance of loans 90 or more days past due and still accruing interest and fees	$	—	$	1.1	$	—	$	1.1

Balance at December 31, 2017	Credit Cards		Auto Finance		Other Unsecured Lending Products		Total
30-59 days past due	$	3.2	$	6.4	$	9.0	$	18.6
60-89 days past due	3.3		2.1		7.1		12.5
90 or more days past due	4.9		1.9		15.7		22.5
Delinquent loans and fees receivable, gross	11.4		10.4		31.8		53.6
Current loans and fees receivable, gross	75.8		67.4		197.1		340.3
Total loans and fees receivable, gross	$	87.2	$	77.8	$	228.9	$	393.9
Balance of loans 90 or more days past due and still accruing interest and fees	$	—	$	1.6	$	—	$	1.6

Components of fees and related income on earning assets

The components (in thousands) of our fees and related income on earning assets are as follows:

	Three months ended March 31,
	2018			2017
Fees on credit products	$	4,905		$	1,096
Changes in fair value of loans and fees receivable recorded at fair value	(18		)	563
Changes in fair value of notes payable associated with structured financings recorded at fair value	1,331			706
Rental revenue	—			148
Other	(4		)	288
Total fees and related income on earning assets	$	6,214		$	2,801

Troubled Debt Restructurings Subsequent Chargeoff [Table Text Block]

The following table details by class of receivable, the number of accounts and carrying value of loans that completed a modification (including those that were classified as TDRs) within the prior twelve months and subsequently charged off.

	Twelve Months Ended
	March 31, 2018				March 31, 2017
	Point-of-Sale		Direct-to-Consumer		Point-of-Sale	Direct-to-Consumer
Number of accounts	1,881		868		1,617	654
Loan balance at time of charge off (in thousands)	$	2,885	$	1,845	$1,860	$1,906

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Significant Accounting Policies and Consolidated Financial Statement Components Troubled Debt Restructuring (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2018

Troubled Debt Restructuring [Abstract]

Troubled Debt Restructurings on Financing Receivables [Table Text Block]

The following table details by class of receivable, the number and amount of modified loans, including TDRs that have been re-aged, of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017:

	As of
	March 31, 2018				December 31, 2017
	Point-of-sale		Direct-to-consumer		Point-of-sale		Direct-to-consumer
Number of accounts on non-accrual status	11,711		8,650		11,432		6,681
Number of accounts on non-accrual status above that have been re-aged	1,135		157		915		80
Amount of receivables on non-accrual status (in thousands)	$	17,388	$	8,778	$	17,169	$	7,067
Amount of receivables on non-accrual status above that have been re-aged (in thousands)	$	2,048	$	171	$	1,570	$	86
Carrying value of receivables on non-accrual status (in thousands)	$	5,431	$	1,365	$	4,247	$	1,173
TDRs - Performing (carrying value, in thousands)*	$	3,563	$	856	$	2,368	$	508
TDRs - Nonperforming (carrying value, in thousands)*	$	1,868	$	509	$	1,879	$	665

*“TDRs - Performing” include accounts that are current on all amounts owed, while “TDRs - Nonperforming” include all accounts with past due amounts owed.

Given that the above TDRs have a high reserve rate prior to modification as TDRs, we do not separately reserve or impair these receivables outside of our general reserve process.

The following table details by class of receivable, the number of accounts and carrying value of loans that completed a modification (including those that were classified as TDRs) within the prior twelve months and subsequently charged off.

	Twelve Months Ended
	March 31, 2018				March 31, 2017
	Point-of-Sale		Direct-to-Consumer		Point-of-Sale	Direct-to-Consumer
Number of accounts	1,881		868		1,617	654
Loan balance at time of charge off (in thousands)	$	2,885	$	1,845	$1,860	$1,906

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Segment Reporting (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2018

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Summary of operating segment information

Summary operating segment information (in thousands) is as follows:

Three months ended March 31, 2018	Credit and Other Investments			Auto Finance			Total
Interest income:
Consumer loans, including past due fees	$	28,562		$	7,119		$	35,681
Other	45			—			45
Total interest income	28,607			7,119			35,726
Interest expense	(7,892		)	(261		)	(8,153		)
Net interest income before fees and related income on earning assets and provision for losses on loans and fees receivable	$	20,715		$	6,858		$	27,573
Fees and related income on earning assets	$	6,197		$	17		$	6,214
Servicing income	$	402		$	230		$	632
Equity in income of equity-method investee	$	9		$	—		$	9
(Loss) income before income taxes	$	(6,914	)	$	2,339		$	(4,575	)
Income tax benefit (expense)	$	399		$	(543	)	$	(144	)
Total assets	$	365,882		$	67,030		$	432,912

Three months ended March 31, 2017	Credit and Other Investments			Auto Finance			Total
Interest income:
Consumer loans, including past due fees	$	18,830		$	7,029		$	25,859
Other	101			—			101
Total interest income	18,931			7,029			25,960
Interest expense	(5,594		)	(223		)	(5,817		)
Net interest income before fees and related income on earning assets and provision for losses on loans and fees receivable	$	13,337		$	6,806		$	20,143
Fees and related income on earning assets	$	2,779		$	22		$	2,801
Servicing income	$	857		$	232		$	1,089
Depreciation of rental merchandise	$	(27	)	$	—		$	(27	)
Equity in income of equity-method investee	$	334		$	—		$	334
(Loss) income before income taxes	$	(387	)	$	1,732		$	1,345
Income tax expense	$	(33	)	$	(585	)	$	(618	)
Total assets	$	306,721		$	64,402		$	371,123

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Investments in Equity-Method Investees (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2018

Equity Method Investments and Joint Ventures [Abstract]

Summarized data of combined balance sheet and results of operations for our equity-method investees

In the following tables, we summarize (in thousands) balance sheet and results of operations data for our equity-method investee:

	As of
	March 31, 2018		December 31, 2017
Loans and fees receivable, at fair value	$	5,088	$	6,123
Total assets	$	5,366	$	6,392
Total liabilities	$	24	$	26
Members’ capital	$	5,342	$	6,366

	Three months ended March 31,
	2018			2017
Net interest income, fees and related income on earning assets	$	14		$	504
Net (loss) income	$	(61	)	$	397
Net income attributable to our equity investment in investee	$	9		$	334

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Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2018

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Assets measured on a recurring basis at fair value

The table below summarizes (in thousands) by fair value hierarchy the March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 fair values and carrying amounts of (1) our assets that are required to be carried at fair value in our consolidated financial statements and (2) our assets not carried at fair value, but for which fair value disclosures are required:

Assets – As of March 31, 2018 (1)	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Carrying Amount of Assets
Loans and fees receivable, net for which it is practicable to estimate fair value	$	—	$	—	$	328,404	$	306,307
Loans and fees receivable, at fair value	$	—	$	—	$	9,413	$	9,413

Assets – As of December 31, 2017 (1)	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Carrying Amount of Assets
Loans and fees receivable, net for which it is practicable to estimate fair value	$	—	$	—	$	324,945	$	293,972
Loans and fees receivable, at fair value	$	—	$	—	$	11,109	$	11,109

(1) For cash, deposits and other short-term investments, the carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value.

Reconciliation of Level 3 assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs

For Level 3 assets carried at fair value measured on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs, the following table presents (in thousands) a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances for the three months endedMarch 31, 2018 and 2017:

	Loans and Fees Receivable, at Fair Value
	2018			2017
Balance at January 1,	$	11,109		$	15,648
Total gains—realized/unrealized:
Net revaluations of loans and fees receivable, at fair value	(18		)	563
Settlements	(1,691		)	(2,626		)
Impact of foreign currency translation	13			6
Balance at March 31,	$	9,413		$	13,591

Level 3 assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs, quantitative information

For Level 3 assets carried at fair value measured on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs, the following table presents (in thousands) quantitative information about the valuation techniques and the inputs used in the fair value measurement as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017:

Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
Fair Value Measurements	Fair Value at March 31, 2018		Valuation Technique	Unobservable Input	Range (Weighted Average)
Loans and fees receivable, at fair value	$	9,413	Discounted cash flows	Gross yield	16.3% to 27.9% (25.8%)
				Principal payment rate	1.2% to 3.1% (2.4%)
				Expected credit loss rate	9.0% to 13.4% (12.3%)
				Servicing rate	12.0% to 14.8% (12.3%)
				Discount rate	6.0% to 14.4% (12.9%)

Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
Fair Value Measurements	Fair Value at December 31, 2017		Valuation Technique	Unobservable Input	Range (Weighted Average)
Loans and fees receivable, at fair value	$	11,109	Discounted cash flows	Gross yield	15.8% to 27.4% (24.5%)
				Principal payment rate	1.9% to 3.6% (2.6%)
				Expected credit loss rate	9.4% to 10.4% (9.7%)
				Servicing rate	10.2% to 12.3% (10.5%)
				Discount rate	6.0% to 14.2% (12.8%)

Liabilities measured on a recurring basis at fair value

The table below summarizes (in thousands) by fair value hierarchy the March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 fair values and carrying amounts of (1) our liabilities that are required to be carried at fair value in our consolidated financial statements and (2) our liabilities not carried at fair value, but for which fair value disclosures are required:

Liabilities – As of March 31, 2018	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Carrying Amount of Liabilities
Liabilities not carried at fair value
Revolving credit facilities	$	—	$	—	$	183,388	$	183,388
Amortizing debt facilities	$	—	$	—	$	58,742	$	58,742
Senior secured term loan	$	—	$	—	$	40,000	$	40,000
5.875% convertible senior notes	$	—	$	43,588	$	—	$	61,650
Liabilities carried at fair value
Notes payable associated with structured financings, at fair value	$	—	$	—	$	7,909	$	7,909

Liabilities - As of December 31, 2017	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Carrying Amount of Liabilities
Liabilities not carried at fair value
Revolving credit facilities	$	—	$	—	$	160,854	$	160,854
Amortizing debt facilities	$	—	$	—	$	65,384	$	65,384
Senior secured term loan	$	—	$	—	$	40,000	$	40,000
5.875% convertible senior notes	$	—	$	43,588	$	—	$	61,393
Liabilities carried at fair value
Notes payable associated with structured financings, at fair value	$	—	$	—	$	9,240	$	9,240

Reconciliation for Level 3 Liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs

For our material Level 3 liabilities carried at fair value measured on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs, the following table presents (in thousands) a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances for the three months endedMarch 31, 2018 and 2017.

	Notes Payable Associated with Structured Financings, at Fair Value
	2018			2017
Beginning balance, January 1,	$	9,240		$	12,276
Total (gains) losses—realized/unrealized:
Net revaluations of notes payable associated with structured financings, at fair value	(1,331		)	(706		)
Repayments on outstanding notes payable, net	—			(439		)
Ending balance, March 31,	$	7,909		$	11,131

Level 3 liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs, quantitative information

For material Level 3 liabilities carried at fair value measured on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs, the following table presents (in thousands) quantitative information about the valuation techniques and the inputs used in the fair value measurement as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017:

Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
Fair Value Measurements	Fair Value at March 31, 2018		Valuation Technique	Unobservable Input	Weighted Average
Notes payable associated with structured financings, at fair value	$	7,909	Discounted cash flows	Gross yield	27.9	%
				Principal payment rate	2.6	%
				Expected credit loss rate	13.4	%
				Discount rate	14.4	%

Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
Fair Value Measurements	Fair Value at December 31, 2017		Valuation Technique	Unobservable Input	Weighted Average
Notes payable associated with structured financings, at fair value	$	9,240	Discounted cash flows	Gross yield	25.9	%
				Principal payment rate	2.5	%
				Expected credit loss rate	9.4	%
				Discount rate	14.2	%

Other relevant data concerning our assets and liabilities measured at fair value

Other relevant data (in thousands) as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 concerning certain assets and liabilities we carry at fair value are as follows:

As of March 31, 2018	Loans and Fees Receivable at Fair Value		Loans and Fees Receivable Pledged as Collateral under Structured Financings at Fair Value
Aggregate unpaid principal balance within loans and fees receivable that are reported at fair value	$	4,088	$	10,222
Aggregate fair value of loans and fees receivable that are reported at fair value	$	1,504	$	7,909
Aggregate fair value of receivables carried at fair value that are 90 days or more past due (which also coincides with finance charge and fee non-accrual policies)	$	2	$	12
Aggregate excess of balance of unpaid principal receivables within loans and fees receivable that are reported at fair value and are 90 days or more past due (which also coincides with finance charge and fee non-accrual policies) over the fair value of such loans and fees receivable	$	85	$	303

As of December 31, 2017	Loans and Fees Receivable at Fair Value		Loans and Fees Receivable Pledged as Collateral under Structured Financings at Fair Value
Aggregate unpaid principal balance within loans and fees receivable that are reported at fair value	$	4,416	$	11,349
Aggregate fair value of loans and fees receivable that are reported at fair value	$	1,869	$	9,240
Aggregate fair value of receivables carried at fair value that are 90 days or more past due (which also coincides with finance charge and fee non-accrual policies)	$	5	$	17
Aggregate excess of balance of unpaid principal receivables within loans and fees receivable that are reported at fair value and are 90 days or more past due (which also coincides with finance charge and fee non-accrual policies) over the fair value of such loans and fees receivable	$	107	$	369

Notes Payable	Notes Payable Associated with Structured Financings, at Fair Value as of March 31, 2018		Notes Payable Associated with Structured Financings, at Fair Value as of December 31, 2017
Aggregate unpaid principal balance of notes payable	$	101,314	$	101,314
Aggregate fair value of notes payable	$	7,909	$	9,240

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Notes Payable (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2018

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of structured financing notes at fair value

Scheduled (in millions) in the table below are (1) the carrying amount of our structured financing note secured by certain credit card receivables and reported at fair value as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, (2) the outstanding face amount of our structured financing note secured by certain credit card receivables and reported at fair value as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, and (3) the carrying amount of the credit card receivables and restricted cash that provide the exclusive means of repayment for the note (i.e., lenders have recourse only to the specific credit card receivables and restricted cash underlying each respective facility and cannot look to our general credit for repayment) as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017.

	Carrying Amounts at Fair Value as of
	March 31, 2018		December 31, 2017
Amortizing securitization facility (stated maturity of December 2021), outstanding face amount of $101.3 million as of March 31, 2018 ($101.3 million as of December 31, 2017) bearing interest at a weighted average 7.0% interest rate at March 31, 2018 (6.7% at December 31, 2017), which is secured by credit card receivables and restricted cash aggregating $7.9 million as of March 31, 2018 ($9.2 million as of December 31, 2017) in carrying amount	$	7.9	$	9.2

Schedule of structured financing notes at face value

Other notes payable outstanding as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 that are secured by the financial and operating assets of either the borrower, another of our subsidiaries or both, include the following, scheduled (in millions); except as otherwise noted, the assets of our holding company (Atlanticus Holdings Corporation) are subject to creditor claims under these scheduled facilities:

	As of
	March 31, 2018		December 31, 2017
Revolving credit facilities at a weighted average interest rate equal to 8.3% at March 31, 2018 (7.8% at December 31, 2017) secured by the financial and operating assets of CAR and/or certain receivables and restricted cash with a combined aggregate carrying amount of $243.0 million as of March 31, 2018 ($216.0 million at December 31, 2017)
Revolving credit facility, not to exceed $40.0 million (expiring November 1, 2019) (1)	24.6		24.8
Revolving credit facility, not to exceed $50.0 million (expiring October 30, 2019) (2) (3)	49.2		49.4
Revolving credit facility, not to exceed $12.0 million (expiring December 21, 2019) (2) (3)	11.8		3.8
Revolving credit facility, not to exceed $20.0 million (expiring December 31, 2019) (2) (3)	19.7		19.8
Revolving credit facility, not to exceed $90.0 million (expiring February 8, 2022) (2) (4)	80.0		65.0
Amortizing facilities at a weighted average interest rate equal to 6.3% at March 31, 2018 (6.0% at December 31, 2017) secured by certain receivables and restricted cash with a combined aggregate carrying amount of $73.1 million as of March 31, 2018 ($77.9 million as of December 31, 2017)
Amortizing debt facility (repaid March 31, 2018) (2) (3) (5)	—		3.7
Amortizing debt facility (expiring June 30, 2018) (2) (3) (5)	9.2		18.3
Amortizing debt facility (expiring December 12, 2018) (2) (3)	4.0		6.0
Amortizing debt facility (expiring September 14, 2018) (2) (3)	5.0		7.5
Amortizing debt facility (expiring November 30, 2018) (2) (3) (5)	14.9		20.5
Amortizing debt facility (expiring April 22, 2019) (2) (3) (5)	26.1		10.0
Other facilities
Senior secured term loan from related parties (expiring November 21, 2018) that is secured by certain assets of the Company with an annual interest rate equal to 9.0% (4)	40.0		40.0
Total notes payable before unamortized debt issuance costs and discounts	284.5		268.8
Unamortized debt issuance costs and discounts	2.4		2.6
Total notes payable outstanding, net	$	282.1	$	266.2

(1) Loan is subject to certain affirmative covenants, including a coverage ratio, a leverage ratio and a collateral performance test, the failure of which could result in required early repayment of all or a portion of the outstanding balance by our CAR Auto Finance operations.

(2) Loans are subject to certain affirmative covenants tied to default rates and other performance metrics the failure of which could result in required early repayment of the remaining unamortized balances of the notes.

(3) These notes reflect modifications to either extend the maturity date, increase the loaned amount or both.

(4) See below for additional information.

(5) Loans are comprised of four tranches with the same lenders. Terms and conditions are substantially identical with the exception of maturity date as indicated in the table above.

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Convertible Senior Notes (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2018

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Components of consolidated balance sheets associated with convertible senior notes

The following summarizes (in thousands) components of our consolidated balance sheets associated with our convertible senior notes:

	As of
	March 31, 2018			December 31, 2017
Face amount of 5.875% convertible senior notes	$	88,280		$	88,280
Discount	(26,630		)	(26,887		)
Net carrying value	$	61,650		$	61,393
Carrying amount of equity component included in additional paid-in capital	$	108,714		$	108,714
Excess of instruments’ if-converted values over face principal amounts	$	—		$	—

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Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Controlling Interests Per Common Share (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2018

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Computations of net income (loss) per common share

The following table sets forth the computations of net loss per common share (in thousands, except per share data): 

	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2018			2017
Numerator:
Net (loss) income attributable to controlling interests	$	(4,670	)	$	728
Denominator:
Basic (including unvested share-based payment awards) (1)	13,899			13,944
Effect of dilutive stock compensation arrangements (2)	—			33
Diluted (including unvested share-based payment awards) (1)	13,899			13,977
Net (loss) income attributable to controlling interests per common share—basic	$	(0.34	)	$	0.05
Net (loss) income attributable to controlling interests per common share—diluted	$	(0.34	)	$	0.05

(1) Shares related to unvested share-based payment awards included in our basic and diluted share counts were 184,196 for the three months endedMarch 31, 2018, compared to 345,385 for the three months endedMarch 31, 2017.

(2) The effect of dilutive stock compensation arrangements is shown only for informational purposes where we are in a net loss position.  In such situations, the effect of including outstanding options and restricted stock would be anti-dilutive, and they are thus excluded from all loss period calculations.

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Stock-Based Compensation Share Based Compensation (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2018

Stock Based Compensation [Abstract]

Share-based Compensation, Stock Options, Activity [Table Text Block]

 The table below includes additional information about outstanding options:

	March 31, 2018
	Number of Shares		Weighted- Average Exercise Price		Weighted- Average of Remaining Contractual Life (in years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding at December 31, 2017	2,619,334		$	3.04
Issued	—		$	—
Exercised	—		$	—
Cancelled/Forfeited	(4,667	)	$	3.04
Outstanding at March 31, 2018	2,614,667		$	3.04	3.1	$	—
Exercisable at March 31, 2018	1,010,815		$	2.95	2.1	$	—

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Description of Our Business (Details)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018 segment
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]
Number of reportable segments	2

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Significant Accounting Policies and Consolidated Financial Statement Components Loans and Fees Receivable, Net Narrative (Details)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Weighted Average Remaining Accretion Period of Deferred Revenue	12 months	11 months

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Significant Accounting Policies and Consolidated Financial Statement Components Schedule of Allowance for uncollectible loans and fees receivable (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2017
Allowance for uncollectible loans and fees receivable:
Balance at beginning of period	$ (63,000)	$ (43,300)
Provision for loan losses	(16,000)	(10,700)
Charge offs	22,300	15,800
Recoveries	(1,600)	(1,300)
Balance at end of period	(58,300)	(39,500)
Loans and fees receivable:
Balance at end of period individually evaluated for impairment	(200)		$ (400)
Balance at end of period collectively evaluated for impairment	(58,100)		(62,600)
Loans and fees receivable, gross	400,700		393,900
Loans and fees receivable individually evaluated for impairment	300		600
Loans and fees receivable collectively evaluated for impairment	400,400		393,300
Credit Card Receivable [Member]
Allowance for uncollectible loans and fees receivable:
Balance at beginning of period	(18,200)	(1,400)
Provision for loan losses	(9,000)	(400)
Charge offs	6,500	400
Recoveries	(100)	(400)
Balance at end of period	(20,800)	(1,800)
Loans and fees receivable:
Balance at end of period individually evaluated for impairment	0		0
Balance at end of period collectively evaluated for impairment	(20,800)		(18,200)
Loans and fees receivable, gross	97,800		87,200
Loans and fees receivable individually evaluated for impairment	0		0
Loans and fees receivable collectively evaluated for impairment	97,800		87,200
Automobile Loan [Member]
Allowance for uncollectible loans and fees receivable:
Balance at beginning of period	(2,300)	(2,100)
Provision for loan losses	0	(400)
Charge offs	700	800
Recoveries	(300)	(300)
Balance at end of period	(1,900)	(2,000)
Loans and fees receivable:
Balance at end of period individually evaluated for impairment	0		(200)
Balance at end of period collectively evaluated for impairment	(1,900)		(2,100)
Loans and fees receivable, gross	78,400		77,800
Loans and fees receivable individually evaluated for impairment	100		400
Loans and fees receivable collectively evaluated for impairment	78,300		77,400
Other Unsecured Lending Products [Member]
Allowance for uncollectible loans and fees receivable:
Balance at beginning of period	(42,500)	(39,800)
Provision for loan losses	(7,000)	(9,900)
Charge offs	15,100	14,600
Recoveries	(1,200)	(600)
Balance at end of period	(35,600)	$ (35,700)
Loans and fees receivable:
Balance at end of period individually evaluated for impairment	(200)		(200)
Balance at end of period collectively evaluated for impairment	(35,400)		(42,300)
Loans and fees receivable, gross	224,500		228,900
Loans and fees receivable individually evaluated for impairment	200		200
Loans and fees receivable collectively evaluated for impairment	$ 224,300		$ 228,700

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Significant Accounting Policies and Consolidated Financial Statement Components Schedule of Aging of delinquent loans and fees receivable, gross (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2017
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Threshold period past due for Non-Accrual of Finance Receivable			90 days
Delinquent loans and fees receivable, gross	$ 47,100		$ 53,600
Current loans and fees receivable, gross	353,600		340,300
Loans and fees receivable, gross	400,700		393,900
Balance of loans 90 or more days past due and still accruing interest and fees	$ 1,100		1,600
Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation, Percent	3.10%	45.90%
(Loss) income before income taxes	$ (4,575)	$ 1,345
Unrecognized Tax Benefits, Income Tax Penalties Expense		$ 200
Income tax settlement amount with taxing authority	7,400
Income Tax Examination, Interest Accrued	$ 4,300
Credit Card Receivable [Member]
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Threshold Period Past Due for Write-off of Financing Receivable	180 days
Delinquent loans and fees receivable, gross	$ 12,400		11,400
Current loans and fees receivable, gross	85,400		75,800
Loans and fees receivable, gross	97,800		87,200
Balance of loans 90 or more days past due and still accruing interest and fees	0		0
Automobile Loan [Member]
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Delinquent loans and fees receivable, gross	7,000		10,400
Current loans and fees receivable, gross	71,400		67,400
Loans and fees receivable, gross	78,400		77,800
Balance of loans 90 or more days past due and still accruing interest and fees	1,100		1,600
Other Unsecured Lending Products [Member]
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Delinquent loans and fees receivable, gross	27,700		31,800
Current loans and fees receivable, gross	196,800		197,100
Loans and fees receivable, gross	224,500		228,900
Balance of loans 90 or more days past due and still accruing interest and fees	0		0
Financing Receivables, 30 to 59 Days Past Due [Member]
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Delinquent loans and fees receivable, gross	14,200		18,600
Financing Receivables, 30 to 59 Days Past Due [Member] | Credit Card Receivable [Member]
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Delinquent loans and fees receivable, gross	2,800		3,200
Financing Receivables, 30 to 59 Days Past Due [Member] | Automobile Loan [Member]
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Delinquent loans and fees receivable, gross	4,300		6,400
Financing Receivables, 30 to 59 Days Past Due [Member] | Other Unsecured Lending Products [Member]
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Delinquent loans and fees receivable, gross	7,100		9,000
Financing Receivables, 60 to 89 Days Past Due [Member]
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Delinquent loans and fees receivable, gross	10,000		12,500
Financing Receivables, 60 to 89 Days Past Due [Member] | Credit Card Receivable [Member]
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Delinquent loans and fees receivable, gross	2,700		3,300
Financing Receivables, 60 to 89 Days Past Due [Member] | Automobile Loan [Member]
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Delinquent loans and fees receivable, gross	1,400		2,100
Financing Receivables, 60 to 89 Days Past Due [Member] | Other Unsecured Lending Products [Member]
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Delinquent loans and fees receivable, gross	5,900		7,100
Financing Receivables, Equal to Greater than 90 Days Past Due [Member]
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Delinquent loans and fees receivable, gross	22,900		22,500
Financing Receivables, Equal to Greater than 90 Days Past Due [Member] | Credit Card Receivable [Member]
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Delinquent loans and fees receivable, gross	6,900		4,900
Financing Receivables, Equal to Greater than 90 Days Past Due [Member] | Automobile Loan [Member]
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Delinquent loans and fees receivable, gross	1,300		1,900
Financing Receivables, Equal to Greater than 90 Days Past Due [Member] | Other Unsecured Lending Products [Member]
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Delinquent loans and fees receivable, gross	$ 14,700		$ 15,700

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Significant Accounting Policies and Consolidated Financial Statement Components Property at cost, net of depreciation (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation, Percent	3.10%	45.90%
Unrecognized Tax Benefits, Income Tax Penalties Expense		$ 0.2
Income tax settlement amount with taxing authority	$ 7.4
Other Assets, Miscellaneous	31.6
Income Tax Examination, Interest Accrued	$ 4.3

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Significant Accounting Policies and Consolidated Financial Statement Components Investments in Equity-Method Investees (Details)	Mar. 31, 2018
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Equity-method investment, interests	66.70%

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Significant Accounting Policies and Consolidated Financial Statement Components Rental Merchandise (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2017 USD ($)
Leased Merchandise [Abstract]
Depreciation of rental merchandise	$ 27

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Significant Accounting Policies and Consolidated Financial Statement Components Fees and Related Income on Earning Assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		3 Months Ended
		Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Revenue from Contract with Customer, Excluding Assessed Tax	[1]	$ 444
Noninterest Income		72
Noninterest Income, Other Operating Income		516	$ 109
Fees and Commissions, Credit Cards		4,905	1,096
Changes in fair value of loans and fees receivable recorded at fair value		(18)	563
Changes in fair value of notes payable associated with structured financings recorded at fair value		1,331	706
Rental revenue		0	148
Nonoperating Income (Expense)		(4)	288
Total fees and related income on earning assets		6,214	2,801
Reportable Segments One [Member]
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Revenue from Contract with Customer, Excluding Assessed Tax	[1]	444
Noninterest Income		25
Noninterest Income, Other Operating Income		469
Total fees and related income on earning assets		6,197	2,779
Reportable Segments Three [Member]
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Revenue from Contract with Customer, Excluding Assessed Tax	[1]	0
Noninterest Income		47
Noninterest Income, Other Operating Income		47
Total fees and related income on earning assets		$ 17	$ 22

[1] (1) Interchange revenue is presented net of customer reward expense

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Significant Accounting Policies and Consolidated Financial Statement Components Troubled Debt Restructuring (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2017 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2017 USD ($)
Financing Receivable, Modifications [Line Items]
Threshold period past due for Non-Accrual of Finance Receivable			90 days
Point-of-Sale [Member]
Financing Receivable, Modifications [Line Items]
Financing Receivable, Modifications, Subsequent Default, Number of Contracts	1,881,000	1,617,000
Financing Receivable Modifications Number Of Contracts Outstanding	11,711,000		11,432,000
Financing Receivable, Modifications, Recorded Investment	$ 17,388		$ 17,169
Financing Receivable, Modification, Carrying Value, Nonaccrual Status	5,431		4,247
Financing Receivable, Modification, Carrying Value, Nonaccrual Status, Performing	3,563		2,368
Financing Receivable, Modification, Carrying Value, Nonaccrual Status, Nonperforming	1,868		$ 1,879
Financing Receivable, Modifications, Subsequent Default, Recorded Investment	$ 2,885	$ 1,860
Direct-to-Consumer [Member]
Financing Receivable, Modifications [Line Items]
Financing Receivable, Modifications, Subsequent Default, Number of Contracts	868,000	654,000
Financing Receivable Modifications Number Of Contracts Outstanding	8,650,000		6,681,000
Financing Receivable, Modifications, Recorded Investment	$ 8,778		$ 7,067
Financing Receivable, Modification, Carrying Value, Nonaccrual Status	1,365		1,173
Financing Receivable, Modification, Carrying Value, Nonaccrual Status, Performing	856		508
Financing Receivable, Modification, Carrying Value, Nonaccrual Status, Nonperforming	509		$ 665
Financing Receivable, Modifications, Subsequent Default, Recorded Investment	$ 1,845	$ 1,906
Extended Maturity [Member] | Point-of-Sale [Member]
Financing Receivable, Modifications [Line Items]
Financing Receivable Modifications Number Of Contracts Outstanding	1,135,000		915,000
Financing Receivable, Modifications, Recorded Investment	$ 2,048		$ 1,570
Extended Maturity [Member] | Direct-to-Consumer [Member]
Financing Receivable, Modifications [Line Items]
Financing Receivable Modifications Number Of Contracts Outstanding	157,000		80,000
Financing Receivable, Modifications, Recorded Investment	$ 171		$ 86

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Significant Accounting Policies and Consolidated Financial Statement Components Income Taxes (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017	Apr. 30, 2018
Income Tax Examination [Line Items]
Income Tax Examination, Interest Accrued	$ 4.3
Income tax settlement amount with taxing authority	$ 7.4
Unrecognized Tax Benefits, Income Tax Penalties Expense		$ 0.2
Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation, Percent	3.10%	45.90%
Subsequent Event [Member]
Income Tax Examination [Line Items]
Income tax settlement amount with taxing authority			$ 3.7

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Segment Reporting (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018 USD ($) industry segment	Mar. 31, 2017 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2017 USD ($)
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Number of industries the Company operates in | industry	1
Number of reportable segments | segment	2
Interest income:
Consumer loans, including past due fees	$ 35,681	$ 25,859
Other	45	101
Total interest income	35,726	25,960
Interest expense	(8,153)	(5,817)
Net interest income before fees and related income on earning assets and provision for losses on loans and fees receivable	27,573	20,143
Fees and related income on earning assets	6,214	2,801
Servicing income	632	1,089
Depreciation of rental merchandise		(27)
Equity in income of equity-method investee	9	334
(Loss) income before income taxes	(4,575)	1,345
Income Tax Expense (Benefit)	(144)	(618)
Total assets	432,912	371,123	$ 425,613
Reportable Segments One [Member]
Interest income:
Consumer loans, including past due fees	28,562	18,830
Other	45	101
Total interest income	28,607	18,931
Interest expense	(7,892)	(5,594)
Net interest income before fees and related income on earning assets and provision for losses on loans and fees receivable	20,715	13,337
Fees and related income on earning assets	6,197	2,779
Servicing income	402	857
Depreciation of rental merchandise		(27)
Equity in income of equity-method investee	9	334
(Loss) income before income taxes	(6,914)	(387)
Income Tax Expense (Benefit)	399	(33)
Total assets	365,882	306,721
Reportable Segments Three [Member]
Interest income:
Consumer loans, including past due fees	7,119	7,029
Other	0	0
Total interest income	7,119	7,029
Interest expense	(261)	(223)
Net interest income before fees and related income on earning assets and provision for losses on loans and fees receivable	6,858	6,806
Fees and related income on earning assets	17	22
Servicing income	230	232
Depreciation of rental merchandise		0
Equity in income of equity-method investee	0	0
(Loss) income before income taxes	2,339	1,732
Income Tax Expense (Benefit)	(543)	(585)
Total assets	$ 67,030	$ 64,402

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Shareholders' Equity (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2017
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Stock Repurchased and Retired During Period, Value	$ 14,000
Own-share Lending Arrangement, Shares, Outstanding	1,459,233		1,459,233
Treasury Stock [Member]
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Stock Repurchased and Retired During Period, Shares	7,006	6,702
Stock Repurchased and Retired During Period, Value	$ 14,000	$ 18,000

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Investments in Equity-Method Investees (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2017
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Equity-method investment, interests	66.70%
Summarized data of combined balance sheet and results of operations for our equity-method investees [Abstract]
Net income attributable to our equity investment in investee	$ 9	$ 334
Equity-Method Investees [Member]
Summarized data of combined balance sheet and results of operations for our equity-method investees [Abstract]
Equity Method Investment, Summarized Financial Information, Noncurrent Assets	5,088		$ 6,123
Total assets	5,366		6,392
Total liabilities	24		26
Equity Method Investment Summarized Financial Information, Equity	5,342		$ 6,366
Equity Method Investment, Summarized Financial Information, Revenue	14	504
Net income	(61)	397
Net income attributable to our equity investment in investee	$ 9	$ 334

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Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities Summary of Fair Value Hierarchy for Assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		Mar. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring [Member]
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Loans and fees receivable, net for which it is practicable to estimate fair value	[1]	$ 306,307	$ 293,972
Loans and fees receivable, at fair value	[1]	9,413	11,109
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring [Member] | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) [Member]
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Loans and fees receivable, net for which it is practicable to estimate fair value	[1]	0	0
Loans and fees receivable, at fair value	[1]	0	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring [Member] | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) [Member]
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Loans and fees receivable, net for which it is practicable to estimate fair value	[1]	0	0
Loans and fees receivable, at fair value	[1]	0	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring [Member] | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) [Member]
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Loans and fees receivable, net for which it is practicable to estimate fair value	[1]	328,404	324,945
Loans and fees receivable, at fair value	[1]	9,413	11,109
Loans And Fees Receivable [Member]
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Loans and fees receivable, at fair value		$ 1,504	$ 1,869

[1] For cash, deposits and other short-term investments, the carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value.

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Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities Reconciliation of Level 3 Assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017
Reconciliation of Level 3 assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs [Abstract]
Beginning Balance	$ 11,109	$ 15,648
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Gain (Loss) Included in Earnings, Description	(18)	563
Settlements	(1,691)	(2,626)
Impact of foreign currency translation	13	6
Ending Balance	$ 9,413	$ 13,591

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Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities Quantitative Information about Level 3 Assets Fair Value Measurements (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2017
Fair Value Inputs, Assets, Quantitative Information [Line Items]
Gross yield	27.90%	25.90%
Principal payment rate	2.60%	2.50%
Expected credit loss rate	13.40%	9.40%
Discount rate	14.40%	14.20%
Loans And Fees Receivable [Member]
Fair Value Inputs, Assets, Quantitative Information [Line Items]
Loans and Fees Receivable, at Fair Value	$ 9,413		$ 11,109
Loans And Fees Receivable [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Fair Value Inputs, Assets, Quantitative Information [Line Items]
Gross yield	16.30%	15.80%
Principal payment rate	1.20%	1.90%
Expected credit loss rate	9.00%	9.40%
Servicing rate	12.00%	10.20%
Discount rate	6.00%	6.00%
Loans And Fees Receivable [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Fair Value Inputs, Assets, Quantitative Information [Line Items]
Gross yield	27.90%	27.40%
Principal payment rate	3.10%	3.60%
Expected credit loss rate	13.40%	10.40%
Servicing rate	14.80%	12.30%
Discount rate	14.40%	14.20%
Loans And Fees Receivable [Member] | Weighted Average [Member]
Fair Value Inputs, Assets, Quantitative Information [Line Items]
Gross yield	25.80%	24.50%
Principal payment rate	2.40%	2.60%
Expected credit loss rate	12.30%	9.70%
Servicing rate	12.30%	10.50%
Discount rate	12.90%	12.80%

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Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities Summary of Fair Value Hierarchy for Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Nov. 30, 2005	May 31, 2005
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Long-term Line of Credit	$ 183,388	$ 160,854
Amortizing debt facilities	58,742	65,384
Notes Payable, Related Parties	40,000	40,000
Convertible Debt, Fair Value Disclosures	61,650	61,393
Liabilities carried at fair value
Notes payable associated with structured financings, at fair value	7,909	9,240
Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) [Member]
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Long-term Line of Credit	0	0
Amortizing debt facilities	0	0
Notes Payable, Related Parties	0	0
Convertible Debt, Fair Value Disclosures	0	0
Liabilities carried at fair value
Notes payable associated with structured financings, at fair value	0	0
Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) [Member]
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Long-term Line of Credit	0	0
Amortizing debt facilities	0	0
Notes Payable, Related Parties	0	0
Convertible Debt, Fair Value Disclosures	43,588	43,588
Liabilities carried at fair value
Notes payable associated with structured financings, at fair value	0	0
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) [Member]
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Long-term Line of Credit	183,388	160,854
Amortizing debt facilities	58,742	65,384
Notes Payable, Related Parties	40,000	40,000
Convertible Debt, Fair Value Disclosures	0	0
Liabilities carried at fair value
Notes payable associated with structured financings, at fair value	$ 7,909	$ 9,240
Five Point Eight Seven Five Percent Convertible Senior Notes Due Two Thousand Thirty Five [Member]
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Debt Instrument, Interest Rate, Stated Percentage			5.875%	5.875%

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Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities Reconciliation of Level 3 Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017
Fair Value, Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation, Calculation [Roll Forward]
Beginning Balance	$ 9,240	$ 12,276
Total (gains) losses—realized/unrealized:
Net revaluations of notes payable associated with structured financings, at fair value	(1,331)	(706)
Repayments on outstanding notes payable, net	0	(439)
Ending Balance	$ 7,909	$ 11,131

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Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities Quantitative Information about Level 3 Liabilities Fair Value Measurements (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2017
Fair Value Inputs, Liabilities, Quantitative Information [Line Items]
Notes payable associated with structured financings, at fair value	$ 7,909		$ 9,240
Gross yield	27.90%	25.90%
Principal payment rate	2.60%	2.50%
Expected credit loss rate	13.40%	9.40%
Discount rate	14.40%	14.20%
Loans And Fees Receivable [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Fair Value Inputs, Liabilities, Quantitative Information [Line Items]
Gross yield	16.30%	15.80%
Principal payment rate	1.20%	1.90%
Expected credit loss rate	9.00%	9.40%
Discount rate	6.00%	6.00%
Fair Value Inputs Servicing Rate	12.00%	10.20%
Loans And Fees Receivable [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Fair Value Inputs, Liabilities, Quantitative Information [Line Items]
Gross yield	27.90%	27.40%
Principal payment rate	3.10%	3.60%
Expected credit loss rate	13.40%	10.40%
Discount rate	14.40%	14.20%
Fair Value Inputs Servicing Rate	14.80%	12.30%
Loans And Fees Receivable [Member] | Weighted Average [Member]
Fair Value Inputs, Liabilities, Quantitative Information [Line Items]
Gross yield	25.80%	24.50%
Principal payment rate	2.40%	2.60%
Expected credit loss rate	12.30%	9.70%
Discount rate	12.90%	12.80%
Fair Value Inputs Servicing Rate	12.30%	10.50%

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Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities, Other Relevant Data (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Nov. 30, 2005	May 31, 2005
Structured Financing Notes Payable [Member]
Schedule of Fair Value Assets And Liabilities [Line Items]
Aggregate unpaid principal balance of notes payable	$ 101,314	$ 101,314
Aggregate fair value of notes payable	7,909	9,240
Loans and Fees Receivable, at Fair Value [Member]
Schedule of Fair Value Assets And Liabilities [Line Items]
Aggregate unpaid principal balance within loans and fees receivable that are reported at fair value	4,088	4,416
Aggregate fair value of loans and fees receivable that are reported at fair value	1,504	1,869
Aggregate fair value of receivables carried at fair value that are 90 days or more past due (which also coincides with finance charge and fee non-accrual policies)	2	5
Aggregate excess of balance of unpaid principal receivables within loans and fees receivable that are reported at fair value and are 90 days or more past due (which also coincides with finance charge and fee non-accrual policies) over the fair value of such loans and fees receivable	85	107
Loans and Fees Receivable Pledged as Collateral under Structured Financings, at Fair Value [Member]
Schedule of Fair Value Assets And Liabilities [Line Items]
Aggregate unpaid principal balance within loans and fees receivable that are reported at fair value	10,222	11,349
Aggregate fair value of loans and fees receivable that are reported at fair value	7,909	9,240
Aggregate fair value of receivables carried at fair value that are 90 days or more past due (which also coincides with finance charge and fee non-accrual policies)	12	17
Aggregate excess of balance of unpaid principal receivables within loans and fees receivable that are reported at fair value and are 90 days or more past due (which also coincides with finance charge and fee non-accrual policies) over the fair value of such loans and fees receivable	$ 303	$ 369
5.875% Convertible Senior Notes Due 2035 [Member]
Schedule of Fair Value Assets And Liabilities [Line Items]
Interest rate on notes			5.875%	5.875%

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Notes Payable Schedule of structured financing notes at fair value (Details) - USD ($)		3 Months Ended
		Mar. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total structured financing notes reported at fair value that are secured by credit card receivables and to which we are subordinated		$ 7,909,000	$ 9,240,000
Debt, Weighted Average Interest Rate	[1],[2]	6.30%	6.00%
Credit card receivables and restricted cash carrying amount as security for notes payable		$ 7,900,000
Maturity date		Nov. 30, 2035
Loans Pledged as Collateral	[1],[2]	$ 73,100,000	$ 77,900,000
Notes Payable to Banks [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total structured financing notes reported at fair value that are secured by credit card receivables and to which we are subordinated		7,900,000	9,200,000
Amortizing Securitization Facility Expiration Date December 1, 2021 [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt Instrument, Face Amount		$ 101,300,000.0	$ 101,300,000.0
Debt, Weighted Average Interest Rate		7.00%	6.70%
Credit card receivables and restricted cash carrying amount as security for notes payable		$ 7,900,000.0	$ 9,200,000
Maturity date		Dec. 01, 2021

[1] (2)Loans are subject to certain affirmative covenants tied to default rates and other performance metrics the failure of which could result in required early repayment of the remaining unamortized balances of the notes.

[2] (3)These notes reflect modifications to either extend the maturity date, increase the loaned amount or both.

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Notes Payable Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		3 Months Ended
		Mar. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Long-term Line of Credit		$ 183,388	$ 160,854
Debt, Weighted Average Interest Rate	[1],[2]	6.30%	6.00%
Notes payable associated with structured financings, at fair value		$ 7,909	$ 9,240
Credit card receivables and restricted cash carrying amount as security for notes payable		7,900
Maximum Aggregate Exposure to Pretax Equity Loss Associated With Structured Financing at Fair Value		$ 0
Senior Secured Term Loan, Expiring 2018 [Domain]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt Instrument, Interest Rate, Stated Percentage	[3]	9.00%	9.00%
Expiring November 2018 [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Long-term Line of Credit	[4]	$ 24,600	$ 24,800
Line of Credit Facility, Expiration Date	[4]	Nov. 01, 2019
Expiring February 2022 [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Line of Credit Facility, Maximum Borrowing Capacity		$ 90,000
Long-term Line of Credit	[1],[3]	$ 80,000	$ 65,000
Line of Credit Facility, Expiration Date	[1],[3]	Feb. 08, 2022
Minimum [Member] | Expiring February 2022 [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt, Weighted Average Interest Rate		8.00%
Maximum [Member] | Expiring February 2022 [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt, Weighted Average Interest Rate		14.00%

[1] (2)Loans are subject to certain affirmative covenants tied to default rates and other performance metrics the failure of which could result in required early repayment of the remaining unamortized balances of the notes.

[2] (3)These notes reflect modifications to either extend the maturity date, increase the loaned amount or both.

[3] See below for additional information.

[4] Loan is subject to certain affirmative covenants, including a coverage ratio, a leverage ratio and a collateral performance test, the failure of which could result in required early repayment of all or a portion of the outstanding balance by our CAR Auto Finance operations.

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Notes Payable Schedule of structured financing notes at face value (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		3 Months Ended
		Mar. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Notes Payable, at Face Value [Abstract]
Long-term Line of Credit		$ 183,388	$ 160,854
Amortizing debt facilities		58,742	65,384
Notes Payable, Related Parties		40,000	40,000
Notes Payable, Gross		284,500	268,800
Notes Payable		282,100	266,200
Debt Issuance Costs, Net		$ 2,400	$ 2,600
Debt, Weighted Average Interest Rate	[1],[2]	6.30%	6.00%
Loans Pledged as Collateral	[1],[2]	$ 73,100	$ 77,900
Maturity date		Nov. 30, 2035
Amortizing Debt Facility Secured By Underlying Merchant Expiring July 2017 [Member]
Notes Payable, at Face Value [Abstract]
Maturity date	[1],[2],[3]	Jul. 15, 2017
Expiring August 2018 [Member]
Notes Payable, at Face Value [Abstract]
Maturity date	[1],[2]	Sep. 01, 2017
Expires March 2018 [Member]
Notes Payable, at Face Value [Abstract]
Amortizing debt facilities	[1],[2],[3]	$ 0	3,700
Maturity date	[1],[2],[3]	Mar. 31, 2018
Expiring June 2018 [Member]
Notes Payable, at Face Value [Abstract]
Amortizing debt facilities	[1],[2],[3]	$ 9,200	18,300
Maturity date	[1],[2],[3]	Jun. 30, 2018
Expires August 2018 [Member]
Notes Payable, at Face Value [Abstract]
Amortizing debt facilities	[1],[2]	$ 4,000	6,000
Maturity date	[1],[2]	Dec. 12, 2018
Expiring September 2018 [Member]
Notes Payable, at Face Value [Abstract]
Amortizing debt facilities	[1],[2]	$ 5,000	7,500
Maturity date	[1],[2]	Sep. 14, 2018
Expiring November 2018 2 [Member]
Notes Payable, at Face Value [Abstract]
Amortizing debt facilities	[1],[2],[3]	$ 14,900	20,500
Maturity date	[1],[2],[3]	Nov. 30, 2018
Expires April 22, 2019 [Member]
Notes Payable, at Face Value [Abstract]
Amortizing debt facilities	[1],[2],[3]	$ 26,100	10,000
Maturity date	[1],[2],[3]	Apr. 22, 2019
Senior Secured Term Loan, Expiring 2018 [Domain]
Notes Payable, at Face Value [Abstract]
Notes Payable, Related Parties	[4]	$ 40,000	$ 40,000
Debt Instrument, Interest Rate, Stated Percentage	[4]	9.00%	9.00%
Related Party Transaction, Date	[4]	Nov. 21, 2018
Expiring November 2018 [Member]
Notes Payable, at Face Value [Abstract]
Long-term Line of Credit	[5]	$ 24,600	$ 24,800
Line of Credit Facility, Expiration Date	[5]	Nov. 01, 2019
Revolving Credit Facility [Member]
Notes Payable, at Face Value [Abstract]
Debt, Weighted Average Interest Rate		8.30%	7.80%
Carrying Amount of Receivables as Security for Structured Financing Notes		$ 243,000	$ 216,000
Expiring October 2017 [Member]
Notes Payable, at Face Value [Abstract]
Long-term Line of Credit	[1],[2]	$ 49,200	49,400
Line of Credit Facility, Expiration Date	[1],[2]	Oct. 30, 2019
Expiring October 4 2017 [Domain]
Notes Payable, at Face Value [Abstract]
Long-term Line of Credit	[1],[2]	$ 11,800	3,800
Line of Credit Facility, Expiration Date	[1],[2]	Dec. 21, 2019
Expiring December 2019 [Member]
Notes Payable, at Face Value [Abstract]
Long-term Line of Credit	[1],[2]	$ 19,700	19,800
Line of Credit Facility, Expiration Date	[1],[2]	Dec. 31, 2019
Expiring February 2022 [Member]
Notes Payable, at Face Value [Abstract]
Long-term Line of Credit	[1],[4]	$ 80,000	$ 65,000
Line of Credit Facility, Expiration Date	[1],[4]	Feb. 08, 2022

[1] (2)Loans are subject to certain affirmative covenants tied to default rates and other performance metrics the failure of which could result in required early repayment of the remaining unamortized balances of the notes.

[2] (3)These notes reflect modifications to either extend the maturity date, increase the loaned amount or both.

[3] Loans are comprised of four tranches with the same lenders. Terms and conditions are substantially identical with the exception of maturity date as indicated in the table above.

[4] See below for additional information.

[5] Loan is subject to certain affirmative covenants, including a coverage ratio, a leverage ratio and a collateral performance test, the failure of which could result in required early repayment of all or a portion of the outstanding balance by our CAR Auto Finance operations.

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Convertible Senior Notes Narrative (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Nov. 30, 2005	May 31, 2005
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Own-share Lending Arrangement, Shares, Outstanding	1,459,233	1,459,233
Maturity date	Nov. 30, 2035
5.875% Convertible Senior Notes Due 2035 [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Aggregate principal amount	$ 88,280,000	$ 88,280,000	$ 300,000,000.0
Interest rate on notes			5.875%	5.875%
Conversion price for convertible senior notes (in dollars per share)	$ 24.61

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Convertible Senior Notes Components of consolidated balance sheets associated with convertible senior notes (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2017	Nov. 30, 2005	May 31, 2005
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Convertible Debt	$ 61,650,000		$ 61,393,000
Carrying amount of equity component included in additional paid-in capital	108,714,000		108,714,000
Excess of instruments’ if-converted values over face principal amounts	0	$ 0
5.875% Convertible Senior Notes Due 2035 [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt Instrument, Face Amount	88,280,000		88,280,000	$ 300,000,000.0
Debt Instrument, Unamortized Discount	$ 26,630,000		$ 26,887,000
Interest rate on notes				5.875%	5.875%

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Convertible Senior Notes Accounting for Convertible Senior Notes (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2017	Nov. 30, 2005	May 31, 2005
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Maturity date	Nov. 30, 2035
Interest expense from accretion of discount on notes	$ 216,000	$ 178,000
Own-share Lending Arrangement, Shares, Outstanding	1,459,233		1,459,233
5.875% Convertible Senior Notes Due 2035 [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt Instrument, Face Amount	$ 88,280,000		$ 88,280,000	$ 300,000,000.0
Debt Instrument, Interest Rate, Stated Percentage				5.875%	5.875%
Conversion price for convertible senior notes (in dollars per share)	$ 24.61

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Commitments and Contingencies General (Details) $ in Millions	Mar. 31, 2018 USD ($)
Supply Commitment [Member]
Fair Value, Off-balance Sheet Risks, Disclosure Information [Line Items]
Off-balance sheet risks, liability	$ 453.4
Commitments to Car Operations [Member]
Fair Value, Off-balance Sheet Risks, Disclosure Information [Line Items]
Off-balance sheet risks, liability	8.8
Deposits [Member]
Fair Value, Off-balance Sheet Risks, Disclosure Information [Line Items]
Off-balance sheet risks, liability	$ 8.7

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Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Controlling Interests Per Common Share (Details) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands		3 Months Ended
		Mar. 31, 2018 USD ($) shares $ / shares	Mar. 31, 2017 USD ($) $ / shares shares
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Weighted Average Number of Shares, Restricted Stock		184,196	345,385
Document Fiscal Year Focus		2018
Numerator:
Net (loss) income attributable to controlling interests | $		$ (4,670)	$ 728
Denominator:
Basic (including unvested share-based payment awards) (in shares)	[1]	13,899,000	13,944,000
Incremental Common Shares Attributable to Dilutive Effect of Share-based Payment Arrangements	[2]	0	33,000
Weighted Average Number of Shares Outstanding, Diluted	[1]	13,899,000	13,977,000
Net (loss) income attributable to controlling interests per common share-basic (in dollars per share) | $ / shares		$ (0.34)	$ 0.05
Net (loss) income attributable to controlling interests per common share-diluted (in dollars per share) | $ / shares		$ (0.34)	$ 0.05
Five Point Eight Seven Five Percent Convertible Senior Notes Due Two Thousand Thirty Five [Member]
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Debt Instrument, Convertible, Number of Equity Instruments		3,600,000
Denominator:
Incremental Common Shares Attributable to Conversion of Debt Securities		0

[1] Shares related to unvested share-based payment awards included in our basic and diluted share counts were 184,196 for the three months ended March 31, 2018, compared to 345,385 for the three months ended March 31, 2017.

[2] The effect of dilutive stock compensation arrangements is shown only for informational purposes where we are in a net loss position. In such situations, the effect of including outstanding options and restricted stock would be anti-dilutive, and they are thus excluded from all loss period calculations.

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Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Controlling Interests Per Common Share Antidilutive Securities (Details)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018 shares $ / shares	Mar. 31, 2017 shares	Nov. 30, 2005	May 31, 2005
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Weighted Average Number of Shares, Restricted Stock	184,196	345,385
5.875% Convertible Senior Notes Due 2035 [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Shares potentially issuable and includible in diluted net loss attributable to controlling interest per common share	0
Debt Instrument, Interest Rate, Stated Percentage			5.875%	5.875%
Conversion price for convertible senior notes | $ / shares	$ 24.61
Debt Instrument, Convertible, Number of Equity Instruments	3,600,000

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Stock-Based Compensation (Details)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018 USD ($) stock_compensation_plan $ / shares shares	Mar. 31, 2017 USD ($) shares	Dec. 31, 2017 USD ($) $ / shares shares
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Employee Service Share-based Compensation, Nonvested Awards, Compensation Not yet Recognized, Stock Options | $	$ 700,000		$ 900,000
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Outstanding, Number | shares	2,614,667		2,619,334
Number of stock based compensation plans | stock_compensation_plan	2
Employee Stock purchase plan, shares authorized | shares	103,702
Maximum aggregate number of shares of common stock issued | shares	1,024,515
Adjustments to Additional Paid in Capital, Share-based Compensation and Exercise of Stock Options | $	$ 0	$ 0
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Outstanding, Weighted Average Exercise Price | $ / shares	$ 3.04		$ 3.04
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Grants in Period, Gross | shares	0
Share-based Compensation Arrangements by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Grants in Period, Weighted Average Exercise Price | $ / shares	$ 0.00
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Exercises in Period | shares	0
Share-based Compensation Arrangements by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Exercises in Period, Weighted Average Exercise Price | $ / shares	$ 0.00
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Forfeitures in Period | shares	4,667
Share-based Compensation Arrangements by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Forfeitures in Period, Weighted Average Exercise Price | $ / shares	$ 3.04
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Outstanding, Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term	3 years 1 month
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Outstanding, Intrinsic Value | $	$ 0
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Exercisable, Number | shares	1,010,815
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Exercisable, Weighted Average Exercise Price | $ / shares	$ 2.95
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Exercisable, Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term	2 years 1 month
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Exercisable, Intrinsic Value | $	$ 0
Document Period End Date	Mar. 31, 2018
Restricted Stock [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Grants in Period | shares	69,000	57,000
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Vested in Period, Fair Value | $	$ 200,000	$ 200,000
Allocated Share-based Compensation Expense | $	100,000	200,000
Employee Service Share-based Compensation, Nonvested Awards, Compensation Not yet Recognized, Share-based Awards Other than Options | $	$ 200,000
Employee Service Share-based Compensation, Nonvested Awards, Compensation Cost Not yet Recognized, Period for Recognition	5 months
Employee Stock Option [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Allocated Share-based Compensation Expense | $	$ 182,000	$ 309,000
Maximum [Member] | Restricted Stock [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Award Vesting Period	60 months
Maximum [Member] | Employee Stock Option [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Award Vesting Period	10 years
Minimum [Member] | Restricted Stock [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Award Vesting Period	12 months

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Property (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property at cost, net of depreciation	$ 3,021	$ 3,229

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Income Taxes (Details)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018 Rate	Mar. 31, 2017 Rate
Income Tax [Abstract]
Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation, Percent	3.10%	45.90%

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Income Taxes Schedule of Components of Income Tax Expense (Benefit) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017
Schedule of Components of Income Tax Expense (Benefit) [Abstract]
Income Tax Expense (Benefit)	$ (144)	$ (618)

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Income Taxes Schedule of Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017
Schedule of Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation [Abstract]
Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation, Percent	3.10%	45.90%
Unrecognized Tax Benefits, Income Tax Penalties Expense		$ (0.2)
Income tax settlement amount with taxing authority	$ 7.4
Income Tax Examination, Interest Accrued	$ 4.3

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Related Party Transactions (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		3 Months Ended
		Mar. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Notes Payable, Related Parties		$ 40,000	$ 40,000
Related Party Transaction [Domain]
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Notes Payable, Related Party Max Facility Limit		40,000
Senior Secured Term Loan, Expiring 2018 [Domain]
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Notes Payable, Related Parties	[1]	$ 40,000	$ 40,000
Debt Instrument, Interest Rate, Stated Percentage	[1]	9.00%	9.00%
Related Party Transaction, Date	[1]	Nov. 21, 2018

[1] See below for additional information.