Income Taxes (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2021

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Income tax benefit (expense)

Income tax benefit (expense) related to continuing operations for the years ended December 31 is as follows:

	2021		2020		2019
Current income tax expense
State	$	(178)	$	(135)	$	(12)
Foreign	(3,300)		(3,798)		(33)
	(3,478)		(3,933)		(45)
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)
Federal	(3,248)		(24,746)		(8,093)
State	1,418		(2,882)		1,904
Foreign	(395)		(1,162)		1,494
Net operating loss carryforwards created	25,745		62,989		68,344
	23,520		34,199		63,649
Income tax benefit before valuation allowances	20,042		30,266		63,604
Deferred tax valuation allowances	(5,563)		(36,195)		(63,034)
Income tax benefit (expense)	$	14,479	$	(5,929)	$	570

Effective income tax rate continuing operations tax rate reconciliation

A reconciliation of the reported amount of income tax expense to the amount computed by applying the statutory federal income tax rate to earnings before income taxes from continuing operations is as follows:

	2021		2020		2019
U.S. Federal income tax expense at statutory rates of 21 percent for all periods	$	(41,862)	$	(27,036)	$	(78,105)
State taxes, net of federal income tax benefit	3,573		4,954		12,394
Tax position on government incentives	52,223		58,602		124,553
Global intangible low tax income	(1,313)		(5,188)		—
Equity and executive compensation	9,447		2,086		—
Foreign rate differential	(1,473)		(1,576)		—
Research & development tax credit	—		473		2,703
Non-deductible expenses	(659)		(1,245)		—
Unrecognized tax benefits	(349)		(427)		(24)
Other	455		(377)		2,083
Total benefit (expense) for income taxes before valuation allowances	20,042		30,266		63,604
Valuation allowances	(5,563)		(36,195)		(63,034)
Total benefit (expense) for income taxes	$	14,479	$	(5,929)	$	570

Tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to the Company's deferred tax assets and liabilities

The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities at December 31 are as follows:

	2021		2020
Deferred Tax Assets:
Net operating loss carryforwards	$	439,738	$	411,726
Goodwill	7,981		13,658
Stock-based compensation	2,040		3,550
Interest expense carryforward	9,388		5,391
Tax credit carryforwards	4,233		6,521
Leases	12,235		7,818
Intangibles	—		1,459
Risk management unrealized loss	377		1,548
Accrued compensation	5,463		4,336
Inventory capitalization	9,648		3,226
Other	5,141		5,235
Deferred tax assets	496,244		464,468
Deferred Tax Liabilities:
Property, plant and equipment	(76,247)		(68,948)
Leases	(12,163)		(7,822)
Convertible debt	—		(3,253)
Intangibles	(10,080)		—
Prepaid expenses	(2,878)		(2,644)
Other	(498)		(622)
Deferred tax liabilities	(101,866)		(83,289)
Net deferred tax assets	394,378		381,179
Valuation allowance	(392,866)		(387,786)
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities)	$	1,512	$	(6,607)

Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets

Activity regarding the valuation allowance for deferred tax assets was as follows:

	2021		2020		2019
Beginning of year balance	$	387,786	$	350,902	$	283,805
Changes in valuation allowance charged to income	(561)		36,195		65,558
Change in valuation allowance due to change in judgment	6,124		—		—
Foreign currency translation	(658)		689		(164)
Change in valuation allowance charged to OCI	175		—		(7)
Change in valuation allowance charged to equity	—		—		1,710
End of year balance	$	392,866	$	387,786	$	350,902

Reconciliation of total amounts of unrecognized tax benefits

A reconciliation of the total amounts of unrecognized tax benefits at December 31 is as follows:

	2021		2020		2019
Beginning of year balance	$	3,232	$	2,777	$	2,028
Increases to tax positions expected to be taken	2,708		—		732
Increases to tax positions taken during prior years	288		427		24
Foreign currency translation	(50)		28		(7)
End of year balance	$	6,178	$	3,232	$	2,777