Income Taxes (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2019

Income tax benefit (expense) related to continuing operations for the years ended December 31 is as follows:



	2019			2018			2017
Current income tax benefit (expense)
State	$	(12	)	$	(118	)	$	(45	)
Foreign	(33		)	(292		)	421
	(45		)	(410		)	376
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)
Federal	(8,302		)	(12,878		)	22,619
State	1,838			(2,851		)	10,282
Foreign	1,494			2,914			2,674
Change in enacted tax rates	—			—			(123,289		)
Net operating loss carryforwards created	68,344			26,058			17,466
	63,374			13,243			(70,248		)
Income tax benefit (expense) before valuation allowances	63,329			12,833			(69,872		)
Deferred tax valuation allowances	(62,759		)	(18,704		)	100,362
Income tax benefit (expense)	$	570		$	(5,871	)	$	30,490

Effective income tax rate continuing operations tax rate reconciliation

A reconciliation of the reported amount of income tax expense to the amount computed by applying the statutory federal income tax rate to earnings before income taxes from continuing operations is as follows:



	2019			2018			2017
U.S. Federal income tax expense at statutory rates of 21, 21 and 35 percent, respectively	$	(81,724	)	$	(62,619	)	$	38,349
State taxes, net of federal income tax benefit	12,342			1,618			8,160
Tax position on government incentives	127,950			72,244			9,402
Change in enacted tax rates	—			—			(123,289		)
Research & development tax credit	2,703			—			—
Unrecognized tax benefits	(24		)	(272		)	—
Other	2,082			1,862			(2,494		)
Total benefit (expense) for income taxes before valuation allowances	63,329			12,833			(69,872		)
Valuation allowances	(62,759		)	(18,704		)	100,362
Total benefit (expense) for income taxes	$	570		$	(5,871	)	$	30,490

Tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to the Company's deferred tax assets and liabilities

The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities at December 31 are as follows:



	2019			2018
Deferred Tax Assets:
Net operating loss carryforwards	$	348,734		$	278,867
Goodwill	17,028			20,067
Capitalized research and development	—			8,650
Stock-based compensation	3,805			3,447
Interest expense carryforward	4,877			2,940
Tax credit carryforwards	4,330			1,597
Leases	11,364			—
Intangibles	1,530			—
Risk management unrealized loss	131			—
Accrued compensation	4,285			3,318
Inventory capitalization	2,442			1,921
Other	4,589			3,133
Deferred tax assets	403,115			323,940
Deferred Tax Liabilities:
Property, plant and equipment	(41,769		)	(38,324		)
Leases	(9,459		)	—
Convertible debt	(5,213		)	(5,648		)
Risk management unrealized gain	—			(2,649		)
Intangibles	—			949
Prepaid expenses	(2,106		)	(1,688		)
Deferred revenue	—			(583		)
Other	(1,086		)	(773		)
Deferred tax liabilities	(59,633		)	(48,716		)
Net deferred tax assets	343,482			275,224
Valuation allowance	(350,457		)	(283,634		)
Net deferred tax liabilities	$	(6,975	)	$	(8,410	)

Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets

Activity regarding the valuation allowance for deferred tax assets was as follows:



	2019			2018			2017
Beginning of year balance	$	283,634		$	265,362		$	365,035
Changes in valuation allowance charged to income	65,284			18,704			36,639
Change in enacted tax rates	—			—			(137,001		)
Foreign currency translation	(164		)	(440		)	689
Change in valuation allowance charged to OCI	(7		)	8			—
Change in valuation allowance charged to equity	1,710			—			—
End of year balance	$	350,457		$	283,634		$	265,362

Reconciliation of total amounts of unrecognized tax benefits

A reconciliation of the total amounts of unrecognized tax benefits at December 31 is as follows:



	2019			2018			2017
Beginning of year balance	$	2,028		$	1,771		$	1,900
Increases to tax positions expected to be taken	732			—			—
Increases to tax positions taken during prior years	24			272			—
Decreases to tax positions taken during prior years	—			—			(129		)
Foreign currency translation	(7		)	(15		)	—
End of year balance	$	2,777		$	2,028		$	1,771