UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2017

OR

☐   TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from            to

Commission file number: 001-34620

IRONWOOD PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware	04-3404176
(State or other jurisdiction of	(I.R.S. Employer
incorporation or organization)	Identification Number)

301 Binney Street
Cambridge, Massachusetts	02142
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)	(Zip Code)

(617) 621-7722

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days:  Yes ☒  No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files):  Yes ☒  No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☒	Accelerated filer ☐
Non-accelerated filer ☐	Smaller reporting company ☐
(Do not check if a smaller reporting company)
	Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act): ☐ Yes ☒ No

As of August 1, 2017, there were 135,067,618 shares of Class A common stock outstanding and 14,524,306 shares of Class B common stock outstanding.

NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including the sections titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and “Risk Factors”, contains forward-looking statements. All statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q other than statements of historical fact are forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements include statements regarding our future financial position, business strategy, budgets, projected costs, plans and objectives of management for future operations. The words “may,” “continue,” “estimate,” “intend,” “plan,” “will,” “believe,” “project,” “expect,” “seek,” “anticipate” and similar expressions may identify forward-looking statements, but the absence of these words does not necessarily mean that a statement is not forward-looking. These forward-looking statements include, among other things, statements about:

· the demand and market potential for our products in the countries where they are approved for marketing, as well as the revenues therefrom;

· the timing, investment and associated activities involved in commercializing LINZESS® by us and Allergan plc in the U.S. and ZURAMPIC® by us in the U.S.;

· the timing and execution of the launches and commercialization of CONSTELLA® in Europe and LINZESS in Japan;

· the timing, investment and associated activities involved in developing, obtaining regulatory approval for, launching, and commercializing our products and product candidates by us and our partners worldwide;

· our ability and the ability of our partners to secure and maintain adequate reimbursement for our products;

· the ability of our partners and third-party manufacturers to manufacture and distribute sufficient amounts of linaclotide and lesinurad active pharmaceutical ingredient, drug product and finished goods, as applicable, on a commercial scale;

· our expectations regarding U.S. and foreign regulatory requirements for our products and our product candidates, including our post-approval development and regulatory requirements;

· the ability of our product candidates to meet existing or future regulatory standards;

· the safety profile and related adverse events of our products and our product candidates;

· the therapeutic benefits and effectiveness of our products and our product candidates and the potential indications and market opportunities therefor;

· our and our partners’ ability to obtain and maintain intellectual property protection for our products and our product candidates and the strength thereof, as well as Abbreviated New Drug Applications filed by generic drug manufacturers and potential U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval thereof, and associated patent infringement suits that we have filed or may file, or other action that we may take against such companies, and the timing and resolution thereof;

· our and our partners’ ability to perform our respective obligations under our collaboration, license and other agreements, and our ability to achieve milestone and other payments under such agreements;

· our plans with respect to the development, manufacture or sale of our product candidates and the associated timing thereof, including the design and results of pre-clinical and clinical studies;

· the in-licensing or acquisition of externally discovered businesses, products or technologies, including expectations relating to the completion of, or the realization of the expected benefits from, such transactions;

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· our expectations as to future financial performance, revenues, expense levels, payments, cash flows, profitability, tax obligations, capital raising and liquidity sources, and real estate needs, as well as the timing and drivers thereof;

· our ability to repay our outstanding indebtedness when due, or redeem or repurchase all or a portion of such debt, as well as the potential benefits of the note hedge transactions described herein;

· inventory levels and write downs, or asset impairments, and the drivers thereof, and inventory purchase commitments;

· our expectations regarding amortization of intangible assets;

· our ability to compete with other companies that are or may be developing or selling products that are competitive with our products and product candidates;

· the status of government regulation in the life sciences industry, particularly with respect to healthcare reform;

· trends and challenges in our potential markets;

· our ability to attract and motivate key personnel; and

· other factors discussed elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Any or all of our forward-looking statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q may turn out to be inaccurate. These forward-looking statements may be affected by inaccurate assumptions or by known or unknown risks and uncertainties, including the risks, uncertainties and assumptions identified under the heading “Risk Factors” in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. In light of these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, the forward-looking events and circumstances discussed in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q may not occur as contemplated, and actual results could differ materially from those anticipated or implied by the forward-looking statements.

You should not unduly rely on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Unless required by law, we undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements to reflect new information or future events or otherwise. You should, however, review the factors and risks we describe in the reports we will file from time to time with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, after the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

NOTE REGARDING TRADEMARKS

LINZESS® and CONSTELLA® are trademarks of Ironwood Pharmaceuticals, Inc. ZURAMPIC® and DUZALLO® are trademarks of AstraZeneca AB. Any other trademarks referred to in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are the property of their respective owners. All rights reserved.

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IRONWOOD PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

QUARTERLY REPORT ON FORM 10-Q

FOR THE QUARTER ENDED JUNE 30, 2017

TABLE OF CONTENTS

June 30,
		Page
	PART I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.	Financial Statements (unaudited)
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016	5
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2017 and 2016	6
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2017 and 2016	7
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2017 and 2016	8
	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	9
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	36
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	49
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	50
	PART II — OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	50
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	51
Item 6.	Exhibits	78
	Signatures	79

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PART I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1.  Financial Statements

Ironwood Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)

(unaudited)

	June 30,		December 31,
	2017		2016
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	182,132	$	54,004
Available-for-sale securities		90,763		251,212
Accounts receivable		3,975		933
Related party accounts receivable, net		56,382		63,921
Inventory		—		1,081
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		8,235		9,030
Total current assets		341,487		380,181
Restricted cash		7,057		8,247
Property and equipment, net		17,854		20,512
Convertible note hedges		171,880		132,521
Intangible assets, net		165,278		166,119
Goodwill		785		785
Other assets		738		1,456
Total assets	$	705,079	$	709,821
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable and related party accounts payable, net	$	21,190	$	17,703
Accrued research and development costs		7,454		6,937
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities		30,817		38,301
Current portion of capital lease obligations		5,097		6,227
Current portion of deferred rent		205		7,719
Deferred revenue		225		—
Current portion of contingent consideration		14,985		14,244
Total current liabilities		79,973		91,131
Capital lease obligations, net of current portion		—		82
Deferred rent, net of current portion		3,515		557
Contingent consideration, net of current portion		71,213		63,416
Note hedge warrants		149,458		113,237
Convertible senior notes		241,544		234,243
PhaRMA notes payable		—		132,249
2026 Notes		146,316		—
Other liabilities		8,190		8,190
Commitments and contingencies
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value, 75,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued and outstanding		—		—
Class A common stock, $0.001 par value, 500,000,000 shares authorized and 135,030,974 and 132,631,387 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively		135		133
Class B common stock, $0.001 par value, 100,000,000 shares authorized and 14,524,306 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2017 and 14,784,077 shares issued and 14,484,077 shares outstanding at December 31, 2016		15		15
Additional paid-in capital		1,293,292		1,258,398
Accumulated deficit		(1,288,548)		(1,191,823)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(24)		(7)
Total stockholders’ equity		4,870		66,716
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	705,079	$	709,821

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

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Ironwood Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations

(In thousands, except per share amounts)

(unaudited)

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30,				June 30,
	2017		2016		2017		2016
Revenues:
Collaborative arrangements revenue	$	64,612	$	54,350	$	116,489	$	120,392
Product revenue, net		465		—		754		—
Total revenues		65,077		54,350		117,243		120,392
Cost and expenses:
Cost of revenues, excluding amortization of acquired intangible asset		3,502		—		4,033		—
Write-down of lesinurad commercial supply to net realizable value and loss on non-cancellable purchase commitments		96		—		96		—
Research and development		37,344		31,682		71,046		63,524
Selling, general and administrative		57,792		36,918		113,396		73,086
Amortization of acquired intangible asset		421		1,065		841		1,065
Loss on fair value remeasurement of contingent consideration		6,933		—		8,547		—
Total cost and expenses		106,088		69,665		197,959		137,675
Loss from operations		(41,011)		(15,315)		(80,716)		(17,283)
Other (expense) income:
Interest expense		(9,046)		(9,827)		(18,029)		(19,734)
Interest and investment income		496		295		891		516
Gain on derivatives		5,337		3,145		3,138		1,502
Loss on extinguishment of debt		—		—		(2,009)		—
Other expense, net		(3,213)		(6,387)		(16,009)		(17,716)
Net loss	$	(44,224)	$	(21,702)	$	(96,725)	$	(34,999)
Net loss per share—basic and diluted	$	(0.30)	$	(0.15)	$	(0.65)	$	(0.24)
Weighted average number of common shares used in net loss per share—basic and diluted:		148,778		144,642		148,285		144,118

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

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Ironwood Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss

(In thousands)

(unaudited)

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30,				June 30,
	2017		2016		2017		2016
Net loss	$	(44,224)	$	(21,702)	$	(96,725)	$	(34,999)
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities		17		10		(17)		125
Total other comprehensive income (loss)		17		10		(17)		125
Comprehensive loss	$	(44,207)	$	(21,692)	$	(96,742)	$	(34,874)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

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Ironwood Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(In thousands)

(unaudited)

	Six Months Ended
	June 30,
	2017		2016
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss	$	(96,725)	$	(34,999)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		4,838		5,320
Amortization of acquired intangible asset		841		1,065
Loss on disposal of property and equipment		135		—
Share-based compensation expense		16,419		14,903
Change in fair value of note hedge warrants		36,221		11,510
Change in fair value of convertible note hedges		(39,359)		(13,012)
Write-down of excess non-cancelable ZURAMPIC sample purchase commitments		1,353		—
Write-down of lesinurad commercial supply to net realizable value and loss on non-cancellable purchase commitments		96		—
(Gain) loss on facility subleases		(1,579)		3,480
Accretion of discount/premium on investment securities		111		457
Non-cash interest expense		7,849		7,221
Non-cash change in fair value of contingent consideration		8,547		—
Loss on extinguishment of debt		2,009		—
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable and related party accounts receivable		4,497		1,371
Restricted cash		1,190		500
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		703		(1,265)
Inventory		1,081		—
Other assets		246		810
Accounts payable, related party accounts payable and accrued expenses		(5,345)		(2,314)
Accrued research and development costs		517		2,408
Deferred revenue		225		(470)
Deferred rent		(2,977)		(3,087)
Net cash used in operating activities		(59,107)		(6,102)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of available-for-sale securities		(90,706)		(52,629)
Sales and maturities of available-for-sale securities		251,027		182,363
Purchases of property and equipment		(1,746)		(1,623)
Payment for acquisition of lesinurad license		—		(100,000)
Proceeds from sale of property and equipment		79		—
Net cash provided by investing activities		158,654		28,111
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from issuance of 2026 Notes, net of discount to lender		146,250		—
Costs associated with issuance of 2026 Notes		(235)		—
Proceeds from exercise of stock options and employee stock purchase plan		18,473		6,163
Payments on capital leases		(1,593)		(828)
Principal payments on PhaRMA notes		(134,258)		(11,299)
Payments on contingent purchase price consideration		(56)		—
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities		28,581		(5,964)
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents		128,128		16,045
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period		54,004		261,287
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	$	182,132	$	277,332
Supplemental cash flow disclosure:
Non-cash investing activities
Contingent consideration	$	—	$	87,649

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

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Ironwood Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(unaudited)

1. Nature of Business

Overview

Ironwood Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (the “Company”) is a commercial biotechnology company leveraging its proven development and commercial capabilities as it seeks to bring multiple medicines to patients. The Company is advancing innovative product opportunities in areas of large unmet need, including irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (“IBS-C”) and chronic idiopathic constipation (“CIC”), abdominal pain associated with lower gastrointestinal (“GI”) disorders, hyperuricemia associated with uncontrolled gout, uncontrolled gastroesophageal reflux disease (“uncontrolled GERD”), and vascular and fibrotic diseases.

The Company’s first commercial product, linaclotide, is available to adult men and women suffering from IBS-C or CIC in certain countries around the world. Linaclotide is available under the trademarked name LINZESS® to adult men and women suffering from IBS-C or CIC in the United States (the “U.S.”) and Mexico, and to adult men and women suffering from IBS-C in Japan. Linaclotide is available under the trademarked name CONSTELLA® to adult men and women suffering from IBS-C or CIC in Canada, and to adult men and women suffering from IBS-C in certain European countries. 

The Company and its partner Allergan plc (together with its affiliates, “Allergan”) began commercializing LINZESS in the U.S. in December 2012. Under the Company’s collaboration with Allergan for North America, total net sales of LINZESS in the U.S., as recorded by Allergan, are reduced by commercial costs incurred by each party, and the resulting amount is shared equally between the Company and Allergan. Allergan also has an exclusive license from the Company to develop and commercialize linaclotide in all countries other than China, Hong Kong, Macau, Japan and the countries and territories of North America (the “Allergan License Territory”). On a country-by-country and product-by-product basis in the Allergan License Territory, Allergan will pay the Company a royalty as a percentage of net sales of products containing linaclotide as an active ingredient. In addition, Allergan has exclusive rights to commercialize linaclotide in Canada as CONSTELLA and in Mexico as LINZESS. Astellas Pharma Inc. (“Astellas”), the Company’s partner in Japan, has an exclusive license to develop and commercialize linaclotide in Japan. In March 2017, Astellas began commercializing LINZESS for the treatment of adults with IBS-C and is developing linaclotide for the treatment of patients with chronic constipation in Japan. The Company has a collaboration agreement with AstraZeneca AB (together with its affiliates, “AstraZeneca”), to co-develop and co-commercialize linaclotide in China, Hong Kong and Macau, with AstraZeneca having primary responsibility for the local operational execution. In December 2015, the Company and AstraZeneca filed for approval with the China Food and Drug Administration (“CFDA”) to market linaclotide in China.

The Company and Allergan are also advancing two linaclotide delayed release formulations. Linaclotide delayed release-1 (“DR1”) is a second-generation product candidate with the potential to improve abdominal pain relief and treat constipation in adult IBS-C patients. Linaclotide delayed release-2 (“DR2”) is a product candidate with the potential to treat patients with disorders where lower abdominal pain is a predominant symptom, such as non-constipation subtypes of IBS. Further, the Company and Allergan are exploring ways to enhance the clinical profile of LINZESS by studying linaclotide in additional indications, populations and formulations to assess its potential to treat various GI conditions.

The Company is advancing another GI development program, IW-3718, a gastric retentive formulation of a bile acid sequestrant with the potential to provide symptomatic relief in patients with uncontrolled GERD. In July 2017, the Company reported positive top-line data from a Phase IIb clinical trial evaluating IW-3718 in adult patients with uncontrolled GERD.

In June 2016, the Company closed a transaction with AstraZeneca (the “Lesinurad Transaction”) pursuant to which the Company received an exclusive license to develop, manufacture, and commercialize in the U.S. products containing lesinurad as an active ingredient (the “Lesinurad License”), including ZURAMPIC® and DUZALLO®. Lesinurad 200mg tablets were approved as ZURAMPIC by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) in December 2015 for use in combination with a xanthine oxidase inhibitor (“XOI”) for the treatment of hyperuricemia

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associated with uncontrolled gout. In October 2016, the Company began commercializing ZURAMPIC in the U.S. The Company is developing DUZALLO, a fixed-dose combination product of lesinurad and allopurinol, an XOI, which is included under the Lesinurad License. In January 2017, the FDA accepted for review a new drug application (“NDA”) for DUZALLO for the treatment of hyperuricemia in patients with uncontrolled gout.

The Company is leveraging its pharmacological expertise in guanylate cyclase (“GC”) pathways gained through the discovery and development of linaclotide to advance development programs, including IW-1973 and IW-1701, targeting soluble guanylate cyclase (“sGC”). sGC is a validated drug target with the potential for broad therapeutic utility and multiple opportunities for product development in vascular and fibrotic diseases, as well as other therapeutic areas.

The Company has periodically entered into co-promotion agreements to maximize its salesforce productivity. As part of this strategy, in August 2015, the Company and Allergan entered into an agreement for the co-promotion of VIBERZI™ (eluxadoline) in the U.S., Allergan’s treatment for adults suffering from IBS with diarrhea (“IBS-D”). In January 2017, the Company and Allergan entered into a commercial agreement under which the adjustments to the Company’s or Allergan’s share of the net profits under the share adjustment provision of the collaboration agreement for linaclotide in North America are eliminated, in full, in 2018 and all subsequent years. As part of this agreement, Allergan appointed the Company, on a non-exclusive basis, to promote CANASA® (mesalamine), approved for the treatment of ulcerative proctitis, and DELZICOL® (mesalamine), approved for the treatment of ulcerative colitis, in the U.S. for approximately two years.

These agreements are more fully described in Note 3, Business Combination, and Note 4, Collaboration, License, Co-Promotion and Other Commercial Agreements, to these condensed consolidated financial statements.

In June 2015, the Company issued approximately $335.7 million in aggregate principal amount of 2.25% Convertible Senior Notes due 2022 (the “2022 Notes”). In September 2016, the Company closed a direct private placement, pursuant to which the Company issued $150.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 8.375% notes due 2026 (the “2026 Notes”) on January 5, 2017 (the “Funding Date”). The proceeds from the issuance of the 2026 Notes were used to redeem the outstanding principal balance of the 11% PhaRMA Notes due 2024 (the “PhaRMA Notes”) on the Funding Date. The Company received net proceeds of approximately $11.2 million from the 2026 Notes, after redemption of the PhaRMA Notes outstanding balance and accrued interest of approximately $135.1 million and deducting fees and expenses of approximately $3.7 million. These transactions are more fully described in Note 10, Notes Payable, to these condensed consolidated financial statements.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements and the related disclosures are unaudited and have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. Additionally, certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in the Company’s annual financial statements have been condensed or omitted. Accordingly, these interim condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto contained in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016, which was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 22, 2017 (the “2016 Annual Report on Form 10-K”).

The unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the audited consolidated financial statements and, in the opinion of management, reflect all normal recurring adjustments considered necessary for a fair presentation of the Company’s financial position as of June 30, 2017, and the results of its operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016, and its cash flows for the six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016. The results of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the full year or any other subsequent interim period.

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Ironwood Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries, Ironwood Pharmaceuticals Securities Corporation and Ironwood Pharmaceuticals GmbH. All intercompany transactions and balances are eliminated in consolidation.

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Use of Estimates

The preparation of condensed consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires the Company’s management to make estimates and judgments that may affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the condensed consolidated financial statements, and the amounts of revenues and expenses during the reported periods. On an ongoing basis, the Company’s management evaluates its estimates, judgments and methodologies. Significant estimates and assumptions in the condensed consolidated financial statements include those related to revenue recognition, including returns, rebates, and other pricing adjustments; available-for-sale securities; inventory valuation, and related reserves; impairment of long-lived and intangible assets; initial valuation procedures for the issuance of convertible notes; fair value of derivatives; balance sheet classification of notes payable and convertible notes; income taxes, including the valuation allowance for deferred tax assets; research and development expenses; goodwill; contingent consideration; acquired intangible assets; contingencies and share-based compensation. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities. Actual results may differ materially from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. Changes in estimates are reflected in reported results in the period in which they become known.

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

The Company’s significant accounting policies are described in Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, in the 2016 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

New Accounting Pronouncements

From time to time, new accounting pronouncements are issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) or other standard setting bodies that are adopted by the Company as of the specified effective date. Except as set forth below, the Company did not adopt any new accounting pronouncements during the three and six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016 that had a material effect on its condensed consolidated financial statements.

In May 2014, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASU 2014-09”), which supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 605, and most industry-specific guidance. The new standard requires that an entity recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The update also requires additional disclosure about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from customer contracts, including significant judgments and changes in judgments and assets recognized from costs incurred to obtain or fulfill a contract. ASU 2014-09 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2017 and should be applied retrospectively to each prior reporting period presented or retrospectively with the cumulative effect of initially applying this update recognized at the date of initial application. Early adoption is permitted beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim reporting periods within those years. In April 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-10, Revenue from Contracts with Customers: Identifying Performance Obligations and Licensing (“ASU 2016-10”), which clarifies certain aspects of identifying performance obligations and licensing implementation guidance. In May 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-12, Revenue from Contracts with Customers: Narrow-Scope Improvements and Practical Expedients (“ASU 2016-12”), related to disclosures of remaining performance obligations, as well as other amendments to guidance on collectability, non-cash consideration and the presentation of sales and other similar taxes collected from customers. These standards have the same effective date and transition date as ASU 2014-09. These standards allow for either a full retrospective or a modified retrospective transition approach. The Company is currently assessing which transition approach to implement upon the adoption of these standards. The Company is analyzing the potential impact that ASU 2014-09, ASU 2016-10 and ASU 2016-12 may have on its financial position and results of operations. The Company is currently assessing the effect these standards may have on the financial statements; however, the Company anticipates significant changes to the financial statement disclosures. This analysis of the Company’s collaborative arrangements and license agreements includes, but is not limited to, reviewing variable consideration as it relates to its agreements, assessing potential disclosures and evaluating the impact of each potential method of adoption on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements. As of June 30, 2017, the Company has advanced its assessment of the impact of these ASUs on its revenue-

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generating license and collaboration agreements for linaclotide. The Company is in an earlier stage of assessing the impact of these ASUs to the Lesinurad License and its co-promotion agreements. In addition, the Company continues to monitor additional changes, modifications, clarifications or interpretations undertaken by the FASB, which may impact its conclusions.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (“ASU 2016-02”), which supersedes the lease accounting requirements in ASC Topic 840, “Leases”, and most industry-specific guidance. ASU 2016-02 requires the identification of arrangements that should be accounted for as leases by lessees. In general, for lease arrangements exceeding a 12-month term, these arrangements must now be recognized as assets and liabilities on the balance sheet of the lessee. Under ASU 2016-02, a right-of-use asset and lease obligation will be recorded for all leases, whether operating or financing, while the income statement will reflect lease expense for operating leases and amortization and interest expense for financing leases. The balance sheet amount recorded for existing leases at the date of adoption of ASU 2016-02 must be calculated using the applicable incremental borrowing rate at the date of adoption. In addition, ASU 2016-02 requires the use of modified retrospective method, which will require adjustment to all comparative periods presented in the condensed consolidated financial statements. ASU 2016-02 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is evaluating the potential impact that the adoption of ASU 2016-02 may have on the Company’s financial position and results of operations. The Company’s analysis includes, but is not limited to, reviewing existing leases, reviewing other service agreements for embedded leases, evaluating potential system implementations, assessing potential disclosures and evaluating the impact of adoption on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements.

In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-16, Accounting for Income Taxes: Intra-Entity Asset Transfers of Assets Other than Inventory (“ASU 2016-16”). ASU 2016-16 eliminates the ability to defer the tax expense related to intra-entity asset transfers other than Inventory. Under the new standard, entities should recognize the income tax consequences on an intra-entity transfer of an asset other than inventory when the transfer occurs. ASU 2016-16 is effective for fiscal periods beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is evaluating the potential impact that the adoption of ASU 2016-16 may have on the Company’s financial position or results of operations.

In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230) Restricted Cash (“ASU 2016-18”), which requires that a statement of cash flows explain the change during the period in the total of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents. Therefore, amounts described as restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents should be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning-of-period and end-of-period total amounts shown on the statement of cash flows. ASU 2016-18 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those years. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is evaluating the potential impact that the adoption of ASU 2016-18 may have on the Company’s financial position and results of operations.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-01, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business (“ASU 2017-01”), to clarify the definition of a business by adding guidance to assist entities with evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions or disposals of assets versus businesses. ASU 2017-01 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The Company will evaluate the potential impact that the adoption of ASU 2017-01 will have on the Company’s financial position or results of operations for all future transactions that are within the scope of Topic 805.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other (Topic 350) (“ASU 2017-04”) to simplify the accounting for goodwill impairment by removing Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test. ASU 2017-04 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is evaluating the potential impact that the adoption of ASU 2017-04 may have on the Company’s financial position and results of operations.

In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-09, Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 708) Scope of Modification Accounting (“ASU 2017-09”) which provides guidance that clarifies when changes to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award require an entity to apply modification accounting in Topic 718. Adoption of ASU 2017-09 is required for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those

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fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The Company does not expect the adoption of ASU 2017-09 to have a material impact on the Company’s financial position and results of operations.

2. Net Loss Per Share

Basic and diluted net loss per common share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period.

In June 2015, in connection with the issuance of approximately $335.7 million in aggregate principal amount of the 2022 Notes, the Company entered into convertible note hedge transactions (the “Convertible Note Hedges”). The Convertible Note Hedges are generally expected to reduce the potential dilution to the Company’s Class A common stockholders upon a conversion of the 2022 Notes and/or offset any cash payments the Company is required to make in excess of the principal amount of converted 2022 Notes in the event that the market price per share of the Company’s Class A common stock, as measured under the terms of the Convertible Note Hedges, is greater than the conversion price of the 2022 Notes (Note 10). The Convertible Note Hedges are not considered for purposes of calculating the number of diluted weighted average shares outstanding, as their effect would be antidilutive.

Concurrently with entering into the Convertible Note Hedges, the Company also entered into certain warrant transactions in which it sold note hedge warrants (the “Note Hedge Warrants”) to the Convertible Note Hedge counterparties to acquire 20,249,665 shares of the Company’s Class A common stock, subject to customary anti-dilution adjustments. The Note Hedge Warrants could have a dilutive effect on the Company’s Class A common stock to the extent that the market price per share of the Class A common stock exceeds the applicable strike price of such warrants (Note 10). The Note Hedge Warrants are not considered for purposes of calculating the number of diluted weighted averages shares outstanding, as their effect would be antidilutive.

The following potentially dilutive securities have been excluded from the computation of diluted weighted average shares outstanding as their effect would be anti-dilutive (in thousands):

	Six Months Ended
	June 30,
	2017	2016
Options to purchase common stock	21,621	22,066
Shares subject to repurchase	125	192
Restricted stock units	2,270	1,256
Note hedge warrants	20,250	20,250
2022 Notes	20,250	20,250
	64,516	64,014

An insignificant number of shares issuable under the Company’s employee stock purchase plan were excluded from the calculation of diluted weighted average shares outstanding because their effects would be anti-dilutive.

3. Business Combination

The Company closed the Lesinurad Transaction on June 2, 2016 (the “Acquisition Date”) with AstraZeneca pursuant to which the Company received an exclusive license to develop, manufacture and commercialize in the U.S. products containing lesinurad as an active ingredient, including ZURAMPIC (the “Products”). Subject to the terms of the Lesinurad License, AstraZeneca is obligated to conduct certain development activities on the Company’s behalf for ZURAMPIC and DUZALLO, for which the Company is obligated to reimburse AstraZeneca. Pursuant to the Lesinurad License, during the three months ended June 30, 2017, the Company and AstraZeneca agreed to transition the obligation for post-marketing activities required by the FDA from AstraZeneca to the Company in accordance with an agreed upon timeline. The post-marketing requirements for lesinurad are estimated to be less than $100.0 million over up to ten years from the Acquisition Date. In connection with the Lesinurad License, the Company and AstraZeneca entered into a commercial supply agreement (the “Lesinurad CSA”), pursuant to which the Company relies exclusively on AstraZeneca for the commercial manufacture and supply of ZURAMPIC and, if approved, DUZALLO, and the lesinurad transitional services agreement (the “Lesinurad TSA”), pursuant to which AstraZeneca is providing certain support services, including development, regulatory and commercial services, to the Company for ZURAMPIC until such activities under the Lesinurad TSA are transferred to the Company. The Company may obtain production techniques from AstraZeneca via a manufacturing technology transfer available under the Lesinurad CSA upon provision of six-months’ notice. The Company

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is responsible for commercialization of the Products in the U.S., and any additional development of the Products for commercialization in the U.S. In addition, under the terms of the Lesinurad License, the Company has the right of first negotiation and right of last refusal with AstraZeneca for the right to commercialize, develop and manufacture for commercialization in the U.S., products for the prevention or treatment of gout that include verinurad as at least one of its active ingredients.

The Company concluded that the Lesinurad Transaction included inputs and processes that have the ability to create outputs and accordingly accounted for the transaction as a business combination in accordance with ASC 805. As such, the assets acquired and liabilities assumed have been recorded at fair value, with the remaining purchase price recorded as goodwill.

The purchase price consisted of the up-front payment to AstraZeneca of $100.0 million, which was made in June 2016, and the fair value of contingent consideration of approximately $67.9 million. In addition to the up-front payment, the Company will also pay a tiered royalty to AstraZeneca in the single-digits as a percentage of net sales of the Products in the U.S., as well as commercial and other milestones of up to $165.0 million over the duration of the Lesinurad License. As of the Acquisition Date, the contingent consideration fair value of approximately $67.9 million was calculated using a discounted cash flow estimate of expected future milestone and royalty payments to AstraZeneca based on the Company’s internally forecasted net product revenue of ZURAMPIC and, if approved, DUZALLO.  The fair value of contingent consideration in the purchase price includes initial measurement period adjustments as of the Acquisition Date. The Company also paid approximately $1.6 million in transaction-related costs, including external consulting fees, which were expensed as incurred as selling, general and administrative expenses during the year ended December 31, 2016.

The Company preliminarily valued the acquired assets and liabilities based on their estimated fair value as of the Acquisition Date upon closing the Lesinurad Transaction. Certain of these estimates were adjusted during the year ended December 31, 2016 as additional information became available related to conditions that existed as of the Acquisition Date. No additional adjustments were made through June 1, 2017. As of June 1, 2017, the goodwill balance included insignificant measurement period adjustments made in prior quarters.

During the three months ended June 30, 2017, the Company finalized its allocation of the purchase price for the Lesinurad Transaction as of the Acquisition Date, including the contingent consideration. This information is summarized in the following tables (in thousands):

As of the Acquisition Date:
Cash portion of consideration	$	100,000
Contingent consideration		67,885
Total purchase consideration	$	167,885

As of the Acquisition Date:
Developed technology — ZURAMPIC	$	22,000
IPR&D - DUZALLO		145,100
Goodwill		785
Net assets acquired	$	167,885

The fair value of the IPR&D - DUZALLO was determined using a probability adjusted discounted cash flow approach, including assumptions of projected revenues, operating expenses and a discount rate of 14.0% applied to the projected cash flows. The remaining cost of development for this asset was approximately $13.9 million as of the Acquisition Date, with an expected completion date of no later than December 31, 2017. Through June 30, 2017, the Company continued to incur costs related to DUZALLO.

The fair value of the developed technology - ZURAMPIC intangible asset was determined using a probability adjusted discounted cash flow approach, including assumptions of projected revenues, operating expenses and a discount rate of 12.5% applied to the projected cash flows. The Company considers the developed technology - ZURAMPIC intangible asset acquired to be developed technology, as it was approved by the FDA for commercialization as of the Acquisition Date. The Company believes the assumptions are representative of those a market participant would use in estimating fair value. The developed technology - ZURAMPIC intangible asset is finite lived. The amount allocated to

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the developed technology - ZURAMPIC intangible asset is being amortized on a straight-line basis to amortization of acquired intangible assets within the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations over its estimated useful life of approximately 13 years, the period of estimated future cash flows from the Acquisition Date. The Company believes that the straight-line method of amortization represents the pattern in which the economic benefits of the intangible asset are consumed. As of June 30, 2017, the Company recognized accumulated amortization of approximately $1.8 million with respect to the developed technology - ZURAMPIC intangible asset. The estimated future amortization of developed technology - ZURAMPIC intangible asset is expected to be as follows (in thousands):

	As of June 30, 2017
2017 (1)	$	841
2018		1,682
2019		1,682
2020		1,682
2021 and thereafter		14,291
Total	$	20,178

(1) For the six months ending December 31, 2017.

The Company tests its goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment annually as of October 1st, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate an impairment may have occurred. Additionally, the Company evaluates its finite-lived intangible assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the reduction in the fair value below their respective carrying amounts. In connection with each annual impairment assessment and any interim impairment assessment in which indicators of impairment have been identified, the Company compares the fair value of the asset as of the date of the assessment with the carrying value of the asset on the Company's condensed consolidated balance sheet.

The amount allocated to the IPR&D - DUZALLO is considered to be indefinite-lived until the completion or abandonment of the associated research and development efforts. As of June 30, 2017, there was no impairment related to the IPR&D – DUZALLO or the developed technology - ZURAMPIC intangible asset.

The Company allocated the excess of the purchase price over the identifiable intangible assets to goodwill. Such goodwill is not deductible for tax purposes and represents the value placed on entering new markets, expanding market share and operating synergies. As of June 30, 2017, there was no impairment of goodwill. All goodwill has been assigned to the Company’s single reporting unit, which is the single operating segment human therapeutics.

As of June 30, 2017, the estimated fair value of the Company’s contingent consideration liability was approximately $86.2 million. This fair value measurement was based on significant inputs not observable in the market and thus represent Level 3 fair value measurements (Note 6).

4. Collaboration, License, Co-Promotion and Other Commercial Agreements

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, the Company had linaclotide collaboration agreements with Allergan for North America and AstraZeneca for China, Hong Kong and Macau, as well as linaclotide license agreements with Astellas for Japan and with Allergan for the Allergan License Territory. The Company also had agreements with Allergan to co-promote VIBERZI in the U.S. and promote CANASA and DELZICOL in the U.S. The

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following table provides amounts included in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations as collaborative arrangements revenue attributable to transactions from these arrangements (in thousands):

	Collaborative Arrangements Revenue
	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30,				June 30,
	2017		2016		2017		2016
Linaclotide Agreements:
Allergan (North America)	$	56,742	$	50,036	$	106,693	$	100,009
Allergan (Europe and other)(1)		109		110		218		193
AstraZeneca (China, Hong Kong and Macau)		—		164		208		294
Astellas (Japan)		5,972		2,334		5,985		17,014
Co-Promotion and Other Agreements:
Exact Sciences (Cologuard) (2)		1,297		1,159		2,436		1,878
Allergan (VIBERZI)		489		547		946		1,004
Other		3		—		3		—
Total collaborative arrangements revenue	$	64,612	$	54,350	$	116,489	$	120,392

(1) In October 2015, Almirall, S.A. (“Almirall”) transferred its exclusive license to develop and commercialize linaclotide in Europe to Allergan. In January 2017, the Company and Allergan expanded the license to cover the Allergan License Territory. For the six months ended June 30, 2016, collaborative arrangements revenue includes an insignificant amount of revenue from Almirall.

(2) In August 2016, the Company terminated the Cologuard Co-Promotion Agreement. Under the terms of the agreement, the Company will continue to receive royalty payments through July 2017.

Linaclotide Agreements

Collaboration Agreement for North America with Allergan

In September 2007, the Company entered into a collaboration agreement with Allergan to develop and commercialize linaclotide for the treatment of IBS‑C, CIC and other GI conditions in North America. Under the terms of this collaboration agreement, the Company shares equally with Allergan all development costs as well as net profits or losses from the development and sale of linaclotide in the U.S. The Company receives royalties in the mid‑teens percent based on net sales in Canada and Mexico. Allergan is solely responsible for the further development, regulatory approval and commercialization of linaclotide in those countries and funding any costs. The collaboration agreement for North America also includes contingent milestone payments, as well as a contingent equity investment, based on the achievement of specific development and commercial milestones. As of June 30, 2017, $205.0 million in license fees and all six development milestone payments had been received by the Company, as well as a $25.0 million equity investment in the Company’s capital stock (Note 13). The Company can also achieve up to $100.0 million in a sales-related milestone if certain conditions are met, which will be recognized as collaborative arrangements revenue as earned.

As a result of the research and development cost-sharing provisions of the linaclotide collaboration for North America, the Company recognized an insignificant amount and approximately $0.5 million in incremental research and development costs during the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, respectively, and offset approximately $3.2 million and approximately $5.2 million in research and development costs during the three and six months ended June 30, 2016, respectively, to reflect the obligations of each party under the collaboration to bear half of the development costs incurred.

The Company and Allergan began commercializing LINZESS in the U.S. in December 2012. The Company receives 50% of the net profits and bears 50% of the net losses from the commercial sale of LINZESS in the U.S.; provided, however, that if either party provides fewer calls on physicians in a particular year than it is contractually required to provide, such party’s share of the net profits will be adjusted as set forth in the collaboration agreement for North America. During the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, these adjustments to the share of the net profits were reduced or eliminated in connection with the co-promotion activities under the Company’s agreement with Allergan to co-promote VIBERZI in the U.S., as described below in Co-Promotion Agreement with Allergan forVIBERZI. Additionally, these adjustments to the share of the net profits are eliminated, in full, in 2018 and all subsequent years under the terms of the Company’s commercial agreement with Allergan entered into in January 2017

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under which the Company will promote Allergan’s CANASA and DELZICOL products, as described below in Commercial Agreement with Allergan. Net profits or net losses consist of net sales of LINZESS to third-party customers and sublicense income in the U.S. less the cost of goods sold as well as selling, general and administrative expenses. LINZESS net sales are calculated and recorded by Allergan and may include gross sales net of discounts, rebates, allowances, sales taxes, freight and insurance charges, and other applicable deductions. The Company records its share of the net profits or net losses from the sale of LINZESS on a net basis and presents the settlement payments to and from Allergan as collaboration expense or collaborative arrangements revenue, as applicable.

The Company recognized collaborative arrangements revenue from the Allergan collaboration agreement for North America during the three and six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016 as follows (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30,				June 30,
	2017		2016		2017		2016
Collaborative arrangements revenue related to sales of LINZESS in the U.S.	$	56,307	$	48,333	$	105,759	$	94,980
Sale of active pharmaceutical ingredient ("API")		—		1,465		—		4,482
Royalty revenue		435		238		934		547
Total collaborative arrangements revenue	$	56,742	$	50,036	$	106,693	$	100,009

The collaborative arrangements revenue recognized in the three and six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016 primarily represents the Company’s share of the net profits and net losses on the sale of LINZESS in the U.S.

The following table presents the amounts recorded by the Company for commercial efforts related to LINZESS in the U.S. in the three and six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016 (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30,				June 30,
	2017		2016		2017		2016
Collaborative arrangements revenue related to sales of LINZESS in the U.S.(1)(2)	$	56,307	$	48,333	$	105,759	$	94,980
Selling, general and administrative costs incurred by the Company(1)		(12,496)		(8,879)		(23,605)		(18,032)
The Company’s share of net profit	$	43,811	$	39,454	$	82,154	$	76,948

(1) Includes only collaborative arrangement revenue or selling, general and administrative costs attributable to the cost-sharing arrangement with Allergan.

(2) Certain of the unfavorable adjustments to the Company’s share of the LINZESS net profits were reduced or eliminated in connection with the co-promotion activities under the Company’s agreement with Allergan to co-promote VIBERZI in the U.S., as described below in Co-Promotion Agreement with Allergan for VIBERZI.  

In May 2014, CONSTELLA became commercially available in Canada and in June 2014, LINZESS became commercially available in Mexico. In October 2015, Almirall and Allergan terminated the sublicense arrangement with respect to Mexico, returning the exclusive rights to commercialize CONSTELLA in Mexico to Allergan. CONSTELLA continues to be available to adult IBS-C patients in Mexico. The Company records royalties on sales of CONSTELLA in Canada and LINZESS in Mexico one quarter in arrears as it does not have access to the royalty reports from its partner or the ability to estimate the royalty revenue in the period earned. The Company recognized approximately $0.4 million and approximately $0.9 million of combined royalty revenues from Canada and Mexico during the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, respectively, and approximately $0.2 million and approximately $0.5 million during the three and six months ended June 30, 2016, respectively. 

License Agreement with Allergan (All countries other than the countries and territories of North America, China, Hong Kong, Macau, and Japan)

In April 2009, the Company entered into a license agreement with Almirall (the “European License Agreement”) to develop and commercialize linaclotide in Europe (including the Commonwealth of Independent States and Turkey) for the treatment of IBS-C, CIC and other GI conditions.

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In October 2015, Almirall transferred its exclusive license to develop and commercialize linaclotide in Europe to Allergan. In accordance with the European License Agreement, the Company was required to participate on a joint development committee during linaclotide’s development period and a joint commercialization committee while linaclotide is commercially available. Additionally, in October 2015, the Company and Allergan separately entered into an amendment to the European License Agreement relating to the development and commercialization of linaclotide in Europe. Pursuant to the terms of the amendment, (i) certain sales‑based milestones payable to the Company under the European License Agreement were modified to increase the total milestone payments such that, when aggregated with certain commercial launch milestones, they could total up to $42.5 million, (ii) the royalties payable to the Company during the term of the European License Agreement were modified such that the royalties based on sales volume in Europe begin in the mid‑single digit percent and escalate to the upper‑teens percent by calendar year 2019, and (iii) Allergan assumed responsibility for the manufacturing of linaclotide API for Europe from the Company, as well as the associated costs. The Company concluded that the 2015 amendment to the European License Agreement was not a modification to the linaclotide collaboration agreement with Allergan for North America.

The commercial launch and sales‑based milestones under the European License Agreement are recognized as revenue as earned. The Company records royalties on sales of CONSTELLA one quarter in arrears as it does not have access to the royalty reports from Allergan or the ability to estimate the royalty revenue in the period earned. The Company recognized an insignificant amount and approximately $0.2 million of royalty revenue during the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, respectively, and an insignificant amount and approximately $0.2 million during the three and six months ended June 30, 2016, respectively.

In January 2017, concurrently with entering into the commercial agreement as described below in Commercial Agreement with Allergan, the Company and Allergan entered into an amendment to the European License Agreement. The European License Agreement, as amended (the “Allergan License Agreement”), extended the license to develop and commercialize linaclotide in all countries other than China, Hong Kong, Macau, Japan, and the countries and territories of North America. On a country-by-country and product-by-product basis in such additional territory, Allergan is obligated to pay the Company a royalty as a percentage of net sales of products containing linaclotide as an active ingredient in the upper-single digits for five years following the first commercial sale of a linaclotide product in a country, and in the low-double digits thereafter. The royalty rate for products in the expanded territory will decrease, on a country-by-country basis, to the lower-single digits, or cease entirely, following the occurrence of certain events. Allergan is also obligated to assume certain purchase commitments for quantities of linaclotide API under the Company’s agreements with third-party API suppliers. The amendment to the European License Agreement did not modify any of the milestones or royalty terms related to Europe.

The Company concluded that the 2017 amendment was a material modification to the European License Agreement; however, this modification did not have a material impact on the Company's condensed consolidated financial statements as there was no deferred revenue associated with the European License Agreement. The Company also concluded that the 2017 amendment to the European License Agreement was not a material modification to the linaclotide collaboration agreement with Allergan for North America. The Company’s conclusions on deliverables under ASC Topic 605-25, Revenue Recognition—Multiple-Element Arrangements (“ASC 605-25”) are described below in Commercial Agreement with Allergan.

License Agreement for Japan with Astellas

In November 2009, the Company entered into a license agreement with Astellas, as amended, to develop and commercialize linaclotide for the treatment of IBS-C, CIC and other GI conditions in Japan. Astellas is responsible for all activities relating to development, regulatory approval and commercialization in Japan, as well as funding the associated costs and the Company is required to participate on a joint development committee over linaclotide’s development period. During the three months ended June 30, 2017, the Company and Astellas entered into a commercial API supply agreement (the “Astellas Commercial Supply Agreement”). Pursuant to the Astellas Commercial Supply Agreement, the Company sells linaclotide API supply to Astellas at a contractually defined rate and recognizes revenue related to these sales as collaborative arrangements revenue in accordance with ASC 605. Under the license agreement, the Company receives royalties which escalate based on sales volume, beginning in the low-twenties percent, less the transfer price paid for the API included in the product actually sold and other contractual deductions. These royalties on the sales of LINZESS are recorded one quarter in arrears as the Company does not have access to the royalty reports from Astellas or the ability to estimate the royalty revenue in the period earned.

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In 2009, Astellas paid the Company a non‑refundable, up‑front licensing fee of $30.0 million, which was recognized as collaborative arrangements revenue on a straight‑line basis over the Company’s estimate of the period over which linaclotide was developed under the license agreement. The development period was completed in December 2016 upon approval of LINZESS by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare at which point all previously deferred revenue under the agreement was recognized. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2016, the Company recognized approximately $1.3 million and approximately $2.6 million, respectively, of revenue related to the up‑front licensing fee.

The agreement also includes three development milestone payments that totaled up to $45.0 million, all of which were achieved and recognized as revenue through December 31, 2016. The first milestone payment, consisting of $15.0 million upon enrollment of the first study subject in a Phase III study for linaclotide in Japan, was achieved in November 2014. The second milestone payment, consisting of $15.0 million upon filing of an NDA for linaclotide with the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, was achieved in February 2016. The third development milestone payment, consisting of $15.0 million upon approval of an NDA by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare to market linaclotide in Japan, was achieved in December 2016.

During each of the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, the Company recognized approximately $6.0 million in collaborative arrangements revenue from sales of API under the license agreement and the Astellas Commercial Supply Agreement. The royalty on sales of LINZESS in Japan during the three months ended June 30, 2017 relating to the quarter in arrears did not exceed the transfer price of API sold and other contractual deductions during the period. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2016, the Company recognized approximately $2.3 million and approximately $17.0 million, respectively, in collaborative revenue from the upfront licensing fee and milestone payments. 

Collaboration Agreement for China, Hong Kong and Macau with AstraZeneca

In October 2012, the Company entered into a collaboration agreement with AstraZeneca (the “AstraZeneca Collaboration Agreement”) to co-develop and co-commercialize linaclotide in China, Hong Kong and Macau (the “License Territory”). The collaboration provides AstraZeneca with an exclusive nontransferable license to exploit the underlying technology in the License Territory. The parties share responsibility for continued development and commercialization of linaclotide under a joint development plan and a joint commercialization plan, respectively, with AstraZeneca having primary responsibility for the local operational execution.

The parties agreed to an Initial Development Plan (“IDP”) which includes the planned development of linaclotide in China, including the lead responsibility for each activity and the related internal and external costs. The IDP indicates that AstraZeneca is responsible for a multinational Phase III clinical trial (the “Phase III Trial”), the Company is responsible for nonclinical development and supplying clinical trial material and both parties are responsible for the regulatory submission process. The IDP indicates that the party specifically designated as being responsible for a particular development activity under the IDP shall implement and conduct such activities. The activities are governed by a Joint Development Committee (“JDC”), with equal representation from each party. The JDC is responsible for approving, by unanimous consent, the joint development plan and development budget, as well as approving protocols for clinical studies, reviewing and commenting on regulatory submissions, and providing an exchange of data and information.

The AstraZeneca Collaboration Agreement will continue until there is no longer a development plan or commercialization plan in place, however, it can be terminated by AstraZeneca at any time upon 180 days’ prior written notice. Under certain circumstances, either party may terminate the AstraZeneca Collaboration Agreement in the event of bankruptcy or an uncured material breach of the other party. Upon certain change in control scenarios of AstraZeneca, the Company may elect to terminate the AstraZeneca Collaboration Agreement and may re-acquire its product rights in a lump sum payment equal to the fair market value of such product rights.

In connection with the AstraZeneca Collaboration Agreement, the Company and AstraZeneca also executed a co-promotion agreement (the “Co-Promotion Agreement”), pursuant to which the Company utilized its existing sales force to co-promote NEXIUM® (esomeprazole magnesium), one of AstraZeneca’s products, in the U.S. The Co-Promotion Agreement expired in May 2014.

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There are no refund provisions in the AstraZeneca Collaboration Agreement and the Co-Promotion Agreement (together, the “AstraZeneca Agreements”).

Under the terms of the AstraZeneca Collaboration Agreement, the Company received a $25.0 million non-refundable up-front payment upon execution. The Company is also eligible for $125.0 million in additional commercial milestone payments contingent on the achievement of certain sales targets. The parties will also share in the net profits and losses associated with the development and commercialization of linaclotide in the License Territory, with AstraZeneca receiving 55% of the net profits or incurring 55% of the net losses until a certain specified commercial milestone is achieved, at which time profits and losses will be shared equally thereafter.

Activities under the AstraZeneca Agreements were evaluated in accordance with ASC 605-25, to determine if they represented a multiple element revenue arrangement. The Company identified the following deliverables in the AstraZeneca Agreements:

· an exclusive license to develop and commercialize linaclotide in the License Territory (the “License Deliverable”),

· research, development and regulatory services pursuant to the IDP, as modified from time to time (the “R&D Services”),

· JDC services,

· obligation to supply clinical trial material, and

· co-promotion services for AstraZeneca’s product (the “Co-Promotion Deliverable”).

The License Deliverable is nontransferable and has certain sublicense restrictions. The Company determined that the License Deliverable had standalone value as a result of AstraZeneca’s internal product development and commercialization capabilities, which would enable it to use the License Deliverable for its intended purposes without the involvement of the Company. The remaining deliverables were deemed to have standalone value based on their nature and all deliverables met the criteria to be accounted for as separate units of accounting under ASC 605-25. Factors considered in this determination included, among other things, whether any other vendors sell the items separately and if the customer could use the delivered item for its intended purpose without the receipt of the remaining deliverables.

At the inception of the arrangement, the Company identified the supply of linaclotide drug product for commercial requirements and commercialization services as contingent deliverables because these services are contingent upon the receipt of regulatory approval to commercialize linaclotide in the License Territory, and there were no binding commitments or firm purchase orders pending for commercial supply at the inception of the AstraZeneca Collaboration Agreement.

In August 2014, the Company and AstraZeneca, through the JDC, modified the IDP and development budget to include approximately $14.0 million in additional activities over the remaining development period, to be shared by the Company and AstraZeneca under the terms of the AstraZeneca Collaboration Agreement. These additional activities serve to support the continued development of linaclotide in the License Territory, including the Phase III Trial. Pursuant to the terms of the modified IDP and development budget, certain of the Company’s deliverables were modified, specifically the R&D Services and the obligation to supply clinical trial material. The modification did not, however, have a material impact on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements.

The total amount of the non-contingent consideration allocable to the AstraZeneca Agreements was approximately $34.0 million (“Arrangement Consideration”), which includes the $25.0 million non-refundable up-front payment and approximately $9.0 million representing 55% of the costs for clinical trial material supply services and research, development and regulatory activities allocated to the Company in the IDP or as approved by the JDC in subsequent periods. The Company allocated the Arrangement Consideration to the non-contingent deliverables based on management’s best estimated selling price (“BESP”) of each deliverable using the relative selling price method, as the Company did not have vendor-specific objective evidence or third-party evidence of selling price for such deliverables. Of the total Arrangement Consideration, approximately $29.7 million was allocated to the License Deliverable,

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approximately $1.8 million to the R&D Services, approximately $0.1 million to the JDC services, approximately $0.3 million to the clinical trial material supply services, and approximately $2.1 million to the Co-Promotion Deliverable in the relative selling price model, at the time of the material modification.

Because the Company shares development costs with AstraZeneca, payments from AstraZeneca with respect to both research and development and selling, general and administrative costs incurred by the Company prior to the commercialization of linaclotide in the License Territory are recorded as a reduction in expense, in accordance with the Company’s policy, which is consistent with the nature of the cost reimbursement. Development costs incurred by the Company that pertain to the joint development plan and subsequent amendments to the joint development plan, as approved by the JDC, are recorded as research and development expense as incurred. Payments to AstraZeneca are recorded as incremental research and development expense.

The Company completed its obligations related to the License Deliverable upon execution of the AstraZeneca Agreements; however, the revenue recognized in the statement of operations was limited to the non-contingent portion of the License Deliverable consideration in accordance with ASC 605-25. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2016, the Company recognized approximately $0.2 million and approximately $0.3 million, respectively, in collaborative arrangements revenue related to the License Deliverable in connection with the modification to the IDP and development budget in August 2014, as these portions of the Arrangement Consideration were no longer contingent. All amounts allocated to the License Deliverable have been recognized as revenue.

The Company also performs R&D Services and JDC services, and supplies clinical trial materials during the estimated development period. All Arrangement Consideration allocated to such services is being recognized as a reduction of research and development costs, using the proportional performance method, by which the amounts are recognized in proportion to the costs incurred. As a result of the cost-sharing arrangements under the collaboration, the Company offset an insignificant amount and approximately $0.2 million in research and development costs during the three and six months ended June 30, 2017 respectively, and recognized an insignificant amount in each of the three and six months ended June 30, 2016.

The amount allocated to the Co-Promotion Deliverable was recognized as collaborative arrangements revenue using the proportional performance method, which approximates recognition on a straight-line basis beginning on the date that the Company began to co-promote AstraZeneca’s product through December 31, 2013 (the earliest cancellation date). As of December 31, 2013, the Company completed its obligation related to the Co-Promotion Deliverable.

The Company reassesses the periods of performance for each deliverable at the end of each reporting period.

In March 2017, the Company began providing supply of linaclotide drug product and certain commercialization-related services pursuant to the AstraZeneca Collaboration Agreement. During the six months ended June 30, 2017, the Company recognized approximately $0.2 million, as collaborative arrangements revenue related to linaclotide drug product, as this deliverable was no longer contingent.

Milestone payments received from AstraZeneca upon the achievement of sales targets will be recognized as earned.

Co-Promotion and Other Agreements

Co-Promotion Agreement with Exact Sciences Corp. for Cologuard

In March 2015, the Company and Exact Sciences entered into an agreement to co-promote Exact Sciences’ Cologuard, the first and only FDA-approved noninvasive stool DNA screening test for colorectal cancer (the “Exact Sciences Co-Promotion Agreement”). The Exact Sciences Co-Promotion Agreement was terminated by the parties in August 2016. Under the terms of the non-exclusive Exact Sciences Co-Promotion Agreement, the Company’s sales team promoted and educated health care practitioners regarding Cologuard through July 2016. Exact Sciences maintained responsibility for all other aspects of the commercialization of Cologuard outside of the co-promotion. Under the terms of the Exact Sciences Co-Promotion Agreement, the Company is compensated primarily via royalties earned on the net sales of Cologuard generated from the healthcare practitioners on whom the Company called with such royalties being payable through July 2017. There are no refund provisions in the Exact Sciences Co-Promotion Agreement. 

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Activities under the Exact Sciences Co-Promotion Agreement were evaluated in accordance with ASC 605-25, to determine if they represented a multiple element revenue arrangement. The Company identified the following deliverables in the Exact Sciences Co-Promotion Agreement through July 31, 2016: (i) second position sales detailing, (ii) promotional support services, and (iii) medical education services. Each of the deliverables was deemed to have standalone value based on their nature and all deliverables met the criteria to be accounted for as separate units of accounting under ASC 605-25. The Company determined that the BESP for each of the three deliverables approximated the value allocated to the deliverables under the agreement. The revenue related to each deliverable is recognized as collaborative arrangements revenue in the Company’s condensed consolidated statement of operations, in accordance with ASC 605-25, during the period earned. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, the Company recognized approximately $1.3 million and approximately $2.4 million, respectively, and approximately $1.2 million and approximately $1.9 million during the three and six months ended June 30, 2016, respectively, as collaborative arrangements revenue related to this arrangement.

Co-Promotion Agreement with Allergan for VIBERZI

In August 2015, the Company and Allergan entered into an agreement for the co‑promotion of VIBERZI in the U.S., Allergan’s treatment for adults suffering from IBS‑D (the “VIBERZI Co‑Promotion Agreement”). Under the terms of the VIBERZI Co‑Promotion Agreement, the Company’s clinical sales specialists are detailing VIBERZI to the same health care practitioners to whom they detail LINZESS. Allergan is responsible for all costs and activities relating to the commercialization of VIBERZI outside of the co‑promotion.

Under the terms of the VIBERZI Co‑Promotion Agreement, the Company’s promotional efforts are compensated based on the volume of calls delivered by the Company’s sales force, with the terms of the agreement reducing or eliminating certain of the unfavorable adjustments to the Company’s share of net profits stipulated by the linaclotide collaboration agreement with Allergan for North America, provided that the Company provides a minimum number of VIBERZI calls on physicians. The Company has the potential to achieve milestone payments of up to $10.0 million based on the net sales of VIBERZI in each of 2017 and 2018, and is also compensated via reimbursements for medical education initiatives.

The Company’s promotional efforts under the non‑exclusive co‑promotion began when VIBERZI became commercially available in December 2015, and will continue until December 31, 2017, unless earlier terminated by either party pursuant to the provisions of the VIBERZI Co‑Promotion Agreement. Either party may also terminate the VIBERZI Co‑Promotion Agreement in the event of an uncured material breach by the other party, withdrawal of necessary approvals by the FDA, for convenience, or bankruptcy or insolvency of the other party. Allergan may terminate the VIBERZI Co‑Promotion Agreement if the Company does not provide the minimum number of calls on physicians for VIBERZI.

Activities under the VIBERZI Co‑Promotion Agreement were evaluated in accordance with ASC 605‑25 to determine if they represented a multiple element revenue arrangement. The Company concluded that the VIBERZI Co‑Promotion Agreement does not represent a material modification to the linaclotide collaboration agreement with Allergan for North America, as it is not material to the total arrangement consideration under the collaboration agreement, does not significantly modify the existing deliverables, and does not significantly change the term of the agreement. The Company identified the following deliverables in the VIBERZI Co‑Promotion Agreement: (i) second position sales detailing of VIBERZI, and (ii) medical education services. Each of the deliverables was deemed to have standalone value based on their nature and both deliverables met the criteria to be accounted for as separate units of accounting under ASC 605‑25. The Company determined the BESP for each of the deliverables approximated the value allocated to the deliverables under the agreement. As consideration is earned over the term of the agreement, the revenue will be allocated to each deliverable based on the relative selling price, using management’s BESP, and recognized as collaborative arrangements revenue in the Company’s condensed consolidated statement of operations, in accordance with ASC 605‑25, during the quarter earned.

Under the linaclotide collaboration agreement for North America with Allergan, if either party provides fewer calls on physicians in a particular year than it is contractually required to provide, such party’s share of the net profits will be adjusted as set forth in the agreement; however, certain of these adjustments to the share of the net profits may be reduced or eliminated in connection with the co-promotion activities under the VIBERZI Co-Promotion Agreement through December 31, 2017. In connection with these co-promotion activities, the net profit share adjustments payable to Allergan under the linaclotide collaboration agreement for North America were reduced by approximately $1.1 million

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and approximately $2.9 million during the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, respectively, and approximately $1.4 million and approximately $2.6 million during the three and six months ended June 30, 2016, respectively. During the three months ended September 30, 2016, the Company also met the requirement for the minimum number of VIBERZI calls on physicians for 2016, which resulted in the Company’s reversal of an approximately $2.4 million unfavorable adjustment previously recorded to collaborative arrangements revenue related to the linaclotide collaboration agreement with Allergan for North America. This approximately $2.4 million adjustment was originally recorded as an unfavorable adjustment to collaborative arrangements revenue during the six months ended June 30, 2015. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, the Company recognized approximately $0.5 million and approximately $0.9 million, respectively, and approximately $0.5 million and approximately $1.0 million during the three and six months ended June 30, 2016, respectively, in collaborative arrangements revenue related to the VIBERZI Co‑Promotion Agreement for the performance of medical education services. 

Commercial Agreement with Allergan

In January 2017, concurrently with entering into the amendment to the European License Agreement, the Company and Allergan entered into a commercial agreement under which the adjustments to the Company’s or Allergan’s share of the net profits under the share adjustment provision of the collaboration agreement for linaclotide in North America relating to the contractually required calls on physicians in each year are eliminated, in full, in 2018 and all subsequent years. Pursuant to the commercial agreement, Allergan also appointed the Company, on a non-exclusive basis, to promote CANASA, approved for the treatment of ulcerative proctitis, and DELZICOL, approved for the treatment of ulcerative colitis, in the U.S. for approximately two years. The Company will perform certain third position details and offer samples of such products to gastroenterology prescribers who are on the then-current call panel for LINZESS to which the Company provides first or second position details, and will purchase samples of CANASA and DELZICOL from Allergan at the actual manufacturing cost. On a product-by-product basis, Allergan will pay the Company a royalty in the mid-teens on incremental sales of CANASA and DELZICOL above a mutually agreed upon sales baseline. The Company will record royalties on sales of these products one quarter in arrears as it does not have access to the royalty reports from Allergan or the ability to estimate the royalty revenue in the period earned. The Company commenced these promotion activities for CANASA and DELZICOL on February 27, 2017 and, subject to the Company’s or Allergan’s rights of early termination, the commercial agreement will expire on February 26, 2019.  The share adjustment relief will, in the case of Allergan’s termination for convenience and certain other specified circumstances, survive termination of the commercial agreement. The Company concluded that the commercial agreement with Allergan was not a material modification to the linaclotide collaboration agreement with Allergan for North America.

Activities under the commercial agreement with Allergan and the Allergan License Agreement were evaluated in accordance with ASC 605-25, as the agreements were entered into concurrently, to determine if they represented a multiple element revenue arrangement. The Company identified the following deliverables:

· an exclusive license to develop and commercialize linaclotide in the Allergan License Territory, and

· sales detailing services for CANASA and DELZICOL.

The exclusive license for the Allergan License Territory is nontransferable and has certain sublicense restrictions. The Company determined that Allergan had the internal product development and commercialization capabilities that would enable Allergan to use the license for its intended purposes without the involvement of the Company and, therefore, the license had standalone value. The deliverable for the sales detailing services for CANASA and DELZICOL was deemed to have standalone value based on the nature of the services, and all deliverables met the criteria to be accounted for as separate units of accounting under ASC 605-25. There is no allocable arrangement consideration at the inception of the arrangement, as the consideration is in the form of royalties and the elimination of a contingent liability. During the three months ended June 30, 2017, the Company did not recognize royalty revenue related to the commercial agreement with Allergan to promote CANASA and DELZICOL.

Other Collaboration and License Agreements

The Company has other collaboration and license agreements that are not individually significant to its business. Pursuant to the terms of one agreement, the Company may be required to pay $7.5 million for development milestones, of which approximately $2.5 million had been paid as of June 30, 2017, and $18.0 million for regulatory milestones, none of which had been paid as of June 30, 2017. In addition, pursuant to the terms of another agreement,

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the contingent milestones could total up to $114.5 million per product to one of the Company’s collaboration partners, including $21.5 million for development milestones, $58.0 million for regulatory milestones and $35.0 million for sales-based milestones. Further, under such agreements, the Company is also required to fund certain research activities and, if any product related to these collaborations is approved for marketing, to pay significant royalties on future sales. The Company did not record any research and development expenses associated with the Company’s other collaboration and license agreements during each of the three and six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016.

5. Product Revenue

In October 2016, the Company began commercializing ZURAMPIC in the U.S. Due to the early stage of the product launch, the Company determined that it was not able to reliably make certain estimates, including returns, necessary to recognize product revenue upon shipment to distributors. As a result, the Company records net product revenue for ZURAMPIC using a deferred revenue recognition model (sell-through). Under the deferred revenue model, the Company does not recognize revenue until ZURAMPIC is prescribed to an end-user. As of June 30, 2017, the Company had approximately $0.2 million of deferred revenue related to ZURAMPIC product in the distribution channel. The Company will continue to evaluate when, if ever, it has sufficient volume of historical activity and visibility into the distribution channel, in order to reasonably make all estimates required under ASC 605 to recognize revenue upon shipment to its distributors. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, the Company recognized approximately $0.5 million and approximately $0.8 million, respectively, of revenue related to product sales of ZURAMPIC in the U.S.

6. Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The tables below present information about the Company’s assets that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of June 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 and indicate the fair value hierarchy of the valuation techniques the Company utilized to determine such fair value. In general, fair values determined by Level 1 inputs utilize observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Fair values determined by Level 2 inputs utilize data points that are either directly or indirectly observable, such as quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, interest rates and yield curves. Fair values determined by Level 3 inputs utilize unobservable data points in which there is little or no market data, which require the Company to develop its own assumptions for the asset or liability.

The Company’s investment portfolio includes mainly fixed income securities that do not always trade on a daily basis. As a result, the pricing services used by the Company apply other available information as applicable through processes such as benchmark yields, benchmarking of like securities, sector groupings and matrix pricing to prepare valuations. In addition, model processes are used to assess interest rate impact and develop prepayment scenarios. These models take into consideration relevant credit information, perceived market movements, sector news and economic events. The inputs into these models may include benchmark yields, reported trades, broker-dealer quotes, issuer spreads and other relevant data. The Company validates the prices provided by its third-party pricing services by obtaining market values from other pricing sources and analyzing pricing data in certain instances.

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The following tables present the assets and liabilities the Company has measured at fair value on a recurring basis (in thousands):

			Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using
			Quoted Prices in		Significant Other		Significant
			Active Markets for		Observable		Unobservable
			Identical Assets		Inputs		Inputs
	June 30, 2017		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents:
Money market funds	$	90,745	$	90,745	$	—	$	—
U.S. Treasury securities		16,743		16,743		—		—
U.S. government-sponsored securities		62,846		—		62,846		—
Available-for-sale securities:
U.S. Treasury securities		20,490		20,490		—		—
U.S. government-sponsored securities		70,273		—		70,273		—
Convertible Note Hedges		171,880		—		—		171,880
Total assets measured at fair value	$	432,977	$	127,978	$	133,119	$	171,880
Liabilities:
Note Hedge Warrants	$	149,458	$	—	$	—	$	149,458
Contingent Consideration		86,198		—		—		86,198
Total liabilities measured at fair value	$	235,656	$	—	$	—	$	235,656

			Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using
			Quoted Prices in		Significant Other		Significant
			Active Markets for		Observable		Unobservable
			Identical Assets		Inputs		Inputs
	December 31, 2016		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents:
Money market funds	$	32,486	$	32,486	$	—	$	—
Available-for-sale securities:
U.S. Treasury securities		115,021		115,021		—		—
U.S. government-sponsored securities		136,191		—		136,191		—
Convertible Note Hedges		132,521		—		—		132,521
Total assets measured at fair value	$	416,219	$	147,507	$	136,191	$	132,521
Liabilities:
Note Hedge Warrants	$	113,237	$	—	$	—	$	113,237
Contingent Consideration		77,660		—		—		77,660
Total liabilities measured at fair value	$	190,897	$	—	$	—	$	190,897

There were no transfers between fair value measurement levels during the three and six months ended June 30, 2017 or 2016.

Cash equivalents, accounts receivable, related party accounts receivable, prepaid expenses and other current assets, accounts payable, related party accounts payable, accrued expenses and the current portion of capital lease obligations at June 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 are carried at amounts that approximate fair value due to their short-term maturities.

The non-current portion of the capital lease obligations at December 31, 2016 approximates fair value as it bears interest at a rate approximating a market interest rate.

Convertible Note Hedges and Note Hedge Warrants

The Company’s Convertible Note Hedges and the Note Hedge Warrants are recorded as derivative assets and liabilities, and are classified as Level 3 under the fair value hierarchy. These derivatives are not actively traded and are valued using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model which requires the use of subjective assumptions. Significant inputs used to determine the fair value as of June 30, 2017 included the price per share of the Company’s Class A

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common stock, time to maturity of the derivative instruments, the strike prices of the derivative instruments, the risk-free interest rate, and the volatility of the Company’s Class A common stock. The Company has not paid and does not anticipate paying cash dividends on its shares of common stock in the foreseeable future; therefore, the expected dividend yield is assumed to be zero. Changes to these inputs could materially affect the valuation of the Convertible Note Hedges and Note Hedge Warrants.

The following inputs were used in the fair market valuation of the Convertible Note Hedges and Note Hedge Warrants as of June 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016:

Six Months Ended Year Ended