S-1/A 1 ds1a.htm AMENDMENT NO. 1 TO FORM S-1 Amendment No. 1 to Form S-1
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As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 16, 2010

Registration No. 333-163845

 

 

 

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

 

 

AMENDMENT NO. 1

TO

FORM S-1

REGISTRATION STATEMENT

Under

The Securities Act of 1933

 

 

Solyndra, Inc.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

 

 

 

Delaware   3674   41-2175583

(State or other jurisdiction of

incorporation or organization)

 

(Primary Standard Industrial

Classification Code Number)

 

(I.R.S. Employer

Identification Number)

47700 Kato Road

Fremont, California 94538

510-440-2400

(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of Registrant’s principal executive offices)

 

 

Dr. Christian M. Gronet

Chief Executive Officer

Solyndra, Inc.

47700 Kato Road

Fremont, California 94538

510-440-2400

(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)

 

 

Copies to:

 

John A. Fore

Michael S. Russell

Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati

Professional Corporation

650 Page Mill Road

Palo Alto, California 94304

Telephone: 650-493-9300

Facsimile: 650-493-6811

 

John T. Gaffney

Senior Vice President,

Corporate Development and

General Counsel

Solyndra, Inc.

47700 Kato Road

Fremont, California 94538

Telephone: 510-440-2400

Facsimile: 510-440-2625

 

Patrick A. Pohlen

Andrew S. Williamson

Latham & Watkins LLP

140 Scott Drive

Menlo Park, California 94025

Telephone: 650-328-4600

Facsimile: 650-463-2600

 

 

Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public: As soon as practicable after the effective date of this Registration Statement.

If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, check the following box. ¨

If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ¨

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ¨

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

 

Large accelerated filer ¨

       Accelerated filer ¨

Non-accelerated filer x

  (Do not check if a smaller reporting company)      Smaller reporting company ¨

 

 

The Registrant hereby amends this Registration Statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the Registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this Registration Statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 or until the Registration Statement shall become effective on such date as the Commission acting pursuant to said Section 8(a) may determine.

 

 

 


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The information in this prospectus is not complete and may be changed. We may not sell these securities until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and it is not soliciting offers to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.

 

PROSPECTUS (Subject to Completion)

Issued March 16, 2010

            Shares

LOGO

SOLYNDRA, INC.

COMMON STOCK

 

 

Solyndra, Inc. is offering             shares of its common stock. This is our initial public offering and no public market currently exists for our shares. We anticipate that the initial public offering price will be between $             and $             per share.

 

 

We have applied to have our common stock approved for listing on The NASDAQ Global Market under the symbol “SOLY.”

 

 

Investing in our common stock involves risks. See “Risk Factors” beginning on page 11.

 

 

PRICE $            A SHARE

 

 

 

     Price to Public    Underwriting
Discounts and
Commissions
   Proceeds to
Solyndra

Per Share

   $                $                $            

Total

   $    $    $

We have granted the underwriters an option to purchase up to an additional            shares of common stock.

Argonaut Ventures I, L.L.C., or Argonaut, which together with its affiliates beneficially owns approximately 35.7% of our outstanding common stock on an as-converted basis, has the right to purchase from us up to 15% of the aggregate number of shares offered in this offering at the initial price to the public, but is under no obligation to purchase any shares. Any shares purchased by Argonaut will be purchased directly from us and will not be a part of the underwritten offering. Steven R. Mitchell, a member of our board of directors, is a managing director of the manager of Argonaut.

The Securities and Exchange Commission and state securities regulators have not approved or disapproved these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

The underwriters expect to deliver the shares to purchasers on                     , 2010.

 

 

 

Goldman, Sachs & Co.    Morgan Stanley

                    , 2010


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

     Page

Prospectus Summary

   1

Risk Factors

   11

Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements and Industry Data

   35

Use of Proceeds

   36

Dividend Policy

   36

Capitalization

   37

Dilution

   39

Selected Historical Financial Data

   41

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

   43

Industry Background

   68

Business

   75

Description of Material Indebtedness

   92

Management

   95

Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions

   118

Principal Stockholders

   128

Description of Capital Stock

   132

Shares Eligible For Future Sale

   137

Material United States Tax Considerations for Non-U.S. Holders of Common Stock

   140

Underwriting

   144

Legal Matters

   148

Experts

   148

Where You Can Find Additional Information

   148

Index to Consolidated Financial Statements

   F-1

 

 

You should rely only on the information contained in this prospectus and in any free writing prospectus we may authorize to be delivered or made available to you. We have not authorized anyone to provide you with information different from that contained in this prospectus or any such free writing prospectus. We are offering to sell, and seeking offers to buy, shares of our common stock only in jurisdictions where offers and sales are permitted. The information in this prospectus may only be accurate as of the date on the front cover of this prospectus. This prospectus will be updated as required by law.

Until                     , 2010 (25 days after the commencement of this offering), all dealers that buy, sell or trade shares of our common stock, whether or not participating in this offering, may be required to deliver a prospectus. This delivery requirement is in addition to the obligation of dealers to deliver a prospectus when acting as underwriters and with respect to their unsold allotments or subscriptions.

For investors outside the United States: Neither we nor any of the underwriters have done anything that would permit this offering or possession or distribution of this prospectus in any jurisdiction where action for that purpose is required, other than in the United States. Persons outside the United States who come into possession of this prospectus must inform themselves about, and observe any restrictions relating to, the offering of the shares of common stock and the distribution of this prospectus outside of the United States.

 

 

The term “Solyndra,” a stylized “Solyndra,” the Solyndra “O”, “Omnifacial” and the term “The New Shape of Solar” and other trademarks or service marks of Solyndra, Inc. appearing in this prospectus are the property of Solyndra, Inc. This prospectus contains additional trade names, trademarks and service marks of other companies. We do not intend our use or display of other companies’ trade names, trademarks or service marks to imply relationships with, or endorsement or sponsorship of us by, these other companies.


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PROSPECTUS SUMMARY

This summary highlights information described elsewhere in this prospectus but does not contain all of the information needed for making an investment decision. Therefore read this entire prospectus carefully, especially the “Risk Factors” section beginning on page 11 and our consolidated financial statements and the related notes appearing elsewhere in this prospectus, before making an investment decision.

Overview

Commercial rooftops represent a vast and underutilized resource for the generation of clean, renewable solar electricity. We have pioneered a photovoltaic system, featuring proprietary cylindrical modules, that achieves the lowest system installation costs on a per watt basis for the commercial rooftop market. We are able to significantly reduce the cost of installation by eliminating expensive mounting hardware and significantly reducing the amount of labor required when mounting conventional flat plate photovoltaic systems. We believe that, upon the successful achievement of our planned expansion of production, manufacturing process improvements and product enhancements, by the end of 2012 our photovoltaic systems will deliver the highest energy production per rooftop on a kilowatt hour basis and will enable us to deliver the lowest cost of electricity on most commercial rooftops compared to the flat plate panel systems of the leading crystalline silicon manufacturers. Furthermore, we believe that by the end of 2012, we will be able to deliver photovoltaic systems that produce electricity on commercial rooftops at rates that are competitive with the retail price of electricity in key markets on a non-subsidized basis.

Our photovoltaic systems, which are comprised of panels and mounts, enhance sunlight collection by capturing direct, diffuse and reflected sunlight across a 360-degree photovoltaic surface. Unlike conventional panels that typically need to be tilted to achieve effective energy generation, the cylindrical shape of our modules allows our systems to achieve effective energy generation when mounted horizontally. Horizontal mounting allows our panels to be spaced significantly closer together than conventional panels on a typical rooftop, thereby enabling greater rooftop coverage and enhanced energy production over the system’s lifetime. The cylindrical shape allows modules to be spaced apart within our panels so that wind can blow through our panels, thus eliminating the need for the expensive mounting hardware and ballast typically required to secure conventional flat plate panels against uplift from the wind. Although the initial price of our solar panels is significantly higher than the initial price of solar panels with the same nameplate panel power rating offered by many of our competitors, our customers can achieve significantly reduced labor, hardware, design and other balance of system costs, which account for a substantial portion of the total installed cost of a conventional flat plate photovoltaic system, while maximizing the amount of electricity generated for a typical rooftop installation.

We commenced commercial shipments of our photovoltaic systems in July 2008 and have increased our sales volume and revenue every quarter since that date. We sold 30.0 megawatts, or MW, of panels in the fiscal year ended January 2, 2010, compared to 1.6 MW for the fiscal year ended January 3, 2009. For the fiscal year ended January 2, 2010, our revenue was $100.5 million and our net loss was $172.5 million, compared to $6.0 million and $232.1 million, respectively, for the fiscal year ended January 3, 2009 and we had an accumulated deficit of $557.7 million at January 2, 2010. Our panels have been deployed in over 200 commercial installations internationally and across the United States. We primarily sell our photovoltaic systems to value-added resellers, including system integrators and roofing materials manufacturers, which resell our systems to various system owners, including third-party investors, enterprises such as manufacturers, wholesaler-distributors and big-box retailers, government entities and utility companies. Based on our cumulative revenue from inception through the fiscal year ended January 2, 2010, our ten largest customers are Allied Building Products Corporation, Alwitra GmbH, Carlisle Syntec Incorporated, Geckologic GmbH, Orion Energy Systems, Incorporated, Phoenix Solar AG, Premier Solar Systems Pvt Ltd., Sunconnex B.V., Sun System S.p.A. and USE Umwelt Sonne Energie GmbH. As of the date of this prospectus, we have framework agreements with system integrators and roofing materials

 

 

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manufacturers outlining general terms for the delivery of up to 865 MW of our photovoltaic systems by the end 2013. While these agreements set forth volume and price expectations over a number of years, they generally do not constitute binding multi-year purchase commitments.

We manufacture our solar panels in a highly automated plant where we perform all operations required to process commodity materials into the final product. We intend to significantly expand our production capacity through a combination of additional production facilities and equipment, manufacturing process improvements and product enhancements in order to reduce our per-watt production costs and meet demand for our systems. Our first manufacturing facility, which we refer to as Fab 1, had an annualized production run rate of 54 MW during our fiscal month ended January 2, 2010. We are in the process of expanding our production capacity at Fab 1 and expect to reach an annualized production run rate of 110 MW by the fourth fiscal quarter of 2010, assuming achievement of planned product development objectives and manufacturing process improvements. We are further expanding our production capacity with the addition of a second manufacturing facility, which we refer to as Fab 2. We are in the construction stage of the first of two planned phases for Fab 2, which we refer to as Phase I. We expect Phase I to have an annualized production run rate of 250 MW by the end of the first half of 2012, assuming achievement of planned product development objectives and manufacturing process improvements. We expect the first production output from Phase I to occur in the first quarter of 2011. We are funding the costs of Phase I with the proceeds of a prior equity financing and a $535 million loan facility guaranteed by the U.S. Department of Energy, or the DOE. Borrowings under this facility mature in 2016 and accrue interest at a rate per annum fixed at the time of disbursement and equal to the sum of a treasury rate index plus 37.5 basis points (2.5% to 2.8% as of January 2, 2010). This loan facility was the first guaranteed by the DOE under its loan guarantee program for innovative clean technologies.

We intend to use the proceeds of this offering to finance a portion of the costs of the second phase of Fab 2, which we refer to as Phase II. We believe that Phase II represents a significant opportunity to further expand our production capacity and reduce our costs of manufacturing. When the construction and production ramp of both phases of Fab 2 are complete, we expect Fab 2 to have an annualized production run rate of 500 MW, assuming achievement of planned product development objectives and manufacturing process improvements. We estimate that the costs for Phase II will be approximately $642 million, which amount includes building expansion and improvements, manufacturing equipment, certain sales, marketing and other start-up costs, and a contingency reserve of approximately $53 million. On September 11, 2009, we applied for a second loan guarantee from the DOE, in the amount of approximately $469 million, to partially fund Phase II. If we are unable to obtain the DOE guaranteed loan in whole or in part, we intend to fund any financing shortfall with some combination of the proceeds of this offering, cash flows from operations, debt financing and additional equity financing.

Commercial Rooftop Photovoltaic Market Opportunity

Based on market data from Navigant Consulting, Freedonia Group and Ecofys, we estimate that there are approximately 11 billion square meters of commercial rooftop area worldwide. Commercial rooftop systems are installed where power is consumed, which avoids the significant transmission capital expenditures associated with centralized electricity generation systems, reduces transmission congestion during periods of peak demand and reduces the energy losses to the end users associated with transmission and distribution of electricity from centralized large-scale electric plants. According to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, or NREL, cumulative rooftop photovoltaic system installations in the United States alone are projected to grow from 733 MW in 2007 to 7,492 MW in 2015, representing a compound annual growth rate of 34%.

In the commercial rooftop solar market, several key factors influence what type of photovoltaic system will be used. First, system owners, such as third-party investors and enterprises that purchase

 

 

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photovoltaic systems to install on their own rooftops, generally seek the highest return possible from a photovoltaic system. The highest return is achieved by minimizing the levelized cost of electricity per kilowatt hour, or LCOE. The LCOE of a photovoltaic system is the ratio of a system’s total life cycle cost, which is the sum of the installed cost plus the present value of the total lifetime costs of the system, to its total lifetime energy output. Lifetime costs of the system include the costs of cleaning solar panels, monitoring performance, repairing systems, performing ongoing maintenance as well as the cost of removing the photovoltaic system when the roof of a building is replaced and subsequently reinstalling the photovoltaic system on the new roof. Second, building owners typically seek to limit rooftop impact in order to comply with a rooftop’s warranty requirements and structural limitations. Third, system integrators, which often have significant influence on purchase decisions, are motivated by their desire to enhance their own productivity and perform more project installations in a given year.

The commercial rooftop photovoltaic market to date primarily has consisted of flat plate panels using crystalline silicon or thin film technologies, which we refer to as conventional panels. Conventional panels present several fundamental challenges which have, to date, increased the cost of commercial rooftop photovoltaic systems and limited the addressable market. These challenges include:

 

  Ÿ  

Light collection.    Conventional panels typically need to be tilted using expensive mounting hardware to improve the capture of direct light, creating shadows that can reduce and, in some cases, shut down the output of neighboring panels. Therefore, tilted conventional panels typically are widely spaced to avoid shading other panels, reducing the surface area that can be covered by this type of rooftop photovoltaic system.

 

  Ÿ  

Orientation.    Conventional panels typically need to be oriented on a directional axis such as North-South for optimal performance, which often differs from the directional axis of the building and its rooftop, further limiting rooftop coverage and reducing total energy production per rooftop.

 

  Ÿ  

Installation Time and Cost.    Installing conventional panels on commercial rooftops typically takes weeks to complete and requires the use of expensive mounting hardware, involving steps such as rooftop preparation and penetration, assembly of mounting racks and installation of panels at the correct tilt and axis orientation.

 

  Ÿ  

Wind.    Conventional photovoltaic systems typically require ballast or penetrating rooftop attachments to counter uplift from wind. The weight of the panels, ballast and mounting system may exceed the weight limitations of many commercial rooftops.

These factors have limited the penetration of the addressable commercial rooftop market by manufacturers of conventional panels, as photovoltaic system owners have struggled to minimize LCOE and preserve the integrity of building rooftops, while system integrators have struggled to minimize the cost and time to install systems.

Our Solution

We believe that our photovoltaic systems address many of the challenges facing system owners and system integrators that have limited the penetration of the commercial rooftop market in the past. Specifically, our solution is designed to reduce LCOE and preserve the integrity of building rooftops, while reducing the cost and time to install systems. Key benefits of our photovoltaic systems include:

 

  Ÿ  

Low levelized cost of electricity.    We believe that our photovoltaic systems will enable us to deliver to system owners the lowest LCOE by delivering low installed costs, increased energy output and low lifetime costs for most commercial rooftop installations. Our unique product design helps our system owners minimize installed cost per watt by offering significant savings on balance of

 

 

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system costs, including labor. Our photovoltaic systems are also designed to generate more solar electricity per rooftop than conventional panel photovoltaic systems, as our system design enables greater rooftop coverage and the highest energy production per rooftop over the system lifetime for most installations. This increased electricity production per rooftop also has the benefit of spreading fixed costs for certain operational and maintenance expenses over a larger system, resulting in a lower lifetime operations and maintenance cost per kilowatt hour. Our design provides benefits relating to lifetime roof replacement and repair costs, where the speed with which our systems can be removed and then reinstalled reduces the amount of electricity that is lost due to downtime of the photovoltaic system.

 

  Ÿ  

Minimal impact to building rooftop.    Our photovoltaic systems minimize rooftop impact by avoiding rooftop penetrations associated with conventional panel photovoltaic systems. Rooftop penetrations can invalidate a rooftop warranty and cause permanent structural impact. Our photovoltaic systems also weigh less than conventional panel photovoltaic systems, enabling the installation of our photovoltaic systems on rooftops that would not otherwise support the weight of a conventional panel photovoltaic system.

 

  Ÿ  

Significant installation benefits.    Our photovoltaic systems can be installed more quickly and more cost-effectively than conventional panel photovoltaic systems. Due to the relative ease of installation of our systems, we believe that system integrators, roofing materials manufacturers and the subcontractors that they employ to install our photovoltaic systems will be able to significantly increase the productivity of their workforces, enabling them to perform more installations in a given year with fewer labor expenditures. Further, because our rooftop coverage benefits enable greater power generation per rooftop, we believe that system integrators and roofing materials manufacturers generally can generate more revenue per project by installing our systems.

Our Strategy

Our goal is to be able to deliver photovoltaic systems for commercial rooftops that provide the lowest LCOE for low-slope commercial rooftops and that are competitive with the retail price of electricity in key markets on a non-subsidized basis by the end of 2012. We believe that the achievement of this goal in any given market will result in substantial additional demand for our photovoltaic systems in that market. We are pursuing the following strategies to achieve this goal:

 

  Ÿ  

Reduce per-watt manufacturing costs.    We intend to continue to reduce our per-watt manufacturing costs, which were $4.00 per watt for the fourth fiscal quarter ended January 2, 2010, by increasing the throughput of our production lines, improving yields and raising nameplate panel power ratings. In addition, in order to meet expected demand for our systems, we intend to significantly expand our production capacity through a combination of additional production facilities and equipment, manufacturing process improvements and product enhancements. These improvements and the increased production capacity will allow us to spread our fixed costs over a significantly higher production volume.

 

  Ÿ  

Target key customers.    We currently allocate the sales of the majority of our photovoltaic systems to a select number of value-added resellers with broad geographic reach and the capacity to purchase large volumes of our systems. In addition, we plan to continue to strategically target the sale of our photovoltaic systems to value-added resellers for which we believe we offer the most differentiated value proposition. We plan to develop additional strategic relationships with leading global manufacturers of reflective roofing materials, thereby expanding an important sales channel for our photovoltaic systems. Our systems are easy for roofers to install and, when installed together with a new, reflective “cool” roof, can provide a unique combination of building energy efficiency and solar electricity production.

 

 

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  Ÿ  

Continue to explore new markets where we can leverage our innovative product offering.    We plan to continue to explore new geographies and product applications where we believe our product offers a compelling value proposition. For example, we are exploring the integration of our products into the top of sheltered horticulture structures, such as greenhouses used in large-scale commercial agriculture.

Selected Risk Factors

Our business is subject to numerous risks, as discussed more fully in the section entitled “Risk Factors” beginning on page 11 of this prospectus. In particular, the following considerations, among others, may offset our competitive strengths or have a negative effect on our growth strategy, which could cause a decline in the price of our common stock and result in a loss of all or a portion of your investment:

 

  Ÿ  

our future success depends on our ability to increase our production capacity by completing the expansion of Fab 1, developing additional manufacturing facilities, including Fab 2, and increasing our production, throughput and yield;

 

  Ÿ  

our business is based on a new technology, and if our photovoltaic systems or manufacturing processes fail to achieve the performance and cost metrics that we expect, we may be unable to develop demand for our systems and generate sufficient revenue to support our operations;

 

  Ÿ  

we have incurred significant net losses since our inception, and our ability to achieve or sustain a positive gross margin and profitability depends on our ability to significantly increase our production capacity and reduce our manufacturing cost per watt faster than our average selling prices decrease;

 

  Ÿ  

we will need to raise significant additional capital in order to continue to grow our business and fund our operations;

 

  Ÿ  

our substantial indebtedness could adversely affect our financial condition and prevent us from fulfilling our obligations;

 

  Ÿ  

we will need to meet certain funding conditions in order to draw funds under our $535 million DOE guaranteed loan facility and we are also subject to a number of affirmative, negative and financial covenants under this facility;

 

  Ÿ  

a drop in the retail price of electricity derived from the utility grid or from alternative energy sources, or our inability to deliver photovoltaic systems that compete with the price of retail electricity on a non-subsidized basis, may harm our business, financial condition and results of operations; and

 

  Ÿ  

the reduction, elimination or expiration of government subsidies and economic incentives for on-grid solar electricity applications could reduce demand for photovoltaic systems and harm our business.

Corporate Information

Our company was incorporated in Delaware in May 2005 as Gronet Technologies, Inc. and was renamed Solyndra, Inc. in January 2006. Our principal executive offices are located at 47700 Kato Road, Fremont, California 94538, and our telephone number is 510-440-2400. Our website address is www.solyndra.com. Information contained on our website is not incorporated by reference into this prospectus, and you should not consider information contained on our website to be part of this prospectus.

Except where the context requires otherwise, we use the terms the “Company,” “Solyndra,” “we,” “us” and “our” in this prospectus to refer to Solyndra, Inc., a Delaware corporation, and, where appropriate, its subsidiaries.

 

 

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THE OFFERING

 

Common stock offered by us

             shares (or              shares if the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional shares in full).

 

Common stock to be outstanding after this offering

             shares (or              shares if the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional shares in full).

 

Use of proceeds

We estimate that our net proceeds from the sale of the common stock that we are offering will be approximately $             million, assuming an initial public offering price of $             per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, and after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. We intend to use the net proceeds to us from this offering to fund a portion of the costs of Phase II of Fab 2 and any remaining balance for general corporate purposes, including working capital, repayment of amounts, if any, drawn under our revolving loan facility with Argonaut Ventures I, L.L.C., or Argonaut, and additional capital expenditures. See the “Use of Proceeds” section of this prospectus for more information.

 

Proposed NASDAQ Global Market symbol

“SOLY”

 

Risk factors

See the “Risk Factors” section beginning on page 11 of this prospectus for a discussion of factors that you should carefully consider before deciding to invest in our common stock.

Argonaut, which together with its affiliates beneficially owns approximately 35.7% of our outstanding common stock on an as-converted basis, has the right to purchase from us up to 15% of the aggregate number of shares offered in this offering at the initial price to the public, but is under no obligation to purchase any shares. Any shares purchased by Argonaut will be purchased directly from us and will not be a part of the underwritten offering. Steven R. Mitchell, a member of our board of directors, is a managing director of the manager of Argonaut.

The number of shares of common stock that will be outstanding after this offering is based on 241,397,555 shares outstanding at January 2, 2010, and excludes:

 

  Ÿ  

26,370,735 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of options outstanding at January 2, 2010, at a weighted-average exercise price of $1.74 per share;

 

  Ÿ  

27,232,540 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of warrants outstanding at January 2, 2010, at a weighted-average exercise price of $5.89 per share; and

 

 

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  Ÿ  

5,078,504 shares of our common stock reserved for future issuance under our 2005 Amended and Restated Equity Incentive Plan.

Unless otherwise indicated, all information in this prospectus assumes:

 

  Ÿ  

an initial public offering price of $             per share, which is the midpoint of the price range listed on the cover page of this prospectus;

 

  Ÿ  

the conversion of all outstanding shares of preferred stock into an aggregate of 226,527,933 shares of common stock and the related conversion of all outstanding preferred stock warrants to common stock warrants upon the closing of this offering;

 

  Ÿ  

no exercise by the underwriters of their option to purchase up to              shares of common stock from us; and

 

  Ÿ  

the filing of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation upon the closing of this offering.

 

 

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SUMMARY HISTORICAL FINANCIAL AND OPERATING DATA

The following table presents a summary of our historical financial and operating data for the periods and at the dates indicated. The consolidated statements of operations data for the fiscal years ended December 29, 2007, January 3, 2009 and January 2, 2010 and the consolidated balance sheet data as of January 2, 2010, are derived from our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. We use the other operating data presented to help us evaluate growth trends, establish budgets, ensure the effectiveness of our sales and marketing efforts and assess operational efficiencies. Our historical financial and operating results for any prior period are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected in any future period, and our results for any interim period are not necessarily indicative of results for a full fiscal year.

The information presented below should be read in conjunction with “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our audited and unaudited consolidated financial statements and related notes, each included elsewhere in this prospectus.

 

     Fiscal Years Ended  
     December 29,
2007
    January 3,
2009
    January 2,
2010
 
     (in thousands, except per share data)  

Consolidated Statements of Operations Data:

      

Revenue

   $      $ 6,005      $ 100,465   

Cost of revenue(1)

            44,435        162,166   
                        

Gross profit (loss)

            (38,430     (61,701

Research and development(1)

     85,859        125,499        84,591   

Sales and marketing(1)

     2,677        4,838        9,317   

General and administrative(1)

     23,279        21,221        21,541   

Asset impairment charges

            31,610          
                        

Loss from operations

     (111,815     (221,598     (177,150

Interest expense

     (6,906     (12,444     (1,576

Interest income

     2,829        1,870        282   

Other income (expense), net

     1,764        107        5,949   
                        

Net loss

   $ (114,128   $ (232,065   $ (172,495
                        

Deemed dividend on preferred stock

            (10,452       
                        

Net loss attributable to common stockholders

   $ (114,128   $ (242,517   $ (172,495
                        

Net loss per share (basic and diluted)(2):

   $ (16.55   $ (23.85   $ (13.30
                        

Weighted average common shares (basic and diluted)(2)

     6,898        10,167        12,972   
                        

Pro forma loss per share (basic and diluted)(2):

       $ (0.90
            

Weighted-average common shares used in pro forma calculations (basic and diluted)(2):

         190,766   
            

 

 

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     As of January 2, 2010
     Actual     Pro Forma(3)     Pro Forma As
Adjusted(4)
     (in thousands)

Consolidated Balance Sheet Data:

      

Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments

   $ 50,265      $ 50,265      $             

Restricted cash(5)

     151,307        151,307     

Working capital

     (2,758     (2,758  

Property, plant and equipment, net

     375,873        375,873     

Total Assets

     683,216        683,216     

Total long-term debt

     140,856        140,856     

Redeemable convertible preferred stock

     961,270            

Total stockholders’ equity (deficit)

     (532,295     431,281     

 

     Fiscal Years Ended
     January 3,
2009
   January 2,
2010

Other Operating Data:

     

Megawatts produced(6)

     1.8      30.5

Megawatts sold(7)

     1.6      30.0

Annualized production rate (in megawatts)(8)

     7.8      54.4

Average nameplate panel power rating (in watts)(9)

     164      178

Average sales price per watt

   $ 3.75    $ 3.29

 

 

(1) Includes stock-based compensation as follows:

 

     Fiscal Years Ended
     December 29,
2007
   January 3,
2009
   January 2,
2010
     (in thousands)

Cost of revenue

   $    $ 564    $ 1,668

Research and development

     118      1,744      3,385

Sales and marketing

     7      131      520

General and administrative

     100      1,136      2,811
                    

Total

   $ 225    $ 3,575    $ 8,384
                    

 

(2) See Note 18 to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for an explanation of the method used to calculate basic and diluted net shares used to calculate net loss per share and pro forma loss per share.
(3) Reflects the conversion of all outstanding shares of preferred stock into 226,527,933 shares of common stock and the related conversion of all outstanding preferred stock warrants to common stock warrants upon the closing of this offering.
(4)

Reflects the pro forma adjustments described in (3) above and the sale of              shares of our common stock by us in this offering at an assumed initial public offering price of $             per share (which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus), after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us in connection with the offering. A $1.00 increase or decrease in the assumed initial public offering price of $             per share of common stock would increase or decrease cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments by $             million, working capital by $             million, total assets by $             million and total stockholders’ equity (deficit) by $             million, assuming

 

 

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the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same and after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us in connection with the offering. The pro forma as adjusted information discussed above is illustrative only and will adjust based on the actual public offering price and other terms of this offering determined at pricing.

(5) As of January 2, 2010, restricted cash primarily consisted of $145.9 million of cash deposited in a bank account in connection with the DOE guaranteed loan facility. Pursuant to the terms of the DOE guaranteed loan facility, use of cash held in this account is limited to funding the costs of Phase I of Fab 2. Restricted cash as of January 2, 2010 also included certificates of deposits held by financial institutions as collateral for outstanding letters of credit.
(6) Megawatts produced equals the aggregate nameplate panel power ratings of panels we produced during the period presented. Nameplate panel power rating is expressed in watts per panel and represents the watt-peak capacity of photovoltaic panels measured under standard test conditions for our panels.
(7) Megawatts sold equals the aggregate nameplate panel power ratings of panels we sold during the period presented.
(8) Annualized production run rate is expressed in megawatts and equals the aggregate nameplate panel power ratings of the panels we produced in our most recent fiscal month within the period presented, multiplied by 12.
(9) Average nameplate panel power rating is expressed in watts and equals the megawatts produced during the period presented divided by the number of panels produced during that period.

 

 

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RISK FACTORS

An investment in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully review and consider the following information, together with our consolidated financial statements and related notes and the other information in this prospectus, before deciding whether to buy shares of our common stock. If any of the following risks occur, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected, the trading price of our common stock could decline and you may lose all or a part of your investment.

Risks Related to Our Business

Our future success depends on our ability to increase our production capacity by completing the expansion of our first manufacturing facility, developing additional manufacturing facilities, including our second manufacturing facility, and increasing our production throughput and yield.

Our future success depends on our ability to significantly increase our production capacity through facility expansion and increased production throughput and yield in a cost-effective and efficient manner, mainly through the expansion of our first manufacturing facility, which we refer to as Fab 1, and through construction of additional manufacturing facilities, including our second manufacturing facility, which we refer to as Fab 2. Our ability to complete the expansion of Fab 1 and the planning, construction and equipping of both phases of Fab 2 and additional manufacturing facilities in the future are subject to significant risk and uncertainty, including:

 

  Ÿ  

the build-out of the first phase of Fab 2, which we refer to as Phase I, is being financed by a U.S. Department of Energy, or the DOE, guaranteed loan facility, which requires us to remain in compliance with numerous financial and operational covenants in order to draw funds under this loan facility, compliance with some of which are beyond our control;

 

  Ÿ  

the build-out of any manufacturing facilities will be subject to the risks inherent in the development and construction of new facilities, including risks of delays and cost overruns as a result of a number of factors, many of which may be out of our control, such as delays in government approvals, burdensome permit conditions and delays in the delivery of manufacturing equipment and subsystems that we manufacture or obtain from suppliers;

 

  Ÿ  

we may be unable to achieve the production throughput and yields necessary to achieve our target annualized production run rate at our current and future manufacturing facilities;

 

  Ÿ  

the additional capital needed in order to finance the costs of constructing and equipping the second phase of Fab 2, which we refer to as Phase II, and any additional facilities, including the $469 million DOE loan guarantee for which we have applied, may not be available on reasonable terms, or at all;

 

  Ÿ  

our custom-built equipment may take longer and cost more to engineer and build than expected and may never operate as required to meet our production plans;

 

  Ÿ  

we may be required to depend on third-party relationships in the development and operation of additional production capacity, which may subject us to risks that such third parties do not fulfill their obligations to us under our arrangements with them; and

 

  Ÿ  

we may fail to execute our expansion plans effectively.

If we are unable to successfully complete expansion of Fab 1 and develop, construct and successfully operate Fab 2 and any additional manufacturing facilities in the future, we may be unable to scale our business to the extent necessary to improve our results of operations and achieve profitability. Moreover, even if we are successful in continuing to expand our production capacity as planned, we may not be able to generate customer demand for our photovoltaic systems at the increased production levels and may not be able to generate sufficient revenue to achieve or maintain profitability. As we build additional manufacturing facilities, our fixed costs will increase. If the demand for our systems or our production

 

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output decreases, we may not be able to spread a significant amount of our fixed costs over the production volume, thereby increasing our per unit fixed cost, which would have a negative impact on our financial condition and results of operations.

Our business is based on a new technology, and if our photovoltaic systems or manufacturing processes fail to achieve the performance and cost metrics that we expect, we may be unable to develop demand for our systems and generate sufficient revenue to support our operations.

Our use of copper indium gallium diselenide, or CIGS, thin film technology on a cylindrical module is a new technology in commercial scale production. As a result of our use of this new technology, we may experience significant challenges as we seek to expand our production capacity and output and scale our operations to support large-scale commercial manufacturing of photovoltaic systems. The manufacture of our solar modules is a highly complex process and minor deviations in the manufacturing process can cause substantial decreases in yield or throughput and, in some cases, cause production to be suspended or yield no output. Our business plan and long-term growth strategy assume that we will be able to achieve certain milestones and metrics in terms of throughput, uniformity of cell efficiencies, yield, encapsulation, packaging, cost and other production parameters in order to achieve our targeted production capacity. For example, our ability to expand from our current annualized production run rate at Fab 1, which was 54 MW during our fiscal month ended January 2, 2010, to our estimated 110 MW annualized production run rate by the fourth fiscal quarter of 2010, depends on our ability to achieve certain planned product development objectives and manufacturing process improvements. We cannot assure you that we will achieve these product development objectives, process improvements or other milestones or metrics or that our technology will prove to be commercially viable. If we are unable to achieve our targets on time and within our planned budget, then we may not be able to generate adequate demand for our systems, and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be harmed. Even if we are able to achieve our target metrics as we expand the production capacity at Fab 1, we may be unable to replicate these metrics in Fab 2 or in other facilities in the future. If we are unable to replicate our production facilities and achieve and sustain improved operating metrics as we expand our production facilities, our production capacity could be substantially constrained, our manufacturing costs per watt could increase, and we could lose customers, any of which could materially harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Further, we may experience operational problems with our technology after its commercial introduction that could adversely impact our revenue or delay or prevent us from becoming profitable. We only commenced field testing of our first solar modules in August 2006 and, through the fiscal year ended January 2, 2010, Fab 1 has produced approximately 32.3 MW of output. As a result, our thin film technology and photovoltaic systems do not have a sufficient operating history to confirm how they will perform over their estimated 25-year useful life. For example, although the hermetic seal that we use on our solar modules has been subjected to extensive testing by us, if it does not perform as expected, the CIGS thin film material used in our solar modules could be subject to moisture degradation, which would decrease the reliability and performance of our solar panels. In addition, under real-world operating conditions, a typical photovoltaic system operates outside of standard test conditions for much of the time, and the conversion efficiencies of solar panels generally decrease when operating outside standard test conditions. Real-world conditions that can affect lifetime energy output include the location and design of a photovoltaic system, insolation, soiling and weather conditions such as temperature and snow. If our thin film technology and photovoltaic systems perform below expectations or have unexpected reliability problems, we may be unable to gain or retain customers and could face substantial warranty expense.

 

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We have incurred significant net losses since our inception and our ability to achieve or sustain a positive gross margin and profitability depends on our ability to significantly increase our production capacity and reduce our manufacturing cost per watt faster than our average selling prices decrease.

We have incurred significant net losses since our inception, including a net loss of $114.1 million in fiscal 2007, $232.1 million in fiscal 2008 and $172.5 million in fiscal 2009, and we had an accumulated deficit of $557.7 million at January 2, 2010. We expect to continue to incur significant operating and net losses and negative cash flow from operations for the foreseeable future. Moreover, we expect that average selling prices of our photovoltaic systems will continue to decline until we offer our products at a price per watt that is comparable to conventional energy sources and alternative distributed generation technologies. The success of our business depends on our ability to significantly increase our production capacity, including the build-out of Phase I of Fab 2, and significantly reduce our manufacturing cost per watt. If we fail to achieve these objectives and reduce our manufacturing cost per watt faster than our average selling prices decrease, our business will be materially adversely impacted.

We will need to raise significant additional capital in order to continue to grow our business and fund our operations.

We will need to raise significant additional capital to fund our planned expansion of our manufacturing facilities and to grow our business. We do not know what forms of financing, if any, will be available to us for this planned expansion. If financing is not available on acceptable terms, if and when needed, our ability to fund our operations, further develop and expand our manufacturing operations and sales and marketing functions, develop and enhance our products, respond to unanticipated events, or otherwise respond to competitive pressures would be significantly limited. In any such event, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially harmed, and we may be unable to continue our operations.

In particular, a key component of our expansion plan is the construction and build-out of Fab 2. We estimate that the cost, which is comprised of the total capital required for the land, buildings, improvements, manufacturing equipment and certain sales, marketing and other start-up costs, for Phase I and Phase II of Fab 2 will total approximately $1.38 billion. Although we have already secured funding for Phase I with a DOE guaranteed loan facility and a prior round of equity financing, we still need financing for Phase II. We estimate the cost of Phase II will be approximately $642 million. On September 11, 2009, we applied for a second loan guarantee from the DOE, in the amount of approximately $469 million, to partially fund Phase II. If our application is approved, we intend to fund Phase II with the proceeds from the loan and this offering. Although the DOE determined on November 4, 2009 that our initial application was complete, and we submitted the second part of the application on November 17, 2009, there is no guarantee that the DOE will approve our application in the full amount requested or at all.

Even if the DOE determines to offer a loan guarantee for Phase II, we will have to negotiate the terms and conditions of the loan guarantee with the DOE and the underlying loan with the Federal Financing Bank. Accordingly, we cannot assure you of the timing for closing the planned financing for Phase II, and such financing may not be available at the time we would like to commence construction. Any delays in the approval of our application or the negotiation of the guarantee and underlying loan could have a material adverse impact on our ability to complete Phase II in a timely manner and would increase the ultimate construction costs for Phase II.

If we do not receive a guaranteed loan under this program of approximately $469 million, we intend to fund any financing shortfall with some combination of the proceeds of this offering, cash flow from operations, debt financing and additional equity financing. These funding sources, however, may not be available in sufficient amounts at the time needed, or on favorable terms to us, for the construction of Phase II. If we are not able to complete Fab 2 as planned, we may not be able to grow our business, realize the benefits of economies of scale or satisfy our customer requirements. If we are required to raise

 

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additional capital through future equity issuances, our existing equity holders could experience substantial dilution. If we are required to raise additional debt financing, we may be subject to restrictive covenants that may limit our ability to conduct our business.

We commenced construction of Fab 2 in September 2009 with an expectation of first production output in the first fiscal quarter of 2011. To date, we have met or exceeded our construction timelines for Fab 2 and may commence first production output before the end of fiscal 2010. If Fab 2 production commences in fiscal 2010, we will require additional working capital and need to hire additional employees earlier than initially planned. This may require us to raise additional capital through equity or debt financing. Additionally, future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including the rate of revenue growth, the selling price of our photovoltaic systems, the expansion of sales and marketing activities, the timing and extent of spending on research and development efforts and the continuing market acceptance of our systems. We cannot assure you that, in the event we require additional financing, such financing will be available on terms which are favorable or at all. Failure to generate sufficient cash flows from operations, raise additional capital and reduce discretionary spending or to remain in compliance with the covenants contained in the DOE guaranteed loan facility or the Argonaut revolving credit facility, could have a material adverse effect our ability to achieve our intended business objectives and continue as a going concern. As a result of the foregoing factors, together with our recurring losses from operations, negative cash flows since inception and net stockholders’ deficit, our independent registered public accounting firm included an explanatory paragraph relating to our ability to continue as a going concern in its report on our audited consolidated financial statements for the fiscal year ended January 2, 2010.

Our photovoltaic systems may not achieve broader market acceptance, which would prevent us from increasing our revenue and market share.

The initial price of our solar panels, which are sold with mounts, is significantly higher than the initial price of solar panels with the same nameplate panel power rating offered by most of our competitors. For example, based on the average sales prices of solar panels sold in the fourth fiscal quarter of 2009, our average sales price was $3.24 per watt, which was $1.29 per watt, or approximately 66%, higher than the $1.95 average sales price per watt of leading crystalline silicon photovoltaic manufacturers during the same period. As a result, certain system owners who focus more on the up-front price of solar panels than on achieving the lowest levelized cost of electricity per kilowatt hour, or LCOE, may choose the product offerings of those competitors that have a lower initial panel purchase price. The LCOE of a photovoltaic system is the ratio of a system’s total life cycle cost, which is the sum of the installed cost plus the present value of the total lifetime costs of the system, to its total lifetime energy output. If we fail to effectively demonstrate to system owners the LCOE value proposition of our systems, we may fail to achieve broader market acceptance of our systems, which would have an adverse impact on our ability to increase our revenue, gain market share and achieve and sustain profitability.

Our ability to achieve broader market acceptance for our photovoltaic systems will be impacted by a number of other factors, including:

 

  Ÿ  

whether system owners will adopt our CIGS thin film technology in a cylindrical module, which is a new technology with a limited history with respect to reliability and performance;

 

  Ÿ  

whether system owners will be willing to purchase photovoltaic systems with an expected 25-year lifespan from us given our limited operating history;

 

  Ÿ  

the ability of prospective system owners to obtain long-term financing for our photovoltaic systems on acceptable terms or at all;

 

  Ÿ  

our ability to produce photovoltaic systems that compete favorably against other photovoltaic systems on the basis of price, quality and performance;

 

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  Ÿ  

our ability to produce photovoltaic systems that compete favorably against conventional energy sources and alternative distributed generation technologies, such as wind and biomass, on the basis of price, quality and performance; and

 

  Ÿ  

our ability to develop and maintain successful relationships with our customers and suppliers.

Our financial condition and results of operations are likely to fluctuate in future periods.

Our financial condition and results of operations have fluctuated significantly in the past and may continue to fluctuate from quarter to quarter in the future due to a variety of factors, many of which are beyond our control, including:

 

  Ÿ  

fluctuations in currency exchange rates relative to the U.S. dollar, given that a majority of our revenue is currently denominated in Euro;

 

  Ÿ  

the timing of shipments, which may depend on many factors such as availability of inventory and logistics or product quality or performance issues;

 

  Ÿ  

the ability of our customers to pay the purchase price for our systems in a timely fashion;

 

  Ÿ  

delays or cancellations of photovoltaic installations, including as a result of our customers’ inability to obtain financing;

 

  Ÿ  

fluctuations in our research and development expense, including periodic increases associated with the pre-production qualification of additional tools as we expand our production capacity;

 

  Ÿ  

delays or greater than anticipated expenses associated with the construction of Fab 2;

 

  Ÿ  

weaker than anticipated demand for our photovoltaic systems due to changes in government subsidies and policies supporting renewable energy or other factors;

 

  Ÿ  

seasonal trends and construction cycles of photovoltaic systems;

 

  Ÿ  

unanticipated expenses associated with changes in governmental regulations and environmental, health and safety requirements; and

 

  Ÿ  

general market conditions.

Fluctuations in our operating results from period to period could cause our stock price to decline, give rise to short-term liquidity issues and may impact our ability to achieve and maintain profitability or cause other unanticipated issues.

Our limited operating history makes it difficult to evaluate our current business and future prospects.

We have only been in existence since 2005, and much of our growth has occurred in recent periods. Fab 1 has only been producing commercial quantities of our photovoltaic systems since July 2008 and we only recently began construction of Phase I of Fab 2. Our limited operating history makes it difficult to evaluate our current business and our future prospects. We have encountered and will continue to encounter risks and difficulties frequently experienced by growing companies in rapidly changing industries, including increased expenses as we continue to grow our business. If we do not manage these risks and overcome these difficulties successfully, our business will suffer.

Our efforts to achieve broader market acceptance for our photovoltaic systems and to expand beyond our existing markets may never succeed, which would adversely impact our ability to generate additional revenue or become profitable. Therefore, our recent growth trajectory may not provide an accurate representation of the market dynamics we may be exposed to in the future, making it difficult to evaluate our future prospects.

Our substantial indebtedness could adversely affect our financial condition and prevent us from fulfilling our obligations.

As of January 2, 2010, our total indebtedness was approximately $140.9 million and we anticipate incurring total indebtedness of $535 million under the DOE guaranteed loan facility by the time we have

 

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completed Phase I of Fab 2. We currently estimate that the construction of Phase II of Fab 2 will cost approximately $642 million, and we anticipate that we will incur a significant amount of additional indebtedness to finance a portion of Phase II. If we undertake additional expansion beyond Fab 2, we anticipate that we may incur significant additional indebtedness. Our substantial indebtedness could have important consequences, including:

 

  Ÿ  

requiring us to generate a significant amount of cash flow from operations to service the payment of principal and interest on our indebtedness, thereby reducing our ability to use our cash flow to fund our operations, capital expenditures and future business opportunities;

 

  Ÿ  

limiting our ability to obtain additional financing for working capital, capital expenditures, debt service requirements, acquisitions and general corporate or other purposes;

 

  Ÿ  

increasing our vulnerability to general economic and industry conditions that may adversely affect our ability to repay any indebtedness and comply with applicable covenants, including financial covenants contained in our DOE guaranteed loan facility; and

 

  Ÿ  

limiting our ability to adjust to changing market conditions and placing us at a competitive disadvantage compared to our competitors who have greater capital resources.

If our cash flows and capital resources are insufficient to fund our debt service obligations, we may be forced to reduce or delay capital expenditures, sell assets, seek additional capital or restructure or refinance our indebtedness. These alternative measures may not be successful and may not permit us to meet our scheduled debt service obligations. Failure to pay our indebtedness on time would constitute an event of default under the agreements governing our indebtedness, which would allow our lenders to accelerate the obligations and seek other remedies against us.

We will need to meet certain funding conditions in order to draw funds under our $535 million DOE guaranteed loan facility and we are also subject to a number of affirmative, negative and financial covenants under this facility.

The financing agreements with the Federal Financing Bank and the DOE governing our $535 million loan facility require us to meet certain funding conditions related to the development and construction of Phase I and specific performance milestones related to Fab 1. Our failure to meet any of these conditions to funding could result in our inability to access funds under this loan facility.

In addition, our DOE guaranteed loan facility contains various affirmative, negative and financial covenants and is secured by a first priority security interest in all property and assets of Phase I and in a funding account that contains our required equity contribution to cover the balance of the cost of the development and construction of Phase I and that will contain our required $30 million reserve for cost overruns. The failure to comply with any of these covenants, or the occurrence of a change of control of us, would result in a default under this loan facility. A change of control will be deemed to occur if any person or group, other than the stockholders that held our stock prior to the completion of this offering, acquires stock that represents more than 50% of the outstanding voting power of our stock. If a default occurs, all of the outstanding obligations under this loan facility could become immediately due and payable and could result in a default and acceleration of any other outstanding debt. The existence of such a default could also preclude us from borrowing any remaining unfunded portion of the DOE guaranteed loan facility, and the DOE could exercise its remedies under the financing agreements governing the loan facility, including foreclosing on the assets of Phase I and requiring us to contribute the full amount of our $198 million equity contribution to the extent that such equity contribution has not yet been applied to the cost of developing and constructing Phase I. A default under this loan facility, which could result from events beyond our control, if not cured or waived, would have a material adverse effect on us.

 

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There are significant risks associated with the planning, construction and completion of Fab 2, which may cause budget overruns or delays in the completion of the project.

The scheduled completion dates for Fab 2 and the budgeted costs necessary to complete construction assume that there are no material unforeseen or unexpected difficulties or delays. Construction, equipment or staffing problems or difficulties in obtaining financing or any of the requisite licenses, permits or authorizations from regulatory authorities could delay the construction or commencement of operations or otherwise affect the design and features of Fab 2. Such delays or other unexpected difficulties could involve additional costs and result in a delay in the scheduled expansion of Fab 2. Failure to complete Fab 2 within budget or on schedule may materially harm our financial condition and results of operations.

If we have any cost overruns in connection with the development and construction of Phase I and we do not generate positive future cash flow sufficient to fund those cost overruns, we may need to raise additional capital in order to meet our obligations.

Phase I has an estimated cost of $733 million, including a contingency reserve of approximately $65 million, which we intend to fund with the proceeds of our $535 million DOE guaranteed loan facility and with $198 million of the proceeds of a previously completed private placement of our preferred stock. To the extent that the development and cost of construction of Phase I exceeds $733 million, we will be obligated to fund any such excess costs until the requirements of project completion have been satisfied. In addition, we have an obligation starting in our fourth fiscal quarter of 2010 to establish an additional $30 million reserve for cost overruns. As a result, if we do not have sufficient funds or cash flow to fund this $30 million reserve or any other excess costs, we will be required to raise additional capital to meet our obligations and to complete the construction of Phase I. Any such financing may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all, if and when needed.

If potential purchasers of our photovoltaic systems are unable to secure financing on acceptable terms, we could experience a reduction in the demand for our photovoltaic systems.

Many purchasers of photovoltaic systems depend on debt financing to purchase a system. The limited use of CIGS thin film technologies at commercial scale, coupled with our limited operating history, could result in lenders refusing to provide the financing necessary to purchase our photovoltaic systems on favorable terms, or at all. Moreover, even if lenders are willing to finance the purchase of our photovoltaic systems, an increase in interest rates could make it difficult for owners to secure the financing necessary to purchase a photovoltaic system on favorable terms, or at all. In addition, we believe that a significant percentage of owners purchase photovoltaic systems as an investment, funding the initial capital expenditure through a combination of equity and debt. Difficulties in obtaining financing for our photovoltaic systems on favorable terms, or increases in interest rates, could lower an investor’s return on investment in our photovoltaic system, or make alternative photovoltaic systems or other investments more attractive relative to our photovoltaic systems. Any of these events could result in reduced demand for our systems, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

A drop in the retail price of electricity derived from the utility grid or from alternative energy sources, or our inability to deliver photovoltaic systems that compete with the price of retail electricity on a non-subsidized basis, may harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We believe that a customer’s decision to purchase our photovoltaic systems is to a significant degree driven by the relative cost of electricity generated by our systems compared to the applicable retail price of electricity from the utility grid and the cost of other renewable energy sources, including photovoltaic electricity delivered by our competitors. Decreases in the retail prices of electricity from the utility grid or from other renewable energy sources would make it more difficult for our photovoltaic systems to be competitive and could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. The approval of the construction of a significant number of power generation plants, including nuclear, coal,

 

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natural gas or power plants utilizing other renewable energy technologies, and the approval of the construction of additional electric transmission and distribution lines, could reduce the price of electricity, thereby making the purchase of our systems less economically attractive. The ability of energy conservation technologies and public initiatives to reduce electricity consumption could also lead to a reduction in the price of electricity, which would also undermine the attractiveness of photovoltaic systems. Moreover, technological developments by our competitors in the solar power industry could allow them to offer customers electricity at costs lower than those that can be achieved from our photovoltaic systems, which could result in reduced demand for our systems.

In addition, we may be unable to deliver photovoltaic systems for the commercial rooftop market that produce electricity at rates that are competitive with the price of retail electricity on a non-subsidized basis. If this were to occur, we will remain at a competitive disadvantage with other electricity providers and may be unable to attract new customers or retain existing customers, which could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The reduction, elimination or expiration of government subsidies and economic incentives for on-grid solar electricity applications could reduce demand for photovoltaic systems and harm our business.

The market for on-grid applications, where solar power is used to supplement a customer’s electricity purchased from the utility network or sold to a utility under tariff, depends in large part on the availability and size of government and economic incentives that vary by geographic market. Because our sales are into the on-grid market, the reduction, elimination or expiration of government subsidies and economic incentives for on-grid solar electricity may result in the diminished competitiveness of solar electricity relative to conventional and non-solar renewable sources of electricity, and could harm the growth of the solar electricity industry and our business. In addition, the inability of our photovoltaic systems to qualify for government subsidies and economic incentives could adversely impact our business.

Today, the cost of solar power exceeds retail electricity rates. As a result, federal, state and local government bodies in many countries, most notably Canada, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Japan, Portugal, South Korea, Spain and the United States, have provided incentives in the form of feed-in tariffs, rebates, tax credits and other incentives to end users, distributors, system integrators and manufacturers of photovoltaic systems to promote the use of solar electricity in on-grid applications and to reduce dependency on other forms of energy. Many of these government incentives expire, phase out over time, terminate upon the exhaustion of the allocated funding or require renewal by the applicable authority. In addition, some of these applicable authorities may adjust or decrease these incentives from time to time or include provisions for minimum domestic content requirements or other requirements to qualify for these incentives. For example, France recently enacted legislation reducing subsidies for feed-in tariffs and both Germany and Italy have recently proposed reductions in subsidies for feed-in tariffs. Reductions in, or eliminations or expirations of, governmental incentives could result in decreased demand for and lower revenue from our photovoltaic systems.

For example, Germany has been a strong supporter of photovoltaic products and systems. However, the German Renewable Energy Law, or the EEG, was modified as of January 1, 2009 by the German government and feed-in tariffs were significantly reduced compared with the former legislation. German subsidies decline at a rate of between 8.0% and 10.0%, based on the type of photovoltaic system, instead of between 5.0% and 6.5% per year prior to the effective date of the amendment to the EEG. The rate of decrease is subject to change based upon the overall market growth. The next review of German feed-in tariffs is scheduled for 2012. However, an earlier adjustment is possible following the recent election of a new government. Recently, the German government proposed reductions in subsidies for feed-in tariffs, including a one-time 16% reduction in subsidies for rooftop solar installations by July 2010. These reductions in subsidies include an additional 2.5% reduction in subsidies if installations exceed 3,500 MW and a further 2.5% reduction in subsidies if installations exceed 4,500 MW. The proposed revisions to the

 

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EEG have not yet been enacted into law, and the German government could approve reductions beyond these current proposals. If the German government reduces or eliminates the subsidies under the EEG, demand for photovoltaic products could significantly decline in Germany. For the fiscal year ended January 2, 2010, we derived approximately 49.6% of our revenue from products sold in Germany.

The U.S. government has adopted various incentives, including a 30% federal investment tax credit available to businesses in the United States for the installation of photovoltaic systems. In October 2008, the U.S. Congress extended the 30% federal investment tax credit for both residential and commercial solar installations for eight years, through December 31, 2016. In early 2009, legislation was enacted that creates a new program, through the Department of the Treasury, which provides grants equal to 30% of the cost of solar installations that are placed in service during 2009 and 2010 or that begin construction prior to January 1, 2011 and are placed in service by January 1, 2017. This grant is available in lieu of receiving the 30% federal investment tax credit and, unlike the 30% federal investment tax credit, can be currently utilized even if the recipient does not have federal income tax liability. Although the current legislative and regulatory environment in the United States provides significant incentives for the adoption of solar photovoltaic electricity, changes in these laws or regulations could have a significant adverse impact on the solar photovoltaic industry and our business.

Currently, an advantageous regulatory policy in certain states allows customers to interconnect their photovoltaic systems to the utility grid and offset their electricity purchases with excess solar electricity generation, which is known as net metering. In the absence of net metering regulation, utilities may purchase excess solar electricity at a reduced rate or not at all, thereby diminishing photovoltaic system economics for the system owner. Our ability to sell photovoltaic systems may be adversely impacted by the failure to expand net metering regulations in states which have implemented it, the failure to adopt net metering where it is not currently in place, or any limitation in the number of customer interconnections that utilities are required to allow. Net metering and other operational policies in California or other markets could also limit the amount of photovoltaic systems installed there. For the fiscal year ended January 2, 2010, we derived approximately 13.6% of our revenue from products sold in the United States.

Belgium has several incentive schemes that vary by region, scope and subsidy mechanisms. For example, the Flanders region of Belgium utilizes green certificate remunerations, which in 2009 allowed photovoltaic system owners rebates of 450 Euros/MWh per year for 20 years, with no size limit on projects. These green certificates also allow the photovoltaic system owner to consume or sell the electricity generated by the photovoltaic system. In 2010, the payment terms for these green certificates will drop to 350 Euros/MWh, and will drop by an additional 20 Euros every year going forward. As these green certificate subsidies and other similar subsidies decline in Belgium, demand could decline and revenue from this region could decline. For the fiscal year ended January 2, 2010, we derived approximately 15.3% of our revenue from products sold in Belgium.

In Ontario, Canada, one of our target markets, a new feed-in-tariff program was introduced in September 2009 and replaced the Renewable Energy Standard Offer Program as the primary subsidy program for future renewable energy projects. In order to participate in the Ontario feed-in-tariff program, certain provisions relating to minimum required domestic content and land use restrictions for solar installations must be satisfied. The “domestic content requirement” for 2010 mandates that 50% of certain activities designated in the feed-in tariff program relating to the fabrication, material sourcing and installation of photovoltaic systems such as ours must be performed in or sourced from suppliers in Ontario, Canada. For 2011, this domestic content requirement percentage is scheduled to increase to 60%. Although we currently satisfy the domestic content requirement, our ability to continue to satisfy this requirement as it becomes more stringent and thus qualify for the Ontario feed-in tariff will depend on our ability to utilize Canadian suppliers to achieve the required percentage of domestic content. In the event that we cannot satisfy the applicable domestic content requirements and these requirements are not modified, our ability to participate in the Ontario feed-in-tariff program for future projects will be

 

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substantially reduced and possibly eliminated, and thus our ability to pursue an expansion strategy in Ontario, Canada would be adversely affected. For the fiscal year ended January 2, 2010, we had no sales in Ontario, Canada.

Most of our manufacturing equipment is customized, and either we manufacture the equipment ourselves or provide our designs to third-party equipment manufacturers. If we are unable to manufacture our equipment for the costs we have budgeted or if our manufacturing equipment fails, we could experience cost overruns, delays in our expansion plans or disruptions in production and may be unable to satisfy customer demand.

Most of our manufacturing equipment is customized for our production facilities based on designs or specifications that we use either to manufacture the equipment ourselves or provide to third-party equipment manufacturers. As we scale our equipment manufacturing operations, we may be unable to build the equipment for the costs that we have budgeted, which could result in incremental costs. In addition, the equipment that we have built so far and that we intend to continue building has a limited operating history and could fail to perform to specifications or have a shorter than expected operating life. In such cases, we may be forced to redesign, repair or replace this equipment earlier than anticipated which would result in incremental and unexpected equipment costs that could be substantial. If any piece of equipment fails or is damaged, production throughout a facility could be interrupted, and we could be unable to produce enough photovoltaic systems to satisfy customer demand, which in turn could lead to loss of market share and damage to our reputation and customer relationships.

Our sales are based on purchase orders with our customers, both under the terms of framework agreements and on a standalone basis. If customers choose not to place purchase orders for our photovoltaic systems, it would reduce our net sales, which could lead to excess inventory and unabsorbed overhead costs. In addition, we may be forced to lower our prices to generate sales, which would negatively affect our operating results.

Sales to our customers are made on a purchase order basis, both under the terms of framework agreements and on a standalone basis. Although our existing framework agreements set forth volume and price expectations over a number of years, they generally do not constitute binding multi-year purchase commitments. The timing of placing these orders and the amounts of these orders are often at our customers’ discretion and our ability to convert the preliminary volume expectations contained in our framework agreements into revenue will depend on a number of factors, including the financial condition of our customers and the availability of capital to finance solar projects as well as government subsidy programs for our photovoltaic systems. If our customers cancel, reduce, postpone or fail to make anticipated orders, it would result in the delay or loss of expected sales without allowing us sufficient time to reduce, or delay the incurrence of, our corresponding inventory and operating expenses. Moreover, to reduce our excess inventory, we may be forced to lower the selling prices of our photovoltaic systems, which would result in lower revenue and have an adverse impact on our operating results.

Problems with product delivery delays or performance could subject us to substantial penalties under our customer agreements, which could harm our business and results of operations.

Our customers may require protections in the form of price reductions, rescheduling of deliveries and similar arrangements that allow them to require us to deliver additional solar panels or reimburse them for losses they suffer as a result of our late delivery or failure to meet agreed upon performance specifications. Delays in delivery of our photovoltaic systems, unexpected performance problems in electricity generation or other events could cause us to fail to meet these contractual commitments, resulting in unanticipated revenue and earnings losses and financial penalties. Failure to meet these commitments could be caused by delays in obtaining necessary materials used in our production process, defects in material or workmanship or unexpected problems in our manufacturing process. The occurrence of any of these events could harm our business and results of operations.

 

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Problems with product quality or product performance may cause us to incur warranty expenses and may damage our market reputation and cause our revenue to decline.

Consistent with standard practice in the solar industry, the duration of our photovoltaic system warranties is lengthy. We provide a limited warranty for defects in materials and workmanship of our panels under normal use and service conditions for five years following the installation of our photovoltaic systems. We also warrant to the owner of our photovoltaic systems that panels, when installed in accordance with our agreed-upon specifications, will have a minimum peak power output under standard test conditions of at least 90% of their initial nameplate panel power rating during the first 10 years following their installation and a minimum peak power output under standard test conditions of at least 80% of their initial nameplate panel power rating during the following 15 years. Due to the long warranty period, we bear the risk of warranty claims long after we have shipped product and recognized revenue.

Because of the limited operating history of our photovoltaic systems, we have been required to make assumptions and apply judgments, based on accelerated life cycle testing conducted to measure performance and reliability, regarding a number of factors, including our anticipated rate of warranty claims, the durability and reliability of our systems and the performance of our hermetic seal in isolating our active solar cell materials from moisture. Our assumptions could prove to be materially different from the actual performance of our systems, causing us to incur substantial expense to repair or replace defective photovoltaic systems in the future. Any widespread product failures may damage our market reputation and cause our revenue to decline.

We may be unable to sustain our growth or manage the expansion of our operations effectively and implement effective controls and procedures.

We have only been in existence since 2005, and much of our growth has occurred in recent periods. We intend to continue to expand our business significantly, including through the expansion of the production capacity at Fab 1 and the development and construction of Fab 2. To manage the expansion of our operations, we will be required to improve our operational and financial systems, procedures and controls and expand, train and manage our growing employee base. Our management will also be required to maintain and expand our relationships with customers, suppliers and other third parties and attract new customers and suppliers, as well as to manage multiple locations. In addition, our current and planned operations, personnel, systems and internal procedures and controls might be inadequate to support our future growth, which would require us to make additional investment in our infrastructure. We may not be able to successfully improve our information and control systems to a level necessary to manage our growth, and we may discover deficiencies in existing systems and controls that we may not be able to remediate in an efficient or timely manner. If we cannot sustain our growth or manage our growth effectively, we may be unable to take advantage of market opportunities, execute our business strategies or respond to competitive pressures, and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be harmed. Moreover, we will need to enhance and improve our existing internal control over financial reporting, particularly as we transition from a private to a public company. If we are unable to establish and maintain effective internal controls, our ability to accurately and timely report our financial position, results of operations or cash flows could be impaired, which could result in restatements of our consolidated financial statements or other material effects on our business, reputation, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.

A disruption in our supply chain for soda-lime glass tubing, which we transform into photovoltaic modules, could materially disrupt or impair our ability to manufacture our photovoltaic systems.

One of the key raw materials we use in our production process is soda-lime glass tubing. We rely on one glass supplier for a significant portion of our soda-lime glass tubing, with the remainder provided by other suppliers. Our operations could be materially disrupted if we lose any of these suppliers or if any supplier experiences a natural disaster or other significant interruption in its manufacturing and is unable

 

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to manufacture an adequate supply of soda-lime glass tubing to meet customer demand. In addition, because our suppliers must undergo a lengthy qualification process, we may be unable to replace a lost glass supplier in a timely manner. Any such disruptions or delays could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Our dependence on third-party suppliers for raw materials used in our photovoltaic systems could increase our manufacturing costs.

We acquire most of the raw materials used in manufacturing our photovoltaic systems in the open market. Increases in the prices of these raw materials would increase our manufacturing costs. We may enter into long-term contracts with suppliers in order to ensure adequate supply of certain of the raw materials used in our photovoltaic systems. For example, we have negotiated two separate multi-year, binding agreements with a glass supplier for the soda-lime glass tubing utilized in manufacturing our photovoltaic systems. Under the first glass supply agreement, which expires at the end of 2010, we are required to purchase a specified quantity of materials at fixed prices, while in the second glass supply agreement we have negotiated inflation-related adjustments over a period of several years. Currently, the contract price for these agreements is not above market prices for the purchase of glass, but we cannot assure you that glass prices will not drop in the future. If such event occurs, we would be required to pay higher than market prices for a portion of our supply of glass under our first supply agreement, as well as under our second supply agreement until a quarterly market adjustment occurs. We also may be required to make substantial prepayments to suppliers for other long-term supply agreements that we choose to enter into against future deliveries. These types of “take or pay” agreements would allow suppliers to invoice us for a percentage of the full purchase price of materials we are under contract to purchase each year, whether or not we actually order the required volume. If for any reason we fail to order the required annual volume under these types of agreements or similar agreements, the resulting monetary damages could harm our business and results of operations. Additionally, long-term contractual commitments also expose us to specific counterparty risk, which can be magnified when dealing with suppliers without a long, stable production and financial history. For example, if one or more of our contractual counterparties is unable or unwilling to provide us with the contracted amount of materials, we could be required to obtain those materials in the spot market, which could be unavailable at that time, or only available at prices in excess of our contracted prices. In addition, in the event any such supplier experiences financial difficulties, it may be difficult or impossible, or may require substantial time and expense, for us to recover any or all of our prepayments.

If we fail to manage distribution of our products properly, or if our value-added resellers’ financial condition or operations weaken, our revenue could be adversely affected.

We market and sell our photovoltaic systems directly through value-added resellers, such as large system integrators and roofing materials manufacturers. In order for us to maintain or increase our revenue, we must effectively manage our relationships with value-added resellers.

Several factors could result in disruption of or changes in our distribution model, which could materially harm our revenue, including the following:

 

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we do not have exclusive arrangements with our value-added resellers, which may lead them to offer competing products that could reduce our sales;

 

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our value-added resellers may demand that we absorb a greater share of the risks that their customers may ask them to bear, for example by seeking to return products if they are unable to complete projects with the ultimate system owners or obtain long-term financing; and

 

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our value-added resellers may have insufficient financial resources and may not be able to withstand changes and challenges in business conditions.

 

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In addition, we may choose to rely on our value-added resellers to comply with applicable regulatory requirements in the jurisdictions in which they operate, including export and import regulations and federal acquisition regulations, if applicable. Their failure to do so could have a material adverse effect on our business, and subject us to sanctions by the applicable governmental authority.

If we are unable to maintain our existing relationships and develop new relationships with value-added resellers, our revenue may be impacted negatively.

We allocate the sale of our photovoltaic systems to key value-added resellers that we believe will allow us to maximize revenue in the future, even if the price at which such sales occur is not the highest price we could currently obtain. We believe that these value-added resellers are industry leaders that will offer us expanded access to segments of the commercial rooftop market. There is intense competition for relationships with value-added resellers, and even if we can establish these relationships, such relationships may not generate significant revenue or may not continue to be in effect for any specific period of time. Although we have previously allocated sales of our photovoltaic systems to these value- added resellers, we cannot assure you that sales to these value-added resellers will increase in the future commensurate with the expected increases in our production capacity. If these relationships fail to materialize as expected, we could suffer delays in product deployment, our revenue could fail to grow or even decrease, and we could fail to achieve widespread adoption of our photovoltaic systems.

We intend to continue to pursue business relationships with key value-added resellers to accelerate the sale and marketing of our photovoltaic systems. To the extent that we are unsuccessful in developing new relationships or maintaining our existing relationships, our future revenue and operating results could be impacted negatively.

We are exposed to the credit risk of some of our customers, as well as credit exposures in weakened markets, which could adversely impact our financial condition and operating results.

Most of our sales to customers are on credit, with typical payment terms ranging from 30 to 60 days. We expect demand for customer financing to continue. During periods of economic downturn in the global economy, our exposure to credit risks from our customers increases. Although we have programs in place to monitor and mitigate the associated risks, such programs may not be effective in reducing our credit risks. In the event of non-payment by one or more of our customers, our business could be materially adversely affected. Additionally, to the extent that the recent turmoil in the credit markets makes it more difficult for customers to obtain credit, our product sales could be adversely impacted, which in turn could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and operating results.

We face intense competition.

The solar electricity and renewable energy industries are both highly competitive and continually evolving as participants strive to distinguish themselves within their markets and compete with the larger electric power industry. We believe that our main sources of competition are crystalline silicon photovoltaic systems manufacturers and other thin film photovoltaic systems manufacturers.

Within the solar industry, we face competition from crystalline silicon photovoltaic cell and panel manufacturers, including BP Solar International Inc., General Electric Company, Sanyo North America Corporation, Sharp Electronics Corporation, SolarWorld AG, SunPower Corporation, Suntech Power Holdings Co., Ltd., Trina Solar Limited and Yingli Green Energy Holding Company Limited. The thin film component of the industry is largely made up of a broad mix of technology platforms at various stages of development, and consists of a large and growing number of medium- and small-sized companies. Competition from thin film photovoltaic system manufacturers includes First Solar, Inc. and United Solar Ovonic, LLC, and several crystalline silicon manufacturers who are developing thin film

 

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technologies. In addition, several emerging companies are pursuing a variety of methods to make CIGS-based thin film solar products and possibly compete in the commercial rooftop segment. These companies include AVANCIS GmbH & Co. KG, Honda Soltec Co., Ltd., MiaSolé, NanoSolar, Inc., Showa Shell Solar K.K. and Würth Solar GmbH & Co. We may also face competition from semiconductor equipment manufacturers, semiconductor manufacturers or their customers, several of which have already entered the solar photovoltaic market.

Some of our existing and potential competitors have substantially greater financial, technical, manufacturing and other resources than we do. The greater size of some of our competitors may provide them with a competitive advantage because they can realize economies of scale and purchase certain raw materials at lower prices. As a result of their greater size, some of our competitors may be able to devote more resources to the research, development, promotion and sale of their products or respond more quickly to evolving industry standards and changes in market conditions than we can. A number of our competitors also have greater brand name recognition, more established distribution networks and larger customer bases. In addition, a number of our competitors have well-established relationships with our current and potential customers and have extensive knowledge of our target markets.

As photovoltaic system manufacturers have expanded their operations and the supply of silicon has increased, the corresponding increase in the global supply of solar photovoltaic products has caused substantial downward pressure on the prices of photovoltaic systems.

The capacity of photovoltaic panel manufacturers currently exceeds demand for their systems, due in large part to the rapid expansion of production by many photovoltaic systems manufacturers. In addition, the significant increase in the supply, and the resulting decrease in cost, of silicon has resulted in substantial reductions in the manufacturing cost of crystalline silicon based photovoltaic systems and led to downward pricing pressures on photovoltaic systems.

If such downward pricing pressures continue, our competitors could decide to reduce the sales price of their photovoltaic systems, even below their manufacturing cost, to generate sales. As a result, we might be forced to reduce the sales prices of our systems, which, absent a commensurate increase in our manufacturing efficiency and production output or decrease in our manufacturing costs, could result in lower revenue, harm our financial condition and results of operations and prevent us from achieving profitability.

The success of our business depends on the continuing contributions of our key personnel and our ability to attract and retain new qualified employees in a competitive labor market.

We have attracted a highly skilled management team and specialized workforce, including scientists, engineers, researchers and manufacturing and marketing professionals. If we were to lose the services of any of our executive officers or key employees, particularly Dr. Christian Gronet, our founder and Chief Executive Officer, our business could be harmed. With the exception of Dr. Gronet, we do not carry key person life insurance on any of our senior management or other key personnel.

Our future success depends, to a significant extent, on our ability to attract, train and retain technical personnel. Recruiting and retaining capable personnel, particularly those with expertise in the solar power industry, thin film technology, CIGS and manufacturing processes, is vital to our success. Competition for personnel is intense, and qualified technical personnel are likely to remain a limited resource for the foreseeable future. Locating candidates with the appropriate qualifications can be costly and difficult. We may not be able to hire the necessary personnel to implement our business strategy given our anticipated hiring needs, or we may need to provide higher compensation or more training to our personnel than we currently anticipate. Moreover, any employee, including our officers, can

 

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terminate his or her relationship with us at any time. If we are unable to replace critical employees in a timely manner, or at all, our business may suffer.

If we fail to protect our intellectual property rights adequately, our competitive position may be undermined.

Our ability to compete effectively against competing solar power technologies will depend, in part, on our ability to protect our current and future proprietary technology, product designs and manufacturing processes by obtaining, maintaining and enforcing our intellectual property rights through a combination of patents, copyrights, trademarks and trade secrets and also through unfair competition laws. We may not be able to obtain, maintain or enforce adequately our intellectual property and may need to defend against infringement or misappropriation claims, either of which could materially harm our business and prospects. We face numerous risks relating to our intellectual property rights, including:

 

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our pending U.S. and foreign patent applications may not result in issued patents, and the claims in our issued patents may not be sufficiently broad to prevent others from developing or using technology similar to ours or in developing, using, manufacturing, marketing or selling products similar to ours;

 

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given the costs of obtaining patents, we may choose not to file patent applications or not to maintain issued patents for certain innovations that later turn out to be important, or we may choose not to obtain foreign patent protection at all or in certain foreign countries, which later turn out to be important markets for us;

 

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we have no issued patents in any foreign jurisdictions and, even if our pending or future patent applications result in the issuance of foreign patents, the laws of some foreign jurisdictions do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as laws in the United States, and we may encounter difficulties in protecting and defending our rights in such foreign jurisdictions;

 

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our patents and other intellectual property rights may not be sufficient to deter infringement or misappropriation of our intellectual property rights by others;

 

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third parties may design around our patented technologies, independently develop substantially equivalent proprietary information, products and techniques or otherwise gain access to our proprietary information;

 

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third parties may seek to challenge or invalidate our patents, and if they are successful, the claims in our patents may be narrowed or our patents may be invalidated or rendered unenforceable;

 

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we may have to participate in proceedings such as interference, cancellation or opposition, before the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, or before foreign patent and trademark offices, with respect to our patents, patent applications, trademarks or trademark applications or those of others, and these actions may result in substantial costs to us as well as a diversion of management attention;

 

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we may need to enforce our intellectual property rights against third parties for infringement or misappropriation or defend our intellectual property rights through lawsuits, which can result in significant costs and diversion of management resources, and we may not be successful in those lawsuits or obtain adequate remedies for any infringement or misappropriation that occurs;

 

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while we rely on trade secret protection to protect our interests in proprietary know-how and processes for which patents are difficult to obtain or enforce, we may not be able to protect our trade secrets adequately; and

 

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the contractual provisions on which we rely to protect our trade secrets and proprietary information, such as our confidentiality and non-disclosure agreements with our employees, consultants and other third parties, may be breached, and our trade secrets and proprietary

 

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information may be disclosed to competitors, strategic third parties and the public, or others may independently develop technology equivalent to our trade secrets and proprietary information.

We may be exposed to infringement or misappropriation claims by third parties, which, if determined adversely to us, could cause us to pay significant damage awards or prohibit us from the manufacture and sale of our photovoltaic systems or the use of our technology.

In recent years, there has been significant litigation involving patents and other intellectual property rights in many technology-related industries. There may be patents or patent applications in the United States or other countries that are pertinent to our systems or business of which we are not aware. The technology that we incorporate into and use to develop and manufacture our current and future products may be subject to claims that they infringe the patents or proprietary rights of others. For example, we have received a request for arbitration from Von Ardenne Anlagentechnik GmbH, or Von Ardenne, that contains various allegations of breach of contract and misappropriation of Von Ardenne’s confidential information relating to certain vacuum tools that are required in our thin film deposition process. Should the outcome of these claims be unfavorable, we could be required to pay Von Ardenne damages and potentially be enjoined from using what Von Ardenne claims is their confidential information unless we enter into a suitable arrangement, and our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be materially and adversely affected. The success of our business will depend on our ability to develop new technologies without infringing or misappropriating the proprietary rights of others. Third parties may allege that we infringe patents, trademarks or copyrights, or that we have misappropriated trade secrets, and they could have significantly more resources to devote to any resulting enforcement actions. These allegations could result in significant costs and diversion of the attention of management.

If a claim were brought against us, and we are found to infringe a third party’s intellectual property rights, we could be required to pay substantial damages, including treble damages if it is determined that we have willfully infringed such rights, or be enjoined from using the technology deemed to be infringing or using, making or selling products deemed to be infringing. If we have supplied infringing products or technology to any of our customers, we may be obligated to indemnify those customers for damages they may be required to pay to the patent holder and for any losses they may sustain as a result of the infringement. In addition, we may need to attempt to license the intellectual property rights from the patent holder or spend time and money to design around or avoid the intellectual property. Any such license may not be available on reasonable terms, or at all, and our efforts to design around or avoid the intellectual property may be unsuccessful. Regardless of the outcome, litigation can be very costly and can divert management’s efforts. Protracted litigation could also result in our customers or potential customers deferring or limiting their purchase or use of our systems until resolution of such litigation. An adverse determination may subject us to significant liabilities and disrupt our business.

Existing regulations and changes to such regulations concerning the electric utility industry may present technical, regulatory and economic barriers to the purchase and use of photovoltaic systems, which may significantly reduce demand for our photovoltaic systems.

The market for electricity generation products is heavily influenced by federal, state, local and foreign government regulations and policies concerning the electric utility industry, as well as internal policies and regulations promulgated by electric utilities. These regulations and policies often relate to electricity pricing and technical interconnection of customer-owned electricity generation. In the United States and in a number of other countries, these regulations and policies are being modified and may continue to be modified. Customer purchases of, or further investment in the research and development of, alternative energy sources, including photovoltaic technology, could be deterred by these regulations and policies, which could result in a significant reduction in the potential demand for our photovoltaic systems. For example, utility companies commonly charge fees to larger, industrial customers for disconnecting from the electric grid or for having the capacity to use power from the electric grid for

 

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back-up purposes. These fees could increase the cost to our customers of using our systems and make them less desirable, thereby harming our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, electricity generated by photovoltaic systems mostly competes with expensive peak-hour electricity from the electric grid, rather than the less expensive average price of electricity. Modifications to the peak hour pricing policies of utilities, such as to a flat rate, would require photovoltaic systems to achieve lower prices in order to compete with the price of electricity from the electric grid.

Our photovoltaic systems and their installation will be subject to oversight and regulation in accordance with national, state and local laws and ordinances relating to building codes, safety, environmental protection, utility interconnection and metering and related matters. It is difficult to track the requirements of individual governmental authorities and design equipment to comply with the varying standards. Any new government regulations or utility policies pertaining to our systems may result in significant additional expenses to us and our customers and distributors and their customers and, as a result, could cause a significant reduction in demand for our systems.

Compliance with environmental regulations can be expensive, and noncompliance with these regulations may result in potentially significant monetary damages and penalties and adverse publicity.

Our operations involve the use, handling, generation, processing, storage, transportation and disposal of hazardous materials and are subject to extensive environmental laws and regulations at the national, state, local and international level. Such environmental laws and regulations include those governing the discharge of pollutants into the air and water, the use, management and disposal of hazardous materials and wastes, the cleanup of contaminated sites and occupational health and safety. We have incurred, and will continue to incur, costs in complying with these laws and regulations. Any failure by us to control the use of or generation of, limit exposure to, or to restrict adequately the discharge or disposal of, hazardous substances or wastes or to otherwise comply with the complex, technical environmental laws and regulations governing our activities could subject us to potentially significant monetary damages and penalties, criminal proceedings, third-party property damage or personal injury claims, natural resource damage claims, cleanup costs or other costs, or restrictions or suspensions of our business operations. In addition, under some foreign, federal and state statutes and regulations governing liability for releases of hazardous substances or wastes to the environment, a governmental agency or private party may seek recovery of response costs or damages from generators of the hazardous substances or operators of property where releases of hazardous substances have occurred or are ongoing, even if such party was not responsible for the release or otherwise at fault. Also, federal, state or international environmental laws and regulations may ban or restrict the availability and use of certain hazardous or toxic raw materials, such as cadmium, that are or may be used in producing our systems, or placing on the market products that contain certain hazardous or toxic materials in concentrations or amounts that exceed allowable limits, and substitute materials may be more costly or unsatisfactory in performance. Federal, state or international environmental laws and regulations may require us in the future to collect our products from system owners for recycling or disposal at the end of their life cycle and the costs associated with such product take-back requirements could be material to our financial condition or results of operations. While we are not aware of any outstanding, material environmental claims, liabilities or obligations, future developments such as the implementation of new, more stringent laws and regulations, more aggressive enforcement policies, or the discovery of unknown environmental conditions associated with our current or past operations or properties may require expenditures that could harm our business, financial condition or results of operations. Any noncompliance with or incurrence of liability under environmental laws may subject us to adverse publicity, damage our reputation and competitive position and adversely affect sales of our systems.

 

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Compliance with occupational safety and health requirements and best practices can be costly, and noncompliance with such requirements may result in potentially significant monetary penalties and adverse publicity.

Our manufacturing operations and research and development activities involve the use of mechanical equipment and hazardous chemicals, which involve a risk of potential injury to our employees. These operations are subject to regulation under the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Act. If we fail to comply with these regulations, or if an employee injury occurs, we may be required to pay substantial penalties, incur significant capital expenditures, suspend or limit production or cease operations. Also, any such violations, employee injuries or failure to comply with industry best practices may subject us to adverse publicity, damage our reputation and competitive position and adversely affect sales of our systems.

Product liability claims against us could result in adverse publicity and potentially significant monetary damages.

Like other retailers, distributors and manufacturers of products that are used by consumers, we face an inherent risk of exposure to product liability claims in the event that the use of the photovoltaic systems we sell results in injury to consumers or our customers. Because our photovoltaic systems are electricity producing devices, it is possible that consumers or our customers could be injured or killed by our systems, whether by product malfunctions, defects, improper installation or other causes. In addition, since we have a limited operating history and the products we are selling incorporate new technologies and use new installation methods, we cannot predict whether or not product liability claims will be brought against us in the future or the effect of any resulting adverse publicity on our business. We rely on our general liability insurance to cover product liability claims and have not obtained separate product liability insurance. The successful assertion of product liability claims against us could result in potentially significant monetary damages, and if our insurance protection is inadequate to cover these claims, we could be required to make significant payments. Also, any product liability claims and any adverse outcomes with respect thereto may subject us to adverse publicity, damage our reputation and competitive position and adversely affect sales of our systems.

We have significant international activities, which subject us to a number of risks.

We expect that revenue from customers outside of the United States will continue to represent a substantial portion of our total revenue for the foreseeable future, and we may seek to establish manufacturing facilities in international locations. Risks inherent to international operations include the following:

 

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multiple, conflicting and changing laws and regulations, including export and import restrictions, tax laws and regulations, environmental regulations, labor laws and other government requirements, approvals, permits and licenses;

 

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difficulties in enforcing agreements in foreign legal systems;

 

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difficulties and costs in staffing and managing foreign operations;

 

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difficulties and costs in recruiting and retaining individuals skilled in international business operations;

 

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financial risks, such as longer sales and payment cycles and greater difficulty collecting accounts receivable;

 

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fluctuations in currency exchange rates relative to the U.S. dollar;

 

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inability to obtain, maintain or enforce intellectual property rights;

 

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changes in general economic and political conditions in the countries in which we operate, including changes in government incentives relating to solar electricity;

 

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risk of nationalization of private enterprises; and

 

  Ÿ  

political and economic instability, including wars, acts of terrorism, political unrest, boycotts, curtailments of trade and other business restrictions.

Doing business in foreign markets requires us to be able to respond to rapid changes in market conditions in these countries. The success of our business will depend, in part, on our ability to succeed in differing legal, regulatory, economic, social and political environments. We may not be able to develop and implement policies and strategies that will be effective in each location where we do business.

Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates could decrease our revenue or increase our expenses.

We expect that a substantial portion of our total revenue for the foreseeable future will be generated outside the United States. We presently have currency exposure arising from both sales and purchases denominated in foreign currencies. For example, for the fiscal year ended January 2, 2010, 68% of our revenue was denominated in Euro and our revenue benefited from a relatively strong Euro. We are exposed to the risk of a decrease in the value of these foreign currencies relative to the U.S. dollar, which would decrease our total revenue. Alternatively, if these foreign currencies appreciate against the U.S. dollar, it will make it more expensive in terms of U.S. dollars to purchase inventory or pay expenses with foreign currencies. Furthermore, many of our competitors are foreign companies that could benefit from a currency fluctuation, making it more difficult for us to compete with those companies. The forward contracts we from time to time use to protect against the foreign currency exchange rate risk inherent in our equipment purchases denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar may not adequately cover our exposure.

Our ability to use our net operating losses to offset future taxable income may be subject to certain limitations.

In general, under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Internal Revenue Code, a corporation that undergoes an “ownership change” is subject to limitations on its ability to utilize its pre-change net operating losses, or NOLs, to offset future taxable income. Our existing NOLs may be subject to limitations arising from previous ownership changes, and if we undergo an ownership change in connection with or after this offering, our ability to utilize NOLs could be further limited by Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code. Future changes in our stock ownership, some of which are beyond our control, could result in an ownership change under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code. Furthermore, our ability to utilize NOLs of any companies that we may acquire in the future may be subject to limitations. For these reasons, in the event we experienced a change of control, we may not be able to utilize a material portion of the NOLs reflected on our balance sheet, even if we attain profitability.

Our business could be adversely affected by seasonal trends and construction cycles.

We may be subject to industry-specific seasonal fluctuations in the future, particularly in climates that experience colder weather during the winter months, such as Belgium, Canada, Germany and the United States. There are various reasons for seasonality fluctuations, mostly related to economic incentives and weather patterns. For example, in European countries with feed-in tariffs, the construction of photovoltaic systems may be concentrated during the second half of the calendar year, largely due to the annual reduction of the applicable minimum feed-in tariff and the fact that the coldest winter months are January through March. In the United States, customers will sometimes make purchasing decisions towards the end of the year in order to take advantage of tax credits or for budgetary reasons. In addition, construction levels are typically slower in colder months. Accordingly, our business and quarterly results of operations could be affected by seasonal fluctuations in the future.

 

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Our headquarters and other facilities are located in an active earthquake zone, and an earthquake or other types of natural disasters affecting us or our suppliers could cause resource shortages and disrupt and harm our results of operations.

We conduct our operations in the San Francisco Bay Area in an active earthquake zone and certain of our suppliers conduct their operations in the same region or in other locations that are susceptible to natural disasters. In addition, California and some of the locations where certain of our suppliers are located from time to time have experienced shortages of water, electric power and natural gas. The occurrence of a natural disaster, such as an earthquake, drought, flood or localized extended outages of critical utilities or transportation systems, or any critical resource shortages, affecting us or our suppliers could cause a significant interruption in our business, damage or destroy our facilities, manufacturing equipment or inventory or those of our suppliers and cause us to incur significant costs or result in limitations on the availability of our raw materials, any of which could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. The insurance we maintain against fires, earthquakes and other natural disasters may not be adequate to cover our losses in any particular case.

Risks Related to This Offering and to Our Common Stock

Our share price may be volatile and you may be unable to sell your shares at or above the initial public offering price.

The initial public offering price for our shares will be determined by negotiations between us and representatives of the underwriters and may not be indicative of prices that will prevail in the trading market. The market price of shares of our common stock could be subject to wide fluctuations in response to many risk factors listed in this section, and others beyond our control, including:

 

  Ÿ  

delays or other changes in our expansion plans;

 

  Ÿ  

actual or anticipated fluctuations in our financial condition and operating results;

 

  Ÿ  

our cash and short-term investment position;

 

  Ÿ  

actual or anticipated fluctuations in our growth rate relative to our competitors;

 

  Ÿ  

actual or anticipated fluctuations in our competitors’ operating results or changes in their growth rate;

 

  Ÿ  

announcements of technological innovations or new products by us or our competitors;

 

  Ÿ  

adverse announcements regarding product performance;

 

  Ÿ  

reductions in the retail price of electricity;

 

  Ÿ  

announcements by us or our competitors of significant acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures or capital commitments;

 

  Ÿ  

additions or losses of customers;

 

  Ÿ  

additions or departures of key personnel;

 

  Ÿ  

competition from existing products or new products that may emerge;

 

  Ÿ  

the failure of securities analysts to cover our common stock after this offering or updates or changes in financial estimates or recommendations by securities analysts;

 

  Ÿ  

the inability to meet the financial estimates of securities analysts who follow our common stock;

 

  Ÿ  

fluctuations in the valuation of companies perceived by investors to be comparable to us;

 

  Ÿ  

disputes or other developments related to our intellectual property rights, including litigation, and our ability to obtain and maintain patent protection for our technologies;

 

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  Ÿ  

changes in laws, regulations and policies applicable to our business and products, particularly those relating to government incentives for on-grid solar electricity applications;

 

  Ÿ  

announcement or expectation of additional financing efforts;

 

  Ÿ  

sales of our common stock by us or our stockholders;

 

  Ÿ  

share price and volume fluctuations attributable to inconsistent trading volume levels of our shares;

 

  Ÿ  

general market conditions in our industry and the industries of our customers; and

 

  Ÿ  

general economic and market conditions.

Furthermore, the stock markets have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have affected and continue to affect the market prices of equity securities of many companies. These fluctuations often have been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. These broad market and industry fluctuations, as well as general economic, political and market conditions such as recessions, interest rate changes or international currency fluctuations, may negatively impact the market price of shares of our common stock. If the market price of shares of our common stock after this offering does not exceed the initial public offering price, you may not realize any return on your investment in us and may lose some or all of your investment. In the past, companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their stock have been subject to securities class action litigation. We may be the target of this type of litigation in the future. Securities litigation against us could result in substantial costs and divert our management’s attention from other business concerns, which could seriously harm our business.

No public market currently exists for our common stock, and an active trading market may not develop or be sustained following this offering.

Prior to this offering, there has been no public market for our common stock. Although we have applied to have our common stock listed on The NASDAQ Global Market, an active public trading market for our common stock may not develop or, if it develops, may not be sustained after this offering. The lack of an active market may impair your ability to sell your shares at the time you wish to sell them or at a price that you consider reasonable. The lack of an active market may also reduce the fair market value of your shares. An inactive market may also impair our ability to raise capital to continue to fund operations and may impair our ability to acquire other companies or technologies by using our shares as consideration.

Public investors will experience immediate and substantial dilution as a result of this offering.

The initial public offering price will be substantially higher than the net tangible book value per share of shares of our common stock immediately following this offering. Therefore, if you purchase common stock in this offering, you will experience immediate and substantial dilution of your investment. Based upon the issuance and sale of             shares of common stock by us at an assumed initial public offering price of $             per share (the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus), you will incur immediate dilution of approximately $             in the net tangible book value per share if you purchase shares of our common stock in this offering.

We also have approximately             outstanding stock options and warrants to purchase common stock with exercise prices that are below the assumed initial public offering price of the common stock. To the extent that these options and warrants are exercised, you will experience further dilution. For further information, see the “Dilution” section of this prospectus.

 

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A significant portion of our total outstanding shares of common stock is restricted from immediate resale but may be sold into the market in the near future. This could cause the market price of our common stock to drop significantly.

Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market could occur at any time following this offering, subject to certain securities law restrictions and the terms of contractual lock-up agreements. Sales of shares of our common stock, or the perception in the market that the holders of a large number of shares of common stock intend to sell shares, could reduce the market price of our common stock. After this offering, we will have outstanding             shares of common stock. Of these shares, if Argonaut Ventures I, L.L.C., or Argonaut, were to purchase all             of the shares it has the right to purchase,             shares are or will be currently restricted from transfer under securities laws or pursuant to lock-up agreements described in the “Underwriting” and “Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions” sections of this prospectus, but will be able to be resold after the offering as described in the “Shares Eligible for Future Sale” section of this prospectus. As of January 2, 2010, our three largest stockholders beneficially own 56.9% of our outstanding common stock, as calculated on an as-converted basis. If one or more of them were to sell a substantial portion of the shares they hold, the market price of our common stock could decline.

Moreover, after this offering, holders of an aggregate of              shares of our common stock will have rights, subject to certain conditions, to require us to file registration statements covering their shares or to include their shares in registration statements that we may file for ourselves or other stockholders. If such rights are exercised, once we register these shares, they can be freely sold in the public market, subject, if applicable, to the lock-up agreements described in the “Underwriting” section of this prospectus.

After this offering, we intend to register approximately             shares of common stock that we have issued or may issue under our equity plans. Once we register these shares, they can be freely sold in the public market upon issuance and once vested, subject, if applicable, to the lock-up agreements described in the “Underwriting” section of this prospectus.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish misleading or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common stock will depend in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. If no or few securities or industry analysts commence coverage of our company, the trading price and liquidity for our stock could be negatively impacted. In the event we obtain securities or industry analyst coverage, if one or more of the analysts who covers us downgrades our stock or publishes misleading or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts ceases coverage of our company or fails to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our stock could decrease, which could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.

Our directors, officers and principal stockholders will continue to have substantial control over us after this offering, which may limit our stockholders’ ability to influence corporate matters and delay or prevent a third party from acquiring control over us.

Upon completion of this offering, if Argonaut were to purchase all              of the shares it has the right to purchase, our directors, officers and existing stockholders who hold at least 5% of our stock will beneficially own, in the aggregate, approximately     % of our outstanding common stock, compared to     % represented by the shares sold in this offering, assuming no exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares. As of January 2, 2010, our three largest stockholders beneficially own 56.9% of our outstanding common stock, as calculated on an as-converted basis. As a result, these stockholders will be able to exercise influence over all matters requiring stockholder approval, including the election

 

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of directors and approval of corporate transactions, such as a merger or other sale of our company or its assets. This concentration of ownership will limit your ability to influence corporate matters and could delay or prevent a third party from acquiring control over us. For information regarding the ownership of our outstanding stock by our executive officers and directors and their affiliates, please see the section titled “Principal Stockholders.”

If Argonaut purchases all of the shares that it has the right to purchase, it would reduce the available public float for our shares.

Argonaut, which together with its affiliates beneficially owns approximately 35.7% of our outstanding common stock on an as-converted basis, has the right to purchase from us up to 15% of the aggregate number of shares offered in this offering at the initial price to the public, but is under no obligation to purchase any shares. If Argonaut were to purchase all of these shares, Argonaut would beneficially own approximately     % of our outstanding common stock after this offering and our directors, officers and existing stockholders who hold at least 5% of our stock would beneficially own, in the aggregate, approximately     % of our outstanding common stock after this offering, based on              shares of common stock outstanding after this offering, assuming no exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares.

If Argonaut purchases all or a portion of the shares it has the right to purchase, such purchase would reduce the available public float for our shares because Argonaut would be restricted from selling the shares by restrictions under applicable securities laws and contractual lock-up provisions. As a result, any purchase of shares by Argonaut may reduce the liquidity of our common stock relative to what it would have been had these shares been purchased by investors that were not affiliated with us.

We will incur increased costs and our management will face increased demands as a result of operating as a public company.

We have never operated as a public company. As a public company, we will incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. In addition, the Sarbanes- Oxley Act of 2002, or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, as well as related rules implemented by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, and The NASDAQ Stock Market, impose various requirements on public companies. Our management and other personnel will need to devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance initiatives. Moreover, these rules and regulations will increase our legal and financial compliance costs and will make some activities more time-consuming and costly. For example, we expect these rules and regulations to make it more expensive for us to maintain director and officer liability insurance. As a result, it may be more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified individuals to serve on our board of director or as our executive officers.

In addition, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures. In particular, we must perform system and process evaluation and testing of our internal control over financial reporting to allow management and our independent registered public accounting firm to report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, as required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Our compliance with Section 404 will require that we incur substantial accounting expense and expend significant management time on compliance-related issues. We will need to hire additional accounting and financial staff with appropriate public company experience and technical accounting knowledge. Moreover, if we are not able to comply with the requirements of Section 404 in a timely manner, our stock price could decline, and we could face sanctions, delisting or investigations by The NASDAQ Global Market, or other material effects on our business, reputation, results of operations, financial condition or liquidity.

 

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Because we do not intend to pay dividends on our common stock, stockholders will benefit from an investment in our common stock only if it appreciates in value.

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock. We anticipate that we will retain our future earnings, if any, to support our operations and to finance the growth and development of our business and do not expect to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future. As a result, the success of an investment in our common stock will depend upon appreciation in the value of our common stock. There is no guarantee that our common stock will appreciate in value or even maintain its current price. Investors seeking cash dividends should not invest in our common stock.

Anti-takeover provisions in our charter documents and Delaware law, as well as restrictions and covenants in our DOE guaranteed loan facility, could discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company and may affect the trading price of our common stock.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and bylaws to be effective upon the closing of this offering will contain provisions that could have the effect of rendering more difficult or discouraging an acquisition deemed undesirable by our board of directors. Our corporate governance documents will include the following provisions:

 

  Ÿ  

authorizing blank check preferred stock, which could be issued with voting, liquidation, dividend and other rights superior to our common stock;

 

  Ÿ  

limiting the liability of, and providing indemnification to, our directors and officers;

 

  Ÿ  

limiting the ability of our stockholders to call and bring business before special meetings and to take action by written consent in lieu of a meeting;

 

  Ÿ  

requiring advance notice of stockholder proposals for business to be conducted at meetings of our stockholders and for nominations of candidates for election to our board of directors;

 

  Ÿ  

establishing a classified board of directors, as a result of which the successors to the directors whose terms have expired will be elected to serve from the time of election and qualification until the third annual meeting following their election;

 

  Ÿ  

requiring that directors only be removed from office for cause; and

 

  Ÿ  

limiting the determination of the number of directors on our board and the filling of vacancies or newly created seats on the board to our board of directors then in office.

As a Delaware corporation, we are also subject to provisions of Delaware law, including Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which prevents some stockholders holding more than 15% of our outstanding common stock from engaging in certain business combinations without the prior approval of our board of directors or the holders of substantially all of our outstanding common stock.

These provisions of our charter documents and Delaware law, alone or together, could delay or deter hostile takeovers and changes in control or changes in our management. Any provision of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation or bylaws or Delaware law that has the effect of delaying or deterring a change in control could limit the opportunity for our stockholders to receive a premium for their shares of our common stock. Even in the absence of a takeover attempt, the existence of these provisions may adversely affect the prevailing market price of our common stock if they are viewed as discouraging takeover attempts in the future.

In addition, the financing agreements for our DOE guaranteed loan facility provide that it is an event of default if we experience a change of control without obtaining the consent of the DOE, which will be deemed to occur if any person or group, other than stockholders that held our stock prior to the completion of this offering, acquires stock that represents more than 50% of the outstanding voting power of our stock. The occurrence of an event of default could result in the triggering of default interest rates, the acceleration of the outstanding loans and the exercise of remedies by the Federal Financing Bank and the DOE.

 

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SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS AND INDUSTRY DATA

This prospectus includes forward-looking statements. All statements other than statements of historical facts contained in this prospectus, including statements regarding our future results of operations and financial position, business strategy and plans and our objectives for future operations, are forward-looking statements. The words “believe,” “may,” “will,” “estimate,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “expect” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy, short-term and long-term business operations and objectives, and financial needs. These forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties and assumptions, including those described in the “Risk Factors” section of this prospectus. In light of these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, the forward-looking events and circumstances discussed in this prospectus may not occur and actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated or implied in the forward-looking statements.

Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risks emerge from time to time. It is not possible for our management to predict all risks, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements we may make. Before investing in our common stock, investors should be aware that the occurrence of the risks, uncertainties and events described in the section entitled “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this prospectus could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee that the future results, levels of activity, performance or events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements will be achieved or occur. We undertake no obligation to update publicly any forward-looking statements for any reason after the date of this prospectus to conform these statements to actual results or to changes in our expectations.

This prospectus also contains statistical data and estimates, including those relating to market size and growth rates of the markets in which we participate, that we obtained from industry publications and reports generated by the California Renewable Energy Transmission Initiative, the Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency, Ecofys, Euromonitor, Freedonia Group, iSuppli, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Navigant Consulting, Navigant Consulting PV Services, New Energy Finance, the U.S. Energy Information Administration and Solarbuzz. These data and estimates involve a number of assumptions and limitations, and you are cautioned not to give undue weight to them. These publications typically indicate that they have obtained their information from sources they believe to be reliable, but do not guarantee the accuracy and completeness of their information. Although we have assessed the information in the publications and found it to be reasonable and believe the publications are reliable, we have not independently verified their data and, accordingly, we cannot guarantee their accuracy or completeness. In addition, projections, assumptions and estimates of the future performance of the industries in which we operate and the markets we serve are necessarily subject to a high degree of uncertainty and risk.

 

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USE OF PROCEEDS

We estimate that our net proceeds from the sale of the common stock that we are offering will be approximately $             million, assuming an initial public offering price of $             per share, which is the midpoint of the price range listed on the cover page of this prospectus, and after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. A $1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed initial public offering price of $             per share would increase (decrease) our net proceeds from this offering by approximately $             million, assuming that the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same and after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. If the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional shares in full, we estimate that our net proceeds will be approximately $             million after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

We intend to use the net proceeds to us from this offering to fund a portion of the costs of Phase II of Fab 2, the total costs of which we estimate to be approximately $642 million, which includes a contingency reserve of approximately $53 million. On September 11, 2009, we applied for a second loan guarantee from the DOE in the amount of approximately $469 million to partially fund Phase II. If we receive the second loan guarantee from the DOE, we intend to fund most of the costs of Phase II with the proceeds from such loan and, assuming we receive the full amount of such loan, only apply approximately $173 million of the net proceeds of this offering to fund Phase II of Fab 2, with the remaining balance of the net proceeds to be used for general corporate purposes, including for working capital, repayment of amounts, if any, drawn under our existing revolving loan facility with Argonaut and additional capital expenditures.

If we are unable to obtain the second DOE guaranteed loan in whole or in part, we intend to fund any financing shortfall for Phase II with some combination of the proceeds of this offering, cash flows from operations, other debt financing and additional equity financing.

Pending use of the proceeds as described above, we intend to invest the proceeds in short-term, interest-bearing, investment-grade securities. We cannot predict whether the proceeds invested will yield a favorable return.

By establishing a public market for our common stock, this offering is also intended to facilitate our future access to public markets.

DIVIDEND POLICY

We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our common or preferred stock. We currently do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Any future determination to declare cash dividends will be made at the discretion of our board of directors, subject to applicable laws, and will depend on our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, general business conditions and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant.

 

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CAPITALIZATION

The following table sets forth our capitalization as of January 2, 2010:

 

  Ÿ  

on an actual basis;

 

  Ÿ  

on a pro forma basis to reflect:

 

  Ÿ  

the filing of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation to authorize shares of common stock and              shares of undesignated preferred stock;

 

  Ÿ  

the conversion of all outstanding shares of our preferred stock into 226,527,933 shares of common stock and the related conversion of all outstanding preferred stock warrants to common stock warrants upon the closing of this offering; and

 

  Ÿ  

on a pro forma as adjusted basis to reflect the pro forma adjustments described above and our receipt of the estimated net proceeds from the sale of              shares of common stock offered by us in this offering, assuming the underwriters do not exercise their option to purchase additional shares and based on an assumed initial public offering price of $             per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

The pro forma and pro forma as adjusted information below is illustrative only, and our capitalization following the completion of this offering will be adjusted based on the actual initial public offering price and other terms of this offering determined at pricing. You should read this table together with “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus.

 

     As of January 2, 2010
     Actual     Pro Forma(1)     Pro Forma
As Adjusted(1)
     (in thousands, except per share data)

Total long-term debt, including current portion

   $ 140,856      $ 140,856      $             

Preferred stock warrants

     2,306            

Redeemable convertible preferred stock, $0.00001 par value per share; 171,409,052 shares authorized, 93,576,573 shares issued and outstanding, actual; no shares authorized, no shares issued and outstanding pro forma; no shares authorized, no shares issued and outstanding pro forma as adjusted

     961,270            

Stockholders’ equity (deficit):

      

Preferred stock, $0.00001 par value per share; no shares authorized, no shares issued and outstanding, actual;              shares authorized, no shares issued and outstanding pro forma;              shares authorized, no shares issued and outstanding pro forma as adjusted

                

Common stock, $0.00001 par value per share; 300,000,000 shares authorized, 14,869,622 shares issued and outstanding, actual; shares authorized, 241,397,555 shares issued and outstanding, pro forma; and              shares authorized,              shares issued and outstanding, pro forma as adjusted

            2     

Notes receivable from stockholder

                

Additional paid-in capital

     25,455        989,029     

Accumulated other comprehensive income

     (6     (6  

Accumulated deficit

     (557,744     (557,744  
                      

Total stockholders’ equity (deficit)

     (532,295     431,281     
                      

Total capitalization

   $ 572,137      $ 572,137      $             
                      

 

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(1) Our current amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that our preferred stock will automatically convert to common stock on the date specified in a stockholder vote or consent or upon the consummation of our sale of common stock in a firm commitment underwritten public offering, underwritten by an investment bank of national standing approved by a majority of our board of directors (which majority includes representatives of holders of our preferred stock), at a public offering price per share that is not less than $10.00 and which results in aggregate cash proceeds to us of at least $80 million (before deducting underwriting discounts and commissions).

Each $1.00 increase or decrease in the assumed initial public offering price of $             per share (which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus) would increase or decrease, as applicable, our pro forma as adjusted cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments, additional paid-in capital, total stockholders’ equity (deficit) and total capitalization by approximately $             million, assuming that the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same and after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

The above table does not include the following shares:

 

  Ÿ  

26,370,735 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of stock options as of January 2, 2010 at a weighted-average exercise price of $1.74 per share;

 

  Ÿ  

27,232,540 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of warrants outstanding as of January 2, 2010, at a weighted-average exercise price of $5.89 per share; and

 

  Ÿ  

5,078,504 shares of our common stock reserved for future issuance under our 2005 Amended and Restated Equity Incentive Plan.

 

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DILUTION

If you invest in our common stock in this offering, your ownership interest will be immediately diluted to the extent of the difference between the initial public offering price per share and the net tangible book value per share of our common stock after this offering. Our pro forma net tangible book value as of January 2, 2010, was $431.3 million, or $1.78 per share of our common stock. Pro forma net tangible book value per share represents the amount of our total tangible assets less our total liabilities, divided by the total number of shares of our common stock outstanding, after giving effect to the conversion of all of our outstanding preferred stock into 226,527,933 shares of common stock, and the related conversion of all outstanding preferred stock warrants to common stock warrants.

After giving effect to the sale by us of              shares of our common stock in this offering at an assumed initial public offering price of $             per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, and after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us, our pro forma net tangible book value as of January 2, 2010, would have been approximately $             million, or $             per share of our common stock. This amount represents an immediate increase in our pro forma net tangible book value of $             per share to our existing stockholders and an immediate dilution in our pro forma net tangible book value of $             per share to new investors purchasing shares of our common stock in this offering at the initial public offering price.

The following table illustrates this substantial and immediate per share dilution to new investors:

 

Assumed initial public offering price per share

      $             

Pro forma net tangible book value per share as of January 2, 2010

   $ 1.78   

Increase per share attributable to this offering

     
         

Pro forma net tangible book value per share after this offering

     
         

Dilution per share to new investors

      $             
         

A $1.00 increase (decrease) in the initial public offering price of $             per share would increase (decrease) our pro forma net tangible book value per share after this offering by approximately $             and would increase (decrease) dilution per share to new investors by approximately $            , assuming that the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same. In addition, to the extent any outstanding options or warrants are exercised, new investors will experience further dilution.

If the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional shares in full, the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value will increase to $             per share, representing an immediate increase to existing stockholders of $             per share and an immediate dilution of $             per share to new investors. If any shares are issued upon exercise of outstanding options or warrants, you will experience further dilution.

 

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The following table summarizes, as of January 2, 2010, the number of shares purchased or to be purchased from us, the total consideration paid or to be paid to us, and the average price per share paid or to be paid to us by existing stockholders and new investors purchasing shares of our common stock in this offering at an assumed initial public offering price of $             per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, before deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. As the table below shows, new investors purchasing shares of our common stock in this offering will pay an average price per share substantially higher than our existing stockholders paid.

 

     Shares Purchased    Total Consideration    Average
Price Per

Share
      Number    Percent    Amount    Percent   
     (in thousands, except per share and percent)

Existing stockholders

   $                     %    $                     %   

New investors

              
                          

Total

   $                 100%    $                 100%   

A $1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed initial public offering price of $             per share would increase (decrease) the total consideration paid to us by new investors by $              million and increase (decrease) the percent of total consideration paid to us by new investors by     %, assuming that the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same.

The number of shares purchased from us by existing stockholders is based on 241,397,555 shares of our common stock outstanding as of January 2, 2010 after giving effect to the conversion of all of our outstanding preferred stock into common stock upon the closing of this offering. This number excludes:

 

  Ÿ  

26,370,735 shares of our common stock issuable upon the exercise of stock options outstanding as of January 2, 2010, at a weighted-average exercise price of $1.74 per share;

 

  Ÿ  

27,232,540 shares of our common stock issuable upon the exercise of warrants outstanding as of January 2, 2010, at a weighted-average exercise price of $5.89 per share; and

 

  Ÿ  

5,078,504 shares of our common stock reserved for future issuance under our 2005 Amended and Restated Equity Incentive Plan.

If all our outstanding stock options and outstanding warrants had been exercised as of January 2, 2010, our pro forma net tangible book value as of January 2, 2010 would have been approximately $             million or $              per share of our common stock, and the pro forma net tangible book value after giving effect to this offering would have been $              per share, representing dilution in our pro forma net tangible book value per share to new investors of $            .

To the extent that any outstanding options or warrants are exercised, new investors will experience further dilution.

 

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SELECTED HISTORICAL FINANCIAL DATA

The following selected financial data should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and notes related to those statements, and with “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included elsewhere in this prospectus. The consolidated statements of operations data for the fiscal years ended December 29, 2007, January 3, 2009 and January 2, 2010 and the consolidated balance sheet data as of January 3, 2009 and January 2, 2010, are derived from our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. The consolidated statements of operations data for the period from May 10, 2005 (date of inception) to December 31, 2005 and for the fiscal year ended December 30, 2006 and the consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2005, December 30, 2006 and December 29, 2007, are derived from our audited consolidated financial statements not included in this prospectus. Our historical results for any prior period are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected in any future period, and our results for any interim period are not necessarily indicative of results for a full fiscal year.

 

    Period from
May 10, 2005
(date of
inception) to

December 31,
2005
    Fiscal Years Ended  
      December 30,
2006
    December 29,
2007
    January 3,
2009
    January 2,
2010
 
    (in thousands, except per share data)  

Consolidated Statements of Operations Data:

         

Revenue

  $      $      $      $ 6,005      $ 100,465   

Cost of revenue(1)

                         44,435        162,166   
                                       

Gross profit (loss)

                         (38,430     (61,701

Research and development(1)

    840        19,927        85,859        125,499        84,591   

Sales and marketing(1)

    178        574        2,677        4,838        9,317   

General and administrative(1)

    289        5,829        23,279        21,221        21,541   

Asset impairment charges

                         31,610          
                                       

Loss from operations

    (1,307     (26,330     (111,815     (221,598     (177,150

Interest expense

    (17     (494     (6,906     (12,444     (1,576

Interest income

           1,184        2,829        1,870        282   

Other income (expense), net

           (1,532     1,764        107        5,949   
                                       

Net loss

  $ (1,324   $ (27,172   $ (114,128   $ (232,065   $ (172,495
                                       

Deemed dividend on preferred stock

                         (10,452       
                                       

Net loss attributable to common stockholders

  $ (1,324   $ (27,172   $ (114,128   $ (242,517   $ (172,495
                                       

Net loss per share (basic and diluted)(2)

  $ (0.13   $ (6.69   $ (16.55   $ (23.85   $ (13.30
                                       

Weighted-average common shares (basic and diluted)(2)

    10,000        4,063        6,898        10,167        12,972   
                                       

Pro forma loss per share (basic and diluted)(2)

          $ (0.90
               

Weighted-average common shares used in pro forma calculations (basic and diluted)(2)

         

 

190,766

  

               

 

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     As of  
     December 31,
2005
    December 30,
2006
    December 29,
2007
    January 3,
2009
    January 2,
2010
 
     (in thousands)        

Consolidated Balance Sheet Data:

          

Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments

   $ 38      $ 52,838      $ 148,276      $ 82,223      $ 50,265   

Working capital

     (1,383     71,096        50,695        40,711        (2,758

Property, plant and equipment, net

     59        4,663        107,988        204,340        375,873   

Total assets

     127        83,457        283,888        319,095        683,216   

Long-term debt, net of current portion

            3,945                      140,856   

Redeemable convertible preferred stock

            97,689        311,616        630,859        961,270   

Total stockholders’ deficit

     (1,324     (28,215     (141,829     (368,487     (532,295

 

 

(1) Includes stock-based compensation as follows:

 

     Fiscal Years Ended
     December 30,
2006
   December 29,
2007
   January 3,
2009
   January 2,
2010
     (in thousands)

Cost of revenue

   $    $    $ 564    $ 1,668

Research and development

     26      118      1,744      3,385

Sales and marketing

     2      7      131      520

General and administrative

     84      100      1,136      2,811
                           

Total

   $ 112    $ 225    $ 3,575    $ 8,384
                           

 

(2) See Note 18 to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for an explanation of the method used to calculate basic and diluted net shares used to calculate net loss per share and pro forma loss per share.

 

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MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF

FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read together with “Selected Historical Financial Data” and the financial statements and related notes that are included elsewhere in this prospectus. This discussion contains forward-looking statements, which are based upon our current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth under “Risk Factors” or in other parts of this prospectus. All forward-looking statements in this document are based on information available to us as of the date hereof and we assume no obligation to update any such forward-looking statements.

Overview

We have designed a photovoltaic system, featuring proprietary cylindrical modules, that achieves the lowest system installation costs on a per watt basis for the commercial rooftop market. Our photovoltaic systems, which are comprised of panels and mounts, enhance sunlight collection by capturing direct, diffuse and reflected sunlight across a 360-degree photovoltaic surface, which is then converted into electricity. We manufacture our solar panels in a highly automated plant where we perform all operations required to process commodity materials into the final product.

Since our inception in May 2005 until early 2007, we focused our efforts primarily on research and development relating to our photovoltaic systems and related manufacturing equipment and processes. Beginning in early 2007, we began installation of manufacturing equipment and development of manufacturing processes for high-volume production of our solar panels at our first manufacturing facility, which we refer to as Fab 1. Our photovoltaic systems were certified by the Canadian Standards Association and VDE (the German Association for Electrical, Electronic and Information Technologies) to Underwriters Laboratories Inc. and International Electrotechnical Commission standards in the first half of 2008. We commenced low-volume commercial production and shipments of our solar panels in July 2008. For the remainder of 2008, we expanded into a full-scale, replicable, highly automated production line for Fab 1 and achieved an annualized production run rate of 7.8 megawatts, or MW, at the end of 2008. During 2009, we continued installation of additional full-scale production equipment at Fab 1, which had an annualized production run rate of 54 MW during our fiscal month ended January 2, 2010. Annualized production run rate is expressed in MW and equals the aggregate nameplate panel power ratings of the panels we produced in our most recent fiscal month, multiplied by 12. Nameplate panel power rating is expressed in watts per panel and represents the watt-peak capacity of photovoltaic panels measured under standard test conditions for our panels. We primarily sell our photovoltaic systems to value-added resellers, including system integrators and roofing materials manufacturers, and to a lesser extent to system owners. These value-added resellers typically resell our systems for use by photovoltaic system owners, which include third-party investors, enterprises such as manufacturers, wholesaler-distributors and big-box retailers, government entities and utility companies. Over 80% of our sales through the fiscal year ended January 2, 2010 have been to customers located in Europe, with the balance primarily to customers located in the United States. We expect that a significant portion of our sales will continue to be to customers located in Europe for the foreseeable future given the availability of local government incentives for solar products. Since commencing commercial shipment of our photovoltaic systems, our results of operations have benefited from the Euro’s strength against the U.S. dollar relative to historical levels.

From July 2008, when we commenced commercial shipment of our photovoltaic systems, through the fiscal year ended January 2, 2010, we generated $106.5 million in revenue. Our revenue has grown from $6.0 million for the fiscal year ended January 3, 2009 to $100.5 million for the fiscal year ended January 2, 2010. Total sales measured in MW have increased from 1.6 MW for the fiscal year ended

 

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January 3, 2009 to 30.0 MW for the fiscal year ended January 2, 2010. We have incurred significant operating and net losses since our inception, as we have continued to invest significantly in expansion of our production capacity to lower our manufacturing cost per watt and meet customer demand. In addition, we continue to invest in sales and marketing resources in order to enable us to further penetrate the commercial rooftop market. We have funded these activities through private placements of our preferred stock and, to a lesser extent, with borrowings under promissory notes, revolving lines of credit and a loan guaranteed by the DOE.

From our inception through the fiscal year ended January 2, 2010, we have invested in excess of $315 million in our research and development activities, which are focused on improving the performance of our existing systems as well as improving manufacturing processes to maximize production throughput and yield. As of January 2, 2010, we had an accumulated deficit of $557.7 million and expect to continue to incur substantial operating and net losses for the foreseeable future. In its report on our consolidated financial statements for the fiscal year ended January 2, 2010, our independent registered public accounting firm included an explanatory paragraph relating to our ability to continue as a going concern. See “Liquidity and Capital Resources” and Note 1 to Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information describing the circumstances that led to the inclusion of this explanatory paragraph.

Our future financial performance will depend on our ability to increase our revenue while continuing to reduce our manufacturing cost per watt. Our future revenue growth will depend on our ability to expand our production capacity and continue to increase sales to the commercial rooftop market, as well as external factors, such as the availability of government incentives and financing capital for our customers and system owners. Our ability to continue to reduce our manufacturing cost per watt will primarily depend on our ability to increase our production volumes through improvements in our manufacturing yield and throughput, construction of additional manufacturing facilities, and installation of additional manufacturing equipment, which we expect to reduce our fixed manufacturing costs on a per-watt basis.

Our fiscal year is the 52- or 53-week period ending on the Saturday closest to December 31.

Manufacturing

We manufacture our solar panels and perform all manufacturing steps ourselves at Fab 1. We are in the process of expanding the capacity at Fab 1 and expect to reach an annualized production run rate of 110 MW by the fourth fiscal quarter of 2010, assuming achievement of planned product development objectives and manufacturing process improvements. Throughout the construction, build-out, expansion and operation of Fab 1, we have made significant advancements in our production processes, facility design and equipment design and manufacturing. We expect to benefit from these advances as we further expand our production capacity.

In September 2009, we commenced the construction of our second manufacturing facility, which we refer to as Fab 2, after securing a $535 million loan facility from the Federal Financing Bank guaranteed by the U.S. Department of Energy, or the DOE, under its loan guarantee program for innovative clean energy technologies, which we refer to as the DOE guaranteed loan facility. We expect to construct Fab 2 in two phases, with each phase expected to have an annualized production run rate of 250 MW, assuming achievement of planned product development objectives and manufacturing process improvements. The guaranteed loan amount constitutes 73% of the expected aggregate project costs of the first phase of Fab 2, which we refer to as Phase I. We expect the project costs for Phase I to total approximately $733 million, which includes a contingency reserve of approximately $65 million. The construction of Phase I is underway, and we expect the first production output from Phase I to be in the first quarter of 2011. We expect Phase I to have an annualized production run rate of 250 MW by the end of the first half of 2012, assuming achievement of planned product development objectives and manufacturing process improvements.

 

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We intend to use the proceeds of this offering to finance the second phase of Fab 2, which we refer to as Phase II. We believe that Phase II represents a significant opportunity to further expand our production capacity and reduce our costs of manufacturing. We estimate that the costs for Phase II will be approximately $642 million, which amount includes building expansion and improvements, manufacturing equipment, certain sales, marketing and other start-up costs, and a contingency reserve of approximately $53 million. On September 11, 2009, we applied for a second loan guarantee from the DOE, in the amount of approximately $469 million, to partially fund Phase II. If we are unable to obtain the DOE guaranteed loan in whole or in part, we intend to fund any financing shortfall with some combination of proceeds of this offering, cash flows from operations, debt financing and additional equity financing.

We intend to further expand our production capacity by constructing additional manufacturing facilities in response to current and anticipated future demand for our systems and subject to the availability of capital. We have made and will continue to make significant up-front investments to increase our production capacity, which will reduce our cash balances and increase our cost of revenue in the short term, but we expect that these investments will decrease our manufacturing cost per watt and increase our revenue in the long term.

Financial Operations Overview

The following describes certain line items in our statements of operations and some of the factors that affect our operating results.

Revenue

We began generating revenue upon our commencement of commercial shipments of our photovoltaic systems in July 2008. We generate revenue from the sale of our photovoltaic systems including solar panels and mounts. We price and sell our photovoltaic systems on the basis of their nameplate panel power rating. As a result, our revenue will fluctuate based on how many panels we can produce and sell and the nameplate panel power rating of those panels. For the fiscal year ended January 3, 2009, revenue from Geckologic GmbH and Phoenix Solar AG accounted for 29% and 27%, respectively, of our total revenue. For the fiscal year ended January 2, 2010, revenue from USE Umwelt Sonne Energie GmbH, Alwitra GmbH, Carlisle Syntec Incorporated and Sunconnex B.V. accounted for 23%, 14%, 13% and 10%, respectively, of our total revenue. We expect that our customer concentration will decrease over time as we increase our production capacity to meet the requirements of an expanded customer base.

The solar industry has been moving from a supply-driven to a demand-driven industry, with increasing competitive pressure that has resulted in lower average selling prices across the industry over the prior year. Our customers face significant challenges under current economic conditions, including tightening of the supply of capital to finance solar projects. Our revenue could be adversely impacted if legislation is enacted that reduces the current subsidy programs in Europe or North America, if interest rates increase or if the availability of financing continues to be constrained, any of which could impact our customers’ ability to finance their projects on commercially acceptable terms.

We sell all of our photovoltaic systems on a purchase order basis, both under the terms of framework agreements and on a standalone basis. As of the date of this prospectus, we have framework agreements with system integrators and roofing materials manufacturers outlining the general terms for the delivery of up to 865 MW of our photovoltaic systems by the end of 2013. Although these framework agreements are long-term contracts that set forth volume and price expectations over a number of years, they generally do not constitute binding multi-year purchase commitments. Our ability to convert the preliminary volume expectations contained in our framework agreements into revenue will depend on a number of factors, including our product performance, our ability to manufacture sufficient quantities of

 

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our systems, our customers’ financial condition, and the availability of government subsidy programs and capital to finance solar projects. Furthermore, sales prices under our framework agreements with our European customers are denominated in Euros, exposing us to risks related to currency exchange rate fluctuation.

Cost of revenue

Our cost of revenue includes the cost of raw materials, including glass, copper, indium, gallium and selenium. We do not expect that an increase in the cost of copper, indium, gallium or selenium would have a significant impact on our cost of revenue because the cost of those materials represents a relatively small portion of our overall solar panel manufacturing cost. Our cost of revenue also includes depreciation of manufacturing plant and equipment; manufacturing overhead, such as rent, utilities, equipment maintenance, environmental health and safety compliance, quality and production control and procurement; direct labor; and the cost of mounts and related installation accessories. In addition, we include provisions for estimated future warranty claims in our cost of revenue. Because our cost of producing our photovoltaic systems has exceeded their selling price to date, our cost of revenue has also included provisions to write down the carrying value of our work in process and finished good inventories to their market value.

Gross profit (loss) is the difference between revenue and the cost of revenue, which will be affected by a number of factors, including our average selling prices, foreign exchange rates, our actual manufacturing costs and the utilization of our production facilities. As a result, our gross profit (loss) may vary from quarter to quarter.

Research and development expense

Our research and development expense consists primarily of salaries and personnel-related costs and the cost of products, materials and outside services used in our process and product development activities. Our research and development expense also includes the cost of operating production equipment before it has been qualified for commercial production, including the cost of raw materials for solar modules run through the production line during this qualification phase. We expect our research and development expense to increase in absolute dollars for the foreseeable future as we continue to make improvements in our product performance and manufacturing processes. In the long term, we expect our research and development expense to decline in both absolute dollars and as a percentage of our revenue as we realize economies of scale.

Sales and marketing expense

Our sales and marketing expense consists primarily of salaries and other personnel-related costs, marketing programs and trade show costs, travel expense and other selling expenses. We expect our sales and marketing expense to increase in absolute dollars for the foreseeable future as we continue to increase the number of our sales and channel support personnel worldwide and expand our geographic footprint.

General and administrative expense

Our general and administrative expense consists primarily of salaries and other personnel-related costs, professional fees related to legal, tax and audit services, and facilities costs related to our executive, finance, human resources and legal organizations. We expect our general and administrative expense to increase in absolute dollars for the foreseeable future as we expand our finance, legal and human resources organizations and incur additional accounting, legal and administrative costs associated with being a public company, including complying with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 

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Interest expense

Our interest expense recorded to date was primarily related to our credit facility with HSH Nordbank A.G., or HSH Nordbank, which we used primarily to finance Fab 1 construction and equipment costs. We paid the outstanding balance under the HSH Nordbank credit facility in full in July 2008. Our interest expense also includes amortization of debt issuance costs as well as changes in the fair value of warrants issued in connection with previous financing events.

We capitalize interest incurred under the DOE guaranteed loan facility as the proceeds under the facility are used to fund the construction of Phase I of Fab 2. We expect to continue to capitalize interest incurred under the DOE guaranteed loan facility until Phase I becomes operational.

Interest income

Our interest income consists primarily of interest earned on our cash and cash equivalents.

Other income (expense), net

Our other income (expense), net includes foreign currency gain (loss) resulting from holding assets and liabilities and conducting transactions denominated in currencies other than our functional currency, the U.S. dollar. Our other income (expense), net also includes adjustments to fair market value related to our preferred stock warrants.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our financial statements are prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, or GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, costs and expenses and related disclosures. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. In many instances, we could have reasonably used different accounting estimates, and in other instances, changes in the accounting estimates are reasonably likely to occur from period to period. Accordingly, our actual results could differ significantly from the estimates made by our management. To the extent that there are material differences between these estimates and our actual results, our future financial statement presentation, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows will be affected.

In many cases, the accounting treatment of a particular transaction is specifically dictated by GAAP and does not require management’s judgment in its application, while in other cases, management’s judgment is required in selecting among available alternative accounting standards that allow different accounting treatment for similar transactions. We believe that the accounting policies discussed below are critical to understanding our historical and future performance, as these policies relate to the more significant areas involving management’s judgments and estimates. Our management has reviewed these critical accounting policies, our use of estimates and the related disclosures with our audit committee.

Revenue Recognition

We sell our systems directly to value-added resellers, including system integrators and roofing materials manufacturers, and to system owners. We recognize revenue when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery of the product has occurred, title and risk of loss has passed to the customer, the sales price is fixed or determinable and collectability of the resulting receivable is reasonably assured. Under this policy, we record a trade receivable for the selling price of our product and reduce inventory for the cost of goods sold when delivery occurs in accordance with the terms of the respective sales

 

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agreements. Our only revenue-generating activity is the sale of our photovoltaic systems. We are able to determine that the criteria for revenue recognition have been met by examining objective data, and the only estimates that we generally have to make regarding revenue recognition pertain to the collectibility of the resulting receivable. Other than standard warranty obligations, there are no rights of return or significant post-shipment obligations with respect to our products.

Product Warranties

We provide a limited warranty for defects in materials and workmanship under specified use and service conditions for five years following the installation of our photovoltaic systems. We also warrant to the owner of our photovoltaic systems that panels installed and maintained in accordance with our agreed-upon specifications will produce at least 90% of their initial nameplate panel power rating during the first 10 years following their installation and at least 80% of their initial nameplate panel power rating during the following 15 years. In resolving claims under both the defects and the performance warranties, we have the option of either repairing or replacing the panels. In addition, under the performance warranty, we also have the option of either providing additional panels or providing monetary compensation to compensate for the shortfall in performance. Generally, our warranties are automatically transferred from the original purchaser of our photovoltaic systems to a subsequent purchaser. We accrue for warranty costs when revenue is recognized using amounts estimated based on historical experience with warranty claims, monitoring of field installation sites, in-house testing and the historical experience of comparable companies within the industry. In estimating warranty costs, we first consider historical warranty claim experience, monitoring of field installations and the results of in-house testing as a basis. However, given the relatively short history of our products deployed in the field, we also assess the reasonableness of our warranty costs estimate by comparing the rate of our warranty costs to the rates used by comparable companies in our industry with longer operating histories. We have not assigned any particular weight to one factor over another in estimating our warranty costs. Based on these factors, we have accrued our warranty provision at a rate of 1.5% of revenue. To date, actual costs to provide warranty services have been immaterial. Our in-house testing includes accelerated life cycle testing, which continuously exposes our photovoltaic systems to simulated sunlight conditions, such that multiple years of sunlight exposure can be replicated in a much shorter period of time. To date, we have been able to simulate approximately 20 years of continuous sunlight exposure through our accelerated life cycle testing. We also subject our systems to extreme stress and climate conditions in both environmental and simulation chambers and in actual field deployments. While we believe that the results of such testing are a reasonable basis for estimating future warranty costs, our estimates could prove to be materially different from the actual performance of our systems. If we experience an increase in warranty claims above our estimates, we would increase our warranty accrual.

Inventory Valuation

We value our inventory at the lower of cost or market. Two primary factors, the average selling price of our systems and our manufacturing cost, impact the realizable value of our inventory, and accordingly, we continually evaluate the recoverability of our inventory based on our assumptions about customer demand, market conditions and our manufacturing cost. We regularly review the cost of inventory against its estimated market value and record a lower of cost or market write-down if any inventories have a cost in excess of their estimated market value. The write-down is equal to the difference between the cost of our inventory and its estimated market value based upon our assumptions about future demand and market conditions. If actual market conditions are less favorable than those projected by our management, additional inventory reserves or write-downs may be required that could negatively impact our gross profit (loss) and operating results. If actual market conditions are more favorable, there would be a positive impact on gross profit (loss) when products that have been previously reserved or written down are eventually sold.

 

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Stock-Based Compensation

Our stock-based compensation expense is as follows (in thousands):

 

     Fiscal Years Ended
     December 29,
2007
   January 3,
2009
   January 2,
2010

Cost of revenue

   $    $ 564    $ 1,668

Research and development

     118      1,744      3,385

Sales and marketing

     7      131      520

General and administrative

     100      1,136      2,811
                    

Total

   $ 225    $ 3,575    $ 8,384
                    

Stock-based compensation expense for each stock-based award is determined using the grant date fair value of the award, and is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite employee service period, which is generally the vesting period for the award. Stock-based compensation expense recognized in our statements of operations is based on awards ultimately expected to vest and has been reduced for estimated forfeitures. We estimate the number of awards that will be forfeited at the time of grant and revise these estimates, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates.

We use the Black-Scholes option pricing model to estimate the grant date fair value of our employee stock options. This model was developed for use in estimating the value of publicly traded options that have no vesting restrictions and are fully transferable, characteristics which are not present in our options. Accordingly, the Black-Scholes model may not provide a reliable measure of the grant date fair values of our stock options. Consequently, there is a risk that our estimates of the grant date fair values of these awards may bear little resemblance to the actual values realized upon exercise. Stock options may expire or otherwise result in zero intrinsic value as compared to the fair values originally estimated on the grant date and reported in our financial statements. Alternatively, value may be realized from these instruments that are significantly higher than the fair values originally estimated on the grant date and reported in our financial statements.

Determining the grant date fair value of stock-based awards using the Black-Scholes model is affected by the value of the underlying stock on the date of grant, which we determined as described below, as well as by assumptions regarding a number of complex and subjective variables. These variables include the expected term of the awards, expected stock price volatility over the term of the awards, assumed risk-free interest rates and expected dividends. For the 2007, 2008 and 2009 fiscal years, we calculated the fair value of options granted to our employees using the following assumptions:

 

     Fiscal Years Ended
     December 29,
2007
   January 3,
2009
   January 2,
2010

Risk-free interest rate

   4.41% - 4.68%    1.67% - 3.31%    1.79% - 2.71%

Expected term (years)

   6.3    6.0 - 6.3    6.0 - 6.3

Volatility

   83.5%    66.3% - 81.5%    65.0%

Expected dividends

   0.0%    0.0%    0.0%

Because our stock is not publicly traded, we estimate expected volatility based on historical volatilities of comparable publicly traded companies. The expected term was determined utilizing the “simplified” method as prescribed by authoritative guidance, which uses the midpoint between the vesting date and the end of the contractual term. The risk-free interest rate is based on U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issues with remaining terms similar to the expected term on the options. Because we have never

 

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declared or paid cash dividends and do not expect to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future, the expected dividend yield was assumed to be zero. If we determine that another method to estimate expected volatility or expected term is more reasonable than our current methods, or if another method for calculating these assumptions is prescribed by authoritative guidance, the fair value calculated for future stock-based awards could change significantly from past awards, even if the principal terms of the awards are similar. Higher volatility and longer expected terms result in an increase to stock-based compensation determined at the date of grant. The expected dividend rate and expected risk-free interest rate are not as significant to the calculation of fair value.

In addition, in determining stock-based compensation expense, we develop an estimate of the number of stock-based awards that we expect to vest. Quarterly changes in our estimates of award forfeiture rates and further adjustments when the awards actually vest can have a significant effect on reported stock-based compensation. Increases to the estimated forfeiture rate will result in a decrease to the expense recognized in our financial statements during the quarter of the change and future quarters. Decreases in the estimated forfeiture rate will result in an increase to the expense recognized in the financial statements during the quarter of the change and future quarters. These adjustments affect our cost of revenue, research and development expense, sales and marketing expense and general and administrative expense. The expense we recognize in future periods could differ significantly from the current period and our forecasts due to adjustments in the estimated number of stock-based awards that we expect to vest and further adjustments when the awards actually vest.

The following table lists the stock option grants made to employees during the fiscal years ended January 3, 2009 and January 2, 2010:

 

Date of Grant

   Number of
Shares
Granted
   Exercise Price  

February 14, 2008

   2,057,160    $ 1.60   

February 27, 2008

   266,500      1.60   

August 14, 2008

   715,000      11.10 (1) 

September 15, 2008

   1,519,400      11.10 (2) 

December 19, 2008

   40,000      3.35   

December 23, 2008

   1,464,480      3.35   

January 27, 2009

   95,000      3.35   

March 9, 2009

   72,000      3.35   

March 17, 2009

   65,000      3.35   

April 20, 2009

   73,000      3.35   

September 4, 2009

   18,051,120      1.39   

December 3, 2009

   1,166,500      3.54   

 

(1) On January 27, 2009, the options that were granted on August 14, 2008 were repriced to have a new exercise price of $3.35 per share, which was the fair value of our common stock on the date of the repricing.
(2) On December 23, 2008, options for 1,464,400 shares of common stock that were granted on September 15, 2008 were repriced to have a new exercise price of $3.35 per share, which was the fair value of our common stock on the date of the repricing. The remaining options that had been granted on September 15, 2008 had either been exercised or had expired unexercised prior to the date of repricing.

For all periods, we granted employees stock options at exercise prices equal to the fair value of the underlying common stock at the time of grant, as determined by our board of directors. Given the absence of an active market for our common stock prior to this offering, our board of directors considered numerous objective and subjective factors in valuing our common stock in accordance with the guidance

 

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in the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants Technical Practice Aid, “Valuation of Privately-Held-Company Equity Securities Issued as Compensation,” which we refer to as the AICPA Practice Aid. These objective and subjective factors included:

 

  Ÿ  

the price at which shares of our preferred stock had been sold to investors;

 

  Ÿ  

the rights, preferences and privileges of our preferred stock relative to those of our common stock;

 

  Ÿ  

our operating and financial performance;

 

  Ÿ  

hiring of key personnel;

 

  Ÿ  

certification and commercialization of our products;

 

  Ÿ  

our stage of development and revenue growth;

 

  Ÿ  

the lack of an active public market for our common and preferred stock;

 

  Ÿ  

industry information such as market growth and volume;

 

  Ÿ  

the performance of similarly situated companies in our industry;

 

  Ÿ  

the execution of sales and strategic agreements;

 

  Ÿ  

the risks inherent in the development and expansion of our products; and

 

  Ÿ  

the likelihood of achieving a liquidity event, such as an initial public offering or a sale of our company, given prevailing market conditions and the nature and history of our business.

Our board of directors also considered common stock valuations performed as of December 6, 2007, August 8, 2008, November 1, 2008, July 6, 2009 and October 12, 2009 in determining the grant date fair value of our common stock. These valuations resulted in the following estimates of the fair value of our common stock:

 

Valuation Date

   Fair Value
Per Share

December 6, 2007

   $ 1.60

August 8, 2008

     11.10

November 1, 2008

     3.35

July 6, 2009

     1.39

October 12, 2009

     3.54

The common stock valuations as of December 6, 2007, August 8, 2008, November 1, 2008 and July 6, 2009 utilized the prior sale of company stock method as the primary method in estimating our enterprise value, as the AICPA Practice Aid indicates a third-party transaction between a willing buyer and a willing seller is the best indication of the fair value of an enterprise. The primary sale of company stock method focuses on prior arm’s-length sales of equity interests in determining fair value. Considerations that were factored into the prior sale of company stock method included: (1) the size and amount of equity interests sold; (2) the relationship of the parties involved in the sale transaction; (3) the timing of the sale compared to the valuation date; and (4) the financial condition and structure of the company at the time of the sale.

The income approach was then used to evaluate the reasonableness of the results arrived under the prior sale of company stock method. Under the income approach, the fair value of a business is estimated based on the cash flows that the business can be expected to generate over its remaining life. In applying the income approach, our estimated cash flows for the current year and the three succeeding years were converted to their present value equivalent using a rate of return appropriate for the risk of achieving our projected cash flows. The present value of the estimated cash flows was then added to the present value

 

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equivalent of the residual value of the business at the end of projection period to arrive at an estimate of the fair value of the business.

Once the enterprise value was estimated pursuant to the foregoing analyses, the value was allocated among the company’s debt and its various classes of equity based on the characteristics of each such class and its claim on the company’s assets. Stock characteristics that were factored into the analyses included liquidation preferences, participation features, convertibility features and value sharing between classes of stock.

The common stock valuation as of December 6, 2007 was performed following our sale of shares of our Series C-2 preferred stock in December 2007 at a price of $11.5515 per share to several venture capital and private equity firms, including five new investors. The price per share for the Series C-2 shares and the terms of the transaction were the result of negotiations between us and the Series C-2 investors. The Series C-2 price was utilized in performing the primary sale of company stock analysis. Factors considered in calculating the enterprise value implied in the financing transaction included the total size of the investment, the preference of other securities relative to the Series C-2 preferred stock, an estimated asset volatility of 55.0%, an estimated time to liquidation of 0.91 years and a risk-free rate of return of 3.2%. The income approach used to corroborate the results of the primary sale of company stock analysis assumed a cash flow discount rate of 70% and a terminal multiple of 5.3x revenue, which was based on comparable company data.

The common stock valuation as of August 8, 2008 was performed following our initial sale of Series D-3 preferred stock in August 2008 at a price of $23.0017 per share to several venture capital and private equity firms. The price per share for the Series D-3 shares and the terms of the transaction were the result of negotiations between us and the Series D-3 investors. The Series D-3 price was utilized in performing the primary sale of company stock analysis. Factors considered in calculating the enterprise value implied in the financing transaction included the total size of the investment, the preference of other securities relative to the Series D-3 preferred stock, an estimated asset volatility of 175.0%, an estimated time to liquidation of 0.64 years and a risk-free rate of return of 2.0%. The income approach used to corroborate the results of the primary sale of company stock analysis assumed a cash flow discount rate of 30% and a terminal multiple of 3.5x revenue, which was based on comparable company data.

The common stock valuation as of November 1, 2008 was performed following our execution of a term sheet relating to the sale of Series E preferred stock at a price of $10.0589 per share to several venture capital and private equity firms. The term sheet contemplated that the price at which each share of Series E preferred stock would be converted into common stock would automatically be reduced to $7.3668 per share if we were unable to satisfy certain conditions by July 31, 2009. The price per share for the Series E shares and the terms of the transaction were the result of negotiations between us and the Series E investors. The two potential Series E prices were utilized in performing the primary sale of company stock analysis, with the enterprise value determined based on the average of the two outcomes. Factors considered in calculating the enterprise value implied in the financing transaction included the total size of the investment, the preference of other securities relative to the Series E preferred stock, an estimated asset volatility of 100.0%, an estimated time to liquidation of 2.00 years and a risk-free rate of return of 1.56%. The income approach used to corroborate the results of the primary sale of company stock analysis assumed a cash flow discount rate of 20% and a terminal multiple of 3.7x revenue in the $10.0589 scenario and 3.2x revenue in the $7.3668 scenario, which were based on comparable company data.

The common stock valuation as of July 6, 2009 was performed following our execution of a term sheet relating to the sale of Series F preferred stock at a price of $3.9643 per share to several venture capital, private equity firms and other accredited investors, including 27 new investors. The price per share for the Series F shares and the terms of the transaction were the result of negotiations between us and the Series F investors. The Series F price was utilized in performing the primary sale of company

 

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stock analysis. Factors considered in calculating the enterprise value implied in the financing transaction included the total size of the investment, the preference of other securities relative to the Series F preferred stock, an estimated asset volatility of 115.0%, an estimated time to liquidation of 1.5 years and a risk-free rate of return of 0.72%. The income approach used to corroborate the results of the primary sale of company stock analysis assumed a cash flow discount rate of 45% and a terminal multiple of 3.0x revenue, which was based on comparable company data.

Commencing on the valuation date of October 12, 2009, our board of directors began utilizing a probability-weighted expected return method to estimate the fair value of our common stock. The recent growth and expansion of our business, combined with the general improvement in capital markets, has allowed us to better forecast the occurrence of a liquidity event within the next two years. This valuation model considered the probability of each of the following scenarios occurring within a two-year period from the date of valuation:

 

  Ÿ  

an initial public offering of our common stock with a range of assumed enterprise values on five different dates between June 30, 2010 and June 30, 2011; and

 

  Ÿ  

remaining a private company.

In applying this probability-weighted expected return method, our board of directors reviewed our enterprise value determined by both a discounted cash flow valuation method and a market comparable method, incorporating adjustments to the enterprise value in light of their consideration of the general economic factors described above. Our board of directors, based on its discussions with our management, reviewed and determined the probability of the occurrence of each of the six scenarios over the following two year-period. Our board of directors then considered an appropriate marketability discount, reflecting the lack of marketability of our common stock, to determine the estimated fair value of our common stock at such valuation date.

The valuation as of October 12, 2009 reflected marketability discounts ranging from 16% to 26% depending on the scenario. The probability of an initial public offering was estimated to be between 5% and 25% in the two-year period following the valuation date, with a probability applied to five different possible initial public offering dates within that period. The discounted cash flow analysis assumed a discount rate of 14%.

Based on the foregoing considerations, our board of directors determined the grant date fair value of our common stock for stock option grants made to employees during the fiscal years ended January 3, 2009 and January 2, 2010 as follows:

 

  Ÿ  

At each grant date in February 2008, our board of directors considered numerous objective and subjective factors, including the most recent valuation of our common stock as of December 6, 2007, in determining the fair value of our common stock. Significant events that had occurred subsequent to the most recent prior grant date in November 2007 and led to assumption and valuation changes included: the sale of $154.0 million of our Series C-2 preferred stock in December 2007 at a price per share of $11.5515; the signing of several letters of intent to enter into framework agreements for the sale of our photovoltaic systems; and our hiring of a chief financial officer in January 2008.

 

  Ÿ  

At each grant date in August and September 2008, our board of directors considered numerous objective and subjective factors, including the most recent valuation of our common stock as of August 8, 2008, in determining the fair value of our common stock. Significant events that had occurred subsequent to the most recent prior grant date in February 2008 and led to assumption and valuation changes included: shipment of our first beta products to a customer site in May 2008; submission of our DOE loan guarantee application for Phase I of Fab 2 in June 2008; the sale of $25.0 million of our Series D-2 preferred stock in July 2008 at a price of $18.4014 per share; the sale of $119.1 million of convertible notes in July and August 2008, the proceeds of

 

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which were used to refinance existing debt; the sale of an aggregate of $50.0 million of our Series D-3 preferred stock in August and September 2008 at a price of $23.0017 per share; and the signing of framework agreements with two customers, which provided for the sale of our photovoltaic systems.

 

  Ÿ  

At each grant date in December 2008 and January, March and April 2009, our board of directors considered numerous objective and subjective factors, including the most recent valuation of our common stock as of November 1, 2008, in determining the fair value of our common stock. Significant events that had occurred subsequent to the most recent prior grant date in September 2008 and led to assumption and valuation changes included: the sale of an additional $25.0 million of Series D-3 preferred stock in October 2008 at a price of $23.0017 per share; the sale of $97.0 million of our Series E preferred stock in November 2008 at a price of $10.0589 per share, which represented a significantly reduced valuation relative to our last round of financing and the terms of which contemplated an automatic reduction in the conversion price of the Series E preferred stock if we were unable to satisfy certain conditions by July 31, 2009; the sale of an aggregate of $50.0 million of Series E preferred stock to existing investors in January and February 2009 at a price of $10.0589 per share; the recording of our first revenue; and approval of our application for a $535 million DOE loan guarantee for Phase I of Fab 2. In addition, during this period the global credit crisis had a significant impact on the solar industry, as funding for several current and planned solar installations had been halted due to economic uncertainty and the lack of availability of credit financing. The credit crisis also had a significant adverse impact on the equity capital markets, resulting in significantly reduced valuations for many companies and a decreased likelihood of our ability to achieve a liquidity event.

 

  Ÿ  

With respect to the grant date in September 2009, our board of directors considered numerous objective and subjective factors, including the most recent valuation of our common stock as of July 6, 2009, in determining the fair value of our common stock. Significant events that had occurred subsequent to the most recent prior grant date in April 2009 and led to assumption and valuation changes included: the adjustment to the conversion price for our Series E preferred from $10.0589 per share to $7.3668 per share upon our failure to satisfy certain conditions specified in the Series E financing agreements; the sale of $286.0 million of our Series F preferred stock in September 2009 at a price of $3.9643 per share, which represented a significantly reduced valuation relative to our last round of financing; the achievement of increased revenue; the signing of framework agreements with two additional customers, which provided for the sale of our photovoltaic systems; and the financial closing of the DOE guaranteed loan facility relating to Phase I of Fab 2 in September 2009.

 

  Ÿ  

With respect to the grant date in December 2009, our board of directors considered numerous objective and subjective factors, including the most recent valuation of our common stock as of October 12, 2009, in determining the fair value of our common stock. Significant events that had occurred subsequent to the most recent prior grant date in September 2009 and led to assumption and valuation changes included: the signing of framework agreements with two additional customers, which provided for the sale of our photovoltaic systems; commencement of preparatory activities for an initial public offering and the increased likelihood of a liquidity event; and improvement in current market and general economic conditions.

We believe consideration of the factors described above by our board of directors was a reasonable approach to estimating the fair value of our common stock for those periods. Determining the fair value of our stock requires complex and subjective judgments, however, and there is inherent uncertainty in our estimates of fair value.

 

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Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

We evaluate our long-lived assets for indicators of possible impairment by comparison of the carrying amounts to future net undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by such assets when events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Should an impairment exist, the impairment loss would be measured based on the excess carrying value of the asset over the asset’s estimated fair value. We recorded $31.6 million of asset impairment charges during the nine months ended September 27, 2008. The asset impairment charges were recorded for certain vacuum tools to be used as pre-production equipment that we originally purchased during fiscal years 2007 and 2008 with the intention of using them in our thin film deposition process. Prior to releasing our manufacturing equipment into the production environment, we subject it to a rigorous qualification process, which includes testing of its throughput, yield and reliability against our pre-determined, production-ready parameters. After several months of failing to pass our qualification testing, we determined that this pre-production equipment did not qualify for production use and had no alternative use and, therefore, was expensed as an impaired asset.

Income Taxes

We account for income taxes under the asset and liability method, which requires, among other things, that deferred income taxes be provided for temporary differences between the tax basis of our assets and liabilities and the amounts reported in the financial statements. In addition, deferred tax assets are recorded for the future benefit of utilizing net operating losses and research and development credit carryforwards. A valuation allowance is provided against deferred tax assets unless it is more likely than not that they will be realized. Due to our history of operating losses and uncertainty of future income, we have recorded a full valuation allowance against our net deferred tax assets.

Effective December 31, 2006, we adopted authoritative guidance that prescribes a recognition threshold and a measurement attribute for the financial statement recognition and measurement of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. For those benefits to be recognized, a tax position must be more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by taxing authorities. We assess all material positions taken in any income tax return, including all significant uncertain positions, in all tax years that are still subject to assessment or challenge by relevant taxing authorities. Assessing an uncertain tax position begins with the initial determination of the position’s sustainability and is measured at the largest amount of benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. As of each balance sheet date, unresolved uncertain tax positions must be reassessed, and we will determine whether (i) the factors underlying the sustainability assertion have changed and (ii) the amount of the recognized tax benefit is still appropriate. The recognition and measurement of tax benefits requires significant judgment. Judgments concerning the recognition and measurement of a tax benefit might change as new information becomes available.

 

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Results of Operations

 

     Fiscal Years Ended  
     December 29,
2007
    January 3,
2009
    January 2,
2010
 
     (in thousands, except per share data)  

Statements of Operations:

      

Revenue

   $      $ 6,005      $ 100,465   

Cost of revenue

            44,435        162,166   
                        

Gross profit (loss)

            (38,430     (61,701

Research and development

     85,859        125,499        84,591   

Sales and marketing

     2,677        4,838        9,317   

General and administrative

     23,279        21,221        21,541   

Asset impairment charges

            31,610          
                        

Operating loss

     (111,815     (221,598     (177,150

Interest expense

     (6,906     (12,444     (1,576

Interest income

     2,829        1,870        282   

Other income (expense), net

     1,764        107        5,949   
                        

Net loss

   $ (114,128   $ (232,065   $ (172,495
                        

Comparison of the fiscal years ended January 2, 2010 and January 3, 2009

Revenue.    Revenue increased from $6.0 million in the fiscal year ended January 3, 2009 to $100.5 million in the fiscal year ended January 2, 2010 as a result of the increase in MW volume sold. The increase in MW volume sold was primarily attributable to the continued production ramp at Fab 1 and continued improvements to our manufacturing process and yields. In addition, we did not begin recognizing revenue until July 2008, when we commenced commercial product shipments. During the fiscal years ended January 3, 2009 and January 2, 2010, 69% and 49%, respectively, of our revenue resulted from sales to customers located in Germany, all of which sales were denominated in Euro.

Cost of revenue.    Cost of revenue increased from $44.4 million in the fiscal year ended January 3, 2009 to $162.2 million in the fiscal year ended January 2, 2010. The increase was due to higher production and sales volumes, which resulted from the continued production ramp at Fab 1 and the commencement of commercial product shipments in July 2008. Prior to the commencement of commercial product shipments, we recorded all of our factory operating costs as research and development expense. The increase in cost of revenue was primarily due to a $37.9 million increase in direct material expense and a $74.5 million increase in manufacturing overhead costs. The increase in manufacturing overhead costs was primarily due to a $42.7 million increase in salaries and personnel-related expenses and freight and logistics costs associated with manufacturing our product, a $12.8 million increase in facility and related expenses and a $19.0 million increase in depreciation expense, in each case, primarily resulting from increased infrastructure associated with the continued production ramp at Fab 1.

Gross profit (loss).    To date, we have experienced negative gross margin, primarily due to the impact of our fixed manufacturing costs being spread over low manufacturing volume at Fab 1, resulting in our per-watt production costs exceeding the selling price of our panels. Our cost of revenue also included a write-down of the carrying value of our work in process and finished goods inventories to their market value. In order to reduce our per-watt production costs and achieve positive gross margin, we intend to increase our production volume significantly through a combination of expansion of capacity at Fab 1 and the addition of Fab 2, manufacturing process improvements and product enhancements.

 

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Research and development expense.    Research and development expense decreased from $125.5 million in the fiscal year ended January 3, 2009 to $84.6 million in the fiscal year ended January 2, 2010. The decrease was primarily attributable to a decrease of $20.6 million of research and development related factory costs, $6.3 million in personnel-related expenses and a decrease in product development expenses of $6.2 million. Additionally, contractor and consulting expense decreased $2.5 million and equipment repair and maintenance expense decreased $4.2 million. During fiscal 2008, certain employees moved out of the research and development function into manufacturing operations, where their costs are recorded as cost of revenue to support production in Fab 1. The factory-related costs recorded as research and development expense decreased significantly starting in July 2008, when we commenced commercial product shipments, after which time such costs have been recorded as cost of revenue.

Sales and marketing expense.    Sales and marketing expense increased from $4.8 million in the fiscal year ended January 3, 2009 to $9.3 million in the fiscal year ended January 2, 2010. The increase was driven by an increase in personnel-related expenses of $3.5 million due to the increase in our sales and marketing headcount to support increasing sales volume worldwide. In addition, stock-based compensation expense increased $0.4 million and travel expenses increased by $0.8 million.

General and administrative expense.    General and administrative expense increased from $21.2 million in the fiscal year ended January 3, 2009 to $21.5 million in the fiscal year ended January 2, 2010. The increase was primarily due to increases in stock-based compensation expense of $1.7 million, expenses of $2.5 million for insurance and demolition work for Fab 2, which is currently under construction, and an increase in bad debt expense of $2.1 million, offset by decreases in facilities and information systems related expenses of $5.5 million and travel expenses of $0.4 million. The facilities and information systems related expenses recorded as general and administrative expense decreased significantly starting in July 2008, when we commenced commercial product shipments, after which time such costs have been recorded as cost of revenue. General and administrative expense for the fiscal year ended January 2, 2010 included $1.0 million of legal and travel expenses related to financing transactions.

Interest expense.    Interest expense decreased from $12.4 million in the fiscal year ended January 3, 2009 to $1.6 million in the fiscal year ended January 2, 2010. Interest expense for the fiscal year ended January 2, 2010 was primarily related to a revolving loan facility with Argonaut and a loan facility with the Federal Financing Bank guaranteed by the DOE. Interest expense for the fiscal year ended January 3, 2009 was primarily related to interest and other charges on a credit facility with HSH Nordbank and interest expense on a bridge loan. Interest expense for the fiscal year ended January 2, 2010 decreased as we paid off the outstanding balance under the HSH Nordbank credit facility in July 2008 and the bridge loan converted into Series E preferred stock in November 2008.

Interest income.    Interest income decreased from $1.9 million in the fiscal year ended January 3, 2009 to $0.3 million in the fiscal year ended January 2, 2010. This decrease was primarily due to lower interest rates and lower average cash balances.

Other income (expense), net.    Other income (expense), net increased from income of $0.1 million in the fiscal year ended January 3, 2009 to income of $5.9 million in the fiscal year ended January 2, 2010. Other income (expense), net for the fiscal year ended January 2, 2010 primarily related to a benefit of $6.5 million for fair value adjustments related to our preferred stock warrants, offset by $0.4 million of foreign exchange losses.

Comparison of the fiscal years ended January 3, 2009 and December 29, 2007

Revenue.    We commenced commercial product shipments in July 2008, at which point we began recognizing revenue. During the fiscal year ended January 3, 2009, 69% of our revenue resulted from sales to customers located in Germany, all of which sales were denominated in Euro.

 

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Cost of revenue.    Prior to our commencement of commercial product shipments in July 2008, we recorded all of our factory operating costs as research and development expense. Cost of revenue for the fiscal year ended January 3, 2009 included the cost of raw materials, provisions to write down inventories to their market value, depreciation, direct labor, manufacturing overhead including facility related costs, equipment maintenance, quality control and procurement. Cost of revenue for the fiscal year ended January 3, 2009 also included $0.6 million of stock-based compensation expense.

Research and development expense.    Research and development expense increased from $85.9 million in the fiscal year ended December 29, 2007 to $125.5 million in the fiscal year ended January 3, 2009. The increase was primarily due to increases in payroll, tooling and material related expenses of $32.6 million, contractor and consulting expense of $3.2 million, and stock-based compensation expense of $1.6 million. The increases in these expenses were primarily driven by our effort to commence commercial product shipments at Fab 1, which we achieved in July 2008.

Sales and marketing expense.    Sales and marketing expense increased from $2.7 million in the fiscal year ended December 29, 2007 to $4.8 million in the fiscal year ended January 3, 2009. The increase was driven by an increase in public relations expense of $1.2 million as we commenced commercial product shipments in July 2008 and increased our global marketing activities. In addition, personnel-related expenses increased by $0.4 million due to the increase in our sales and marketing headcount from six as of December 29, 2007 to 12 as of January 3, 2009 to support increasing sales volume worldwide, and consulting expense increased by $0.3 million.

General and administrative expense.    General and administrative expense decreased from $23.3 million in the fiscal year ended December 29, 2007 to $21.2 million in the fiscal year ended January 3, 2009. The decrease was primarily due to decreases in depreciation expense and logistics costs of $1.6 million and $1.8 million, respectively, offset by an increase in personnel related expenses of $1.8 million. The depreciation and logistics related expenses recorded as general and administrative expense decreased starting in July 2008 as we commenced commercial product shipments, after which time such costs have been recorded as cost of revenue. General and administrative expense for the fiscal year ended January 3, 2009 included $1.0 million of legal and travel expenses related to financing transactions.

Asset impairment charges.    We recorded $31.6 million of asset impairment charges during the fiscal year ended January 3, 2009. The asset impairment charges were recorded for certain vacuum tools to be used as pre-production equipment that we originally purchased during fiscal years 2007 and 2008 with the intention of using them in our thin film deposition process. After several months of failing to pass our qualification testing, we determined that this pre-production equipment did not qualify for production use and had no alternative future use and, therefore, should be impaired.

Interest expense.    Interest expense increased from $6.9 million in the fiscal year ended December 29, 2007 to $12.4 million in the fiscal year ended January 3, 2009. Interest expense for the fiscal year ended January 3, 2009 primarily related to interest and other charges on a credit facility with HSH Nordbank and interest expense on a bridge loan. Interest expense for the fiscal ended December 29, 2007 primarily consisted of interest on the HSH Nordbank credit facility that we signed in April 2007 and changes in the fair value of an interest rate swap contract.

Interest income.    Interest income decreased from $2.8 million in the fiscal year ended December 29, 2007 to $1.9 million in the fiscal year ended January 3, 2009, primarily due to lower interest rates and lower average cash balances.

Other income (expense), net.    Other income (expense), net decreased from income of $1.8 million in the fiscal year ended December 29, 2007 to income of $0.1 million in the fiscal year ended January 3, 2009. Other income (expense), net for the fiscal year ended December 29, 2007 primarily consisted of $1.8 million of foreign exchange gains, which represented the change in fair value of foreign currency forward contracts. We used forward contracts to protect against the foreign currency exchange rate risk inherent in

 

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our equipment purchases denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, primarily the Euro. We did not have any foreign currency forward contracts during the fiscal year ended January 3, 2009.

Quarterly Results of Operations

The following table presents our unaudited quarterly results of operations for the last eight quarters ended January 2, 2010. You should read the following table in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes contained elsewhere in this prospectus. In the opinion of management, the unaudited financial information presented below has been prepared on the same basis as our audited consolidated financial statements, and includes all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, that we consider necessary for a fair presentation of our financial position and operating results for the quarters presented. Operating results for any quarter are not necessarily indicative of the results for any future quarters or for a full year.

 

    For the fiscal quarters ended  
    March 29,
2008
    June 28,
2008
    Sept 27,
2008
    Jan 3,
2009
    April 4,
2009
    July 4,
2009
    Oct 3,
2009
    Jan 2,
2010
 
    (Unaudited)  
    (in thousands, except per share data)  

Revenue

  $      $      $ 1,501      $ 4,504      $ 8,237      $ 14,149      $ 36,427      $ 41,651   

Cost of revenue

                  21,395        23,040        25,843        30,298        52,179        53,845   
                                                               

Gross profit (loss)

                  (19,894     (18,536     (17,606     (16,149     (15,752     (12,194
                                                               

Operating expenses:

               

Research and development

    27,721        39,459        26,246        32,073        24,931        19,940        16,761        22,959   

Sales and marketing

    742        1,163        1,370        1,563        1,305        1,989        2,611        3,412   

General and administrative

    5,052        6,205        5,547        4,415        3,127        2,927        4,580        10,907   

Asset impairment charges

                  31,610                                      
                                                               

Total operating expenses

    33,515        46,827        64,773        38,051        29,363        24,856        23,952        37,278   
                                                               

Loss from operations

    (33,515     (46,827     (84,667     (56,587     (46,969     (41,005     (39,704     (49,472

Interest expense

    (3,826     1,178        (8,122     (1,674                   (807     (769

Interest income

    1,094        400        248        129        42        29        60        151   

Other income (expense), net

    (965     (2,946     (1,899     5,917        571        (151     8,173        (2,644
                                                               

Net loss

  $ (37,212   $ (48,195   $ (94,440   $ (52,215   $ (46,356   $ (41,127   $ (32,278   $ (52,734
                                                               

Deemed dividend on preferred stock

                         (10,452                            
                                                               

Net loss attributable to common stockholders

  $ (37,212   $ (48,195   $ (94,440   $ (62,667   $ (46,356   $ (41,127   $ (32,278   $ (52,734
                                                               

Net loss per share:

               

Basic and Diluted

  $ (4.11   $ (4.92   $ (8.97   $ (5.57   $ (3.88   $ (3.26   $ (2.43   $ (3.76
                                                               

Weighted average number of shares used in per share calculations:

               

Basic and Diluted

    9,061        9,802        10,532        11,247        11,951        12,607        13,294        14,019   
                                                               

 

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Revenue and cost of revenue increased in each of the quarters ended September 27, 2008 through January 2, 2010, primarily because of the significant increase in the MW volume of systems sold during that period. We were able to increase the MW volume sold primarily as a result of the production ramp at Fab 1. Our quarterly results may fluctuate due to seasonality in the purchase decisions of our customers. For example, in European countries with feed-in tariffs, the construction of photovoltaic systems may be concentrated during the second half of the calendar year, largely due to annual reductions of the applicable minimum feed-in tariffs and the fact that the coldest winter months are January through March. In the United States, customers will sometimes make purchasing decisions towards the end of the year in order to take advantage of tax credits or for budgetary reasons. In addition, construction levels are typically lower in colder months.

Operating expenses increased in each of the quarters ended December 29, 2007 through September 27, 2008 primarily due to our increased research and development activities to prepare for the commencement of commercial shipments of our systems, which occurred in July 2008. The operating expenses for the quarter ended September 27, 2008 included $31.6 million of asset impairment charges related to certain pre-production equipment that we determined would not qualify for production use and which had no alternative future use. In each of the quarters ended January 3, 2009 through October 3, 2009, our operating expenses decreased due to our commencement of commercial shipments of our systems in July 2008. We began recording certain costs, such as personnel-related expenses and facilities and information systems costs, previously recorded as research and development expense or general and administrative expense, as cost of revenue beginning in July 2008. Our research and development expense was incrementally higher in each of the quarters ended June 28, 2008 and January 3, 2009 as a result of preproduction qualification of additional tools added during these quarters. Operating expenses for the quarter ended January 2, 2010 increased as we incurred expenses associated with the construction of Fab 2 such as construction-related insurance and demolition costs. We expect that operating expenses will fluctuate from quarter to quarter as we continue to incur start-up and pre-production costs related to the construction of Fab 2. Operating expenses for the quarter ended January 2, 2010 also included $1.4 million of bad debt expense related to certain outstanding accounts receivable which were deemed uncollectible.

Interest expense for the nine months ended September 27, 2008 included $9.7 million of charges related to the payoff of the HSH Nordbank credit facility in July 2008.

Other income (expense), net for all periods presented include the changes in fair value of our preferred stock warrants outstanding during the period. We expect to have fluctuations in other income (expense), net attributed to the re-measurement of preferred stock warrant fair value until the completion of this offering, at which time the preferred stock warrants will become exercisable for common stock.

A deemed dividend on preferred stock of $10.5 million for the three months ended January 3, 2009 was recorded in connection with the issuance of a portion of Series E preferred stock in exchange for a portion of Series D-3 preferred stock in November 2008. We do not believe we will incur similar charges in the foreseeable future.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Sources of Liquidity

Since our inception, we have funded our operations primarily through private placements of preferred stock, bridge loans, term loans and revolving credit facilities. From inception through the fiscal year ended January 2, 2010, we have raised an aggregate of approximately $970 million through equity financings, including $286.0 million from the issuance of Series F convertible preferred stock in September 2009. In addition, as of January 2, 2010, we had $140.9 million of borrowings outstanding under our DOE guaranteed loan facility. As of January 2, 2010, we had unrestricted cash and cash equivalents of $50.3 million and net accounts receivable of $34.0 million. As of January 2, 2010, we also had $151.3 million in a restricted cash account, which primarily represented our anticipated equity

 

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contributions to Phase I of Fab 2. The cash held in this restricted account will be released as we incur construction costs for Phase I and draw upon the DOE guaranteed loan facility.

We currently have two existing loan facilities pursuant to which we can borrow up to an aggregate of $585 million, which includes the $535 million DOE guaranteed loan facility and a $50 million revolving loan facility with Argonaut Ventures I, L.L.C., or Argonaut. The revolving loan facility contains affirmative and negative covenants, including covenants that limit or restrict our ability to transfer or dispose of assets, change the nature of our business, merge or consolidate, acquire all or substantially all of the assets of any other entity, incur indebtedness, grant liens, pay dividends or distributions, repurchase stock or make investments. The revolving loan facility also contains financial covenants that require us to meet certain minimum commercial shipment and production output targets. As of January 2, 2010, we had no amounts outstanding under the Argonaut revolving loan facility. Upon the consummation of this offering, we will be required to repay any amounts outstanding under the Argonaut facility and will no longer be able to borrow any amounts under this facility.

On September 3, 2009, we and one of our subsidiaries, Solyndra Fab 2 LLC, entered into financing agreements with the Federal Financing Bank and the DOE that provide for a $535 million loan to Solyndra Fab 2 LLC, which we refer to as the Fab 2 Borrower, that is guaranteed by the DOE. The estimated aggregate project costs of Phase I are approximately $733 million, which includes a contingency reserve of approximately $65 million. Under the terms of the DOE guaranteed loan facility, the Fab 2 Borrower may borrow 73% of the costs of the project as they are incurred up to the maximum loan amount of $535 million, with the remaining 27% of such costs to be funded from equity contributions that we were required to make to the Fab 2 Borrower. We were required to pre-fund our equity contribution obligation as a condition to the issuance of the guarantee in an amount equal to $198 million, and we have satisfied this obligation through contributions of land, improvements and other capitalized development costs and the deposit of funds in a cash reserve account set aside to be utilized as project costs are incurred. We are also responsible for 100% of any costs incurred in connection with the development and construction of Phase I in excess of the estimated aggregate Phase I project costs of $733 million. With respect to this cost overrun obligation, we are required to fund an additional cash reserve account of $30 million in six consecutive monthly payments of $5 million commencing December 2010.

The financing agreements contain affirmative and negative covenants, including covenants that limit or restrict the Fab 2 Borrower’s ability to incur indebtedness, grant liens, make investments, incur capital expenditures, merge or consolidate, transfer or dispose of assets, change the nature of its business, pay dividends or distributions or repurchase stock. The Fab 2 Borrower is permitted to make dividends and distributions to us only after meeting certain conditions, including meeting certain debt service coverage ratios or maintaining certain excess cash balances after giving effect to certain loan prepayments in conjunction with such dividends and distributions. The Fab 2 Borrower is also required to maintain a minimum debt service coverage ratio. A breach of the covenants described above could result in an event of default, which in turn could result in the triggering of default interest rates, the acceleration of the outstanding loans and the exercise of remedies by the Federal Financing Bank and the DOE.

We believe that our available cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash combined with borrowings under the DOE guaranteed loan facility and the Argonaut revolving loan facility and the net proceeds from this offering will be sufficient to fund our operations and other capital expenditures for at least the next 12 months. However, given our history of losses and future capital commitments, we may be required to raise additional capital through equity or debt financing if we are not able to achieve and sustain positive cash flow from operations. Reductions in, or eliminations or expirations of, governmental incentives could result in decreased demand for and lower revenue from our photovoltaic systems. For example, reductions in subsidies for feed-in tariffs, such as the recent reduction in France and the recent reductions proposed by the German government, could reduce demand for photovoltaic systems, including our systems, which could affect our ability to achieve and sustain positive cash flow from

 

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operations. Our ability to achieve and sustain positive cash flow from operations could also be adversely affected if we are unable to deliver systems that produce electricity at rates that are competitive with the price of retail electricity on a non-subsidized basis.

We commenced construction of Fab 2 in September 2009 with an expectation of first production output in the first fiscal quarter of 2011. To date, we have met or exceeded our construction timelines for Fab 2 and may commence first production output before the end of fiscal 2010. If Fab 2 production commences in fiscal 2010, we will require additional working capital and need to hire additional employees earlier than initially planned. This may require us to raise additional capital through equity or debt financing. Additionally, future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including the rate of revenue growth, the selling price of our photovoltaic systems, the expansion of sales and marketing activities, the timing and extent of spending on research and development efforts and the continuing market acceptance of our systems. We cannot assure you that, in the event we require additional financing, such financing will be available on terms which are favorable or at all. Failure to generate sufficient cash flows from operations, raise additional capital and reduce discretionary spending or to remain in compliance with the covenants contained in the DOE guaranteed loan facility or the Argonaut revolving credit facility, could have a material adverse effect our ability to achieve our intended business objectives and continue as a going concern. As a result of the foregoing factors, together with our recurring losses from operations, negative cash flows since inception and net stockholders’ deficit, our independent registered public accounting firm included an explanatory paragraph relating to our ability to continue as a going concern in its report on our audited consolidated financial statements for the fiscal year ended January 2, 2010.

Capital Expenditures

Our capital expenditures were $94.8 million in fiscal 2007, $144.5 million in fiscal 2008 and $175.3 million in fiscal 2009.

In 2010, we expect our capital expenditures to be approximately $590 million, of which approximately $450 million is related to Phase I and will be funded by our existing restricted cash and the DOE guaranteed loan facility. Our expected capital expenditures in 2010 also include approximately $110 million for Phase II of Fab 2 and $30 million for the continued manufacturing ramp at Fab 1. We intend to use the proceeds of this offering to finance a portion of the costs of Phase II, which we believe represents a significant opportunity to further expand our production capacity and reduce our costs of manufacturing. We estimate that the costs for Phase II will be approximately $642 million, which amount includes building expansion and improvements, manufacturing equipment, certain sales, marketing and other start-up costs, and a contingency reserve of approximately $53 million. On September 11, 2009, we applied for a second loan guarantee from the DOE, in the amount of approximately $469 million, to partially fund Phase II. If we are unable to obtain the DOE guaranteed loan in whole or in part, we intend to fund any financing shortfall with some combination of the proceeds of this offering, cash flows from operations, debt financing and additional equity financing.

Cash Flows

 

     Fiscal Years Ended  
     December 29,
2007
    January 3,
2009
    January 2,
1010
 
     (in thousands)  

Cash flows from:

      

Operating Activities

   $ (98,049   $ (163,928   $ (170,276

Investing Activities

     (87,031     (137,672     (326,592

Financing Activities

     280,518        235,547        464,910   

Operating activities.    Net cash used in operating activities was $170.3 million in the fiscal year ended January 2, 2010 compared to $163.9 million for the fiscal year ended January 3, 2009. Cash usage during the fiscal year ended January 2, 2010 was primarily driven by cash paid to our suppliers and employees as a

 

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result of an increase in spending across all functions due to the ramp-up in production volume and increases in inventory. This increase was partially offset by increased cash received from our customers as a result of higher revenue, which in turn was offset in part by an increase in accounts receivable.

Net cash used in operating activities was $163.9 million in the fiscal year ended January 3, 2009 compared to $98.0 million for the fiscal year ended December 29, 2007. The increase in cash usage was primarily driven by cash paid to our suppliers and employees as a result of an increase in spending across all functions due to the ramp-up in production volume and increases in inventory.

Investing activities.    Cash used in investing activities was $326.6 million in the fiscal year ended January 2, 2010 compared to $137.7 million during the fiscal year ended January 3, 2009. The increase was primarily due to an increase in restricted cash related to our equity funding requirement for Fab 2, and an increase in capital expenditures of $30.8 million as we expanded production capacity at Fab 1 and began construction of Fab 2.

Cash used in investing activities was $137.7 million in the fiscal year ended January 3, 2009 and $87.0 million during the fiscal year ended December 29, 2007. The increase was primarily due to increased capital expenditures for leasehold improvements and purchase of equipment for Fab 1.

Financing activities.    Net cash provided by financing activities was $464.9 million in the fiscal year ended January 2, 2010 compared to $235.5 million used in the fiscal year ended January 3, 2009. Financing activities in the fiscal year ended January 2, 2010 included proceeds of $50 million from our Series E preferred stock financing, $286.0 million from our Series F preferred stock financing and proceeds of $140.9 million from the DOE guaranteed loan facility, offset by $10.1 million of issuance costs. Financing activities in the fiscal year ended January 3, 2009 included proceeds of $75.0 million from our Series D preferred stock financing and $119.1 million in bridge financing, offset by $81.7 million of debt repayment for the HSH Nordbank credit facility.

Net cash provided by financing activities was $235.5 million for the fiscal year ended January 3, 2009 compared to $280.5 million for the fiscal year ended December 29, 2007. Net cash provided for the fiscal year ended January 3, 2009 consisted of $195.8 million of additional funds raised through the sale of our Series D and Series E preferred stock, which includes $119.1 million in bridge loans that converted into Series E preferred stock at the closing of the financing, offset by repayment of an outstanding credit facility with HSH Nordbank of $81.7 million. Net cash provided by financing activities during the fiscal year ended December 29, 2007 was primarily due to additional funds raised through sales of our Series C-1 and C-2 preferred stock as well as drawdowns on the credit facility with HSH Nordbank for Fab 1 capital expenditures.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

The following is a summary of our contractual obligations, including interest, as of January 2, 2010 (in thousands):

 

Contractual Obligation

   Total    Less than
1 year
   1-3 years    3-5 years    More than
5 years

Long-term debt obligations

   $ 157,568    $ 3,533    $ 30,598    $ 67,252    $ 56,185

Operating lease obligations

     104,243      6,176      16,996      18,203      62,868

Fab 2 project obligations:

              

Fab 2 project agreements(1)

     540,048      449,128      90,920          

Unfunded Fab 2 cash reserve account(2)

     30,000      5,000      25,000          

Purchase obligations

     116,083      41,628      54,149      20,306     
                                  

Total

   $ 947,942    $ 500,465    $ 217,663    $ 105,761    $ 119,053
                                  

 

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(1) Represents the $733 million estimated project costs for Phase I, less costs previously paid. The allocation between the less than 1 year and 1-3 years columns is an estimate and the actual timing could vary. The 1-3 years column includes a contingency reserve of approximately $65 million.
(2) We are required to maintain a cash reserve account of $30 million for Phase I, which is to be funded in six consecutive monthly payments of $5 million commencing December 2010.

In September 2009, we secured a $535 million loan from the Federal Financing Bank guaranteed by the DOE, the proceeds of which are being used to construct Phase I of Fab 2. The borrower of DOE guaranteed loan facility is our wholly owned subsidiary, Solyndra Fab 2 LLC. Under the loan guarantee program, the DOE issued a guarantee, backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government, for 73% of the aggregate project costs of construction of Phase I, which we expect to cost approximately $733 million. In connection with the DOE guaranteed loan facility, we are required to contribute the balance of the costs of developing and constructing Phase I. We estimate such balance to be approximately $198 million and all of such amount has been funded through contributions made to date and cash deposited in a reserve account. In addition, we are responsible for 100% of any cost incurred over $733 million in connection with the development and construction of Phase I. With respect to the cost overrun obligation, we are required to maintain a cash reserve account of $30 million, which is to be funded in six consecutive monthly payments of $5 million commencing December 2010.

The loans under the DOE guaranteed loan facility are available to be drawn through May 15, 2012. The maturity date of the loans is August 15, 2016. Principal payments on the outstanding loans shall commence in equal quarterly installments on May 15, 2012 and continue each quarter thereafter until the loans are paid in full on the maturity date. Interest accrues and is payable on a quarterly basis commencing with the first fiscal quarter following the date of disbursement of each loan. The interest rate applicable to each loan is determined by the Federal Financing Bank at the time of disbursement by reference to the applicable “Constant Maturity Treasury” curve in accordance with Section 6(b) of the Federal Financing Bank Act of 1973, plus a spread of 37.5 basis points. As of January 2, 2010, we have made draws totaling $140.9 million, which accrue interest at rates ranging from 2.5% to 2.8% per annum.

The amounts shown as long-term debt obligations in the table above include principal and interest payments for the loan outstanding under the DOE guaranteed loan facility as of January 2, 2010. The amount shown as Unfunded Fab 2 cash reserve account in the table above represents our obligation to deposit such additional funds in a cash reserve account with respect to our cost overrun obligations related to the construction of Phase I.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

During the periods presented, we did not have any relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, such as entities often referred to as structured finance or special purpose entities, which would have been established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purpose.

We have entered into indemnification agreements with third parties in the ordinary course of business. Typically, these obligations arise in the context of contracts with our customers, under which we customarily agree to defend and hold our customers harmless against third-party claims arising from breaches of representations and covenants related to such matters as personal injury, property damage and various intellectual property rights. To date, we have not made any payments with respect to any of these indemnification obligations.

 

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Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Foreign Exchange Risk

Our exposure to foreign exchange risk primarily relates to currency gains and losses from the time we sign and settle our sales contracts. For example, our framework agreements with our European customers are denominated in Euros, and do not adjust for fluctuations in the U.S. dollar to Euro exchange rate. As a result, we expect to have exposure to foreign exchange risk with respect to a significant portion of our revenue. Fluctuations in exchange rates, particularly in the U.S. dollar to Euro exchange rate, affect our gross and net profit margins and could result in foreign exchange and operating losses.

In the past, exchange rate fluctuations have had an impact on our business as we made capital equipment purchases denominated in Euro from German suppliers. From time to time, we use forward contracts to protect against the foreign currency exchange rate risk inherent in our equipment purchases denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, primarily the Euro. Most of these contracts mature within three months. These derivative instruments are not designated as accounting hedges. We recognize changes in the fair values of the derivative financial instruments in earnings in the period of change. The notional amount of contracts outstanding at December 29, 2007 was Euro 4.7 million. There were no outstanding contracts at January 3, 2009 or January 2, 2010. Other income (expense), net included a net foreign currency exchange loss of approximately $0.3 million and $0.4 million for the fiscal years ended January 3, 2009 and January 2, 2010, respectively. We do not use derivative financial instruments for speculative or trading purposes.

Interest Rate Risk

We are exposed to interest rate risk because many of our customers depend on debt financing to purchase and install a photovoltaic system, as well as the impact of changes in interest rates on our own borrowings, such as the DOE guaranteed loan facility. Although we expect the useful life of our photovoltaic systems to be approximately 25 years, purchasers of our photovoltaic systems must pay the entire cost of the photovoltaic system at the time of installation. As a result, many of our customers rely on debt financing to fund the up-front capital expenditure. An increase in interest rates could make it difficult for our customers to secure the financing necessary to purchase and install a photovoltaic system on favorable terms, or at all, and thus lower demand for our systems and reduce our revenue. In addition, we believe that a significant percentage of our customers install photovoltaic systems as an investment, funding the initial capital expenditure through a combination of equity and debt. An increase in interest rates could lower an investor’s return on investment in a photovoltaic system or make alternative investments more attractive relative to photovoltaic systems, which, in each case, could cause these customers to seek alternative investments that promise higher returns.

In September 2009, we secured a $535 million loan facility from the Federal Financing Bank guaranteed by the DOE to fund 73% of the aggregate project costs of construction of Phase I, which is expected to cost approximately $733 million. The loans under the Federal Financing Bank facility are available to be drawn through May 15, 2012 and the maturity date of the loans is August 15, 2016. The interest rate applicable to each loan is determined by the Federal Financing Bank at the time of disbursement by reference to the applicable “Constant Maturity Treasury” curve in accordance with Section 6(b) of the Federal Financing Bank Act of 1973, plus a spread of 37.5 basis points. As of January 2, 2010, we have made draws totaling $140.9 million, which accrue interest at rates ranging from 2.5% to 2.8% per annum.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In July 2006, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, revised authoritative guidance for the accounting of uncertainty in income taxes, which clarifies the accounting for uncertainty in tax

 

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positions. The guidance requires that we recognize in our financial statements the impact of a tax position, if that position is more likely than not of being sustained on audit, based on the technical merits of the position. This revised accounting guidance must be applied to all existing tax positions upon initial adoption. We adopted the revised guidance on December 31, 2006. See Note 6 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for the impact of adopting this guidance.

In September 2006, the FASB, issued new authoritative guidance relating to fair value measurement. The guidance defines fair value, establishes a framework and gives guidance regarding the methods used for measuring fair value, and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. This guidance was effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after November 15, 2007. In February 2008, the FASB delayed the effective date of guidance for all non-financial assets and non-financial liabilities, except those that are recognized or disclosed at fair value in the financial statements on a recurring basis (at least annually) to fiscal years beginning after November 15, 2008. In October 2008, the FASB clarified the application of the new authoritative guidance in a market that is not active and provides an example to illustrate key considerations in determining the fair value of a financial asset when the market for that financial asset is not active. Our adoption of fair value guidance for financial assets and liabilities had no impact on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows. See Note 17 to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for more information on fair value measurements.

In February 2007, the FASB issued revised guidance on the fair value option for financial assets and financial liabilities, which permits entities to choose to measure many financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value and to report unrealized gains and losses on those assets and liabilities in earnings. This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after November 15, 2007. We adopted this guidance on December 30, 2007. The adoption of this authoritative guidance did not have a material impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

In December 2007, the FASB revised the authoritative guidance to establish accounting and reporting standards for the noncontrolling (minority) interest in a subsidiary and for the deconsolidation of a subsidiary. It clarifies that a noncontrolling interest in a subsidiary is an ownership interest in the consolidated entity that should be reported as equity in the consolidated financial statements. The guidance was effective for our fiscal year beginning December 30, 2007. Our adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or disclosures.

In June 2008, the FASB issued guidance related to determining whether an instrument (or embedded feature) is indexed to an entity’s own stock. The guidance provides that an entity should use a two step approach to evaluate whether an equity-linked financial instrument (or embedded feature) is indexed to its own stock, including evaluating the instrument’s contingent exercise and settlement provisions, and is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2008. We adopted this guidance January 4, 2009 and recorded a cumulative adjustment for the effect of a change in accounting principle related to our outstanding Series E warrants. See Note 13 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of the Series E warrants.

In December 2008, the FASB issued guidance that increases the disclosure requirements regarding continuing involvement with financial assets that have been transferred, as well as the Company’s involvement with variable interest entities. The guidance is effective for financial statements issued for interim periods ending after December 15, 2008. We adopted the guidance during fiscal 2009. See Note 13 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of the Series E warrants.

In May 2009, the FASB issued new accounting guidance relating to subsequent events, which establishes general standards of accounting for and disclosure of events that occur after the balance sheet date but before financial statements are issued or are available to be issued. Although there is new

 

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terminology, the standard is based on the same principles as those that currently exist in the auditing standards. This accounting guidance is effective for interim or annual periods ending after June 15, 2009. We adopted this guidance during fiscal 2009. Our adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

In June 2009, the FASB revised the authoritative guidance for variable interest entities, which changes how a reporting entity determines when an entity that is insufficiently capitalized or is not controlled through voting (or similar rights) should be consolidated. The determination of whether a reporting entity is required to consolidate another entity is based on, among other things, the other entity’s purpose and design and the reporting entity’s ability to direct the activities of the other entity that most significantly impact the other entity’s economic performance. The new accounting guidance will require a reporting entity to provide additional disclosures about its involvement with variable interest entities and any significant changes in risk exposure due to that involvement. A reporting entity will be required to disclose how its involvement with a variable interest entity affects the reporting entity’s financial statements. The new accounting guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after November 15, 2009, and interim periods within those fiscal years. The adoption of this accounting will require us to provide disclosures on the assets and liabilities of variable interest entities.

 

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INDUSTRY BACKGROUND

Growth of Renewable Energy Demand and the Global Solar Electricity Market

The worldwide demand for electricity is expected to almost double over the next two decades, from 18.0 trillion kilowatt hours in 2006 to 31.8 trillion kilowatt hours in 2030, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, or EIA. Additionally, the EIA expects that electricity demand in the United States will increase from 3.8 trillion kilowatt hours in 2006 to 4.8 trillion kilowatt hours in 2030. Historically, the electric power industry has relied on fossil fuels to generate electricity. However, continued reliance on fossil fuels to supply the expanding global demand for electricity creates a number of challenges, including the risks of escalating costs and uncertain supplies of fossil fuels, environmental ramifications of electricity generation from the burning of fossil fuels, escalating costs of new generation and transmission construction, aging generation plants and transmission infrastructure, regulatory impediments to electric infrastructure development and ongoing reliance on foreign sources for domestic energy. These challenges will likely result in escalating costs of wholesale and retail electricity rates.

To meet these challenges, governments, businesses and consumers increasingly support the development of alternative energy sources, such as solar power, to generate electricity. Various countries have enacted a wide variety of government incentives and mandates to encourage growth in renewable energy markets as providers of these alternative energy sources seek to match the price of traditional fossil fuel sources. These policies include feed-in tariffs common in Europe, as well as tax incentives, cash grants, rebates, low-interest loans and renewable portfolio standards common in the United States. For instance, the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate have each introduced comprehensive climate change legislation in 2009. Both proposed bills provide for an aggressive mandate to reduce carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions by 20% by 2020 and 83% by 2050, and the House bill requires that renewable energy sources make up 20% of electrical utilities’ generation by 2025. Moreover, in December 2009, government representatives from all over the world convened at the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in Copenhagen, Denmark, with the goal of establishing a framework for a future protocol to follow the Kyoto Protocol that expires in 2012.

Among renewable sources of electricity, solar energy represents a vast resource to meet global energy demand. Solar energy is a highly attractive renewable solution because its peak energy generation typically occurs mid-day, closely matching peak energy demand of end users. Solar electricity is generated using either solar thermal or photovoltaic technologies to extract energy from sunlight. Solar thermal technology converts sunlight into heat for diverse applications, including utility-scale electricity power plants that concentrate sunlight to boil water for use in steam turbine electricity generators. Photovoltaic technology generates electricity directly from sunlight via a conversion process that occurs in certain types of semiconductor materials. A variety of solar technology solutions are deployed for various applications, including ground mounted commercial and utility scale systems, residential rooftops and commercial and industrial rooftops. The solar electricity market has grown significantly in the past decade. In 2009, the world photovoltaic market increased to 6.4 gigawatts, or GW, from 6.1 GW in 2008, a growth of approximately 6% over the year and a compound annual growth rate, or CAGR, of 18% since 2004 when the world photovoltaic market consisted of only 2.4 GW, according to Solarbuzz. Solarbuzz also forecasts three scenarios for future growth, with the market size in the various scenarios being in the range of 10.6 GW to 20.9 GW in 2012, representing a CAGR from 2009 of 18% to 48%. Despite this rapid growth, solar electricity constitutes only a small fraction of the world’s energy output, just 0.02% in 2007, according to Euromonitor.

Photovoltaic Technology Overview

Silicon Based Photovoltaic Systems

There are two main types of photovoltaic technology, crystalline silicon and thin film. Historically, crystalline silicon has been the most common semiconductor material used in solar panel fabrication. In

 

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2008, 86% of all photovoltaic system shipments used crystalline silicon technology, according to iSuppli. The various crystalline silicon solar panel manufacturing processes involve cutting refined, semiconductor-grade silicon ingots into solar wafers, connecting the wafers in series and packaging them into solar panels. The highest laboratory conversion efficiency achieved by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, or NREL, as of November 2009 is 20.4% for multi-crystalline solar cells and 25.0% for single crystalline cells. From 2003 until 2009, growth in the market for crystalline silicon photovoltaic systems was negatively impacted by the limited availability of refined silicon, the basic feedstock used in their manufacture. High demand from the photovoltaic and microelectronics industries led to a global shortage of silicon, increasing the price of polysilicon, with the spot price of polysilicon climbing from $30 per kilogram, or kg, in 2003 to $463/kg in 2008, according to New Energy Finance. This price increase, combined with other technological factors, created challenges for crystalline silicon systems to produce electricity at a cost that is comparable to those of traditional fossil fuel sources. As manufacturers of silicon have increased factory capacity, prices for silicon have significantly decreased, though they are not back to previous lows. For example, in 2009 the weighted-average polysilicon long-term forward contract price was $78/kg, and the spot price for polysilicon was approximately $65/kg in October 2009, according to New Energy Finance. Many solar photovoltaic manufacturers have elected to use crystalline silicon technology because it offers the highest cell efficiency and has the benefit of a manufacturing process that is well developed. However, as a more mature technology, we believe the rate of technology or efficiency improvements for crystalline silicon manufacturers will be significantly slower than comparable improvements in thin film technologies and efficiencies.

Thin Film Photovoltaic Systems

Thin film photovoltaic technology has recently emerged as an attractive alternative to crystalline silicon technology. Thin film technologies use approximately 1% of the thickness of active photovoltaic material compared to typical silicon wafers used in crystalline silicon solar panels, which can reduce the raw material cost of modules. Thin film technologies offer certain advantages over conventional crystalline photovoltaic systems. Commodity raw materials used by thin film manufacturers typically represent a significantly smaller percentage of cost of goods sold, so raw material price volatility has a relatively smaller impact on thin film solar panel manufacturing costs. Thin film technologies also generate more electrical energy across a variety of environments, including high temperature and low light, than crystalline silicon solar modules with the same nameplate panel power rating. Nameplate panel power rating is expressed in watts per panel and represents the watt-peak capacity of photovoltaic panels measured under standard test conditions. As a result of these advantages, thin film is expected to account for 31% of the global solar panel market in terms of megawatts, or MW, installed by 2013, up from 14% in 2008, according to iSuppli.

There are three primary thin film photovoltaic technologies: amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride, or CdTe, and copper indium gallium diselenide, or CIGS. Among these thin film photovoltaic technologies, CIGS currently enables the highest photovoltaic conversion efficiency, which results in higher watts per square meter of panel. The differences in efficiency among these thin film technologies, based on the highest laboratory conversion efficiency achieved by the NREL as of November 2009 are described below. These efficiency levels are measured using individual cells, referred to as “champion cells,” that are designed within a laboratory environment to achieve the highest cell efficiencies possible.

 

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Amorphous silicon demonstrated the lowest efficiency characteristics of the three primary thin film technologies, with NREL’s champion cell at 12.5%.

 

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CdTe demonstrated higher efficiency characteristics than amorphous silicon, with NREL’s champion cell at 16.7%.

 

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CIGS demonstrated the highest efficiency characteristics of all three thin film technologies, with NREL’s champion cell at 20.0%.

 

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The process by which champion cells are produced is typically not cost-effective for commercial manufacturing. As a result, conversion efficiencies of commercially available photovoltaic systems are lower than champion cell conversion efficiencies due to technical factors and manufacturing processes. In addition, under real-world operating conditions, a typical photovoltaic system operates outside of standard test conditions for much of the time and the conversion efficiencies of solar panels generally decrease when operating outside standard test conditions.

Many factors influence a manufacturers’ decision to select one thin film technology over another, including efficiency, environmental considerations, manufacturing process scalability, manufacturing equipment costs and real-world performance over time.

Commercial Rooftop Photovoltaic Solar Market

According to market data from Navigant Consulting PV Services, from 1996 through 2009, rooftop installations, both residential and commercial, were approximately 61% of all grid-connected photovoltaic installations. Of the rooftop market, we believe that commercial rooftops represent a significant opportunity. We believe that solar electricity generation systems installed on commercial rooftops will enable the large-scale deployment of distributed solar generation in the United States and abroad. Based on market data from Navigant Consulting, Freedonia Group and Ecofys, we estimate that there are approximately 4.5 billion square meters of commercial rooftop area in the United States and Europe and approximately 11 billion square meters of commercial rooftop area worldwide. We believe that less than 1% of commercial rooftops are currently covered with solar panels, representing a vast, underutilized resource for the generation of solar electricity. According to NREL, cumulative rooftop photovoltaic system installations in the United States alone are projected to grow from 733 MW in 2007 to 7,492 MW in 2015, representing a CAGR of 34%.

The commercial rooftop market offers several advantages compared to the large-scale centralized solar market segment, which typically utilizes ground mounted commercial and utility-scale systems. Installing photovoltaic systems where power is consumed avoids significant transmission capital expenditures associated with centralized electricity generation systems and reduces transmission congestion in the electric grid during periods of peak demand. For example, in California, the cost of building 13 major new power lines to connect the Mojave Desert to coastal metropolises would be over $15.7 billion, according to an August 2009 report by the California Renewable Energy Transmission Initiative. Moreover, distributed generation systems reduce energy losses to the end users associated with transmission and distribution of electricity from centralized large-scale electric plants. The relatively smaller scale of rooftop systems compared to large ground-based systems may also allow for higher certainty of project financing, given that rooftop projects are less exposed to project financing market limitations experienced by multi-billion dollar utility-scale solar projects. The commercial rooftop market benefits from an established worldwide installation and sales channel, which accelerates project deployment relative to utility scale ground mounted systems. Together these attributes enable a large scale of photovoltaic systems to be installed across multiple commercial rooftops in a matter of weeks or months, as compared to centralized generation sources which can require years of regulatory approvals, expensive environmental impact studies and construction before being placed in service, all of which can result in delays or project cancellations. Furthermore, commercial rooftop photovoltaic systems generally compete with the retail price of electricity whereas ground-based systems compete with the wholesale price of electricity in the United States.

Utility companies are beginning to take advantage of the benefits of commercial rooftop distributed generation solutions, as evidenced by the implementation of various utility-scale commercial rooftop incentive programs. For example, in June 2009, Southern California Edison Company obtained approval to cover 65 million square feet of commercial rooftops with 250 MW of photovoltaic technology. In November 2009, Public Service Electric and Gas Company, a New Jersey utility, announced that it had

 

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invested $515 million in the financing of approximately 80 MW of commercial rooftop projects. Pinnacle West Capital Corporation, an Arizona utility, also recently announced its intent to invest at least $500 million over the next few years to develop solar-power generation and expand its rooftop solar program to include more residential customers. Commercial rooftop solar programs have been announced by other U.S. utilities, including the City of Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, Progress Energy, Florida Power & Light Company and Duke Energy Corporation, among others, and we expect this trend to continue.

Market Overview

The commercial rooftop photovoltaic market has evolved in response to various government incentives that support the solar industry. The market for photovoltaic systems in the United States is supported by federal and state-level financial incentives, including tax incentives, cash grants, capital cost rebates, performance-based incentives, feed-in tariffs, net metering, tax incentive programs and low interest loans. In 2008, the U.S. government enacted legislation that extended a 30% investment tax credit for solar installation through 2016, and provided taxpayers the option to receive a cash grant in lieu of the investment tax credit through 2011. These federal tax incentives have had the largest impact of all government incentives on the economics of photovoltaic installations in the United States. As a consequence of the financing structures required to fully utilize federal tax incentives, the majority of commercial rooftop photovoltaic installations in the United States are owned by third-party investors. These third-party investors earn a return by leasing access to building rooftops from building owners and selling solar electricity to the building occupant under long term power purchase agreements, or PPAs. Building occupants are often enterprises such as manufacturers, wholesaler-distributors and big-box retailers, which benefit from a PPA by offsetting their electricity purchases, by reducing their electricity costs over the term of the PPA, and by establishing a financial hedge against potential future retail electricity price increases without substantial capital expenditure. In addition to the PPA model, some enterprises elect to purchase photovoltaic systems outright to install on their own rooftops in order to realize similar benefits.

The photovoltaic market structure in many European countries is markedly different than in the United States because rather than offering tax credits, governments in these countries have established feed-in-tariffs. Feed-in tariffs require utilities to purchase the entire output of rooftop and other solar installations at above-market rates that are set by the governments. In contrast to the U.S. market, where electricity generated on a commercial rooftop is typically consumed by the tenant of the building that hosts the photovoltaic system, in Europe the electricity is typically sold to a utility under a feed-in tariff program. Therefore in Europe, the typical photovoltaic system owner is a third-party investor that earns a return by leasing access to building rooftops from building owners and selling the solar electricity produced by the photovoltaic system to the utility. Feed-in tariff structures vary significantly from country to country with respect to rates, terms, aggregate installation volume maximums and other variables. Typically, feed-in tariffs offer a fixed rate schedule for a period of 15 to 20 years, with initial rates established at the time of photovoltaic system installation and thereafter declining on a pre-defined schedule. Governments typically guarantee the full 15 to 20 year payment liability of the utilities when the utilities enter into long-term PPAs. Feed-in tariff programs have been considerably more effective than tax-based incentives in achieving the objective of large volumes of photovoltaic system installations, with countries such as Germany, Spain, Italy and Belgium developing the largest markets for photovoltaic installations worldwide in recent years due to their feed-in tariff programs. Governments outside of Europe have also moved to implement feed-in tariff incentive programs, including certain states in Australia and the Ontario province of Canada.

Photovoltaic system owners can structure long-term financing for projects utilizing different financing alternatives. In the United States, the form of long-term financing for commercial rooftop photovoltaic systems is dependent upon the entity structure that a third-party owner utilizes to offer a

 

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particular PPA. Typically, photovoltaic system owners finance projects with a combination of equity and long-term debt. In Europe, photovoltaic system owners generally obtain term debt financing from commercial banks with a maturity date tied to the date that the applicable feed-in tariff expires. Other sources of long-term financing may be available from various export credit agencies. For example, for international purchasers of solar panels manufactured in the United States, direct loans and loan guarantees for up to 18 years may be available from the Export-Import Bank of the United States.

The primary system owners of commercial rooftop photovoltaic systems are third-party investors, enterprises, government entities and utility companies. These system owners typically purchase photovoltaic systems from value-added resellers. Value-added resellers generally earn a margin upon deployment of a completed photovoltaic system. Along with design and installation services, value-added resellers may also be involved in other areas of the system value chain, such as project financing, leasing, operation and related services.

Factors that Influence the Decision to Purchase a Commercial Rooftop Photovoltaic System

There are several factors that influence the decision to purchase a commercial rooftop photovoltaic system.

Levelized Cost of Electricity

We believe that the decision to purchase any commercial rooftop photovoltaic system is motivated in large part by the desire to achieve the lowest levelized cost of electricity per kilowatt hour, or LCOE, in order to maximize return on investment. As defined in the formula below, the LCOE of a photovoltaic system is the ratio of a system’s total life cycle cost, which is the sum of the installed cost plus the present value of the total lifetime cost of the system, to its total lifetime energy output. LCOE is a metric used to evaluate the economics of competing technologies relative to each other and to the retail price of utility-based electricity. Our LCOE formulation does not include financing costs, which are unique to each system owner.

LOGO

There are three principal ways to lower LCOE: (i) decrease installed costs, (ii) decrease the lifetime cost of a system and (iii) increase the lifetime energy output of the system.

 

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Installed Costs.    Installed costs are comprised of costs of the solar panels and balance of system costs. Balance of system costs include hardware such as inverters, mounting racks and ballast, cables, grounding and wiring, as well as installation labor, engineering and overhead costs.

 

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Lifetime Costs.    Lifetime costs are comprised of ongoing operating and maintenance costs net of tax or other government incentives. Operating and maintenance costs include costs of cleaning solar panels, monitoring performance, repairing systems and performing ongoing maintenance. Another lifetime cost includes removal of the rooftop photovoltaic system when a building’s roof is replaced, and subsequently reinstalling the photovoltaic system on the new roof. For photovoltaic systems installed on existing rooftops, a roof replacement will frequently be required at least once over the lifetime of a photovoltaic system.

 

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Lifetime Energy Output.    The lifetime energy output of a photovoltaic system depends on the collection and conversion of sunlight into electricity over the lifetime of the system, which in turn depends on the total nameplate panel power rating of the system, the real-world conditions under

 

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which the system will operate and the performance characteristics of the panels and electrical components under these conditions. Total nameplate panel power rating of the system is a function of the nameplate panel power rating of the panels and the number of panels that can be installed on a given area of rooftop. The performance characteristics of the panels are a function of the product design and the characteristics of the materials used in the panel, particularly the semiconductor material, and affect the conversion efficiencies and rate of degradation of output over the system’s lifetime. System layout can affect performance due to shadowing, ventilation, directional orientation and the electrical wiring. Real-world conditions that can affect lifetime energy output include the location and design of a photovoltaic system, insolation, soiling and weather conditions such as temperature and snow.

Impact on Building Rooftops

Conventional tilted roof mounted photovoltaic systems typically require numerous rooftop penetrations or ballast, or both, to secure panels in place on the roof to withstand wind conditions. Rooftop penetrations can invalidate a rooftop warranty and cause permanent structural impact. In addition, mounted or ballasted rooftop photovoltaic systems may be too heavy to be supported by certain rooftops, precluding the installation of conventional photovoltaic systems. Aesthetic considerations may also be of concern to building owners, as local zoning or other factors may make it be desirable to limit visibility of solar panels on a rooftop.

System Integrator Motivations

System integrators often have significant influence on the selection of photovoltaic products for commercial rooftop photovoltaic systems. When recommending specific technologies, system integrators are motivated to meet the needs of their customers, while at the same time maximizing their workforce productivity by using products that require less training and time to install. Faster installation times also reduce working capital requirements of system integrators, allowing them to pursue a greater number of solar projects within a given year. System integrators are also motivated to install the largest-sized system for any given rooftop because they typically generate higher profits on larger systems.

Commercial Rooftop Projects Today Are Limited by the Inadequacies of Conventional Panels

As is the case with the broader photovoltaic market, the commercial rooftop photovoltaic market to date primarily has consisted of flat plate panels using crystalline silicon or thin film technologies, which we refer to as conventional panels. Conventional panels present several fundamental challenges which have, to date, increased the cost of commercial rooftop photovoltaic systems and limited the addressable market:

 

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Light collection.    In order to maximize sunlight collection on a rooftop, conventional panels usually need to be mounted using expensive tilted mounting hardware to improve the capture of direct light. Tilted panels create shadows, which can reduce and, in some cases, shut down the output of neighboring panels. Therefore, tilted conventional panels typically are widely spaced to avoid shading other panels, reducing the surface area that can be covered by this type of rooftop photovoltaic system. Moreover, tilted conventional panels offer reduced collection of diffuse light and are not designed to collect reflected light from rooftops.

 

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Orientation.    Conventional panels usually need to be oriented on a directional axis such as North-South for optimal performance, which often differs from the directional axis of the building and its rooftop, further limiting rooftop coverage and reducing total energy production per rooftop. Tracking systems can be utilized to improve sunlight collection, but are not typically used on commercial rooftops because they are heavy and expensive to install and maintain.

 

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Installation Time and Cost.    Installing conventional panels on commercial rooftops typically takes weeks to complete and requires the use of expensive mounting hardware, involving steps such as rooftop preparation and penetration, assembly of mounting racks and installation of panels at the correct tilt and axis orientation.

 

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Wind.    Conventional panels are at risk of uplift from wind. This requires securing the photovoltaic system through the use of ballast or penetrating rooftop attachments. The weight of the panels, ballast and mounting system can be significant and beyond the weight limitations of many commercial rooftops.

These inadequacies have limited the penetration of the addressable commercial rooftop market by manufacturers of conventional panels because photovoltaic system owners have struggled to minimize LCOE and preserve the integrity of building rooftops, while system integrators have struggled to minimize the cost and time to install systems.

 

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BUSINESS

Overview

We have pioneered a photovoltaic system, featuring proprietary cylindrical modules, that achieves the lowest system installation costs on a per watt basis for the commercial rooftop market. We are able to significantly reduce the cost of installation by eliminating expensive mounting hardware and significantly reducing the amount of labor required when mounting conventional flat plate photovoltaic systems. We believe that, upon the successful achievement of our planned expansion of production, manufacturing process improvements and product enhancements, by the end of 2012 our photovoltaic systems will deliver the highest energy production per rooftop on a kilowatt hour basis and will enable us to deliver the lowest cost of electricity on most commercial rooftops compared to the flat plate panel systems of the leading crystalline silicon manufacturers. Further, we believe that by the end of 2012 we will be able to deliver photovoltaic systems that produce electricity on commercial rooftops at rates that are competitive with the retail price of electricity in key markets on a non-subsidized basis.

Our photovoltaic systems, which are comprised of panels and mounts, enhance sunlight collection by capturing direct, diffuse and reflected sunlight across a 360-degree photovoltaic surface. Unlike conventional panels that typically need to be tilted to achieve effective energy generation, the cylindrical shape of our modules allows our systems to achieve effective energy generation when mounted horizontally. Horizontal mounting allows our panels to be spaced significantly closer together than conventional panels on a typical rooftop, thereby enabling greater rooftop coverage and enhanced energy production over the system’s lifetime. The cylindrical shape allows modules to be spaced apart within our panels so that wind can blow through our panels, thus eliminating the need for the expensive mounting hardware and ballast typically required to secure conventional flat plate panels against uplift from the wind. As a result, our customers can achieve significantly reduced labor, hardware, design and other balance of system costs, which account for a substantial portion of the total installed cost of a conventional flat plate photovoltaic system, while maximizing the amount of electricity generated for a typical rooftop installation.

Our proprietary and scalable process technology utilizes a thin layer of CIGS as the primary solar semiconductor material, which has the highest demonstrated efficiency among the three major thin film technologies available today. We are currently selling solar panels with nameplate panel power ratings ranging from 150 to 191 watts and have certified panels with a nameplate panel power rating of 200 watts. We anticipate that we will be able to increase the nameplate panel power rating of our panels to 240 watts by 2012 if we are able to achieve our planned product development objectives and manufacturing process improvements.

We manufacture our solar panels in a highly automated plant where we perform all operations required to process commodity materials into the final product. We intend to significantly expand our production capacity through a combination of additional production facilities and equipment, manufacturing process improvements and product enhancements in order to reduce our per-watt production costs and meet demand for our systems. Our first manufacturing facility, which we refer to as Fab 1, had an annualized production run rate of 54 megawatts, or MW, during our fiscal month ended January 2, 2010. Annualized production run rate is expressed in MW and equals the aggregate nameplate panel power ratings of the panels we produced in our most recent fiscal month, multiplied by 12. We are in the process of expanding our production capacity at Fab 1 and expect to reach an annualized production run rate of 110 MW by the fourth fiscal quarter of 2010, assuming achievement of planned product development objectives and manufacturing process improvements. We are further expanding our production capacity with the addition of a second manufacturing facility, which we refer to as Fab 2. We are in the construction stage of the first of two planned phases for Fab 2, which we refer to as Phase I. We expect Phase I to have an annualized production run rate of 250 MW by the end of the first half of 2012, assuming achievement of planned product development objectives and manufacturing process

 

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improvements. We expect the first production output from Phase I to occur in the first quarter of 2011. The project costs for Phase I are expected to be approximately $733 million, which includes a contingency reserve of approximately $65 million. We are funding the costs of Phase I with the proceeds of a prior equity financing and a $535 million loan facility guaranteed by the U.S. Department of Energy, or the DOE. Borrowings under this facility mature in 2016 and accrue interest at a rate fixed at the time of disbursement and equal to the sum of a treasury rate index plus 37.5 basis points, which ranged from 2.5% to 2.8% per annum as of January 2, 2010. This loan facility was the first guaranteed by the DOE under its loan guarantee program for innovative clean technologies.

We commenced commercial shipments of our photovoltaic systems in July 2008 and have increased our sales volume and revenue every quarter since that date. We sold 30.0 MW of panels in the fiscal year ended January 2, 2010, compared to 1.6 MW for the fiscal year ended January 3, 2009. For the fiscal year ended January 2, 2010, our revenue was $100.5 million, compared to $6.0 million for the fiscal year ended January 3, 2009. Our panels have been deployed in over 200 commercial installations internationally and across the United States. We primarily sell our photovoltaic systems to value-added resellers, including system integrators and roofing materials manufacturers, which resell our systems to various system owners, including third-party investors, enterprises such as manufacturers, wholesaler-distributors and big-box retailers, government entities and utility companies. As of the date of this prospectus, we have framework agreements with system integrators and roofing materials manufacturers outlining the general terms for the delivery of up to 865 MW of our photovoltaic systems by the end of 2013. Although these agreements set forth volume and price expectations over a number of years, they generally do not constitute binding multi-year purchase commitments.

We intend to use the proceeds of this offering to finance a portion of the costs of the second phase of Fab 2, which we refer to as Phase II. We believe that Phase II represents a significant opportunity to further expand our production capacity and reduce our costs of manufacturing. When the construction and production ramp of both phases of Fab 2 are complete, we expect Fab 2 to have an annualized production run rate of 500 MW, assuming achievement of planned product development objectives and manufacturing process improvements. We plan to complete the construction and production ramp of Fab 2 by the end of 2013. We estimate that the costs for Phase II will be approximately $642 million, which amount includes building expansion and improvements, manufacturing equipment, certain sales, marketing and other start-up costs, and a contingency reserve of approximately $53 million. On September 11, 2009, we applied for a second loan guarantee from the DOE, in the amount of approximately $469 million, to partially fund Phase II. If we are unable to obtain the DOE guaranteed loan in whole or in part, we intend to fund any financing shortfall with some combination of the proceeds of this offering, cash flows from operations, debt financing and additional equity financing.

 

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Our Solution

We believe that our photovoltaic systems address many of the challenges facing system owners and system integrators that have limited the penetration of the commercial rooftop market in the past. Specifically, our solution is designed to reduce LCOE and preserve the integrity of building rooftops, while reducing the cost and time to install systems.

 

Our Photovoltaic System

LOGO

  LOGO
Solyndra panel with 40 cylindrical modules drawn to scale.  

Cylindrical photovoltaic module design allows for capture of direct, diffuse and reflected light.

 

Key benefits of our photovoltaic systems include:

 

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Low levelized cost of electricity.    We believe that our photovoltaic systems will enable us to deliver to system owners the lowest LCOE for most commercial rooftop installations by delivering:

 

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Low installed costs.     We help our customers minimize installed cost per watt by offering significant savings on balance of system costs, including labor. The unique shape of our modules allows us to space our modules apart within a panel, allowing wind to blow through the panels thereby reducing wind-load. This allows our customers to perform installations without penetrating the roofing material and without the need for expensive mounting hardware and ballast to hold our solar panels in place. In addition, installing our systems takes less time, which significantly reduces labor costs. These characteristics allow our customers to avoid significant labor, hardware, design and other balance of system costs, which account for a substantial portion of the total installed cost of a conventional panel photovoltaic system.

 

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Increased electricity output.    Our photovoltaic systems are designed to generate more solar electricity per rooftop than conventional panel photovoltaic systems. Our systems enhance sunlight collection by capturing direct, diffuse and reflected sunlight across a 360-degree photovoltaic surface, which is then converted into electricity. Our module shape enables our panels to be mounted horizontally and our systems can also be installed over low-lying roof obstructions. Consequently, our systems can be spaced significantly closer together with less unutilized space between panels, resulting in greater rooftop coverage. Due to the combination of series and parallel electrical connections within the panel, our solar panels are tolerant to shadowing and individual cylindrical modules can be shaded without shutting off other modules in our solar panels. Once installed, our modules are less impacted by ambient dust soiling due to their cylindrical shape. The narrow spacing between our cylindrical modules creates a natural ventilation system, which keeps our modules cooler than conventional panels, thereby enhancing energy production in warmer climates. In cold climate regions, our panel design allows snow to fall naturally between our cylindrical modules and, in turn, the snow increases the reflectivity of the rooftop surface thereby improving the collection of light. We believe these

 

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features will allow our customers to produce more electricity per rooftop over the life of our systems relative to conventional panels.

 

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Low lifetime costs.     The unique design of our systems enables installations that generate more electricity per rooftop, which has the benefit of spreading fixed costs for certain operational and maintenance expenses over a larger system, resulting in a lower lifetime operations and maintenance cost per kilowatt hour. Our systems also provide benefits related to lifetime roof replacement and repair costs, where the speed with which our systems can be removed and then reinstalled reduces the amount of electricity that is lost due to downtime of the photovoltaic system. For example, most conventional panel photovoltaic systems are installed on roofs which are usually replaced or resurfaced at least once within the lifetime of the photovoltaic system. The cost of ongoing operations and maintenance, removal and reinstallation of the photovoltaic system during roofing maintenance, as well as the loss of solar electricity revenue when the photovoltaic system is removed, taken together have a material impact in calculating LCOE during the life of the system.

 

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Minimal impact to building rooftop.    Our photovoltaic systems minimize rooftop impact by avoiding rooftop penetrations associated with conventional panel photovoltaic systems. Rooftop penetrations can invalidate a rooftop warranty and cause permanent structural impact. Our photovoltaic systems also weigh less than conventional panels and reduce the downward wind-loading stress on a rooftop, enabling the installation of our systems on rooftops that would not otherwise have been suitable for conventional panel photovoltaic systems. Because our panels rest horizontally near the rooftop surface, they are less visible than tilted conventional panels and are more likely to comply with local zoning laws pertaining to aesthetics.

 

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Significant installation benefits.    Our photovoltaic systems can be installed more quickly and more cost-effectively than conventional panels. Due to the relative ease of installation, we believe that system integrators, roofing materials manufacturers and the subcontractors that they employ to install our photovoltaic systems will be able to significantly increase the productivity of their workforces, enabling them to perform more installations in a given year with fewer labor expenditures. In addition, the minimal training required to install our systems reduces labor costs for system integrators and roofing materials manufacturers. We believe that the greater rooftop coverage enabled by our unique photovoltaic system design will generally result in more revenue per project. We also expect that faster installation cycle times will significantly reduce the working capital requirements of system integrators and roofing materials manufacturers, allowing them to perform more installations within a given year.

Our Strategy

Our goal is to be able to deliver photovoltaic systems for commercial rooftops that provide the lowest LCOE for low-slope commercial rooftops and that are competitive with the retail price of electricity in key markets on a non-subsidized basis by the end of 2012. We believe that the achievement of this goal in any given market will result in substantial additional demand for our photovoltaic systems in that market. We are pursuing the following strategies to achieve this goal:

 

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Reduce per-watt manufacturing costs.     We intend to continue to reduce our per-watt manufacturing costs, which were $4.00 per watt for the fourth fiscal quarter ended January 2, 2010, by expanding capacity and increasing the throughput of our production lines, improving yields and raising nameplate panel power ratings. We have devoted substantial research and development resources to these efforts and expect to continue to do so. These improvements and the increased production capacity will allow us to spread our fixed costs over a significantly higher production volume.

 

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Expand production capacity.    In order to meet expected demand for our systems, we intend to significantly expand our production capacity through a combination of additional production facilities and equipment, manufacturing process improvements and product

 

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enhancements. We expect to reach an annualized production run rate at Fab 1 of 110 MW by the fourth fiscal quarter of 2010 and an annualized production run rate of 250 MW by the end of the first half of 2012, assuming achievement of planned product development objectives and manufacturing process improvements. The anticipated production capacity of Fab 1 and Phase I will only be able to serve a portion of the expected demand for our photovoltaic systems. Accordingly, we intend to further scale the production capacity of Fab 2 with Phase II, and through the construction of additional manufacturing facilities, which will allow us to spread our fixed costs over higher production volumes and enable us to realize economies of scale, including volume-based discounts on purchases of certain raw materials. In addition to the benefits of larger scale, subsequent manufacturing facilities may be located in regions with close proximity to customers that may attract suppliers to co-locate and that may offer lower labor and other costs to help achieve a lower capital cost per annual MW capacity.

 

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Increase Panel Power.    We conduct ongoing engineering and development programs to increase the power of our solar panels. We are presently selling panels with nameplate panel power ratings ranging from 150 to 191 watts and have certified panels with a nameplate panel power rating of 200 watts. We anticipate that we will be able to increase the nameplate panel power rating of our panels to 240 watts by 2012 if we are able to achieve our planned product development objectives and manufacturing process improvements.

 

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Replicate existing manufacturing processes at new facilities.    We have drawn on our management team’s extensive expertise in the semiconductor equipment industry to design and construct the customized equipment that is used in the manufacturing of our photovoltaic modules and panels. As we continue expanding our production, we believe this will allow us to minimize the risk of delays resulting from a dependency on the availability of equipment from third parties and to replicate our manufacturing processes at new facilities. Our highly automated equipment has been developed to the latest semiconductor manufacturing standards, comparable to equipment used for computer chip production. We expect this strategy will allow us to expand our production capacity by accelerating improvements in efficiency, yield and throughput of our production facilities.

 

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Target key customers.    We currently allocate the sales of our photovoltaic systems to a select number of value-added resellers with broad geographic reach and the capacity to purchase large volumes of our systems. We believe that these strategic partners are industry leaders that will offer us expanded access to the commercial rooftop market.

 

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Leverage framework agreements to support increased capacity.    As of the date of this prospectus, we have framework agreements with system integrators and roofing materials manufacturers outlining the general terms for the delivery of up to 865 MW of our photovoltaic systems by the end of 2013. We intend to work with these key customers to convert the volume expectations contained in these framework agreements into firm purchase orders. In addition, we plan to continue to strategically target the sale of our photovoltaic systems to value-added resellers for whom we believe we offer the most differentiated value proposition.

 

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Expand roofing materials manufacturer sales channel.    We plan to develop additional strategic relationships with leading global manufacturers of reflective roofing materials, thereby expanding an important sales channel for our photovoltaic systems. Our systems are easy for roofers to install, and when installed together with a new reflective “cool” roof, can provide a unique combination of building energy efficiency and solar electricity production. One of the prospective system owners of our photovoltaic system has obtained a private letter ruling from the U.S. Internal Revenue Service that, when installed along with our photovoltaic system, qualifies its proposed new cool roof for the 30% U.S. federal investment tax credit. Hence, when our roofing channel customers bundle and sell our photovoltaic systems along

 

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with their premium cool roofing products in the United States, they may be able to effectively offer these products at a significantly lower installed cost than they could otherwise.

 

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Continue to explore new markets where we can leverage our innovative product offering.    We plan to continue to explore new geographies and product applications where we believe our innovative products offer a compelling value proposition. For example, we are exploring the integration of our products into the top of sheltered horticulture structures, such as greenhouses used in large-scale commercial agriculture. We expect our panels to have distinct advantages over conventional panels due to the spaces between our modules, which minimize the impact on crop growth and meet the requirements of uniform sunlight illumination in the greenhouse environment.

Our Photovoltaic Systems

We design, manufacture and sell photovoltaic systems including solar panels and mounts. Each solar panel consists of an array of our proprietary cylindrical shaped solar modules. Our photovoltaic systems are intended for use on commercial rooftops for distributed, on-grid electricity generation. Our systems are also suitable for large-scale public utility rooftop applications.

Solar Panels

Our proprietary cylindrical modules use a thin layer of CIGS as the primary solar semiconductor material to achieve lower manufacturing costs while delivering energy production per rated watt comparable to crystalline silicon solar panels, which require about 100 times more active material per watt. The proprietary cylindrical shape of our solar modules captures sunlight across a 360-degree photovoltaic surface that is capable of converting direct, diffuse and reflected sunlight into electricity. Because direct sunlight hits the same cell geometry throughout much of the day, a cylindrical cell is inherently self-tracking for collection of direct light without any tilting or additional tracking hardware, which enables our photovoltaic systems to capture significantly more sunlight than conventional photovoltaic systems. Due to the unique sunlight collection properties of our solar panels, they can achieve effective energy generation when mounted horizontally, as compared to the 20° to 30° tilt angle typically required for conventional panel installations. Based on studies of silicon-based photovoltaic panels, NREL has suggested that a typical silicon-based photovoltaic panel will demonstrate 0.5% annual efficiency degradation over the commercial lifetime of the panel. Based on both our accelerated life cycle testing and the field testing of our products currently deployed in commercial installations, we estimate that for our products, the annual efficiency degradation rate is less than the standard 0.5% rate used by NREL.

Our solar panels consist of 40 modules mounted in a frame. Each module is made up of concentric cylindrical tubes, one of which is completely circumferentially covered with CIGS thin film semiconductor materials and scribed to create numerous solar cells. Our concentric cylindrical tube design allows us to increase the amount of sunlight that strikes the photovoltaic material on the inner tube by approximately 50%. We achieve this increase in performance by filling the modules with a liquid encapsulant that has optical properties similar to the outer tube. As a result, most light striking the outer tube is redirected to the surface of the inner tube. To create solar panels, modules are mounted side-by-side in a frame with spaces between the modules to allow sunlight and wind to pass through. During the fourth fiscal quarter of 2009, the solar modules produced by our factory had an average aperture area conversion efficiency of 11.5% under standard test conditions for our panels. We use the aperture area conversion efficiency because it includes the small scribe lines between the solar cells within a module that do not produce energy, and it produces approximately the same result that would be obtained if one of our modules were rolled flat and measured as though it were a flat plate panel. A typical photovoltaic system operates outside of standard test conditions for much of the time, and the conversion efficiencies of solar panels generally decrease when operating in real-world conditions.

 

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Historically, a key challenge to the reliability of CIGS technology has been the degradation of the cells if exposed to even minute amounts of moisture. Polymer materials used to create seals on conventional solar modules are subject to degradation outdoors over time and may not be adequate to prevent moisture degradation throughout the entire typical 25-year expected lifespan of a solar panel. Instead of relying on these polymer materials, our proprietary cylindrical module design incorporates a hermetic seal on each end to create a gas-leak tight glass-to-metal seal. This design allows us isolate the active solar cell materials from moisture and the resulting degradation, which we believe gives us a competitive advantage over other CIGS-based photovoltaic systems.

We are currently selling solar panels with nameplate panel power ratings ranging from 150 to 191 watts and have certified panels with a nameplate panel power rating of 200 watts. We anticipate that we will be able to increase the nameplate panel power rating of our panels to 240 watts by 2012 if we are able to achieve our planned product development objectives and manufacturing process improvements. Currently, each solar panel is approximately 1.1 meters by approximately 1.8 meters and weighs approximately 31 kilograms.

Mounts and Related Installation Accessories

Our mounts and certain related installation accessories are bundled with the sale of our solar panels. Mounts and installation accessories, such as cable trays, grounding straps, mounting clips and fasteners, are manufactured by third parties to our proprietary design or are commercially available. The horizontal mounting and “air-flow” properties of our solar panel design substantially simplify the requirements for mounting hardware. Our solar panels require only simple supports for mounting hardware without the need for ballast. These mounts can be quickly attached to the solar panels which then can be set in place on the rooftop without any attachments or adhesives, provided that the panels are placed on roofs that have a slope of less than 10 degrees. We believe that our systems’ ease of installation substantially reduces installation labor which, along with other system-level benefits, enables a large reduction in balance of system costs relative to other photovoltaic systems.

Currently, our mounts raise our solar panels to a height of approximately 25 centimeters above the rooftop surface, although the performance of our solar panels is relatively insensitive to mounting height. The height of our mounts is optimized to allow for installation of our solar panels over low-lying roof obstructions, such as electrical conduit, ducts, or vents. Due to the combination of series and parallel electrical connections within the panel, our solar panels are tolerant to shadowing and individual cylindrical modules can be shaded without shutting off the other modules in our solar panels. This shade tolerance allows our solar panels and mounts to be placed closer to rooftop obstructions, such as skylights, than conventional panels.

Certifications, Safety & Reliability

We have obtained certifications required to sell our photovoltaic systems in the markets we serve or expect to serve and which validate the safety of our systems in accordance with industry standard tests. Our solar panels carry the CE mark, which is required for shipments into Europe. Our solar panels are certified by the Canadian Standards Association and VDE (the German Association for Electrical, Electronic and Information Technologies) to UL 1703 3rd ed.; IEC 61646 ed. 2; IEC 61730-1 ed. 1; and IEC 61730-2 ed.1. Our photovoltaic systems have undergone wind, seismic and accelerated life cycle testing to test their performance and reliability. We have participated in laboratory and field tests at the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE in Germany as well as field tests at various other locations in the United States and internationally. Further, our panels have been deployed in over 200 commercial installations in the United States and internationally, providing for comparisons of predicted versus actual performance. In order to provide our customers with additional information about the potential energy output of our product, we have developed a model to predict the performance of a given installation. For the installations where we

 

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have monitoring equipment in place, the actual energy output of our photovoltaic systems have been within the range predicted by our model.

To compare solar panels, the photovoltaic industry uses a widely accepted set of standard measurement procedures and test conditions. These conditions, called standard test conditions, specify a standard temperature, solar irradiance level and angle of the sun, and are used to determine the nameplate panel power rating. Due to our unique cylindrical module design and in accordance with procedures approved by applicable certification bodies, our panels are tested under standard test conditions with a white reflective surface behind the panels to simulate conditions on a reflective rooftop.

We have tested our packaging design efficacy through industry-standard accelerated lifetime and outdoor performance testing, including subjecting our solar panels to photovoltaic industry standard “damp heat” tests at 85°C and 85% relative humidity. To pass this test, a solar panel must demonstrate less than 10% degradation in performance in 1,000 hours of accelerated lifetime testing. Based on the tests we have performed, our solar panels have reliability performance comparable to most top performing crystalline silicon solar panels.

Manufacturing Process

Our manufacturing process involves the transformation of glass tubes into functional photovoltaic modules. We use common glass tubes produced on the same glass manufacturing lines that produce glass containers and tubes for the pharmaceutical industry. To make modules, we use highly automated, proprietary thin film manufacturing techniques and proprietary process control technologies that result in monolithic integration, where solar cells are created directly on a glass tube and the electrical connections are developed during the deposition process. Each module is manufactured via sequential depositions of different thin films onto the cylindrical glass substrate. To interconnect and isolate the cells, scribing steps are employed at various times. The result produces more than 100 solar cells per module. We refer to the steps that convert incoming glass tubes into photovoltaic devices as our Front End process. The next step involves the encapsulation of the modules in glass outer tubes, which isolate the active material from the environment by a hermetic seal. Then, these finished modules are mounted onto a panel frame which connects the modules electrically, resulting in a complete solar panel ready for installation. This encapsulation and framing process is referred to as the Back End process. We collect more than 2,000 unique pieces of data for each tube that goes through our factory, and we continually review this information, using advanced analytic tools, in an ongoing process to improve yield, increase nameplate panel power rating and eliminate manufacturing defects.

Current Solar Panel Manufacturing Facility and Planned Expansion

We are significantly expanding our solar panel production capacity in order to address market demand. Fab 1 had an annualized production run rate of 54 MW during our fiscal month ended January 2, 2010, and through the fiscal year ended January 2, 2010, Fab 1 has produced approximately 32.3 MW of output. We are in the process of expanding the capacity at Fab 1 and expect to reach an annualized production run rate of 110 MW by the fourth fiscal quarter of 2010, assuming achievement of planned product development objectives and manufacturing process improvements. We also intend to expand our production capacity with the addition of Fab 2. We began construction of Phase I on September 4, 2009 and expect to commence commercial operation by early 2011. When completed, Phase I is expected to have an annualized production run rate of 250 MW by end of the first half of 2012, assuming achievement of planned product development objectives and manufacturing process improvements. We plan to fund and complete Phase II by the first fiscal quarter of 2012, subject to the availability of capital. When the construction and production ramp of both phases of Fab 2 are complete, we expect Fab 2 to have an annualized production run rate of 500 MW, assuming achievement of planned product development objectives and manufacturing process improvements. We plan to complete the construction

 

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and production ramp of Fab 2 by the end of 2013. We intend to further expand future production capacity to meet anticipated market demand via large scale, low-cost manufacturing facilities, which we expect will replicate the design of Fab 2.

Financing Fab 2

We expect to construct Fab 2 in two phases. We estimate that the total capital required for the land, buildings, improvements, manufacturing equipment and certain sales, marketing and other startup costs for Fab 2 will total approximately $1.38 billion. We are financing Phase I with the proceeds of a prior equity financing and a DOE guaranteed loan facility. On September 11, 2009, we applied for a second loan guarantee from the DOE to partially fund Phase II. If we are unable to obtain the DOE guaranteed loan in whole or in part, we intend to fund any financing shortfall with some combination of the proceeds of this offering, cash flows from operations, debt financing and additional equity financing.

The DOE Loan Guarantee Program

Title XVII of the Energy Policy Act of 2005, or Title XVII, authorizes the DOE to issue loan guarantees for eligible projects that “avoid, reduce or sequester air pollutants or anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases” and “employ new or significantly improved technologies.” Section 1703 of Title XVII establishes that one objective of the loan guarantee program is to encourage early commercial use in the United States of innovative technologies in clean energy projects in order to help sustain economic growth, yield environmental benefits and produce a more stable and secure energy supply. Section 1703 of the loan guarantee program is intended to support promising viable technologies by transitioning such technologies to full commercialization, and it is not intended to fund research and development projects or projects based on technology that is in general use in the commercial marketplace in the United States.

Title XVII was amended by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, or the Recovery Act, to create Section 1705. Section 1705 sets forth the conditions of compliance under which Title XVII loan guarantee applicants may seek appropriated funds under the Recovery Act to cover the applicant’s “credit subsidy cost” to compensate the DOE for the risks associated with issuing a loan guarantee for their proposed projects.

Under the loan guarantee program, the DOE can issue guarantees, backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government, for up to 100% of a loan borrowed to finance construction of an eligible project, subject to a maximum guarantee amount of 80% of the aggregate project costs. The project sponsor must commit to provide a significant cash equity contribution to the project. Loans for eligible projects are made either by the Federal Financing Bank or other lenders deemed eligible under the DOE regulations.

Phase I Financing

We were the first company to secure a guaranteed loan facility under Title XVII. On September 3, 2009, we and one of our subsidiaries, Solyndra Fab 2 LLC, entered into financing agreements with the Federal Financing Bank, a government corporation under the general supervision of the Secretary of the Treasury, and the DOE that provide for a $535 million loan to Solyndra Fab 2 LLC, which we refer to as the Fab 2 Borrower, that is guaranteed by the DOE. The estimated aggregate project costs of Phase I are approximately $733 million, which includes a contingency reserve of approximately $65 million. Under the terms of the DOE guaranteed loan facility, the Fab 2 Borrower may borrow 73% of the costs of the project as they are incurred up to the maximum loan amount of $535 million, with the remaining 27% of such costs to be funded from equity contributions that we were required to make to the Fab 2 Borrower. Pursuant to the financing agreements for the DOE loan guarantee, we were required to pre-fund our equity contribution obligation as a condition to the issuance of the guarantee in an amount equal to $198

 

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million and we have satisfied this obligation through contributions of land, improvements and other capitalized development costs and the deposit of funds in a cash reserve account set aside to be utilized as project costs are incurred. We are also responsible for 100% of any costs incurred in connection with the development and construction of Phase I in excess of the estimated aggregate Phase I project costs of $733 million. With respect to this cost overrun obligation, we are required to fund an additional cash reserve account of $30 million in six consecutive monthly payments of $5 million commencing December 2010. The financing agreements provide that the credit subsidy costs for the DOE guaranteed loan facility are paid from funds appropriated under Section 1705 of Title XVII.

The loans are available to be drawn through May 15, 2012, subject to satisfaction of certain conditions. The maturity date of the loans is August 15, 2016. Principal payments on the outstanding loans commence in equal quarterly installments on May 15, 2012 and continue each quarter thereafter until the loans are paid in full on the maturity date. Interest accrues and is payable on a quarterly basis commencing with the first fiscal quarter following the date of disbursement of each loan. The interest rate applicable to each loan is determined by the Federal Financing Bank at the time of disbursement by reference to the applicable “Constant Maturity Treasury” curve in accordance with Section 6(b) of the Federal Financing Bank Act of 1973, plus a spread of 37.5 basis points. As of January 2, 2010, we have made draws totaling $140.9 million, which accrue interest at rates ranging from 2.5% to 2.8% per annum.

Phase II Financing

On July 29, 2009, the DOE issued a new loan guarantee solicitation under Title XVII for projects that employ innovative energy efficiency, renewable energy, and advanced transmission and distribution technologies. The solicitation called for applications in two parts, namely a Part 1 that is expected to provide the DOE with a summary level description of the project, and a Part 2 that requires a more detailed submission. On September 11, 2009, we submitted Part 1 of an application for an approximately $469 million guaranteed loan to be utilized to finance the construction of Phase II. As with the financing facility for Phase I, the loan would be made by the Federal Financing Bank and guaranteed by the DOE. On November 4, 2009, we were notified by the DOE that our Part 1 application was complete and that Phase II was determined to be a Section 1703 eligible project and to have the credit subsidy cost for the project paid out of funds allocated under Section 1705. We submitted Part 2 of our loan guarantee application on November 17, 2009. The balance of the expected approximately $642 million cost of Phase II, which amount includes building expansion and improvements, manufacturing equipment, certain sales, marketing and other start-up costs, a contingency reserve of approximately $53 million. Any excess Phase II costs would be required to be paid by us. We anticipate funding any Phase II costs not covered by the DOE guaranteed loan with the proceeds of this offering.

We cannot be certain that we will obtain the Phase II loan guarantee in the full amount required, and there is a possibility that the DOE will reject our application in its entirety and not provide any loan guarantee for Phase II. In addition, we do not presently know when the DOE will issue its final decision with respect to our application, and if we are awarded a loan guarantee, we will still have to negotiate the terms and conditions of the guaranteed loan facility with the DOE and the Federal Financing Bank. If we are unable to obtain the DOE guaranteed loan in whole or in part, we intend to fund any financing shortfall with some combination of the proceeds of this offering, cash flows from operations, debt financing and additional equity financing. Any such financing may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all, if and when needed.

Manufacturing Equipment

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outsource to third-party suppliers for certain production equipment, such as glass cleaning, subassembly manufacturing, and fully automated assembly tools for module encapsulation and panel framing processes. We intend to continue our strategy to design and construct the customized equipment that is used in our manufacturing for the foreseeable future. We believe that we have been and will continue to be able to advance our research and development initiatives at a faster pace than competitors due to our ability to rapidly modify and refine our production equipment and manufacturing process techniques. In addition, we believe that our manufacturing, metrology and inspection equipment far exceeds typical methods and practices for crystalline silicon solar panel manufacturing and instead has been developed to the latest semiconductor manufacturing standards, comparable to equipment used for computer chip production. We expect this strategy will reduce production labor costs while at the same time accelerate improvements in efficiency, yield and throughput of our production facilities.

Raw Materials

Our manufacturing processes use approximately 20 types of raw materials and subsystems to construct a complete solar module. Of these raw materials and subsystems, the following four are critical to our manufacturing process: indium, gallium, selenium and soda-lime glass tubing. Before we use these materials and subsystems in our manufacturing process, a supplier must undergo a qualification process that can last several months, depending on the type of raw material or subsystem. We continually evaluate new suppliers and currently are qualifying several new suppliers. Most of our critical materials or subsystems are dual sourced or, if single sourced, supplied by large suppliers with multiple manufacturing locations that we have qualified. We have two separate supply agreements with a glass supplier for soda-lime glass tubing. Under the first glass supply agreement, which expires at the end of 2010, we are required to purchase a specified quantity of materials at fixed prices, while in the second glass supply agreement, we have negotiated market-based adjustments over a period of several years to account for inflation and exchange rate fluctuations. We acquire the rest of our raw materials in the open market through long-term purchase orders.

Sales and Marketing

Representative Solyndra Sales Channel Model

LOGO

We primarily sell our photovoltaic systems to value-added resellers, including system integrators and roofing materials manufacturers. These value-added resellers typically resell our systems for use by photovoltaic system owners, including third-party investors, enterprises such as manufacturers, wholesaler-distributors and big-box retailers, government entities and utility companies. Occasionally, we sell our systems directly to the system owner. In addition, we are developing relationships with certain third-party distributors for sales to smaller customers. We expect that these sales channels will continue to evolve over time.

 

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We have direct sales personnel in the United States, Germany, Spain, Italy and France. We formed a subsidiary in Germany and opened a sales and service office near Munich at the end of 2008. We are actively selling and marketing our products for commercial rooftop installations in the United States, Germany, Spain, Belgium, Italy, France, Australia, the Czech Republic, Israel and Canada, and also have done initial market development in other international markets. Over 80% of our shipments through the fiscal year ended January 2, 2010 have been to Europe, although we do not expect this to remain constant over time. Our business in Europe has been driven by government incentive programs.

Customers

In July 2008, we commenced commercial shipments of our photovoltaic systems for installation on low-slope commercial rooftops. A significant amount of our sales to date have been to system integrators, including Geckologic GmbH, Orion Energy Systems, Incorporated, Phoenix Solar AG, Premier Solar Systems Pvt Ltd., Sunconnex B.V., Sun System S.p.A. and USE Umwelt Sonne Energie GmbH. Our integrator customers in Europe also act as distributors for a portion of their business, selling our systems to smaller local installers. Our panels have been deployed in over 200 commercial installations in the United States and internationally, including in Australia, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Netherlands, South Korea, Spain and Switzerland.

We are also selling our photovoltaic systems to manufacturers of reflective “cool” roofing materials. Cool roofs keep buildings cooler by reflecting away sunlight and they lower the electricity usage for air conditioning. We have sold significant amounts of our products to Allied Building Products Corporation, Alwitra GmbH and Carlisle Syntec Incorporated, as well as other roofing materials manufacturers and distributors in Europe and the United States.

Government Subsidies

Different policy mechanisms have been used by governments in many countries, most notably Canada, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Japan, Portugal, South Korea, Spain and the United States, to accelerate the adoption of solar power. Examples of these economic incentives and other support include cash grants, capital cost rebates, performance-based incentives, feed-in tariffs, net metering, tax incentive programs and low-interest loans. Capital cost rebates provide funds to customers based on the cost and size of a customer’s solar power system. Performance-based incentives provide funding to a customer based on the energy produced by their photovoltaic system. Feed-in tariffs pay customers for solar power system generation based on kilowatt-hours produced, at a rate generally guaranteed for a period of time. For example, the German Renewable Energy Law, or the EEG, which was modified as of January 1, 2009 by the Germany government, provides for feed-in tariffs that decline at a rate of between 8.0% and 10.0%, based on the type of photovoltaic system. The rate of decrease is subject to change based upon the overall market growth. Recently, the German government proposed reductions in subsidies for feed-in tariffs under the EEG, including a one-time 16% reduction for rooftop solar installations by July 2010. In Ontario, Canada, a new feed-in-tariff program was introduced in September 2009 and replaced the Renewable Energy Standard Offer Program as the primary subsidy program for future renewable energy projects. In order to participate in the Ontario feed-in-tariff program, certain provisions relating to minimum required domestic content and land use restrictions for solar installations must be satisfied.

In the United States, tax incentive programs exist at both the federal and state level and can take the form of investment tax credits, accelerated depreciation and property tax exemptions. At the federal level, investment tax credits for business and residential photovoltaic systems have gone through several cycles of enactment and expiration since the 1980s. The 30% federal investment tax credit currently available to businesses in the United States for the installation of photovoltaic systems provides a significant financial incentive to owners of these systems. In October 2008, the U.S. Congress extended the 30% federal investment tax credit for both residential and commercial solar installations for eight years, through

 

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December 31, 2016. On February 17, 2009, the Recovery Act was enacted. In addition to adopting certain fiscal stimulus measures that could benefit on-grid solar electricity applications, this legislation creates a new program, through the U.S. Department of the Treasury, which provides grants equal to 30% of the cost of solar installations that are placed in service during 2009 and 2010 or that begin construction prior to January 1, 2011 and are placed in service by January 1, 2017. This grant is available in lieu of receiving the 30% federal investment tax credit and, unlike the 30% federal investment tax credit, can be currently utilized even if the recipient does not have federal income tax liability. Other measures adopted by the Recovery Act that could benefit on-grid solar electricity generation include the following: (1) a DOE loan guarantee program for renewable energy projects, renewable energy manufacturing facilities and electric power transmission projects and (2) a 30% investment tax credit for certain assets used to manufacture property to be used to produce renewable energy such as solar electricity. Several state governments also facilitate low interest loans for photovoltaic systems, either through direct lending, credit enhancement or other programs.

In addition to the economic incentives described above, other programs to encourage the use of renewable energy sources continue to emerge. For example, several states in the United States have adopted renewable portfolio standards, which mandate that a certain portion of electricity delivered to customers come from a set of eligible renewable energy resources. Some programs further specify that a portion of the renewable energy quota must be from solar electricity, while others provide no specific technology requirement for renewable electricity generation. In California, the California Solar Initiative has established a goal of installing 3,000 MW of solar generation capacity by 2016, with a state budget of $2.2 billion over 10 years. As of August 2009, 16 states and the District of Columbia have solar energy renewable portfolio standards carve-outs, according to the Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency. In addition, governments in certain developing countries are establishing initiatives to expand access to electricity, including initiatives to support off-grid rural electrification using solar power.

Regulations and policies relating to electricity pricing and interconnection also encourage distributive generation with photovoltaic systems. Photovoltaic systems generate most of their electricity during the afternoon hours when the demand for and cost of electricity is highest. As a result, electricity generated by photovoltaic systems mainly competes with expensive peak hour electricity, rather than the less expensive average price of electricity. Modifications to the peak hour pricing policies of utilities, such as to a flat rate, would require photovoltaic systems to achieve lower prices in order to compete with the price of electricity. In addition, interconnection policies often enable the owner of a photovoltaic system to feed solar electricity into the power grid without interconnection costs or standby fees.

Research and Development

We engage in extensive research and development efforts with respect to our product development and manufacturing processes, including improving nameplate panel power rating and reducing manufacturing cost through the improvement of throughput and yields. Our research and development organization works closely with our marketing and manufacturing organizations and our customers to improve our photovoltaic system design and lower module, panel and system product manufacturing and assembly costs. Our research and development expenditures were approximately $85.9 million, $125.5 million and $84.6 million for the fiscal years ended December 29, 2007, January 3, 2009 and January 2, 2010, respectively.

Intellectual Property

Our success depends, in part, on our ability to maintain and protect our proprietary technology and to conduct our business without infringing on the proprietary rights of others. We rely primarily on a combination of patents, trademarks and trade secrets, as well as employee and third-party confidentiality agreements, to safeguard our intellectual property. As of the date of this prospectus, we held five patents

 

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issued by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office that have initial terms that expire between June 2025 and May 2027, and have filed over 150 patent applications, covering both domestic and foreign rights. Our issued patents protect key aspects in the use and manufacture of cylindrical photovoltaic modules, and we believe that our intellectual property, including our patents, trade secrets and other proprietary rights, would make it more difficult for our competitors to manufacture cylindrical photovoltaic modules in commercial quantities.

Our pending patent applications and any future patent applications that we file might not result in patents being issued with the scope of the claims we seek, or at all, and any patents we have or may receive may be challenged, invalidated or declared unenforceable. We continually assess appropriate occasions for seeking patent protection for those aspects of our technology, designs and methodologies and processes that we believe provide significant competitive advantages.

As of the date of this prospectus, we have two registered trademarks and three applications for trademarks in the United States pending, two of which have been published for opposition. The marks cover the term “Solyndra,” a stylized “Solyndra,” the Solyndra “O”, “Omnifacial” and the term “The New Shape of Solar.” We have applied for trademark protection for some of these marks in Canada, the European Union, Japan, People’s Republic of China, South Korea and Taiwan.

With respect to proprietary know-how that is not patentable and processes for which patents are difficult to enforce, we rely on, among other things, trade secret protection and confidentiality agreements to safeguard our interests. We believe that many elements of our photovoltaic manufacturing processes involve proprietary know-how, technology or data that are not covered by patents or patent applications, including technical processes, equipment designs, algorithms and procedures. We have taken security measures to protect these elements. All of our research and development personnel have entered into confidentiality and proprietary information agreements with us. These agreements address intellectual property protection issues and require our employees to assign to us all of the inventions, designs and technologies they develop during the course of employment with us. We also require our customers and business partners to enter into confidentiality agreements before we disclose any sensitive aspects of our systems, technology or business plans.

Our precautions may not prevent misappropriation or infringement of our intellectual property. Third parties could infringe or misappropriate our patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets and other proprietary rights. Our failure or inability to adequately protect our intellectual property could materially harm our business.

Competition

We compete in the solar electricity and renewable energy markets with companies that continually evolve and strive to distinguish themselves within their markets and to compete within the larger electric power industry. Hydro, wind, geothermal, bio-mass and tidal energy companies compete with us in the renewable energy industry, although market activities by those companies generally are complementary to solar and not expected to directly impact our future growth prospects. In a similar way, other solar solutions such as solar thermal and concentrated photovoltaic technologies are typically restricted to large-scale wholesale utility applications, which are not currently the target of our marketing initiatives. Thus, we believe that our main sources of competition are crystalline silicon photovoltaic system manufacturers and other thin film photovoltaic system manufacturers.

According to iSuppli, manufacturers of crystalline silicon-based solar panels held an almost 86% market share worldwide in 2008, based on MW shipments. These include polycrystalline, monocrystalline and ribbon silicon technologies. Crystalline silicon-based competitors include BP Solar International Inc., General Electric Company, Sanyo North America Corporation, Sharp Electronics

 

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Corporation, SolarWorld AG, SunPower Corporation, Suntech Power Holdings Co., Ltd., Trina Solar Limited and Yingli Green Energy Holding Company Limited.

Competition from thin film photovoltaic system manufacturers includes First Solar, Inc. and United Solar Ovonic, LLC, and several crystalline silicon manufacturers who are developing thin film technologies. In addition, several emerging companies are pursuing a variety of methods to make CIGS based thin film photovoltaic systems on flexible or rigid substrate, including AVANCIS GmbH & Co. KG, Honda Soltec Co., Ltd., MiaSolé, NanoSolar, Inc. Showa Shell Solar K.K. and Würth Solar GmbH & Co. KG. We may also face competition from semiconductor equipment manufacturers, semiconductor manufacturers or their customers, several of which have already entered the solar photovoltaic market.

Some of our existing and potential competitors have substantially greater financial, technical, manufacturing and other resources than we do. Our competitors’ greater size in some cases provides them with a competitive advantage because they can realize economies of scale and purchase certain raw materials at lower prices. As a result of their greater size, some of our competitors may be able to devote more resources to the research, development, promotion and sale of their products or respond more quickly to evolving industry standards and changes in market conditions than we can. A number of our competitors also have greater brand name recognition, established distribution networks and larger customer bases. In addition, a number of our competitors have well-established relationships with our current and potential customers and have extensive knowledge of our target markets.

We believe that the principal factors upon which photovoltaic system manufacturers compete are: LCOE and total installed cost per watt, which includes price per watt and balance of system costs, as well as production capacity, reliability and system weight. We believe that we compete favorably with respect to these factors.

Environmental, Health and Safety Regulations

We use toxic, volatile or otherwise hazardous substances in our research and development and manufacturing activities, which generate hazardous emissions, effluents and wastes. We are subject to a variety of foreign, federal, state and local governmental regulations related to the storage, use, discharge, emission and disposal of hazardous substances and waste, as well as with respect to the sale, distribution, labeling, re-use and recycling of products containing hazardous substances. We are also subject to occupational health and safety regulations designed to protect worker health and safety from injuries and adverse health effects from exposure to hazardous substances and working conditions.

We believe that we have all environmental permits necessary to conduct our business as currently conducted and expect to obtain all necessary environmental permits for Fab 2. We believe that we have properly handled our hazardous substances and wastes and have not materially contributed to any contamination at any of our past or current premises, although historical contamination may be present at these locations from prior uses.

We are not aware of any environmental, health or safety investigation, proceeding or action by foreign, federal or state agencies involving our past or current facilities. If we fail to comply with present or future environmental, health or safety regulations, we could be subject to fines, suspension of production or a cessation of operations.

Employees

As of February 6, 2010, we employed 801 full-time employees. Of the full-time employees, 287 were engaged in research and development, 386 were engaged in manufacturing and operations, 48 were engaged in sales and marketing and 80 were engaged in general and administrative activities. As of

 

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February 6, 2010, we also employed 246 contract employees who were primarily engaged in manufacturing and operations activities. None of our employees are represented by a labor union, and we consider our employee relations to be good.

Facilities

Our corporate headquarters are located in Fremont, California, in a facility that also houses our Fab 1 Front End facility production equipment. This facility consists of two buildings of approximately 183,000 square feet in aggregate, of which approximately 81,000 square feet are dedicated to manufacturing operations. The lease for this property expires in September 2016. The encapsulation and panel framing Back End production activities for Fab 1 are housed in an approximately 120,000 square foot facility located near our corporate headquarters. The lease for this property expires in April 2015, subject to our option to renew.

Fab 2 is now under construction. We are building Phase I of the Fab 2 Front End facility at a 30-acre site owned by us and located near our Fremont headquarters. This approximately 300,000 square foot Phase I facility is expected to have an annualized production run rate of 250 MW, assuming achievement of planned product development objectives and manufacturing process improvements. Nearby, we have leased an approximately 500,000 square foot facility to serve as the Back End manufacturing site for both phases of Fab 2. Further, we intend to move our equipment manufacturing group to occupy a 100,000 square foot location within this Back End facility.

We believe that our existing properties are in good condition and, with the successful expansion of our manufacturing operations, will be sufficient and suitable to support the planned conduct and growth of our business.

Legal Proceedings

From time to time, we are involved in various legal proceedings arising in the normal course of business activities. In January 2010, we received a request for arbitration from Von Ardenne Anlagentechnik GmbH, or Von Ardenne, that contains various allegations of breach of contract and misappropriation of Von Ardenne’s confidential information. The allegations relate to three sales agreements executed by the parties in late 2006 and early 2007. Under the terms of each of these sales agreements, Von Ardenne agreed to build, and we agreed to purchase, vacuum tools that are required in our thin film deposition process. It is our position that Von Ardenne was not able to deliver any of the tools on the agreed upon timetable or meet the agreed upon design specifications, and accordingly, we were never able to use two of the three tools in our production lines. Von Ardenne is requesting payment of approximately $6.0 million, which represents the remaining invoiced amounts for the three tools. In addition, Von Ardenne has alleged that we misappropriated their confidential information when we built new vacuum deposition tools ourselves. In connection with the alleged misappropriation, Von Ardenne is seeking an injunction to prevent us from using what they claim is their confidential information as well as unspecified damages in connection with the alleged losses they have suffered from our purported use of their alleged confidential information.

Contrary to Von Ardenne’s allegations, we have alleged that their repeated failures to meet the required performance specifications and delivery timeline caused damage to our business, and therefore we have requested a refund of payments made for the two tools that we were never able to use in our production lines, or damages for the cost of remedying the problems caused by Von Ardenne’s breaches, or both, in an amount in excess of $10 million. It is also our position that the tools that we built ourselves after Von Ardenne’s inability to perform were not based on their confidential information, but rather that Von Ardenne misappropriated our confidential information, and we will be seeking the return of that information, including an assignment of rights with respect to certain process technology on which they filed for both German and U.S. patents. In addition, we will be seeking damages for the harm to our business caused by Von Ardenne’s disclosure of our technology in their patent filings.

 

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Although we believe that our defenses are meritorious, and we intend to pursue our counterclaims vigorously, we are unable to predict the outcome of this matter.

Other than the dispute with Von Ardenne, we are not presently a party to any litigation the outcome of which, if determined adversely to us, would individually or in the aggregate have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results or financial condition.

 

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DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL INDEBTEDNESS

DOE Loan Guaranty Financing

On September 3, 2009, we and one of our subsidiaries, Solyndra Fab 2 LLC, which we refer to as the Fab 2 Borrower, entered into financing agreements with the Federal Financing Bank and the DOE that provide for a $535 million loan facility, which is guaranteed by the DOE. The estimated aggregate project costs of Phase I are approximately $733 million, which includes a contingency reserve of approximately $65 million. Under the terms of the DOE guaranteed loan facility, the Fab 2 Borrower may borrow 73% of the costs of the project as they are incurred up to the maximum loan amount of $535 million, with the remaining 27% of such costs to be funded from equity contributions that we were required to make to the Fab 2 Borrower. Pursuant to the financing agreements for the DOE loan guarantee, we were required to pre-fund our equity contribution obligation as a condition to the issuance of the guarantee in an amount equal to $198 million, and we have satisfied this obligation through contributions of land, improvements and other capitalized development costs and the deposit of funds in a cash reserve account set aside to be utilized as project costs are incurred. We are also responsible for 100% of any costs incurred in connection with the development and construction of Phase I in excess of the estimated aggregate Phase I project costs of $733 million. With respect to this cost overrun obligation, we are required to fund an additional cash reserve account of $30 million in six consecutive monthly payments of $5 million commencing December 2010.

The loans are available to be drawn through May 15, 2012. The maturity date of the loans is August 15, 2016. Principal payments on the outstanding loans shall be made in equal quarterly installments commencing on May 15, 2012 and continuing for each quarter thereafter until the loans are paid in full on the maturity date. Interest shall accrue and be payable on a quarterly basis commencing with the first fiscal quarter following the date of disbursement of each loan. The interest rate applicable to each loan is determined by the Federal Financing Bank at the time of disbursement by reference to the applicable “Constant Maturity Treasury” curve in accordance with Section 6(b) of the Federal Financing Bank Act of 1973, plus a spread of 37.5 basis points. As of January 2, 2010, we have made draws totaling $140.9 million, which accrue interest at rates ranging from 2.5% to 2.8% per annum.

Our ability to draw down funds under the DOE guaranteed loan facility is dependent upon the satisfaction of several funding conditions. The material funding conditions include, without limitation, our satisfaction of the obligation to make equity contributions to the Fab 2 Borrower in connection with the related advances under the loan facility, our achievement of certain annualized production run rates for Fab 1, our achievement of progress milestones relating to the construction of Phase I and the development of the Back End manufacturing site, evidence of our ability to fund the total costs of Phase I (including any cost overruns in excess of the estimated aggregate Phase I project costs of $733 million), and completion of all pre-construction matters necessary to commence physical construction of Phase I and commencement of such physical construction on or prior to the end of the third calendar quarter of 2011.

The Fab 2 Borrower is required to maintain a debt service reserve account in an amount equal to six months of scheduled payments of principal, accrued interest and fees. If prior to the completion of the development and construction of Phase I, the ratio of our indebtedness to tangible net worth is greater than 0.50 to 1.0, or if after the completion of the development and construction of Phase I, our tangible net worth is less than $175 million, then, in either case, the Fab 2 Borrower shall be required to increase the amount of the reserve from six months to nine months of scheduled payments of principal, accrued interest and fees. These increased reserves are required to be maintained until such time as four consecutive fiscal quarters have passed in which the applicable condition that triggered the increased reserve has not occurred.

The DOE’s guaranty of the loans is secured by a first priority security interest in all property and assets of the Fab 2 Borrower, including all personal property and all real property. In addition, we have

 

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granted a first priority security interest in all of our equity interests in the Fab 2 Borrower and in a funding account that contains our required equity contribution to cover the balance of the cost of the development and construction of Phase I and that will contain our required $30 million reserve for cost overruns.

The financing agreements contain affirmative and negative covenants, including covenants that limit or restrict the Fab 2 Borrower’s ability to incur indebtedness, grant liens, make investments, incur capital expenditures, merge or consolidate, transfer or dispose of assets, change the nature of its business, pay dividends or distributions or repurchase stock. The Fab 2 Borrower is permitted to make dividends and distributions to us only after meeting certain conditions, including meeting certain debt service coverage ratios or maintaining certain excess cash balances after giving effect to certain loan prepayments in conjunction with such dividends and distributions. The Fab 2 Borrower is also required to maintain a minimum debt service coverage ratio. Our inability to generate sales of our photovoltaic systems at expected prices and quantities could result in the Fab 2 Borrower generating insufficient revenue to maintain compliance with its debt service coverage ratio.

The financing agreements also contain events of default, including non-payment defaults, inaccuracy of representations and warranties, covenant defaults, material defaults or termination of any intercompany project agreement, breaches of our obligation to meet our funding commitments with respect to the development and construction of Phase I, cross-default to material indebtedness, judgment defaults, bankruptcy and insolvency defaults, defaults related to the suspension of construction or operation of Phase I, and defaults related to the failure to timely complete construction of Phase I. The financing agreements also provide that it is an event of default if we experience a change of control without obtaining the consent of the DOE, which will be deemed to occur if any person or group, other than stockholders that held our stock prior to the completion of this offering, acquires stock that represents more than 50% of the outstanding voting power of our stock. The occurrence of an event of default could result in the triggering of default interest rates, the acceleration of the outstanding loans and the exercise of remedies by the Federal Financing Bank and the DOE.

In connection with entering into the financing agreements, we entered into various inter-company project agreements with the Fab 2 Borrower to facilitate the development, construction and operations of Phase I, including an equipment supply agreement, intellectual property license agreement, material supply agreement, a product sales agreement and an operations and maintenance agreement. The equipment supply agreement provides that we will build, supply and install the equipment required for Phase I. The intellectual property license agreement provides for a non-exclusive, fully paid, irrevocable license to all intellectual property necessary to develop, construct and operate Phase I. The material supply agreement provides that we will supply all raw material necessary to operate and manufacture products for Phase I. The product sales agreement commits us to buy 100% of the products manufactured in Phase I. The operations and maintenance agreement provides that our wholly owned subsidiary, Solyndra Operator LLC, will operate and manage the operations of Phase I.

Revolving Loan Facility

On July 17, 2009, we entered into a loan and security agreement, with Argonaut Ventures I, L.L.C., or Argonaut, that provides for a $50.0 million revolving loan facility. Under the terms of the revolving loan facility, we may borrow, repay and re-borrow revolving loans until the maturity date, July 17, 2011, provided that the maturity date may be extended to July 17, 2012, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions including payment of a $1 million extension fee. Upon completion of this offering, the revolving loans will be subject to mandatory prepayment and we will not be permitted to re-borrow any amount under the Argonaut credit facility. As of January 2, 2010, we had no amounts outstanding under this revolving loan facility.

 

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The revolving loans shall accrue interest at a rate per annum equal to 10.0%, provided that if the maturity date is extended beyond July 17, 2011, then the interest rate shall increase to 15.0% per annum. Accrued interest on the revolving loans shall be paid on the last day of each calendar quarter. The revolving loans are subject to mandatory prepayment in the event of an initial public offering of our common stock or a change of control of our stockholders. In addition, upon the issuance of any of our equity securities, the revolving loan commitment shall be reduced in an amount equal to the amount of proceeds received from the sale of our equity securities and a mandatory prepayment of revolving loans will be required to the extent that the outstanding revolving loans exceed the reduced revolving loan commitment.

The revolving loan facility is secured by substantially all of our assets, excluding our intellectual property and our equity interests in the Fab 2 Borrower and Solyndra Operator LLC. Our future domestic subsidiaries will be required to guaranty our obligations under the revolving loan facility and secure their guaranty obligations with a security interest in substantially all of their assets, excluding their intellectual property.

The revolving loan facility contains affirmative and negative covenants, including covenants that limit or restrict our ability to transfer or dispose of assets, change the nature of our business, merge or consolidate, acquire all or substantially all of the assets of any other entity, incur indebtedness, grant liens, pay dividends or distributions, repurchase stock or make investments. The revolving loan facility also contains certain financial covenants that require us to meet certain minimum commercial shipment and production output targets.

The revolving loan facility contains events of default, including non-payment defaults, covenant defaults, a material adverse effect default, attachment and levy of material assets defaults, insolvency and bankruptcy defaults, cross-default to material indebtedness, judgment defaults, cross-default to the financing arrangements with the Federal Financing Bank and the DOE, and inaccuracy of representations and warranties. The occurrence of an event of default could result in the triggering of default interest rates, the acceleration of the outstanding revolving loans and the exercise of remedies by Argonaut.

 

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MANAGEMENT

Executive Officers and Directors

The following table sets forth information about our executive officers and directors as of March 1, 2010:

 

Name

  

Age

  

Position

Dr. Christian M. Gronet

   47    Chief Executive Officer and Director

Benjamin B. Bierman

   47    Executive Vice President, Operations and Engineering

John T. Gaffney

   48    Senior Vice President, Corporate Development and General Counsel

Kirk R. Roller

   47    Senior Vice President, Worldwide Sales

Wilbur G. Stover, Jr.

   56    Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer

Dr. James K. Truman

   49    Senior Vice President, Marketing & Business Development

Dr. James F. Gibbons(2)(3)

   78    Director

Dr. Dan Maydan(1)

   74    Director

Dr. Winston S. Fu(1)

   43    Director

Thomas R. Baruch(1)

   71    Director

John Walecka(2)

   50    Director

David J. Prend(2)

   52    Director

Alex O’Cinneide(1)

   37    Director

Anup M. Jacob(2)

   36    Director

Steven R. Mitchell(3)

   40    Director

Raymond J. Sims(1)(3)

   59    Director

Jameson J. McJunkin(3)

   35    Director

Edward W. Barnholt

   66    Director

 

(1) Member of our audit committee
(2) Member of our compensation committee
(3) Member of our nominating and governance committee

Dr. Christian M. Gronet has served as our Chief Executive Officer and as a director since he founded Solyndra in May 2005. Previously he spent 11 years at Applied Materials, Inc., a semiconductor manufacturing equipment company, most recently as Vice President and General Manager of the Transistor, Capacitor and Gate product group. Dr. Gronet co-founded G-Squared Semiconductor Corporation (acquired by Applied Materials). Dr. Gronet also worked at SERA Solar Corporation, where he pioneered new photovoltaic technologies. Dr. Gronet holds over 20 U.S. patents in thin film and related technologies. He holds a B.S. in materials science and a Ph.D. in semiconductor processing, both from Stanford University.

Benjamin B. Bierman joined our company in August 2006 and has served in positions of increasing responsibility since that time, most recently as our Executive Vice President, Operations and Engineering since October 2009. Prior to joining our company, from March 2005 until August 2006, Mr. Bierman served as the Vice President-Business Management of Coherent, Inc., a laser and laser systems manufacturing company. Mr. Bierman served as Managing Director at Lam Research Corporation, a semiconductor manufacturing equipment company, from December 2003 to March 2005. Previously, during an eight-year tenure at Applied Materials, Inc., Mr. Bierman served as Director of Engineering and Technology and Managing Director of two product units. Mr. Bierman holds an associate’s degree in Engineering Technology from SUNY Farmingdale.

John T. Gaffney has served as our Senior Vice President, Corporate Development and General Counsel since January 2010. From January 2008 until December 2009, Mr. Gaffney was at First Solar,

 

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Inc., a manufacturer of cadmium telluride photovoltaic panels, serving as its Executive Vice President and chief legal officer. Prior to joining First Solar, he practiced law for over 20 years at Cravath, Swaine & Moore LLP, where he became a partner in 1993 and advised numerous corporate and institutional clients on merger and acquisition and capital markets transactions. Mr. Gaffney holds a B.A. from The George Washington University and a J.D. and an M.B.A. from New York University.

Kirk R. Roller has served as our Senior Vice President, Worldwide Sales since January 2010 and as our Vice President, Worldwide Sales from June 2009 until January 2010. Mr. Roller was previously Vice President, Sales at SunEdison LLC, a solar integrator, where he was responsible for sales of photovoltaic projects, sales operations, and sales of renewable energy credits from July 2008 until June 2009. From January 2008 until June 2008, Mr. Roller served as Vice President of Sales and Marketing for Wasabi Systems, Inc., a network storage solutions company. From July 2005 until January 2008, Mr. Roller volunteered at the Cross Timbers Community Church. From April 1998 until July 2005, Mr. Roller was President and Chief Operating Officer of Emulex Corporation, a fiber channel based networking storage solutions company. At Emulex, he held various positions including Vice President, Worldwide Sales, Sr. Vice President, Sales and Marketing, prior to becoming President and Chief Operating Officer. Prior to Emulex, Roller held various positions at Compaq Computer Corporation before taking the position of General Manager of the networking components division, which provided networking design support and sales for all network interface components. Prior to Compaq, Mr. Roller held the position of Sr. Vice President, Sales and Marketing at Advanced InterConnections Corp., a designer and manufacturer of interconnect products, and Vice President, Worldwide Sales for Thomas-Conrad Corporation, a manufacturer of network interface cards (since acquired by Compaq). Mr. Roller holds a B.A. in business management from the University of Texas.

Wilbur G. Stover, Jr. has served as our Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer since January 2010 and as our Vice President, Chief Financial Officer from December 2007 until January 2010. From June 1989 until August 2007, Mr. Stover served in various capacities at Micron Technology, Inc., a manufacturer of semiconductor devices, most recently Vice President, Finance and Chief Financial Officer. Mr. Stover holds a B.A. in business administration with an accounting emphasis from Washington State University.

Dr. James K. Truman joined as a founding employee in June 2005 as Vice President, Marketing, Sales and Business Development and has served as our Senior Vice President, Marketing & Business Development since January 2010. Dr. Truman was previously Vice President, Marketing at ReVera Incorporated, a provider of metrology used to monitor and control films and critical layers deployed in the semiconductor manufacturing process, from 2004 until 2005. Prior to ReVera, Dr. Truman was Director, Advanced Research Programs while on the Research Faculty, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, at the University of Florida from 2003 until 2004. From 1995 until 2003, Dr. Truman served in a number of executive capacities at Applied Materials, Inc., including General Manager of the Wet Clean Division and Chief Marketing Officer and Director of Strategic Technology & Marketing for the Transistor Gate and Substrate division. Dr. Truman holds a B.S. in metallurgical engineering and material science from the University of Notre Dame, and a M.S. and a Ph.D. in materials science and engineering from the University of Florida.

Dr. James F. Gibbons has served as a director of Solyndra since December 2005. Dr. Gibbons is currently Professor (Research) in Electrical Engineering at Stanford University and Chairman of SERA Solar Corporation, a holding company with interests in investing in the solar photovoltaic field. He joined the Stanford faculty in 1957 and served as the Dean of the School Engineering from 1984 to 1996. He was the founder of SERA Solar Corporation and he also co-founded G-Squared Semiconductor Corporation (acquired by Applied Materials, Inc.). Dr. Gibbons has served on boards of directors for both private and public companies, including Lockheed-Martin Corporation, Cisco Systems, Inc., El Paso Energy, SRI International and Raychem Corp. He has also served on committees working with the Presidential

 

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Science Advisor in the Nixon, Reagan and Bush administrations. Dr. Gibbons is a Life Fellow of the Institution of Electrical and Electronic Engineers and was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering, the National Academy of Sciences, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Dr. Gibbons holds a B.S. from Northwestern University and a Ph.D. from Stanford University.

Dr. Dan Maydan has served as a director of Solyndra since June 2006. Dr. Maydan was President of Applied Materials, Inc. from 1994 to 2003 and a member of that company’s board of directors from 1992 until he retired in 2005. Before joining Applied Materials, Dr. Maydan spent 13 years managing new technology development at Bell Laboratories. In 1998, he was elected to the National Academy of Engineering. Dr. Maydan serves on the board of directors of Infinera Corporation and Electronics For Imaging, Inc. Dr. Maydan holds a B.S. and M.S. in electrical engineering from Technion, the Israel Institute of Technology, and a Ph.D. in physics from the University of Edinburgh in Scotland.

Dr. Winston S. Fu has served as a director of Solyndra since February 2006. Dr. Fu is a Managing Member of several venture capital funds commonly referred to as U.S. Venture Partners, or USVP. He joined USVP following his selection as a Kauffman Fellow in Venture Capital in 1997. Previously, Dr. Fu served in technical and marketing roles at Vixel Corporation, a storage networking products and technology company, from 1991 until 1995. Previously, Dr. Fu researched and developed technologies in the areas of semiconductors, lasers and superconductors at Stanford University, Sandia National Laboratories and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He serves on the board of directors of Active-Semi International, Inc., CFX Battery, Inc., Maskless Lithography, Inc., Redwood Systems, Inc. and Teknovus, Inc. Dr. Fu holds a B.S. in physics from MIT, a Ph.D. in Applied Physics from Stanford University and a M.S. in business administration from the Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University.

Thomas R. Baruch has served as a director of Solyndra since February 2006. Mr. Baruch is the founder and a managing director of CMEA Ventures, a venture capital firm that was established in 1989 as an affiliated fund of New Enterprise Associates. Mr. Baruch is currently on the board of directors of Entropic Communications, Inc., and several private companies. Before starting CMEA Ventures, Mr. Baruch was a founder and Chief Executive Officer of Microwave Technology, Inc., a supplier of gallium arsenide integrated circuits. Prior to his employment with Microwave Technology, Inc., Mr. Baruch managed a dedicated venture fund at Exxon Corp (since renamed Exxon Mobil Corporation), and was President of the Exxon Materials Division. Earlier in his career, Mr. Baruch worked as a patent attorney and remains a registered patent attorney. He is also both a member of the Executive Committee of the Council on Competitiveness and a member of the Steering Committee of the Energy, Security, Innovation and Sustainability (ESIS) Initiative of the Council on Competitiveness. Mr. Baruch is a member of the board of trustees of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and the board of trustees of the Berkeley Institute of Synthetic Biology. Mr. Baruch holds a B.S. in engineering from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and a J.D. from Capital University.

John Walecka has served as a director of Solyndra since February 2006. Mr. Walecka is a founding partner of Redpoint Ventures, which was established in 1999. Prior to founding Redpoint Ventures, Mr. Walecka was a general partner with Brentwood Venture Capital, a firm he joined in 1984. Mr. Walecka has also served as a member of the board of directors of Entropic Communications, Inc., a fabless semiconductor company, since September 2001. Mr. Walecka served as director of the Western Association of Venture Capitalists (WAVC) and is currently a director of Fortinet, Inc. and the Stanford Business School Venture Capital Trust. Mr. Walecka holds a B.S. and an M.S. in engineering from Stanford University and an M.B.A. from the Stanford Graduate School of Business.

David J. Prend has served as a director of Solyndra since October 2006. Mr. Prend is the Managing General Partner of RockPort Capital Partners, a venture capital firm he co-founded in 1998. Prior to founding RockPort Capital Partners, Mr. Prend held the positions of Director and Managing Director at

 

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Salomon Brothers from June 1990 until January 1997, and headed the Global Energy Investment Banking Group. Previously, he served in a number of executive capacities for Shearson Lehman’s Natural Resources Investment Banking Group, Amoco Corporation, a chemical and oil company since merged with British Petroleum, and Bechtel Corporation, an engineering, construction and product management company. Mr. Prend currently serves on the boards of directors of Achates Power, Inc., Aspen Aerogels, Inc., Aspen Products Group, Inc., Hycrete Technologies, Inc., Satcon Technology Corporation and SustainX, Inc. He is also a member of the board of directors of the National Venture Capital Association. Mr. Prend holds a B.S. in Civil Engineering from the University of California at Berkeley and a M.B.A. from Harvard Business School.

Alex O’Cinneide has served as a director of Solyndra since July 2007. Mr. O’Cinneide is the Head of Venture Investments of the Abu Dhabi Future Energy Company (Masdar). Prior to joining Masdar in January 2007, he was a Managing Partner in Quorum European Partners, an energy technology focused venture capital firm, from 2004 until 2007. He also worked at Unisys Corp., an information technology services and solutions company, in the Business Transformation group. He started his career in two technology companies before joining KPMG Consulting (since renamed BearingPoint, Inc.), where he was a director in the Strategy and Private Equity Advisory group (London & New York). He presently serves on the board of directors of EnerTech Environmental, Inc., DuraTherm, Inc. and Enviromena Power Systems LLC. He holds a B.A. and M.A. from Trinity College Dublin, a MSc. in Philosophy from the London School of Economics and a MSc. in Finance from the London Business School.

Anup M. Jacob has served as a director of Solyndra since July 2007. Mr. Jacob is a Founding Partner of Virgin Green Fund. Prior to Virgin Green Fund, Mr. Jacob was a partner in TPG’s Aqua Fund, which focused on late stage investments in water, clean technology and renewable resources companies, from 1999 until 2007. Mr. Jacob has served on the board of directors of several public and private companies, including Wildcat Discovery Technologies, Inc., Jain Irrigation Systems Ltd, Metering Technology Corporation and Scanship Environmental Solutions. Prior to TPG, Mr. Jacob was an investment banker at Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette, Inc. in the Global Power and Merchant Banking groups. Mr. Jacob holds a B.A., with honors, in economics from the University of Chicago.

Steven R. Mitchell has served as a director of Solyndra since November 2008. Mr. Mitchell is Managing Director of Argonaut Private Equity, a venture capital and buyout firm dedicated to financing and growing emerging market leaders. Mr. Mitchell currently sits on the Boards of Directors of Global Client Solutions, LLC, Westec Intelligent Surveillance Inc., Yulex Corporation, Solyndra, StepStone Group LLC, Southwest United Industries, Inc., Green Hills Software, Inc., Newmans Valve, Ltd. and Aspen Aerogels, Inc. Prior to joining Argonaut in November 2004, Mr. Mitchell was a Principal in both Radical Incubation LP and 2929 Entertainment, where he led acquisitions and investments primarily focused in the media, sports and entertainment sectors. He previously was a corporate attorney at Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher LLP specializing in mergers and acquisitions. Mr. Mitchell is a graduate of Baylor University and the University of San Diego School of Law.

Raymond J. Sims has served as a director of Solyndra since December 2008. Mr. Sims is Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Financial Engines, Inc, an independent registered investment advisor. Prior to joining Financial Engines in 1999, he served at Raychem Corporation, a technology company, as Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer from 1993 until 1999, as Vice President and Treasurer from 1985 to 1993 and as Director, Internal Audit from 1982 to 1984. Mr. Sims holds an M.B.A from the Harvard Business School and a B.S. in business and economics from Lehigh University.

Jameson J. McJunkin has served as a director of Solyndra since September 2009. Mr. McJunkin is a Founding Partner at Madrone Capital Partners, L.L.C., an investment firm based in Menlo Park, CA that was formed in 2005. Mr. McJunkin leads Madrone’s efforts in sustainability and alternative energy, and

 

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currently serves on the board of directors of Achates Power Inc., Enphase Energy, Inc., Fluidic Energy, and the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. Prior to Madrone, he was a technology growth capital investor at TA Associates, Inc., a private equity firm, from 2000 until 2005. Mr. McJunkin holds an A.B. with honors from the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University and an M.B.A. from the Stanford University Graduate School of Business, where he was an Arjay Miller Scholar.

Edward W. Barnholt has served as a director of Solyndra since February 2010. From March 1999 until his retirement in March 2005, Mr. Barnholt was President and Chief Executive Officer of Agilent Technologies, Inc., a measurement company, and he was Chairman of the board of directors of Agilent from November 2002 to March 2005. Before being named Agilent’s Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Barnholt served as Executive Vice President and General Manager of Hewlett-Packard Company’s Measurement Organization from 1998 to 1999. From 1990 to 1998, he served as General Manager of Hewlett-Packard’s Test and Measurement Organization. He was elected Senior Vice President of Hewlett-Packard in 1993 and Executive Vice President in 1996. Mr. Barnholt is the Non-Executive Chairman of the board of directors of KLA-Tencor Corporation and serves on the boards of directors of Adobe Systems Incorporated, eBay Inc. and The Tech Museum of Innovation. He also serves on the board of trustees of the David and Lucile Packard Foundation. Mr. Barnholt holds a B.S. and a M.S. in electrical engineering from Stanford University.

Our executive officers are appointed by our board of directors and serve until their successors have been duly elected and qualified. There are no family relationships among any of our directors or executive officers.

Board of Directors

Our board of directors currently consists of 13 members. All of our current directors were elected or appointed in accordance with the terms of an eighth amended and restated voting agreement among us and certain of our stockholders. The eighth amended and restated voting agreement will terminate upon the closing of this offering, and there will be no further contractual obligations regarding the election of our directors. Our bylaws permit our board of directors to establish by resolution the authorized number of directors, and 13 directors are currently authorized.

Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws that will take effect upon the closing of this offering will provide for a classified board of directors consisting of three classes of directors, each serving staggered three-year terms, as follows:

 

  Ÿ  

the Class I directors will be             ,             ,              and             , and their terms will expire at the annual meeting of stockholders to be held in 2011;

 

  Ÿ  

the Class II directors will be             ,             ,              and             , and their terms will expire at the annual meeting of stockholders to be held in 2012; and

 

  Ÿ  

the Class III directors will be             ,             ,              and             , and their terms will expire at the annual meeting of stockholders to be held in 2013.

Upon expiration of the term of a class of directors, directors for that class will be elected for three-year terms at the annual meeting of stockholders in the year in which that term expires. Each director’s term continues until the election and qualification of his successor, or his earlier death, resignation or removal. Any increase or decrease in the number of directors will be distributed among the three classes so that, as nearly as possible, each class will consist of one-third of the directors. This classification of our board of directors may have the effect of delaying or preventing changes in control of our company.

 

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Our certificate of incorporation and our bylaws, which will become effective upon the closing of this offering, will provide that the authorized number of directors may be changed only by resolution of our board of directors. Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws will provide that our directors may be removed only for cause by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least a majority of the votes that all our stockholders would be entitled to cast in an annual election of directors. Any vacancy on our board of directors, including a vacancy resulting from an enlargement of our board of directors, may be filled only by vote of a majority of our directors then in office.

Director Independence

Under Rule 5605 and Rule 5615(b) of The NASDAQ Stock Market, independent directors must comprise a majority of a listed company’s board of directors within one year of listing. In addition, The NASDAQ Stock Market rules require that, subject to specified exceptions, each member of a listed company’s audit, compensation and nominating and governance committees be independent. Audit committee members must also satisfy the independence criteria set forth in Rule 10A-3 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Under Rule 5605(a)(2) of The NASDAQ Stock Market, a director will only qualify as an “independent director” if, in the opinion of that company’s board of directors, that person does not have a relationship that would interfere with the exercise of independent judgment in carrying out the responsibilities of a director. In order to be considered to be independent for purposes of Rule 10A-3, a member of an audit committee of a listed company may not, other than in his or her capacity as a member of the audit committee, the board of directors, or any other board committee: (1) accept, directly or indirectly, any consulting, advisory, or other compensatory fee from the listed company or any of its subsidiaries; or (2) be an affiliated person of the listed company or any of its subsidiaries.

Our board of directors undertook a review of its composition, the composition of its committees and the independence of each director. Based upon information requested from and provided by each director concerning his background, employment and affiliations, including family relationships, our board of directors has determined that none of our directors with the exception of Dr. Christian Gronet and             , representing              of our 13 directors, has a relationship that would interfere with the exercise of independent judgment in carrying out the responsibilities of a director and that each of these directors is “independent” as that term is defined under 5605(a)(2) of The NASDAQ Stock Market. Our board of directors also determined that             ,             ,             ,              and             , who comprise our audit committee,             ,             ,              and             , who comprise our compensation committee, and             ,             ,              and             , who comprise our nominating and governance committee, satisfy the independence standards for those committees established by applicable SEC and The NASDAQ Stock Market rules. In making this determination, our board of directors considered the relationships that each non-employee director has with our company and all other facts and circumstances our board of directors deemed relevant in determining their independence, including the beneficial ownership of our capital stock by each non-employee director.

Committees of the Board of Directors

Our board of directors has established an audit committee, a compensation committee and a nominating and corporate governance committee, each of which will have the composition and responsibilities described below upon closing of this offering.

Audit Committee

Our audit committee is currently comprised of Thomas R. Baruch, Dr. Winston S. Fu, Dr. Dan Maydan, Alex O’Cinneide and Raymond J. Sims, each of whom is a non-employee member of our board of directors. Mr. Sims is the chairperson of our audit committee. Our board of directors has determined

 

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that              and              meet the requirements for independence and financial literacy under the applicable rules and regulations of the SEC and The NASDAQ Stock Market. Our board of directors has determined that              is our audit committee financial expert, as that term is defined under the SEC rules implementing Section 407 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and possesses financial sophistication as required by The NASDAQ Stock Market rules. Upon the closing of this offering, the audit committee will operate under a written charter that satisfies the applicable standards of the SEC and The NASDAQ Stock Market. The audit committee will be responsible for, among other things:

 

  Ÿ  

selecting and hiring our independent auditors;

 

  Ÿ  

supervising and evaluating the performance and independence of our independent auditors;

 

  Ÿ  

reviewing and approving the audit and non-audit services to be performed by our independent auditors

 

  Ÿ  

reviewing and discussing with management and our independent auditors our financial statements and the results of the independent audit;

 

  Ÿ  

reviewing and discussing the quarterly reports from our independent auditors;

 

  Ÿ  

preparing the audit committee report that the SEC requires in our annual proxy statement;

 

  Ÿ  

reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of our internal and disclosure controls and procedures;

 

  Ÿ  

reviewing and discussing with management and our independent auditors compliance with legal and regulatory requirements as they relate to financial statements or accounting matters;

 

  Ÿ  

overseeing procedures established for complaints on accounting and audit matters;

 

  Ÿ  

overseeing our risk assessment and risk management practices and policies; and

 

  Ÿ  

overseeing compliance with our related party transaction policy.

Compensation Committee

Our compensation committee is currently comprised of Dr. James F. Gibbons, Anup M. Jacob, David J. Prend and John Walecka, each of whom is a non-employee member of our board of directors. Mr. Walecka is the chairperson of our compensation committee. Our board of directors has determined that              and              meet the requirements for an independent or outside director under the applicable rules and regulations of the SEC, The NASDAQ Stock Market and the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, relating to compensation committee independence. Upon the closing of this offering, the compensation committee will operate under a written charter. The compensation committee will be responsible for, among other things:

 

  Ÿ  

reviewing and approving for our executive officers: the annual base salary, the annual incentive bonus, including the specific goals and amount, equity compensation, employment agreements, signing bonus or payment of relocation costs, and any other benefits, compensations or similar arrangements;

 

  Ÿ  

administering our equity incentive plan and approving all option grants and performance awards to our executive officers;

 

  Ÿ  

overseeing our overall compensation philosophy, compensation plans and benefit programs and making recommendations to our board of directors with respect to improvements or changes to such plans or programs;

 

  Ÿ  

reviewing executive compensation programs and total compensation levels;

 

  Ÿ  

reviewing and approving compensation and benefits for non-employee directors;

 

  Ÿ  

reviewing and discussing with management the “—Compensation Discussion and Analysis” and related disclosures required by the rules of the SEC; and

 

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  Ÿ  

preparing the compensation committee report that the SEC requires to be included in our annual proxy statement.

Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee

Our nominating and corporate governance committee is currently comprised of Dr. James F. Gibbons, Steven R. Mitchell, Jameson J. McJunkin, and Raymond J. Sims, each of whom is a non-employee member of our board of directors. Dr. Gibbons is the chairperson of our nominating and corporate governance committee. Our board of directors has determined that              and              meet the requirements for independence under the applicable rules and regulations of The NASDAQ Stock Market relating to nominating and corporate governance committee independence. Upon the closing of this offering, the nominating and corporate governance committee will operate under a written charter. The nominating and corporate governance committee will be responsible for, among other things:

 

  Ÿ  

evaluating the current composition, organization and governance of our board of directors and its committees;

 

  Ÿ  

recommending to our board of directors desired qualifications and characteristics for board membership;

 

  Ÿ  

identifying candidates to fill vacancies on our board of directors and recommending nominees for each annual meeting of stockholders to our board of directors;

 

  Ÿ  

recommending to our board of directors persons to be members of the various committees;

 

  Ÿ  

reviewing the corporate governance guidelines approved by our board of directors and their application, and recommending any changes deemed appropriate to our board of directors for its consideration;

 

  Ÿ  

reviewing the succession planning for our executive officers; and

 

  Ÿ  

overseeing our board of directors’ self-evaluation process.

Code of Business Conduct and Ethics

Our board of directors will adopt a code of business conduct and ethics in connection with this offering. The code will apply to all of our employees, officers (including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller, or persons performing similar functions), including directors and consultants. Upon the effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, the full text of our code of business conduct and ethics will be posted on our web site at www.solyndra.com. The inclusion of our web site address in this prospectus does not include or incorporate by reference the information on our web site into this prospectus.

Corporate Governance Guidelines

Our board of directors has adopted corporate governance guidelines to be effective upon the closing of this offering to assist the board in the exercise of its duties and responsibilities and to serve the best interests of our company and our stockholders. Upon the closing of this offering, these guidelines, which provide a framework for the conduct of our board’s business, will provide:

 

  Ÿ  

that the board of directors’ principal responsibility is to oversee the management of the company;

 

  Ÿ  

membership criteria for board membership;

 

  Ÿ  

that a majority of the members of the board shall be independent directors;

 

  Ÿ  

limits on board member’s service on board of directors of other public companies;

 

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for the appointment of a lead independent director;

 

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  Ÿ  

that the independent directors meet regularly in executive session;

 

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that at least annually, the board and its committees will conduct a self-evaluation;

 

  Ÿ  

the procedures for stockholders to communicate with the board of directors; and

 

  Ÿ  

that directors have complete access to all officers and employees.

Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation

The members of our compensation committee are Dr. James F. Gibbons, Anup M. Jacob, David J. Prend and John Walecka. None of the members of our compensation committee is or has been an officer or employee of our company or had any related person transactions involving us. None of our executive officers currently serves, or in the past year has served, as a member of the board of directors or compensation committee (or other committee serving an equivalent function) of any entity that has one or more executive officers serving on our board of directors or compensation committee.

Director Compensation

In February 2010, our board of directors adopted standard director compensation policies. Under these policies, our non-employee directors who are not representatives of holders of our preferred stock are entitled to an annual cash retainer of $40,000, with an additional annual cash retainer of $20,000 for service as chair of our audit committee and $10,000 for service as chair of each of our compensation committee and nominating and corporate governance committee. In addition, we reimburse all of our directors for the reasonable expenses incurred in connection with their attendance of board or committee meetings. Each non-employee director who is not a representative of holders of our preferred stock is granted an initial option to purchase 50,000 shares of our common stock and subsequent annual option grants of 15,000 shares of our common stock. In connection with the adoption of these policies, in February 2010, Mr. Sims was paid $10,000 and granted an option to purchase 15,000 shares of our common stock, Dr. Gibbons was paid $20,000 and granted an option to purchase 50,000 shares of our common stock and Mr. Barnholt was paid $10,000 and granted an option to purchase 50,000 shares of our common stock. Prior to the adoption of this policy, Mr. Sims was the only director who received cash compensation, which amounted to $50,000 in our fiscal year ended January 2, 2010.

The following table sets forth the annual director compensation paid or accrued by us to individuals who were directors during any part of fiscal 2009.

Director Compensation

For Year Ended January 2, 2010

 

Name

   Fees earned or
paid in cash
($)(a)
   Option
Awards(1)($)(b)
   Total ($)
(a) + (b)

Dr. James F. Gibbons

      8,843    8,843

Dr. Dan Maydan

      4,768    4,768

Dr. Winston S. Fu

        

Thomas R. Baruch

        

John Walecka

        

David J. Prend

        

Alex O’Cinneide

        

Anup M. Jacob

        

Steven R. Mitchell

        

Raymond J. Sims(2)(3)

   50,000    17,240    67,240

Jameson J. McJunkin

        

 

(1)

The amounts in this column represent the dollar amount recognized for financial statement purposes in fiscal year 2009 related to grants of options during fiscal year 2009 and previous fiscal

 

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years, computed in accordance with authoritative guidance. See Note 15 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of assumptions made in determining the grant date fair value and compensation expense of our stock options.

(2) Mr. Sims earned an annual retainer of $40,000 plus an additional fee of $10,000 for serving as chair of the audit committee.
(3) On December 3, 2009, we granted Mr. Sims an option to purchase 10,000 shares of our common stock with a per share exercise price of $3.54, with 1/3 of the shares subject to the option vesting on the one year anniversary of the vesting commencement date and the remaining shares subject to the option vesting at the rate of 1/36th of the total shares subject to the option per month thereafter, subject to continued service through each such vesting date. The grant date fair value of the option, as calculated in accordance with authoritative guidance, is $21,671.

Compensation Discussion and Analysis

The following discussion and analysis of compensation arrangements of our named executive officers for the fiscal year ended January 2, 2010 should be read together with the compensation tables and related disclosures set forth below. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that are based on our current plans, considerations, expectations and determinations regarding future compensation programs. Actual compensation programs that we adopt may differ materially from currently planned programs as summarized in this discussion.

Named Executive Officers

In this Compensation Discussion & Analysis, the individuals in the Summary Compensation Table set forth after this Compensation Discussion & Analysis are referred to as the “named executive officers.” Our named executive officers for the fiscal year ended January 2, 2010 are:

 

  Ÿ  

Dr. Christian M. Gronet, Chief Executive Officer

 

  Ÿ  

Benjamin B. Bierman, Executive Vice President Operations & Engineering

 

  Ÿ  

Kirk R. Roller, Senior Vice President, Worldwide Sales

 

  Ÿ  

W. G. Stover, Jr., Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer

 

  Ÿ  

Dr. James K. Truman, Senior Vice President, Marketing & Business Development

Overview—Compensation Objectives

We have designed our compensation and benefits program and philosophy to retain, attract, and incentivize talented, qualified senior executives to effectively manage and promote the success of our company and to motivate them to pursue corporate objectives. Historically, as a private company, the mix of compensation elements was weighted towards equity elements due to cash capital constraints. However, going forward we intend to set our compensation programs within an appropriate competitive framework that includes a mix of short-term and long-term components, cash and equity elements and fixed and contingent payments in proportions that we believe will provide appropriate incentives to reward our senior executives and management team. Within this overall philosophy, our objectives are to:

 

  Ÿ  

engage a third-party consulting firm during fiscal year 2010 to work with our compensation committee to establish an appropriate peer group of companies, including our competitors, that we intend to compete with for executive talent and to offer a total compensation program that is benchmarked to the fiftieth percentile of such peer group;

 

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  Ÿ  

continue to align the financial interests of our executive officers with those of our stockholders by providing significant equity-based awards such as options, while balancing the competing concerns of limiting stockholder dilution and financial accounting compensation expense; and

 

  Ÿ  

continue to utilize our performance-based approach to managing pay levels to foster a goal oriented, cooperative and highly-motivated management team whose members have a clear understanding of business objectives and shared corporate values.

Compensation for each named executive officer is comprised of a cash-based short-term salary component, reviewed periodically and based on the individual performance of the executive, cash incentive payments based upon achievement of corporate objectives and individual performance objectives, and a long- term equity component providing long-term compensation based on company performance, as reflected in an increase or decrease in the value of the shares underlying such equity awards. We use the above objectives as a guide in establishing the compensation programs, practices and packages offered to Solyndra executive officers and in assessing the proper allocation between long- and short-term incentive compensation and cash and non-cash compensation. However, there is no pre-established policy or target for the allocation between long- and short-term incentive compensation and cash and non-cash compensation.

Historical Role of Our Board of Directors

From our formation until the appointment of directors to the compensation committee in 2007, non-employee members of our board of directors reviewed and approved executive compensation and benefits policies, including our 2005 Amended and Restated Equity Incentive Plan. Our non-employee directors relied upon their own experiences as directors and officers at other technology companies and public companies that we expected to compete with as well as other subjective information collected from private, venture capital backed companies in establishing appropriate levels of compensation for our executive officers.

Establishment of, and Ongoing Review by, Our Compensation Committee

In 2006, our board of directors established a compensation committee, and in 2007 our board of directors appointed John Walecka, David J. Prend, Dr. James F. Gibbons and Anup M. Jacob to the compensation committee. Each of these individuals qualifies as (i) an “independent director” under the requirements of The NASDAQ Stock Market, (ii) a “non-employee director” under Rule 16b-3 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, and (iii) an “outside director” under Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code. The compensation committee evaluates, approves, administers and interprets our executives’ compensation and benefit policies, including our annual executive incentive plan and 2005 Amended and Restated Equity Incentive Plan, consistent with our compensation program and philosophy.

As a private company, our compensation committee has historically considered compensation data informally collected by the compensation committee members from various other private, venture capital-backed companies with similar revenues, and from research of pay practices at similar companies. The committee has also relied on its members’ business judgment and collective experience with respect to compensation practices at other companies in the technology industry. In addition, the committee has periodically utilized independent compensation consultants to advise it on compensation matters generally and on matters related to the equity components of executive compensation and industry best practices. Our compensation committee determines subjectively what it believes to be the appropriate level and mix of the various compensation components.

 

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Role of Executive Officers in Compensation Decisions

For executive officers other than our chief executive officer, the compensation committee has historically sought and considered input from our chief executive officer regarding such executive officers’ responsibilities, performance and compensation. Specifically, our chief executive officer recommends base salary increases, bonus targets for performance-based bonuses, equity award levels and the performance goals that are used throughout our compensation plans, and advises the committee regarding the compensation program’s ability to attract, retain and motivate executive talent. Our compensation committee has and exercises the ability to materially increase or decrease the compensation amounts recommended by our chief executive officer. Our chief financial officer is also involved in our executive compensation process by providing input on the financial targets for our compensation plan and presenting data regarding the impact of the executive compensation programs on our financial performance and statements. Our compensation committee routinely meets in executive session, and our chief executive officer is not permitted to attend during sessions of the compensation committee and sessions of the board of directors where decisions are made regarding his compensation. Once our compensation committee has established our peer group, it is our intention to rely on market parameters for the initial determination of various elements of our executives’ compensation and to set such initial compensation so that it is at the fiftieth percentile of such peer group, with the compensation committee making adjustments down or up from such market-based determination based, in part on input from our chief executive officer.

Executive Compensation Program

Components of our Compensation Program

Our executive compensation program consists of five components: base salary; periodic cash bonuses; equity-based incentives; benefits; and severance/termination protection. These components also allow us to reward performance throughout the fiscal year and to provide an incentive for executives to appropriately balance their focus on short-term and long-term strategic goals. The compensation committee believes that this set of components is effective and will continue to be effective in achieving the objectives of our compensation program and philosophy. We utilize short-term compensation, including base salary and cash bonuses, to motivate and reward our key executives on a day-to-day basis in accordance with our general compensation philosophy, which focuses on rewarding performance. Our compensation committee has established a program to set and refine management objectives, and to measure performance against those objectives. The compensation committee meets at least annually to evaluate and refine such program. We are in the process of implementing an annual review process to measure and provide feedback on individual performance as it relates to the goals we wish to achieve for the company as a whole and each employee individually. The review will assess various combinations of the following factors:

 

  Ÿ  

overall financial performance;

 

  Ÿ  

overall and functional unit expense controls;

 

  Ÿ  

achievement of objectives established during the prior review, including specified cost metrics;

 

  Ÿ  

assessment of professional effectiveness, consisting of a portfolio of competencies that include leadership, commitment, creativity and team accomplishment; and

 

  Ÿ  

experience, knowledge, skills and attitude, focusing on capabilities, capacity and willingness to learn.

Our compensation program seeks to balance each named executive officer’s focus between company goals and individual performance. Since the creation of the compensation committee, base salaries, bonus potential and equity awards are set based on a combination of corporate objectives and

 

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individual performance determined on a subjective, case-by-case basis, and generally have been based on a subjective evaluation by the compensation committee and the chief executive officer, when appropriate, of each individual’s contribution to us. Historically, bonus achievements and certain equity grants were awarded based on a combination of corporate objectives and individual performance. We expect to continue this practice with respect to our executives’ bonus opportunities so that we can foster a culture of individual high performance with a focus on, and awareness of, the impact on overall company success. The compensation committee applies the same compensation philosophy and standards for each named executive officer, including our chief executive officer. However, compensation levels inevitably vary among the named executive officers because the compensation committee considers individual and corporate factors, as well as the personal knowledge of our compensation committee members with respect to the compensation of similarly situated individuals at companies with which we compete for talent and at companies in the technology industry for whom our committee members also serve on the compensation committee, in order to determine the appropriate level of compensation for each named executive officer. Consequently, if there are differences in the amount or type of compensation paid among the named executive officers, including the chief executive officer, such differences are due primarily to a similar disparity among positions within other companies generally known to our compensation committee members, as well as other factors such as a named executive officer’s tenure and individual performance.

We utilize equity-based incentives to align the interests of our senior executives with those of our stockholders and to promote a longer term performance perspective and positive progress toward achieving our long-term strategy. Total equity ownership for our named executive officers is reviewed at least annually and the data from this review is used as part of the evaluation in determining the appropriate amount of additional grants of equity-based awards.

Finally, we use benefits and change of control arrangements and expect to enter into severance agreements as a means of retaining our employees and reducing the degree to which the possible loss of employment might affect our executive’s willingness to take risk and/or pursue strategic relationships and transactions that, while potentially beneficial to our stockholders, might result in the termination of the executive’s employment.

Our executives’ total compensation may vary significantly year to year based on company, functional area and individual performance. Further, the value of equity awards made to our senior executives will vary in value based on our stock price performance.

Weighting of Elements in our Compensation Program

The allocation among each compensation element is based on a subjective determination by the compensation committee of the importance of each element in meeting our overall objectives. In general, we seek to put a significant amount of each executive’s total potential compensation “at risk” based on corporate and individual performance. We believe that, as is common in the technology sector, stock option and other equity-based awards are a significant compensation-related motivator in attracting and retaining employees and that salary and bonus levels are, in many instances, secondary considerations to many employees, particularly at the executive and managerial levels.

Base Salary

Solyndra provides a base salary to its named executive officers and other employees to compensate them for services rendered on a day-to-day basis during the fiscal year. Base salary will typically be used to recognize the experience, skills, knowledge, and responsibilities required of each named executive officer, and should reflect the overall sustained performance and contributions to us over time. For newly hired executive officers, the compensation committee considers the base salary of the individual at his or

 

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her prior employment and any unique personal circumstances that motivated the executive to leave that prior position and join Solyndra. Once base pay levels are initially determined, increases in base pay are generally made on an annual basis to recognize specific performance achievements. In the first four years of our existence, the maximum amount of base pay for our executive officers was capped at $200,000 without reference to any individual’s experience or background.

In 2009, in consideration of the achievements of the company in growth in production and sales and in securing financing for the company’s second manufacturing complex, the compensation committee approved executive base salary increases which were deemed to be competitive and consistent with the performance of the executive team and the growth of our company. None of our executives is currently party to an employment agreement that provides for automatic or scheduled increases in base salary. However, on an annual basis, base salaries for our executives, together with other components of compensation, are evaluated.

The following table sets forth information regarding the base salary for fiscal years 2009 and 2010 for our named executive officers:

 

Executive Officer

   Fiscal 2009 Base
Salary*
   Fiscal 2010 Base
Salary*

Dr. Christian M. Gronet

   $ 400,000    $ 400,000

Benjamin B. Bierman

   $ 300,000    $ 300,000

Kirk R. Roller

   $ 200,000    $ 300,000

Wilbur G. Stover, Jr.

   $ 300,000    $ 300,000

Dr. James K. Truman

   $ 300,000    $ 300,000

 

* Salary as of January 2, 2010 for fiscal year 2009 and as of the date of this filing for fiscal year 2010.

Cash Bonuses

As a result of the global economic challenges in 2009 and the desire to conserve working capital in light of our planned expansion, our executive incentive plan, or EIP, was suspended after fiscal year 2008 and remained suspended during the entire 2009 fiscal year. Therefore, no bonuses were paid under the EIP during fiscal year 2009. It is our intention to resume the EIP when determined appropriate by the compensation committee and our board of directors.

In addition to the EIP, in connection with the hiring of executive officers, our board of directors has authorized certain relocation and signing bonuses to attract key individuals. In June of 2009, we hired Mr. Roller and in connection with his offer, he received a $100,000 signing bonus and a $50,000 relocation reimbursement. These bonus payments were approved by our board of directors and set out in the named executive officer’s offer letter.

Equity-based Incentives

Our equity award program is the primary vehicle for offering long-term incentives to our executives. We believe that equity grants help to align the interests of our executives with our stockholders, provide our executives with incentives linked to long-term performance and create an ownership culture. In addition, the time-based vesting feature of our equity grants contributes to executive retention because this feature provides an incentive to our executives to remain in our employ during the vesting period. Our board of directors does not apply a rigid formula in allocating stock options to our named executive officers. Our board of directors exercises its judgment and discretion and considers, among other things, the role and responsibility of the named executive officer, competitive factors, including the other opportunities a named executive officer might consider, the amount of stock-based equity compensation already held by the executive, and the cash-based compensation received by the named executive

 

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officer. For our chief executive officer, our compensation committee makes recommendations to our board of directors on the proposed number of options to be granted. For each named executive officer other than our chief executive officer, our chief executive officer makes recommendations on the proposed number of options to be granted, and for each named executive officer, our board of directors discusses each proposed option grant and makes a determination to raise or lower such grant based on the collective judgment and at the sole discretion of our board of directors. Once we have established our peer group and evaluated the compensation practices of such peer group, the compensation committee intends to evaluate our equity granting practices and to tailor future grants to be in conformance with the market standards that we determine are appropriate for us to remain competitive with our peer group.

Benefits

We provide the following benefits to our named executive officers on the same basis provided to all of our employees:

 

  Ÿ  

health, dental and vision insurance;

 

  Ÿ  

life insurance;

 

  Ÿ  

a 401(k) plan;

 

  Ÿ  

employee assistance plan;

 

  Ÿ  

short-and long-term disability, accidental death and dismemberment; and

 

  Ÿ  

medical and dependent care flexible spending account.

We believe these benefits are consistent with companies with which we compete for employees.

Severance Compensation and Termination Protection

In connection with the public offering, we intend to develop severance and change of control agreements and to enter into these agreements with each of our named executive officers prior to the completion of the offering. Currently, none of our named executive officers are party to any agreement that provides severance compensation or termination protection, with the exception of the change in control protections that we granted to Dr. Gronet and Mr. Stover in connection with Dr. Gronet’s repurchase option agreement that he entered into with us and Mr. Stover’s initial option grant. Each of these agreements is described in more detail below, in the section entitled, “—Potential Payment upon Change of Control.”

 

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Summary Compensation Table

The following table provides information regarding the compensation of our principal executive officer, principal financial officer and each of the next three most highly compensated executive officers during our fiscal year ended January 2, 2010. We refer to these executive officers as our “named executive officers.”

 

Name and Principal Position

  Year   Salary
($)
    Bonus
($)
    Option
Grants
($)(1)
    Non-Equity
Incentive Plan
Compensation
($)(2)
  All Other
Compensation
($)
    Total
($)

Dr. Christian M. Gronet

  2009   258,462 (3)         1,223,101        39,614 (4)    1,521,176

Chief Executive Officer

  2008   200,000      50,000 (5)         100,000        350,000

Benjamin B. Bierman

  2009   229,231 (6)         465,163 (7)           694,394

Executive Vice President, Operations & Engineering

  2008   200,000      100,000 (8)    141,076 (9)    100,000        541,076

Kirk R. Roller(10)

  2009   103,846      100,000 (11)    64,823        50,000 (12)    318,669

Senior Vice President, Worldwide Sales

  2008   N/A             

Wilbur G. Stover, Jr.

  2009   229,231 (13)         551,776        50,000 (14)    831,007

Senior Vice President,
Chief Financial Officer

  2008   200,000           230,489      38,000   50,000 (15)    518,489

Dr. James K. Truman

  2009   229,231 (16)         95,260 (17)           324,491

Senior Vice President, Marketing & Business Development

  2008   196,923           1,482 (18)    100,000        298,405

 

(1) The amounts in this column represent the dollar amount recognized for financial statement purposes in fiscal year 2009 related to grants of options during fiscal year 2009 and previous fiscal years, computed in accordance with authoritative guidance. See Note 15 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of assumptions made in determining the grant date fair value and compensation expense of our stock options.
(2) No cash bonuses were paid out under the EIP earned during fiscal year 2009. Represents the cash bonus payout under the EIP earned during fiscal year 2008.
(3) Dr. Gronet received an increase in base salary to $400,000 effective September 2009.
(4) Dr. Gronet receives a relocation allowance of $6,000 per month, which is grossed up for tax purposes. Of the total amount reported, $15,614 represents the amount we paid as a gross-up for related taxes.
(5) Dr. Gronet received a bonus relating to achieving a revenue milestone by the end of fiscal year 2008.
(6) Mr. Bierman received an increase in base salary to $300,000 effective September 2009.
(7) Mr. Bierman early exercised a portion of his options and $11,160 of the total dollar amount recognized for financial statement purposes in the fiscal year ended January 2, 2010 relates to restricted stock held by virtue of his early exercise of his options.
(8) Mr. Bierman received bonus payouts related to his promotion to Vice President, Global Operations in fiscal year 2008.
(9) Mr. Bierman early exercised a portion of his options and $11,340 of the total dollar amount recognized for financial statement purposes in fiscal year 2008 relates to restricted stock held by virtue of his early exercise of his options.
(10) Mr. Roller joined the Company on June 15, 2009.
(11) Mr. Roller received a $100,000 sign-on bonus during fiscal year 2009.
(12) Mr. Roller received a relocation allowance of $50,000 during fiscal year 2009.
(13) Mr. Stover received an increase in base salary to $300,000 effective September 2009.
(14) Mr. Stover received a relocation allowance of $50,000 during fiscal year 2009.
(15) Mr. Stover received a relocation allowance of $50,00