10-Q

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2020

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from          to         

Commission File Number: 001-38098 

APPIAN CORPORATION

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

Delaware	54-1956084
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
7950 Jones Branch Drive McLean, VA	22102
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (703) 442-8844

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading symbol	Name of each exchange on which registered
Class A Common Stock	APPN	The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☒	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Small reporting company	☐
Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ☐   

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes   ☐    No  ☒

As of November 2, 2020, there were 37,834,226 shares of the registrant’s Class A common stock and 32,214,666 shares of the registrant’s Class B common stock, each with a par value of $0.0001 per share, outstanding.

Table of Contents

		Page
PART I.	FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.	Financial Statements	3
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2020 (unaudited) and December 31, 2019	3
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and September 30, 2019 (unaudited)	4
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and September 30, 2019 (unaudited)	5
	Condensed Consolidated Statement of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and September 30, 2019 (unaudited)	6
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and September 30, 2019 (unaudited)	8
	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)	9
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	25
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	42
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	43
PART II.	OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	44
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	44
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	46
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	46
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	46
Item 5.	Other Information	46
Item 6.	Exhibits	46
Signature		47

2

PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

APPIAN CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(in thousands, except share and per share data) 

	As of
	September 30, 2020		December 31, 2019
	(unaudited)
Assets
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	251,088	$	159,755
Accounts receivable, net of allowance of $1,200 and $600 as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively	89,219		70,408
Deferred commissions, current	16,292		14,543
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	25,909		32,955
Total current assets	382,508		277,661
Property and equipment, net	36,415		39,554
Goodwill	4,637		—
Intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization of $307 as of September 30, 2020	1,765		—
Operating right-of-use assets	30,855		24,205
Deferred commissions, net of current portion	31,580		28,979
Deferred tax assets	654		494
Other assets	4,042		592
Total assets	$	492,456	$	371,485
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Current liabilities
Accounts payable	$	4,630	$	5,222
Accrued expenses	6,287		7,488
Accrued compensation and related benefits	16,615		10,691
Deferred revenue, current	96,902		82,201
Operating lease liabilities, current	6,592		3,836
Finance lease liabilities, current	1,549		1,447
Other current liabilities	319		1,395
Total current liabilities	132,894		112,280
Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion	51,727		44,416
Finance lease liabilities, net of current portion	1,192		2,375
Deferred revenue, net of current portion	4,371		7,139
Deferred tax liabilities	461		38
Other non-current liabilities	4,069		—
Total liabilities	194,714		166,248
Stockholders’ equity
Class A common stock—par value $0.0001; 500,000,000 shares authorized and 37,805,423 shares issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2020; 500,000,000 shares authorized and 34,525,386 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2019	4		3
Class B common stock—par value $0.0001; 100,000,000 shares authorized and 32,214,766 shares issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2020; 100,000,000 shares authorized and 32,942,636 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2019	3		3
Additional paid-in capital	462,686		340,929
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(2,442)		(285)
Accumulated deficit	(162,509)		(135,413)
Total stockholders’ equity	297,742		205,237
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	492,456	$	371,485

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

3

APPIAN CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(unaudited, in thousands, except share and per share data)

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Revenue
Subscriptions	$	50,760	$	37,774	$	142,614	$	109,191
Professional services	26,544		28,381		80,329		82,543
Total revenue	77,304		66,155		222,943		191,734
Cost of revenue
Subscriptions	5,101		4,484		15,185		12,105
Professional services	16,450		19,467		51,641		58,963
Total cost of revenue	21,551		23,951		66,826		71,068
Gross profit	55,753		42,204		156,117		120,666
Operating expenses
Sales and marketing	31,633		27,603		94,891		86,186
Research and development	18,150		15,697		51,366		42,418
General and administrative	13,485		11,191		38,076		29,468
Total operating expenses	63,268		54,491		184,333		158,072
Operating loss	(7,515)		(12,287)		(28,216)		(37,406)
Other (income) expense
Other (income) expense, net	(4,277)		2,262		(1,845)		1,881
Interest expense	119		96		390		236
Total other (income) expense	(4,158)		2,358		(1,455)		2,117
Loss before income taxes	(3,357)		(14,645)		(26,761)		(39,523)
Income tax expense	255		5		335		394
Net loss	$	(3,612)	$	(14,650)	$	(27,096)	$	(39,917)
Net loss per share:
Basic and diluted	$	(0.05)	$	(0.22)	$	(0.39)	$	(0.62)
Weighted average common shares outstanding:
Basic and diluted	69,923,553		65,508,113		68,611,994		64,860,342

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

4

APPIAN CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

(unaudited, in thousands)

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Net loss	$	(3,612)	$	(14,650)	$	(27,096)	$	(39,917)
Comprehensive income (loss), net of income taxes:
Foreign currency translation adjustment	(1,960)		680		(2,157)		486
Total other comprehensive loss, net of income taxes	$	(5,572)	$	(13,970)	$	(29,253)	$	(39,431)

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

5

APPIAN CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

(unaudited, in thousands, except share data)

						Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)				Total Stockholders' Equity
	Common Stock			Additional Paid-In Capital				Accumulated Deficit
	Shares	Amount
Balance, January 1, 2020	67,468,022	$	6	$	340,929	$	(285)	$	(135,413)	$	205,237
Net loss	—	—		—		—		(11,669)		(11,669)
Issuance of common stock to directors	1,946	—		—		—		—		—
Vesting of restricted stock units	46,031	—		—		—		—		—
Exercise of stock options	129,082	—		670		—		—		670
Stock-based compensation expense	—	—		3,476		—		—		3,476
Other comprehensive income	—	—		—		17		—		17
Balance, March 31, 2020	67,645,081	6		345,075		(268)		(147,082)		197,731
Net loss	—	—		—		—		(11,815)		(11,815)
Issuance of common stock from public offering, net of issuance costs	1,931,206	1		107,914		—		—		107,915
Issuance of common stock to directors	2,296	—		—		—		—		—
Vesting of restricted stock units	13,567	—		—		—		—		—
Exercise of stock options	248,165	—		1,571		—		—		1,571
Stock-based compensation expense	—	—		3,614		—		—		3,614
Other comprehensive loss	—	—		—		(214)		—		(214)
Balance, June 30, 2020	69,840,315	7		458,174		(482)		(158,897)		298,802
Net loss	—	—		—		—		(3,612)		(3,612)
Issuance of common stock to directors	2,417	—		—		—		—		—
Vesting of restricted stock units	33,641	—		—		—		—		—
Exercise of stock options	143,816	—		934		—		—		934
Stock-based compensation expense	—	—		3,578		—		—		3,578
Other comprehensive loss	—	—		—		(1,960)		—		(1,960)
Balance, September 30, 2020	70,020,189	$	7	$	462,686	$	(2,442)	$	(162,509)	$	297,742

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

6

						Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)				Total Stockholders' Equity
	Common Stock			Additional Paid-In Capital				Accumulated Deficit
	Shares	Amount
Balance, January 1, 2019	63,916,437	$	6	$	218,284	$	542	$	(145,640)	$	73,192
Cumulative effect of adoption of ASC 606	—	—		—		—		60,941		60,941
Net loss	—	—		—		—		(15,216)		(15,216)
Issuance of common stock to directors	3,461	—		—		—		—		—
Vesting of restricted stock units	278,680	—		—		—		—		—
Exercise of stock options	482,444	—		1,073		—		—		1,073
Stock-based compensation expense	—	—		7,225		—		—		7,225
Other comprehensive income	—	—		—		296		—		296
Balance, March 31, 2019	64,681,022	6		226,582		838		(99,915)		127,511
Net loss	—	—		—		—		(10,051)		(10,051)
Issuance of common stock to directors	2,684	—		—		—		—		—
Vesting of restricted stock units	6,010	—		—		—		—		—
Exercise of stock options	147,852	—		914		—		—		914
Stock-based compensation expense	—	—		2,689		—		—		2,689
Other comprehensive loss	—	—		—		(490)		—		(490)
Balance, June 30, 2019	64,837,568	6		230,185		348		(109,966)		120,573
Net loss	—	—		—		—		(14,650)		(14,650)
Issuance of common stock from public offering, net of issuance costs	1,825,000	—		101,303		—		—		101,303
Issuance of common stock to directors	2,563	—		—		—		—		—
Vesting of restricted stock units	94,772	—		—		—		—		—
Exercise of stock options	387,095	—		2,065		—		—		2,065
Stock-based compensation expense	—	—		3,141		—		—		3,141
Other comprehensive income	—	—		—		680		—		680
Balance, September 30, 2019	67,146,998	$	6	$	336,694	$	1,028	$	(124,616)	$	213,112

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

7

APPIAN CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(unaudited, in thousands)

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020		2019
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss	$	(27,096)	$	(39,917)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	4,485		3,273
Bad debt expense	778		98
Loss on disposal of property and equipment	22		146
Deferred income taxes	(162)		(191)
Stock-based compensation	10,668		13,055
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	(22,594)		1,854
Prepaid expenses and other assets	4,491		23,280
Deferred commissions	(4,349)		(6,192)
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	(2,456)		(3,909)
Accrued compensation and related benefits	5,844		(2,159)
Other liabilities	2,963		(251)
Deferred revenue	10,531		2,315
Operating lease liabilities	3,422		—
Deferred rent, non-current	—		5,718
Net cash used in operating activities	(13,453)		(2,880)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Payments for acquisitions, net of cash acquired	(6,138)		—
Purchases of property and equipment	(1,036)		(31,430)
Net cash used in investing activities	(7,174)		(31,430)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Principal payments on finance leases	(1,080)		(299)
Proceeds from public offerings, net of underwriting discounts	108,260		101,653
Payments of costs related to public offerings	(18)		(12)
Proceeds from exercise of common stock options	3,175		4,052
Net cash provided by financing activities	110,337		105,394
Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	1,623		(460)
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents	91,333		70,624
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period	159,755		94,930
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	$	251,088	$	165,554
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
Cash paid for interest	$	116	$	250
Cash paid for income taxes	$	630	$	236
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash financing information:
Capital lease obligations to acquire new office furniture and fixtures and computer hardware	$	—	$	4,491

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

8

APPIAN CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

1. Organization and Description of Business

Appian Corporation (together with its subsidiaries, “Appian,” the “Company,” “we,” or “our”) provides a low-code automation platform that accelerates the creation of high-impact business applications, enabling our customers to automate the most important aspects of their business. Global organizations use our applications to improve customer experience, achieve operational excellence, and simplify global risk management and compliance. We were incorporated in the state of Delaware in August 1999. We are headquartered in McLean, Virginia and operate in Canada, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Italy, Australia, Spain, Singapore, and Sweden.

2. Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and footnotes have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) as contained in the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) for interim financial information. In the opinion of management, the interim financial information includes all adjustments of a normal recurring nature necessary for a fair presentation of the results of operations, financial position, changes in stockholders’ equity, and cash flows. The results of operations for the current period are not necessarily indicative of the results for the full year or the results for any future periods. These condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related footnotes included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on February 20, 2020.

We adopted ASC 606, the new revenue recognition guidance, on January 1, 2019 using the modified retrospective method. Under this method of adoption, we recognized the cumulative effect of initially applying the new revenue standard as an adjustment to the opening balance of accumulated deficit and applied the new standard only to contracts that were not completed prior to January 1, 2019.

Because we were an emerging growth company until December 31, 2019, the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act allowed us to delay adoption of certain accounting standards such as ASC 606 and ASC 842 until such time they were made applicable to private companies. We elected to use this extended transition period, and accordingly, did not report revenues under ASC 606 or leases under ASC 842 in our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q during 2019. Refer to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, filed with the SEC on February 20, 2020, for a complete reconciliation of our revenues under the old and new guidance. Prior period amounts in this Form 10-Q have been recast as if we had reported under ASC 606 for the applicable periods.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of our condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the amounts reported in these condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Although we believe the estimates we use are reasonable, due to the inherent uncertainty involved in making these estimates, actual results reported in future periods could differ from those estimates.

Significant estimates embedded in the condensed consolidated financial statements include revenue recognition, income taxes and the related valuation allowance, the valuation of goodwill and intangible assets, leases, costs to obtain a contract with a customer, and stock-based compensation.

The ongoing outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease ("COVID-19") has resulted in the declaration of a global pandemic and introduced a level of disruption and uncertainty into the financial markets and global economy. While we continue to monitor the developments surrounding the pandemic, as of the date of issuance of these financial statements, we are not aware of any specific events or circumstances that would require us to update our estimates, assumptions, and judgments or revise the carrying value of our assets or liabilities. We cannot estimate the impacts COVID-19 will have on our business going forward as such impacts will be largely dependent upon a number of factors outside of our control including the extent and duration of the outbreak as well as any mitigating actions which may be undertaken by global governments and the general public.

9

APPIAN CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Appian and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Public Offering

In June 2020, we completed an underwritten public offering of 2,500,000 shares of our Class A common stock, of which 1,931,206 shares of Class A common stock were sold by us and 568,794 shares of Class A common stock were sold by existing stockholders. The underwriter purchased the shares from us and the selling stockholders at a price of $56.50 per share. Our net proceeds from the offering were $107.9 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses. We did not receive any of the proceeds from the sale of shares by the selling stockholders.

Revenue Recognition

Refer to Note 3 for a detailed discussion on specific revenue recognition principles related to our major revenue streams.

Cost of Revenue

Subscriptions

Cost of subscriptions revenue consists primarily of fees paid to our third-party managed hosting providers and other third-party service providers, personnel costs such as payroll and benefits for our technology operations and customer support teams, and allocated facility costs and overhead.

Professional Services

Cost of professional services revenue includes all direct and indirect costs to deliver our professional services and training, including employee compensation for our global professional services and training personnel, travel costs, third-party contractor costs, and allocated facility costs and overhead.

Concentration of Credit and Customer Risk

Our financial instruments exposed to concentration of credit and customer risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents and trade accounts receivable. Deposits held with banks may exceed the amount of insurance provided on such deposits. We believe the financial institutions holding our cash deposits are financially sound and, accordingly, minimal credit risk exists with respect to these balances.

With regard to our customers, credit evaluation and account monitoring procedures are used to minimize the risk of loss. We believe no additional credit risk beyond amounts provided for collection loss are inherent in accounts receivable. Revenue generated from government agencies represented 19.9% and 17.9% of our revenue for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively, of which the top three federal government agencies generated 8.7% and 7.4% of our revenue for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively. Additionally, 32.2% and 34.0% of our revenue during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively, was generated from foreign customers. When accounted for under ASC 606, revenue generated from government agencies represented 19.5% and 18.0% of our revenue for three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively, of which the top three federal government agencies generated 8.6% and 7.2% of our revenue for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively. Additionally, 31.0% and 31.9% of our revenue during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively, was generated from foreign customers.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

10

APPIAN CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

We consider all highly liquid investments with an original or remaining maturity of three months or less at the date of purchase, as well as overnight repurchase investments, to be cash equivalents.

Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

Accounts receivable are stated at realizable value, net of an allowance for doubtful accounts. The allowance for doubtful accounts is based on our assessment of the collectability of accounts and incorporates an estimation of expected lifetime credit losses on our receivables. We regularly review the composition of the accounts receivable aging, historical bad debts, changes in payment patterns, customer creditworthiness, and current economic trends. If the financial condition of our customers were to deteriorate, resulting in their inability to make required payments, additional provisions for doubtful accounts would be required and would increase bad debt expense. There was a $0.6 million increase in the allowance for doubtful accounts from December 31, 2019 to September 30, 2020.

Assets Recognized from the Costs to Obtain a Contract with a Customer

We capitalize the incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer, including sales commissions paid to our direct sales force that are incremental costs to obtaining customer contracts. These costs are recorded as deferred commissions in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Costs to obtain a contract for a new customer or upsell are amortized over an estimated economic life of five years as sales commissions on initial sales are not commensurate with sales commissions on contract renewals. We determine the estimated economic life based on both qualitative and quantitative factors such as expected renewals, product life cycles, contractual terms, and customer attrition. We periodically review the carrying amount of deferred contract acquisition costs to determine whether events or changes in circumstances have occurred that could impact the estimated economic life. Commissions paid relating to contract renewals are deferred and amortized over the related renewal period. We also capitalize the incremental fringe benefits associated with commission expenses paid to our direct sales force. Costs to obtain a contract for professional services arrangements are expensed as incurred as the contractual period of our professional services arrangements are one year or less.

Amortization associated with commission expense is recorded to sales and marketing costs in our condensed consolidated statements of operations. Commission expense was $5.6 million and $16.7 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively. Commission expense was $3.6 million and $10.2 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Significant additions or improvements extending the useful life of an asset are capitalized, while repairs and maintenance costs which do not significantly improve the related assets or extend their useful lives are charged to expense as incurred.

The following table outlines useful lives of our major asset categories:

Asset Category	Useful Life (in years)
Computer software	3
Computer hardware	3
Equipment	5
Office furniture and fixtures	10
Leasehold improvements	(a)

(a) - Leasehold improvements have an estimated useful life of the shorter of the useful life of the assets or the lease term.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

11

APPIAN CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

Long-lived assets and certain intangible assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable through undiscounted cash flows from the use of the assets. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the assets are written down to their estimated fair value. No indicators of impairment were identified for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The carrying amounts of our cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and accrued expenses approximate fair value as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 because of the relatively short duration of these instruments.

We use a three-tier fair value hierarchy to classify and disclose all assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis, as well as assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis, in periods subsequent to their initial measurement. The hierarchy requires us to use observable inputs when available and to minimize the use of unobservable inputs when determining fair value. The three tiers are defined as follows:

•Level 1. Observable inputs based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;

•Level 2. Inputs other than quoted prices in active markets that are observable either directly or indirectly; and

•Level 3. Unobservable inputs for which there is little or no market data, which require us to develop our own assumptions.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis Using Significant Unobservable Inputs

There were no instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019.

Stock-Based Compensation

We account for stock-based compensation expense related to stock-based awards based on the estimated fair value of the award on the grant date. We calculate the fair value of stock options containing only a service condition using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The fair value of restricted stock units ("RSUs") is based on the closing market price of our common stock on the Nasdaq Global Market on the date of grant. For service-based awards such as RSUs, stock-based compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. For performance-based awards, stock-based compensation expense is recognized using the accelerated attribution method based on the probability of satisfying the performance condition. For awards that contain market conditions, compensation expense is measured using a Monte Carlo simulation and recognized using the accelerated attribution method over the derived service period based on the expected market performance as of the grant date. We account for forfeitures as they occur rather than estimating expected forfeitures.

Leases

Refer to Note 4 for a detailed discussion on our policies specific to leasing arrangements.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Adopted

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326) ("ASU 2016-13"), which requires entities to measure all expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. This replaces the existing incurred loss model and is applicable to the measurement of credit losses on financial assets measured at amortized cost. This guidance is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. Adopting the standard did not have a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements.

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APPIAN CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement ("ASU 2018-13"), which eliminates, modifies, and adds disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. This guidance is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. Adopting the standard did not have a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other-Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40), Customer's Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That is a Service Contract, which aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs in cloud computing arrangements with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software. This guidance is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. Adopting the standard did not have a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements.

3. Revenue

Revenue Recognition

We generate subscriptions revenue primarily through the sale of software as a service ("SaaS") subscriptions bundled with maintenance and support and hosting services as well as term license subscriptions bundled with maintenance and support. We generate professional services revenue from fees for our consulting services, including application development and deployment assistance as well as training related to our platform.

The following table summarizes revenue from contracts with customers for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
SaaS subscriptions	$	34,312	$	24,573	$	92,282	$	68,647
Term license subscriptions	11,830		9,199		37,002		28,859
Maintenance and support	4,618		4,002		13,330		11,685
Professional services	26,544		28,381		80,329		82,543
Total revenue	$	77,304	$	66,155	$	222,943	$	191,734

Performance Obligations and Timing of Revenue Recognition

We primarily sell products and services that fall into the categories discussed below. Each category contains one or more performance obligations that are either (1) capable of being distinct (i.e., the customer can benefit from the product or service on its own or together with readily available resources, including those purchased separately from us) and distinct within the context of the contract (i.e., separately identified from other promises in the contract) or (2) a series of distinct products or services that are substantially the same and have the same pattern of transfer to the customer. Our term license subscriptions are delivered at a point in time while our SaaS subscriptions, maintenance and support, and professional services are delivered over time.

Subscriptions Revenue

Subscriptions revenue is primarily related to (1) SaaS subscriptions bundled with maintenance and support and hosting services and (2) term license subscriptions bundled with maintenance and support. We generally charge subscription fees on a per-user basis and, to a lesser degree, non-user based single application licenses. We bill customers and collect payment for subscriptions to our platform in advance on an annual, quarterly, or monthly basis. In certain instances, our customers have paid their entire contract up front.

SaaS Subscriptions

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APPIAN CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

We generate cloud-based subscription revenue primarily from the sales of subscriptions to access our cloud offering, together with related support services to our customers. We perform all required maintenance and support for our cloud offering. Revenue is recognized on a ratable basis over the contract term beginning on the date the service is made available to the customer. Our cloud-based subscription contracts generally have a term of one to three years in length. We bill customers and collect payment for subscriptions to our platform in advance, and they are non-cancellable.

Term License Subscriptions

Our term license subscription revenue is derived from customers with on-premise installations of our platform pursuant to contracts that were historically one to three years in length. The majority of recent contracts have been one year in length. Although term license subscriptions are sold with maintenance and support, the software is fully functional at the beginning of the subscription and is considered a distinct performance obligation. On rare occasions, a cloud-based subscription may include the right for the customer to take possession of the license and as such, the revenue is treated as a license. Revenue from term license subscriptions is recognized when control of the software license has transferred to the customer, which is the later of delivery or commencement of the contract term.

Maintenance and Support

Maintenance and support subscriptions include both technical support and when-and-if-available software upgrades, which are treated as a single performance obligation as they are considered a series of distinct services that are substantially the same and have the same duration and measure of progress. Revenue from maintenance and support is recognized ratably over the contract period, which is the period over which the customer has continuous access to maintenance and support.

Professional Services

Our professional services revenue is comprised of fees for consulting services, including application development and deployment assistance as well as training services related to our platform. Our professional services are considered distinct performance obligations when sold standalone or with other products.

Consulting Services

We sell consulting services to assist customers in planning and executing the deployment of our software. Customers are not required to use consulting services to fully benefit from the software. Consulting services are regularly sold on a standalone basis and either (1) under a fixed-fee arrangement or (2) on a time and materials basis. Consulting contracts are each considered separate performance obligations because they do not integrate with each other or with other products and services to deliver a combined output to the customer, do not modify or customize (or are not modified or customized by) each other or other products and services, and do not affect the customer's ability to use the other consulting offerings or other products and services. Revenue under consulting contracts is recognized over time as services are delivered. For time and materials-based consulting contracts, we have elected the practical expedient of recognizing revenue upon invoicing since the invoiced amount corresponds directly to the value of our service to date.

Training Services

We sell various training services to our customers. Training services are sold in the form of prepaid training credits that are redeemed based on a fixed rate per course. Training revenue is recognized when the associated training services are delivered.

Significant Judgments and Estimates

Determining the Transaction Price

The transaction price includes both fixed and variable consideration. Variable consideration is included in the transaction price to the extent it is probable a significant reversal will not occur. The amount of variable consideration excluded from the transaction price for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 was insignificant. Our estimates of variable consideration are also subject to subsequent true-up adjustments and may result in changes to transaction prices; however, such true-up adjustments are not expected to be material.

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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

Allocating the Transaction Price Based on Standalone Selling Prices ("SSP")

We allocate the transaction price to each performance obligation in a contract based on its relative SSP. The SSP is the observable price at which we sell the product or service separately. In the absence of observable pricing, we estimate SSP using the residual approach. We establish SSP as follows:

1.SaaS subscriptions - Given the highly variable selling price of our SaaS subscriptions, we establish the SSP of our SaaS subscriptions using a residual approach after first determining the SSP of consulting and training services. We have concluded the residual approach to estimating SSP of our SaaS subscriptions is an appropriate allocation of the transaction price.

2.Term license subscriptions - Given the highly variable selling price of our term license subscriptions, we have established SSP of term license subscriptions using a residual approach after first determining the SSP of maintenance and support. Maintenance and support is sold on a standalone basis in conjunction with renewals of our legacy perpetual software licenses and within a narrow range of the net license fee. Because an economic relationship exists between the license and maintenance and support, we have concluded the residual approach to estimating SSP of term license subscriptions is an appropriate allocation of the transaction price.

3.Maintenance and support - We establish SSP of maintenance and support as a percentage of the stated net subscription fee based on observable pricing of maintenance and support renewals from our legacy perpetual software licenses.

4.Consulting services and training services - SSP of consulting services and training services is established based on the observable pricing of standalone sales within each geographic region where the services are sold.

Contract Balances

Timing may differ between the satisfaction of performance obligations and the invoicing and collection of amounts related to our contracts with customers. Contract assets primarily relate to unbilled amounts for contracts with customers for which the amount of revenue recognized exceeds the amount billed to the customer. Contract assets are transferred to accounts receivable when the right to invoice becomes unconditional. As of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, contract assets of $18.4 million and $22.8 million, respectively, are included in the Prepaid expenses and other current assets and Other assets line items in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Contract liabilities consists of deferred revenue and include payments received in advance of the satisfaction of performance obligations. Deferred revenue is then recognized as the revenue recognition criteria are met. Deferred revenue that will be recognized during the succeeding 12-month period is recorded as current, and the remaining deferred revenue is recorded as non-current. For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, we recognized $75.3 million of revenue that was included in the deferred revenue balance as of December 31, 2019.

Transaction Price Allocated to the Remaining Performance Obligations

As of September 30, 2020, we had an aggregate transaction price of $185.8 million allocated to unsatisfied performance obligations. We expect to recognize $171.1 million of this balance as revenue over the next 24 months with the remaining amount recognized thereafter.

4. Leases

At the inception of an arrangement, we determine whether the arrangement is or contains a lease based on the unique facts and circumstances present and the classification of the lease. Operating leases with a term greater than one year are recognized on the balance sheet as right-of-use ("ROU") assets, lease liabilities, and, if applicable, long-term lease liabilities. ROU assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term, and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. We have elected not to recognize on the balance sheet leases with a term of one year or less. For contracts with lease and non-lease components, we have elected not to allocate the contract consideration and to account for the lease and non-lease components as a single lease component. Finance leases are included in the Property and equipment,

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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

net, Finance lease liabilities, current, and Finance lease liabilities, net of current portion line items in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Lease liabilities and their corresponding ROU assets are recorded based on the present value of lease payments over the expected lease term. The implicit rates within most of our leases are generally not determinable; therefore, we use the incremental borrowing rate at the lease commencement date to determine the present value of lease payments. The determination of our incremental borrowing rate requires judgment and is estimated for each lease based on the rate we would have to pay for a collateralized loan with the same term and payments as the lease. We consider various factors, including our level of collateralization, estimated credit rating, and the currency in which the lease is denominated. Operating lease ROU assets also include any lease prepayments, offset by lease incentives. Certain of our leases include options to extend or terminate the lease. An option to extend the lease is considered in connection with determining the ROU asset and lease liability when it is reasonably certain we will exercise that option while an option to terminate is considered unless it is reasonably certain we will not exercise the option. For certain equipment leases, we apply a portfolio approach to effectively account for the operating lease ROU assets and liabilities.

Expense for operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term as an operating expense while the expense for finance leases is recognized as depreciation expense and interest expense. We have lease agreements which require payments for lease and non-lease components (i.e., common area maintenance) that are accounted for as a single lease component. Variable lease payment amounts that cannot be determined at the commencement of the lease, such as maintenance costs based on future obligations, are not included in ROU assets or lease liabilities but rather are expensed as incurred and recorded as variable lease expense.

We have operating and finance leases for corporate offices, office furniture and fixtures, and computer hardware. Our leases have remaining lease terms of 1 to 12 years, some of which include options to extend the leases for up to 5 years.

In April 2018, we entered into a lease agreement with respect to 176,222 square feet of office space in McLean, Virginia for a new corporate headquarters. The initial term of the lease was 150 months. We took initial possession of the first phase of the new headquarters in October 2018 and began to recognize rent expense as of that date. In February 2019, we took possession of a further 28,805 square feet of adjacent office space.

In January 2020, we entered into an amendment which adjusts the original terms of the headquarters lease. Under this amendment, we exercised an option to expand occupancy, adding 34,158 square feet of space. Occupancy of the added space is to commence upon the earlier of the completion of certain improvements or October 14, 2020. Pursuant to the guidance of ASC 842, the amendment is considered a modification to the original lease and is accounted for as a separate contract because it represents a new right-of-use asset and the lease costs charged on the new space are at prevailing market rates. Effective July 1, 2020, we have taken possession of the space, begun to recognize rent expense, and reported a $7.9 million ROU asset and lease liability on our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

The following table sets forth the components of lease expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended September 30, 2020		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020
Operating lease cost	$	1,695	$	4,971
Finance lease costs:
Amortization of right-of-use assets	373		1,118
Interest on lease liabilities	41		138
Short-term lease cost	85		465
Variable lease cost	1		218
Total	$	2,195	$	6,910

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APPIAN CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases as of September 30, 2020 was as follows (in thousands, except for lease term and discount rate):

	As of
	September 30, 2020
Operating Leases
Operating right-of-use assets	$	30,855
Operating lease liabilities, current	$	6,592
Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion	51,727
Total operating lease liabilities	$	58,319
Finance Leases
Property and equipment, at cost	$	4,471
Accumulated depreciation	(1,818)
Property and equipment, net	$	2,653
Finance lease liabilities, current	$	1,549
Finance lease liabilities, net of current portion	1,192
Total finance lease liabilities	$	2,741
Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term (in years)
Operating leases	10.8
Finance leases	1.8
Weighted Average Discount Rate
Operating leases	9.6		%
Finance leases	5.5		%

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, amortization of operating right-of-use assets totaled $0.4 million and $1.3 million, respectively. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, interest expense on operating right-of-use liabilities totaled $0.7 million and $2.2 million, respectively.

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 was as follows (in thousands):

	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash outflows for operating leases	$	1,716
Operating cash outflows for finance leases	138
Financing cash outflows for finance leases	1,080

A summary of our future minimum lease commitments under non-cancellable leases as of September 30, 2020 is as follows (in thousands):

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APPIAN CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

	Operating Leases		Finance Leases
2020 (excluding the nine months ended September 30, 2020)	$	1,687	$	405
2021	7,455		1,620
2022	8,078		859
2023	8,157		—
2024	8,544		—
2025	9,240		—
Thereafter	57,382		—
Total lease payments	100,543		2,884
Less: imputed interest	(42,224)		(143)
Total	$	58,319	$	2,741

5. Acquisitions

Novayre Solutions SL

In January 2020, we acquired 100% of the outstanding common stock of Novayre Solutions SL, a developer of a robotic process automation platform, for approximately $6.9 million. The acquisition was made due to the attractive nature of the product offerings of Novayre and in furtherance of our objective to enhance our automation platform. The transaction was financed through available cash on hand.

The allocation of the purchase price is preliminary pending the finalization of the fair value of the acquired net assets, liabilities assumed, deferred income taxes, and assumed income and non-income based tax liabilities. As of the acquisition date, the purchase price was assigned to the acquired assets and assumed liabilities as follows (in thousands):

Cash acquired	$	731
Other current assets	213
Property and equipment	22
Developed technology	1,537
Customer relationships	406
Goodwill	4,348
Other noncurrent assets	10
Total assets acquired	7,267
Current liabilities	14
Noncurrent liabilities	344
Total liabilities assumed	358
Net assets acquired	$	6,909

There were no changes to our reportable segments as a result of the acquisition, and revenue and expenses from the date of the acquisition through September 30, 2020 were immaterial. Additionally, acquisition costs incurred in relation to the transaction were immaterial.

Acquired property and equipment is depreciated on a straight-line basis over the assets' respective estimated remaining useful lives. Goodwill is calculated as the excess of the consideration transferred over the fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired and represents the future economic benefits expected to arise from other intangible assets acquired that do not qualify for separate recognition, including assembled workforce, non-contractual relationships, and expected future synergies. We do not expect the purchase price allocated to goodwill and intangible assets to be deductible for tax purposes.

6. Property and Equipment, net

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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

Property and equipment, net consisted of the following as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (in thousands):

	September 30, 2020		December 31, 2019
Leasehold improvements	$	36,220	$	37,130
Office furniture and fixtures	4,865		4,963
Computer hardware	3,903		3,365
Computer software	1,352		1,350
Equipment	48		72
Property and equipment, gross	46,388		46,880
Less: accumulated depreciation	(9,973)		(7,326)
Property and equipment, net	$	36,415	$	39,554

Depreciation expense totaled $1.4 million and $4.2 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively. There were no disposals recorded during the three months ended September 30, 2020. During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, we retired $1.3 million of leasehold improvements, $0.1 million of computer hardware, and $0.1 million of office furniture and fixtures and equipment. Nominal losses on disposal were recorded for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020.

Depreciation expense totaled $1.3 million and $3.3 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively. During the three months ended September 30, 2019, we retired $0.4 million of computer hardware and $0.1 million of equipment. During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, we retired $3.2 million of leasehold improvements, $0.8 million of computer hardware, $0.4 million of office furniture and fixtures, and $0.1 million of equipment. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, we recorded a loss on disposal of $0.1 million.

At September 30, 2020, property and equipment included $4.5 million of assets acquired under finance lease arrangements. Accumulated depreciation related to these finance lease arrangements totaled $1.8 million at September 30, 2020. Amortization of assets acquired under finance leases is included in depreciation and amortization expense.

7. Accrued Expenses

Accrued expenses consisted of the following as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (in thousands):

	September 30, 2020		December 31, 2019
Accrued hosting costs	$	1,332	$	1,865
Accrued contract labor costs	1,221		1,921
Accrued marketing and tradeshow expenses	687		365
Accrued audit and tax expenses	281		315
Accrued legal costs	377		422
Accrued reimbursable employee expenses	183		1,353
Accrued third party license fees	234		288
Other accrued expenses	1,972		959
Total	$	6,287	$	7,488

8. Debt

Line of Credit

In November 2017, we entered into a $20.0 million revolving line of credit with a lender. The facility matures in November 2022. We may elect whether amounts drawn on the revolving line of credit bear interest at a floating rate per annum equal to either LIBOR or the prime rate plus an additional interest rate margin that is determined by the availability of the borrowings

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APPIAN CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

under the revolving line of credit. The additional interest rate margin will range from 2.00% to 2.50% in the case of LIBOR advances and from 1.00% to 1.50% in the case of prime rate advances. The revolving line of credit contains an unused facility fee in an amount between 0.15% and 0.25% of the average unused portion of the revolving line of credit, which is payable quarterly. The agreement contains certain customary affirmative and negative covenants and requires us to maintain (i) an adjusted quick ratio of at least 1.35 to 1.00 and (ii) minimum adjusted EBITDA, in the amounts and for the periods set forth in the agreement. Any amounts borrowed under the credit facility are collateralized by substantially all of our assets. We were in compliance with all covenants as of September 30, 2020. As of September 30, 2020, we had no outstanding borrowings under this revolving line of credit, and we had outstanding letters of credit totaling $11.2 million in connection with securing our leased office space.

9. Income Taxes

The provision for income taxes is based upon the estimated annual effective tax rates for the year applied to the current period income before tax plus the tax effect of any significant or unusual items, discrete events, or changes in tax law. Our operating subsidiaries are exposed to statutory effective tax rates ranging from zero to approximately 32%. Fluctuations in the distribution of pre-tax income among our operating subsidiaries can lead to fluctuations of the effective tax rate in the condensed consolidated financial statements. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, the actual effective tax rates were (7.6)% and (1.3)%, respectively. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, the actual effective tax rates were (0.0)% and (1.0)%, respectively.

We assess uncertain tax positions in accordance with ASC 740-10, Accounting for Uncertainties in Income Taxes. As of September 30, 2020, our net unrecognized tax benefits totaled $1.6 million, which if recognized would result in no net effect on the effective tax rate due to a valuation allowance. The amount of reasonably possible unrecognized tax benefits that could decrease over the next 12 months due to the expiration of certain statutes of limitations or settlements of tax audits is not material to our condensed consolidated financial statements.

We file income tax returns in the United States federal jurisdiction and in many states and foreign jurisdictions. The tax years 2016 through 2019 remain open to examination by the major taxing jurisdictions to which we are subject. We are not currently under examination by the Internal Revenue Service for any open tax years.

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the United States passed the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security ("CARES") Act in March 2020. The CARES Act includes various income and payroll tax measures. Pursuant to these measures, we have elected the option to defer the deposit and payment of our share of social security taxes that would otherwise be due between March 27, 2020 and December 31, 2020. Under the CARES Act, half of these deferred payments are due by the end of fiscal year 2021 while the other half are due by the end of fiscal year 2022.

At this time, beyond the above deferral, the CARES Act is not expected to materially impact our financial statements, but we continue to evaluate potential impacts.

10. Stock-Based Compensation

Equity Incentive Plans

In May 2017, our Board of Directors adopted, and our stockholders approved, the 2017 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2017 Plan”), which became effective as of the date of the final prospectus for our initial public offering. The 2017 Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options to employees, and for the grant of nonstatutory stock options, restricted stock awards, RSUs, stock appreciation rights, performance-based stock awards, and other forms of equity compensation to employees, including officers, non-employee directors, and consultants. We initially reserved 6,421,442 shares of Class A common stock for issuance under the 2017 Plan, which included 421,442 shares that remained available for issuance under our 2007 Stock Option Plan (the “2007 Plan”) at the time the 2017 Plan became effective. The number of shares reserved under the 2017 Plan increases for any shares subject to outstanding awards originally granted under the 2007 Plan that expire or are forfeited prior to exercise. As a result of the adoption of the 2017 Plan, no further grants may be made under the 2007 Plan. As of September 30, 2020, there were 7,162,409 shares of Class A common stock reserved for issuance under the 2017 Plan, of which 4,536,688 were available to be issued.

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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

Stock Options

We estimate the fair value of stock options containing only a service condition using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, which requires the use of subjective assumptions, including the expected term of the option, the current price of the underlying stock, the expected stock price volatility, expected dividend yield, and the risk-free interest rate for the expected term of the option. The expected term represents the period of time the stock options are expected to be outstanding. Due to the lack of sufficient historical exercise data to provide a reasonable basis upon which to otherwise estimate the expected term of the stock options, we use the simplified method to estimate the expected term for our stock options. Under the simplified method, the expected term of an option is presumed to be the mid-point between the vesting date and the end of the contractual term. Expected volatility is based on historical volatilities for publicly traded stock of comparable companies over the estimated expected term of the stock options. We assume no dividend yield because dividends are not expected to be paid in the near future, which is consistent with our history of not paying dividends.

In May 2019, our Board of Directors granted a stock option to purchase 700,000 shares of our Class A common stock to our Chief Executive Officer (the "2019 CEO Grant") under the 2017 Plan with an exercise price of $33.98 per share. The 2019 CEO Grant is eligible to vest based on the achievement of a stock price appreciation target of our Class A common stock. Specifically, the 2019 CEO Grant will vest when shares of our Class A common stock close at or above $84.63 per share for a period equal to or greater than 90 consecutive calendar days or upon the occurrence of a change in control in which the value of our Class A common stock is equal to or greater than $84.63 per share within five years of the grant date. The fair value of the 2019 CEO Grant was determined using a Monte Carlo simulation. The fair value of the award at the grant date was $9.5 million and will be amortized over the derived service period of 2.6 years.

There were no stock options granted during the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019. The following table summarizes the assumptions used to estimate the fair value of stock options granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019:

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020	2019
Risk-free interest rate	*	2.1%
Expected term (in years)	*	2.6
Expected volatility	*	55.0%
Expected dividend yield	*	—%

* Not applicable because no stock options were granted during the period

The following table summarizes stock option activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2020:

	Number of Shares	Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands)
Outstanding at January 1, 2020	4,458,611	$	12.30	5.8	$	115,501
Granted	—	—		—	—
Exercised	(521,063)	6.21		—	23,814
Expired	(1,380)	11.82		—	—
Canceled	(53,580)	11.36		—	—
Outstanding at September 30, 2020	3,882,588	$	13.14	5.1	$	200,397
Exercisable at September 30, 2020	2,659,928	$	8.07	5.2	$	150,767

There were no stock options granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2020. The weighted average grant date fair value of stock options granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 was $13.57 per share. The total fair value

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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

of stock options that vested during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 was $1.4 million and $1.7 million, respectively. As of September 30, 2020, the total compensation cost related to unvested stock options not yet recognized was $5.0 million, which will be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.2 years.

Restricted Stock Units

The following table summarizes RSU activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2020:

	Number of Shares	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Non-vested and outstanding at January 1, 2020	1,022,835	$	31.39
Granted	306,160	52.61
Vested	(93,239)	32.77
Canceled	(125,318)	32.00
Non-vested and outstanding at September 30, 2020	1,110,438	37.06

As of September 30, 2020, total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested RSUs was approximately $33.4 million, which will be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.3 years.

In November 2018, our co-founders were granted 255,930 RSUs under the 2017 Plan at a fair value of $30.06 per share. The awards were approved by the Board of Directors. The value of these awards at the grant date was $7.7 million and was amortized over the vesting periods. The RSUs vested during the three months ended March 31, 2019.

The following table summarizes the components of our stock-based compensation expense by instrument type for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
RSUs	$	2,494	$	1,873	$	7,268	$	10,544
Stock options	992		1,176		3,123		2,235
Common stock awards to Board of Directors	92		92		277		276
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	3,578	$	3,141	$	10,668	$	13,055

Stock-based compensation expense for RSUs, stock options, and issuances of common stock is included in the following line items in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Cost of revenue
Subscriptions	$	236	$	147	$	678	$	462
Professional services	406		243		935		2,461
Operating expenses
Sales and marketing	427		776		1,837		3,971
Research and development	669		433		1,841		2,983
General and administrative	1,840		1,542		5,377		3,178
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	3,578	$	3,141	$	10,668	$	13,055

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APPIAN CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

11. Stockholders' Equity

As of September 30, 2020, we had authorized 500,000,000 shares of Class A common stock and 100,000,000 shares of Class B common stock, each with a par value of $0.0001 per share, of which 37,805,423 shares of Class A common stock and 32,214,766 shares of Class B common stock were issued and outstanding. The rights of the holders of Class A common stock and Class B common stock are identical, except with respect to voting and conversion rights. The holders of Class A common stock are entitled to one vote per share, and the holders of Class B common stock are entitled to ten votes per share on all matters subject to stockholder vote. The holders of Class B common stock also have approval rights for certain corporate actions. Each share of Class B common stock may be converted into one share of Class A common stock at the option of its holder and will be automatically converted upon transfer thereof, subject to certain exceptions. In addition, upon the date on which the outstanding shares of Class B common stock represent less than 10% of the aggregate voting power of our capital stock, all outstanding shares of Class B common stock shall convert automatically into Class A common stock.

12. Basic and Diluted Loss per Common Share

The following potentially dilutive securities outstanding, prior to the use of the treasury stock method or the if-converted method, have been excluded from the computation of diluted weighted-average shares outstanding for the respective periods below because they would have been anti-dilutive:

	Three and Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020	2019
Stock options	3,882,588	4,645,057
Non-vested restricted stock units	1,110,438	966,876

13. Commitments and Contingencies

Contractual Warranty and Indemnification Obligations

We provide limited product warranties. Historically, any payments made under these provisions have been immaterial. We also agree to standard indemnification provisions in the ordinary course of business. Pursuant to these provisions, we agree to indemnify, hold harmless, and reimburse the indemnified party for losses suffered or incurred by the indemnified party, generally our customers, in connection with certain intellectual property infringement claims by any third party arising from the use of our products or services in accordance with the agreement. The term of our contractual indemnity provisions often survives termination or expiration of the applicable agreement. We carry insurance that covers certain third-party claims relating to our services and limits our exposure. We have never incurred costs to defend lawsuits or settle claims related to these indemnification provisions.

Letters of Credit

At September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, we had outstanding letters of credit totaling $11.2 million and $10.5 million, respectively, in connection with securing our leased office space. All letters of credit are secured by our borrowing arrangement as described in Note 8.

Legal

From time to time, we are subject to legal, regulatory, and other proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of business. There are no issues or resolutions of any matters expected to have a material adverse impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements.

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APPIAN CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

14. Segment and Geographic Information

The following table summarizes revenue by geography for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Domestic	$	52,424	$	45,666	$	147,070	$	130,528
International	24,880		20,489		75,873		61,206
Total	$	77,304	$	66,155	$	222,943	$	191,734

With respect to geographic information, revenue is attributed to respective geographies based on the contracting address of the customer. Revenues from customers attributed to the United Kingdom were 13.6% and 12.8% of our total revenue for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively. Revenues from customers attributed to the United Kingdom were 12.6% and 12.1% of our total revenue for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively. There were no other individual foreign countries from which more than 10% of our total revenue was attributable for each of the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019. Substantially all of our long-lived assets were held in the United States as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019.

15. Subsequent Events

Principal Paydown of Finance Leases

In October 2020, we paid $2.7 million to the lessor of our finance leases pursuant to an option included in our agreement permitting us to pay, in full at any time, the principal balances outstanding on our leases. As of the date of the paydown, the titles to the assets were transferred to us, the associated right-of-use liabilities were retired, and the carrying values of the purchased assets were adjusted accordingly.

RSU Grant

On November 3, 2020, the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors approved a grant of 190,900 RSUs to certain employees of the Company. The awards, valued at $12.9 million, will vest annually over a period of 4 years.

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Item 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with (1) our condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and (2) the audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes and management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2019 included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, on February 20, 2020.

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. These statements are often identified by the use of words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “project,” “will,” “would,” or the negative or plural of these words or similar expressions or variations, including statements regarding our future financial and operating performance, anticipated expansion of the usage of partners to perform professional services, the increase of our subscriptions revenue as a percentage of total revenue, the fluctuation of gross margin in the short term and improvement of gross margin over time, our future capital requirements, and uncertain negative impacts that COVID-19 may have on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and changes in overall level of spending and volatility in the global economy. Such forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties, assumptions, and other factors that could cause actual results and the timing of certain events to differ materially from future results expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those identified herein and those discussed in the section titled “Risk Factors,” set forth in Part I, Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 20, 2020 and in our other filings with the SEC. You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. Furthermore, such forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this report. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of such statements.

Overview

We provide a low-code automation platform that accelerates the creation of high-impact business applications, enabling our customers to automate the most important aspects of their business. Global organizations use our applications to improve customer experience, achieve operational excellence, and simplify global risk management and compliance.

With our platform, organizations can rapidly and easily design, build, and implement powerful, enterprise-grade custom applications through our intuitive, visual interface with little or no coding required. Our customers have used applications built on our platform to launch new business lines, automate vital employee workflows, manage complex trading platforms, accelerate drug development, and build global procurement systems. With our platform, decision makers can reimagine their products, services, processes, and customer interactions by removing much of the complexity and many of the challenges associated with traditional approaches to software development.

We have generated the majority of our revenue from sales of subscriptions, which include (1) software as a service subscriptions bundled with maintenance and support and hosting services and (2) term license subscriptions bundled with maintenance and support. Our subscription fees are based primarily on the number of users who access and utilize the applications built on our platform or, alternatively, non-user based single application licenses. Our customer contract terms generally vary from one to three years with most providing for payment in advance on an annual, quarterly, or monthly basis. Due to the variability of our billing terms and the episodic nature of our customers purchasing additional subscriptions, we do not believe changes in our deferred revenue in a given period are directly correlated with our revenue growth.

Since inception, we have invested in our professional services organization to help ensure customers are able to build and deploy applications on our platform. We have several strategic partnerships, including with KPMG, PwC, Accenture, and Deloitte, for them to refer customers to us in order to purchase subscriptions and then to provide professional services directly to the customers using our platform. We intend to further grow our base of strategic partners to provide broader customer coverage and solution delivery capabilities. In addition, over time we expect professional services revenue as a percentage of total revenue to decline as we increasingly rely on strategic partners to help our customers deploy our software. We believe our

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investment in professional services, including strategic partners building their practices around Appian, will drive increased adoption of our platform.

Our customers include financial services, life sciences, government, telecommunications, media, energy, manufacturing, and transportation organizations. Generally, our sales force targets its efforts on organizations with over 2,000 employees and $2 billion in annual revenue. Revenue from government agencies represented 19.9% and 17.9% of our total revenue in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively, as compared to 19.5% and 18.0% of our total revenue in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively. No single end-customer accounted for more than 10% of our total revenue in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 or September 30, 2019.

Our platform supports multiple languages to facilitate collaboration and address challenges in multi-national organizations. We offer our platform globally. In the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, 32.2% and 34.0%, respectively, of our total revenue was generated from customers outside of the United States as compared to 31.0% and 31.9% in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively. As of September 30, 2020, we operated in 12 countries. We believe we have a significant opportunity to grow our international footprint. We are investing in new geographies, including through investment in direct and indirect sales channels, professional services, and customer support and implementation partners.

Basis of Reporting - ASC 606

We adopted ASC 606, the new revenue recognition guidance, on January 1, 2019 using the modified retrospective method. Under this method of adoption, we recognized the cumulative effect of initially applying the new revenue standard as an adjustment to the opening balance of accumulated deficit and applied the new standard only to contracts that were not completed prior to January 1, 2019.

Because we were an emerging growth company until December 31, 2019, the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act allowed us to delay adoption of ASC 606 until such time it was made applicable to private companies. We elected to use this extended transition period, and accordingly, did not report revenues under ASC 606 in our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q during 2019. Refer to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, filed with the SEC on February 20, 2020, for a complete reconciliation of our revenues under the old and new guidance. Prior period amounts in this Form 10-Q have been recast as if we had reported under ASC 606 for the applicable periods.

Recent Developments

Public Offering

In June 2020, we completed an underwritten public offering of 2,500,000 shares of our Class A common stock, of which 1,931,206 shares of Class A common stock were sold by us and 568,794 shares of Class A common stock were sold by existing stockholders. The underwriter purchased the shares from us and the selling stockholders at a price of $56.50 per share. Our net proceeds from the offering were $107.9 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses. We did not receive any of the proceeds from the sale of shares by the selling stockholders.

COVID-19

Beginning in late 2019 and continuing into the third quarter of 2020, the outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease, or COVID-19, has resulted in the declaration of a global pandemic and adversely affected economic activity across virtually all sectors and industries on a local, national, and global scale. The impact of COVID-19 on the economy and our business continues to be a fluid situation.

Operationally, we remain focused on supporting our customers, employees, and communities during this time. We have responded quickly to adopt a virtual corporate strategy consisting of enabling most of our employees to work productively from home while continuing to guard the health and safety of our teams, support our customers, and mitigate risk. We are focused on ensuring continuity for our customers. To the extent possible, we are conducting business as usual, with necessary or advisable modifications to employee travel, employee work locations, and marketing events.

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Through September 30, 2020, we have not seen a meaningful adverse impact to our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows and liquidity as a result of COVID-19. While the verticals from which we have historically generated the majority of our revenue have been less impacted by COVID-19 to date, there may be impacts to our financial condition and results of operations in the fourth quarter of 2020 and beyond as a result of reduced demand for our products and services and longer sales cycles. The ultimate impact of COVID-19 on our business is not estimable at this time and will be largely dependent upon a number of factors outside of our control including the extent and duration of the outbreak as well as any mitigating actions which may be undertaken by global governments and the general public.

Our Business Model

Our business model focuses on maximizing the lifetime value of customer relationships, which is a function of the duration of a customer’s deployment of Appian as well as the price and number of subscriptions of Appian that a customer purchases. We incur significant customer acquisition costs, including expenses associated with hiring new sales representatives, who generally take more than one year to become productive given the length of our sales cycle, and marketing costs, all of which, with the exception of sales commissions, are expensed as incurred.

Key Factors Affecting Our Performance

The following are several key factors that affect our performance:

•Market Adoption of Our Platform. Our ability to grow our customer base and drive market adoption of our platform is affected by the pace at which organizations digitally transform. We expect our revenue growth will be primarily driven by the pace of adoption and penetration of our platform. We offer a leading custom software automation platform and intend to continue to invest to expand our customer base. The degree to which prospective customers recognize the need for low-code software that enables organizations to digitally transform, and subsequently allocate budget dollars to purchase our software, will drive our ability to acquire new customers and increase sales to existing customers, which, in turn, will affect our future financial performance.

•Growth of Our Customer Base. We believe we have a substantial opportunity to grow our customer base. We define a customer as an entity with an active subscription or maintenance and support contract related to a perpetual software license as of the specified measurement date. To the extent we contract with one or more entities under common control, we count those entities as separate customers. We have aggressively invested, and intend to continue to invest, in our sales force in order to drive sales to new customers. In particular, we have recently made, and plan to continue to make, investments to enhance the expertise of our sales and marketing organization within our key industry verticals of financial services, life sciences, and government. In addition, we have established relationships with strategic partners who work with organizations undergoing digital transformations. Our ability to continue to grow our customer base is dependent, in part, upon our ability to compete within the increasingly competitive markets in which we participate.

•Further Penetration of Existing Customers. Our sales force seeks to generate additional revenue from existing customers by adding new users to our platform. Many of our customers begin by building a single application and then grow to build dozens of applications on our platform. Generally, the development of new applications on our platform results in the expansion of our user base within an organization and a corresponding increase in revenue to us because we charge subscription fees on a per-user basis for the significant majority of our customer contracts. As a result of this “land and expand” strategy, we have generated significant additional revenue from our customer base. Our ability to increase sales to existing customers will depend on a number of factors, including the size of our sales force and professional services teams, customers’ level of satisfaction with our platform and professional services, pricing, economic conditions, and our customers’ overall spending levels. We have also refocused some of our professional services personnel to become customer success managers. Their role is to ensure the customer realizes value from our platform and support the "land and expand" strategy versus delivering billable hours.

•Mix of Subscription and Professional Services Revenue. We believe our professional services have driven customer success and facilitated the adoption of our platform by customers. During the initial period of deployment by a customer, we generally provide a greater amount of support in building applications and training than later in the deployment, with a typical engagement extending from two to six months. At the same time, many of our customers have historically purchased subscriptions only for a limited set of their total potential end users. As a result of these factors, the proportion of

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total revenue for a customer associated with professional services is relatively high during the initial deployment period. Over time, as the need for professional services associated with user deployments decreases and the number of end users increases, we expect subscriptions revenue as a percentage of total revenue to increase. In addition, we intend to further grow our base of strategic partners to provide broader customer coverage and solution delivery capabilities. These partners perform professional services with respect to any new service contracts they sign. As the usage of partners expands, we expect the proportion of our total revenue from subscriptions to increase over time relative to professional services. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, 65.7% and 64.0% of our revenue, respectively, was derived from sales of subscriptions while the remaining 34.3% and 36.0%, respectively, was derived from the sale of professional services. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, 57.1% and 56.9% of our revenue, respectively, was derived from sales of subscriptions while the remaining 42.9% and 43.1%, respectively, was derived from the sale of professional services.

•Investments in Growth. We have made and plan to continue to make investments for long-term growth, including investment in our platform and infrastructure to continuously maximize the power and simplicity of the platform to meet the evolving needs of our customers and to take advantage of our market opportunity. In addition, we continue to pursue strategic acquisitions that enhance our product offerings as evidenced by our recent acquisition of Novayre. We also intend to continue to invest in sales and marketing as we further expand our sales teams, increase our marketing activities, and grow our international operations.

Key Metrics

We monitor the following metrics to help us measure and evaluate the effectiveness of our operations. All dollar amounts are presented in thousands.

Cloud Subscription Revenue

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Cloud subscription revenue	$	34,312	$	24,573	$	92,282	$	68,647

Cloud subscription revenue includes SaaS subscriptions bundled with maintenance and support and hosting services. As we generally sell our SaaS subscriptions on a per-user basis, our cloud subscription revenue for any customer is primarily determined by the number of users who access and utilize the applications built on our platform as well as the price paid. We believe increasing cloud subscription revenue is an indicator of the demand for our platform, the pace at which the market for our solutions is growing, the productivity of our sales force and strategic relationships in growing our customer base, and our ability to further penetrate our existing customer base.

Cloud Subscription Revenue Retention Rate

	As of September 30,
	2020		2019
Cloud subscription revenue retention rate	115	%	121	%

A key factor to our success is the renewal and expansion of subscription agreements with our existing customers. We calculate this metric over a set of customers who have been with us for at least one full year. To calculate our cloud subscription revenue retention rate for a particular trailing 12-month period, we first establish the recurring cloud subscription revenue for the previous trailing 12-month period. This effectively represents recurring dollars we should expect in the current trailing 12-month period from the cohort of customers from the previous trailing 12-month period without any expansion or contraction. We subsequently measure the recurring cloud subscription revenue in the current trailing 12-month period from the cohort of customers from the previous trailing 12-month period. Cloud subscription revenue retention rate is then calculated by dividing the aggregate recurring cloud subscription revenue in the current trailing 12-month period by the previous trailing 12-month period. This calculation includes the impact on our revenue from customer non-renewals, pricing changes, and growth in the number of users on our platform. Our cloud subscription revenue retention rate can fluctuate from period to period due to large

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customer contracts in any given period. The cloud subscription revenue retention rate as of September 30, 2019 was elevated as we continued to focus on converting customers with on-premise term license subscriptions to cloud subscriptions.

Key Components of Results of Operations

Revenue

We generate revenue primarily through sales of subscriptions to our platform as well as professional services. We generally sell our software on a per-user basis and, to a lesser degree, non-user based single application licenses. We generally bill customers and collect payment for subscriptions to our platform in advance on an annual, quarterly, or monthly basis. In certain instances, we have had customers pay their entire contract value up front.

Our revenue is comprised of the following:

Subscriptions

Subscriptions revenue is primarily derived from:

•SaaS subscriptions bundled with maintenance and support and hosting services; and

•On-premise term license subscriptions bundled with maintenance and support.

Our maintenance and support agreements provide customers with the right to unspecified software upgrades, maintenance releases and patches released during the term of the maintenance and support agreement on a when-and-if-available basis, and rights to technical support. When our platform is deployed within a customer’s own data center or private cloud, it is installed on the customer’s infrastructure and generally offered as a term license. When our platform is delivered as a SaaS subscription, we handle its operational needs in third-party hosted data centers.

Professional Services

Our professional services revenue is comprised of fees for consulting services, including application development and deployment assistance and training related to our platform. Over time, as the need for professional services associated with user deployments decreases and the number of end users increases, we expect professional services revenue as a percentage of total revenue to decrease. Additionally, if there is a decline in our procurement of new customers as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, we may also see a similar decline in professional services revenue.

We have several strategic partnerships, including with KPMG, PwC, Accenture, and Deloitte. Our agreements with our strategic partners have indefinite terms and may be terminated for convenience by either party. We intend to further grow our base of strategic partners to provide broader customer coverage and solution delivery capabilities. These partners refer software subscription customers to us and generally perform professional services with respect to any new service contracts they originate, increasing our subscriptions revenue without any change to our professional services revenue. As we expand the network of strategic partners, we expect professional services revenue to decline as a percentage of total revenue over time since our strategic partners may perform professional services associated with software subscriptions that we sell.

Cost of Revenue

Subscriptions

Cost of subscriptions revenue consists primarily of fees paid to our third-party managed hosting providers and other third-party service providers, personnel costs, including payroll and benefits for our technology operations and customer support teams, and allocated facility costs and overhead. We expect cost of revenue to continue to increase in absolute dollars for the foreseeable future as our customer base grows.

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Professional Services

Cost of professional services revenue includes all direct and indirect costs to deliver our professional services and training, including employee compensation for our global professional services and training personnel, travel costs, third-party contractor costs, and allocated facility costs and overhead as well as the costs of billable expenses such as travel and lodging. The unpredictability of the timing of entering into significant professional services agreements sold on a standalone basis may cause significant fluctuations in our quarterly financial results.

Gross Margin

Gross profit and gross margin, or gross profit as a percentage of total revenue, have been, and will continue to be, affected by various factors, including the mix of SaaS subscriptions and on-premise term license subscriptions, the mix of total subscriptions revenue and professional services revenue, subscription pricing, the costs associated with third-party hosting facilities, and the extent to which we expand our professional services to support future growth. Our gross margin may fluctuate from period to period based on the above factors.

Subscriptions Gross Margin

Subscriptions gross margin is primarily affected by the growth in our subscriptions revenue as compared to the growth in, and timing of, costs to support such revenue. We expect to continue to invest in customer support and SaaS operations to support growth in the business, and the timing of those investments is expected to cause gross margins to fluctuate in the short term but improve over time.

Professional Services Gross Margin

Professional services gross margin is affected by the growth in our professional services revenue as compared to the growth in, and timing of, the cost of our professional services organization as we continue to invest in the growth of our business. Professional services gross margin is impacted by the amount of services performed by subcontractors as opposed to internal resources. Our professional services gross margin is also impacted by the amount of services performed by partners as opposed to internal resources.

Operating Expenses

Operating expenses consist of sales and marketing, research and development, and general and administrative expenses. Salaries, bonuses, and other personnel-related costs are the most significant components of each of these expense categories. In general, our operating expenses are expected to continue to increase as we invest resources in growing our various teams.

Sales and Marketing Expense

Sales and marketing expense primarily includes personnel costs, including salaries, bonuses, commissions, stock-based compensation, and other personnel costs related to sales teams. Additional expenses in this category include travel and entertainment, marketing and promotional events, marketing activities, subcontracting fees, and allocated facility costs and overhead.

In order to continue to grow our business, geographical footprint, and brand awareness, we expect sales and marketing expense to increase in absolute dollars as we continue to invest to acquire new customers and further expand usage of our platform within our existing customer base.

Research and Development Expense

Research and development expense consists primarily of personnel costs for our employees who develop and enhance our platform, including salaries, bonuses, stock-based compensation, and other personnel costs. Also included are non-personnel costs such as subcontracting, consulting and professional fees to third party development resources, allocated facility costs, and overhead.

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Our research and development efforts are focused on enhancing the speed and power of our software platform. We expect research and development expenses to continue to increase as they are critical to maintain and improve the quality of applications and our competitive position.

General and Administrative Expense

General and administrative expense consists primarily of personnel costs, including salaries, bonuses, stock-based compensation, and other personnel costs for our administrative, legal, information technology, human resources, finance and accounting employees, and executives. Additional expenses included in this category are non-personnel costs such as travel-related expenses, contracting and professional fees, audit fees, tax services and legal fees, insurance and other corporate expenses, allocated facility costs and overhead, and depreciation and amortization costs.

We expect our general and administrative expense to increase in absolute dollars as we continue to support our growth.

Other (Income) Expense

Other (Income) Expense, Net

Other (income) expense, net consists primarily of unrealized and realized gains and losses related to changes in foreign currency exchange rates, interest income on our cash and cash equivalents, and gains or losses on the disposal of property and equipment.

Interest Expense

Interest expense consists primarily of interest on our finance leases and debt, unused credit facility fees, and commitment fees on our letters of credit.

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Results of Operations

The following table sets forth our consolidated statement of operations data (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Revenue
Subscriptions	$	50,760	$	37,774	$	142,614	$	109,191
Professional services	26,544		28,381		80,329		82,543
Total revenue	77,304		66,155		222,943		191,734
Cost of revenue
Subscriptions(1)	5,101		4,484		15,185		12,105
Professional services(1)	16,450		19,467		51,641		58,963
Total cost of revenue	21,551		23,951		66,826		71,068
Gross profit	55,753		42,204		156,117		120,666
Operating expenses
Sales and marketing(1)	31,633		27,603		94,891		86,186
Research and development(1)	18,150		15,697		51,366		42,418
General and administrative(1)	13,485		11,191		38,076		29,468
Total operating expenses	63,268		54,491		184,333		158,072
Operating loss	(7,515)		(12,287)		(28,216)		(37,406)
Other (income) expense
Other (income) expense, net	(4,277)		2,262		(1,845)		1,881
Interest expense	119		96		390		236
Total other (income) expense	(4,158)		2,358		(1,455)		2,117
Loss before income taxes	(3,357)		(14,645)		(26,761)		(39,523)
Income tax expense	255		5		335		394
Net loss	$	(3,612)	$	(14,650)	$	(27,096)	$	(39,917)

(1) Stock-based compensation as a component of these line items is as follows:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Cost of revenue
Subscriptions	$	236	$	147	$	678	$	462
Professional services	406		243		935		2,461
Operating expenses
Sales and marketing	427		776		1,837		3,971
Research and development	669		433		1,841		2,983
General and administrative	1,840		1,542		5,377		3,178
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	3,578	$	3,141	$	10,668	$	13,055

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The following table sets forth our consolidated statement of operations data expressed as a percentage of total revenue:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Revenue
Subscriptions	65.7	%	57.1	%	64.0	%	56.9	%
Professional services	34.3		42.9		36.0		43.1
Total revenue	100.0		100.0		100.0		100.0
Cost of revenue
Subscriptions	6.6		6.8		6.8		6.3
Professional services	21.3		29.4		23.2		30.8
Total cost of revenue	27.9		36.2		30.0		37.1
Gross profit	72.1		63.8		70.0		62.9
Operating expenses
Sales and marketing	40.9		41.7		42.6		45.0
Research and development	23.5		23.7		23.0		22.1
General and administrative	17.4		16.9		17.1		15.4
Total operating expenses	81.8		82.4		82.7		82.4
Operating loss	(9.7)		(18.6)		(12.7)		(19.5)
Other (income) expense
Other (income) expense, net	(5.5)		3.4		(0.8)		1.0
Interest expense	0.2		0.1		0.2		0.1
Total other (income) expense	(5.4)		3.6		(0.7)		1.1
Loss before income taxes	(4.3)		(22.1)		(12.0)		(20.6)
Income tax expense	0.3		—		0.2		0.2
Net loss	(4.7)	%	(22.1)	%	(12.2)	%	(20.8)	%

Comparison of the Three Months Ended September 30, 2020 and 2019

Revenue

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2020		2019		% Change
	(dollars in thousands)
Revenue
Subscriptions	$	50,760	$	37,774	34.4	%
Professional services	26,544		28,381		(6.5)	%
Total revenue	$	77,304	$	66,155	16.9	%

Total revenue increased $11.1 million, or 16.9%, in the three months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the same period in 2019 due to an increase in our subscriptions revenue of $13.0 million, partially offset by a decrease in our professional services revenue of $1.8 million. The increase in subscriptions revenue was driven largely by a $9.7 million increase in cloud subscription revenue and a $2.6 million increase in on-premise software revenue. With respect to new versus existing customers, there was a $9.2 million increase stemming from expanded deployments and corresponding sales of additional subscriptions to existing customers while the remaining increase of $3.8 million was the result of sales of subscriptions to new customers. The decrease in professional services revenue was due primarily to a $7.5 million decrease in revenue from existing customers which was substantially offset by a $5.7 million increase in sales to new customers. Further contributing to the

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decrease in professional services revenue was our increased usage of partners to perform professional services in the three months ended September 30, 2020 as compared to the same period in 2019, which has resulted in increases to our subscriptions revenue without any change to our professional services revenue.

Cost of Revenue

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2020			2019			% Change
	(dollars in thousands)
Cost of revenue
Subscriptions	$	5,101		$	4,484		13.8	%
Professional services	16,450			19,467			(15.5)	%
Total cost of revenue	$	21,551		$	23,951		(10.0)	%
Subscriptions gross margin	90.0		%	88.1		%
Professional services gross margin	38.0		%	31.4		%
Total gross margin	72.1		%	63.8		%

Cost of revenue decreased $2.4 million, or 10.0%, in the three months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the same period in 2019, primarily due to a $3.4 million decrease in contractor costs coupled with a $1.2 million decrease in billable expenses and a $0.2 million decrease in facility and overhead costs. These decreases were partially offset by a $1.7 million increase in professional services and product support personnel costs and a $0.6 million increase in other cost of revenue. Contractor costs decreased in the three months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the same period in 2019 because of a decrease in the usage of subcontractors for professional services engagements. Billable expenses decreased primarily due to lower travel and entertainment related expenses as a result of our shift to largely remote work while the decrease in facility and overhead costs was due largely to a reduction in rent expense. Personnel costs increased due to an increase in professional services and product support staff headcount of 15.4% from September 30, 2019 to September 30, 2020. The increase in other cost of revenue was due to increased hosting costs as sales of our cloud offering increased in the three months ended September 30, 2020.

Subscriptions gross margin increased to 90.0% for the three months ended September 30, 2020 compared to 88.1% in the same period in 2019 due to an increase in subscriptions revenue during the three months ended September 30, 2020 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2019, partially offset by increased hosting costs as sales of our cloud offering increased and became a larger proportion of our overall subscriptions revenue. Professional services gross margin increased to 38.0% for the three months ended September 30, 2020 compared to 31.4% in the same period in 2019 due to a decrease in the usage of subcontractors for professional services engagements, a decrease in travel and entertainment related expenses, and a decrease in rent expenses. Due to the higher percentage of subscriptions revenue for the comparable periods and the aforementioned declines in professional services expenses, gross margin rose to 72.1% in the three months ended September 30, 2020 as compared to 63.8% in the same period in 2019.

Sales and Marketing Expense

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2020			2019			% Change
	(dollars in thousands)
Sales and marketing	$	31,633		$	27,603		14.6	%
% of revenue	40.9		%	41.7		%

Sales and marketing expense increased $4.0 million, or 14.6%, in the three months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the same period in 2019, primarily due to a $4.4 million increase in sales and marketing personnel costs, a $1.0 million increase in marketing costs, and a $0.8 million increase in professional fees, which were partially offset by a $2.1 million decrease in

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facility and overhead costs. Personnel costs increased due to an increase in sales and marketing personnel headcount of 12.1% from September 30, 2019 to September 30, 2020 and increased sales commissions driven by our subscriptions revenue growth, partially offset by a $0.3 million decrease in stock-based compensation expense. Marketing costs increased largely due to increased advertising and business development costs during the three months ended September 30, 2020 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2019. Professional fees increased due to an increase in consulting fees and contract labor to support our growth. Facility and overhead costs decreased due to lower travel and entertainment related expenses as a result of our shift to largely remote work in 2020.

Research and Development Expense

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2020			2019			% Change
	(dollars in thousands)
Research and development	$	18,150		$	15,697		15.6	%
% of revenue	23.5		%	23.7		%

Research and development expense increased $2.5 million, or 15.6%, in the three months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the same period in 2019, primarily due to a $3.1 million increase in research and development personnel costs, partially offset by a $0.4 million decrease in facility and overhead costs and a $0.1 million decrease in professional fees. Personnel costs increased due to an increase in research and development personnel headcount by 13.5% from September 30, 2019 to September 30, 2020. Facility and overhead costs decreased due to non-recurring charges which were incurred in 2019 to support our personnel growth coupled with lower travel and entertainment related expenses as a result of our shift to largely remote work in 2020. Professional fees decreased due to a decrease in consulting fees.

General and Administrative Expense

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2020			2019			% Change
	(dollars in thousands)
General and administrative expense	$	13,485		$	11,191		20.5	%
% of revenue	17.4		%	16.9		%

General and administrative expense increased $2.3 million, or 20.5%, in the three months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the same period in 2019 due to a $1.3 million increase in general and administrative personnel costs, a $0.6 million increase in facility and overhead costs, and a $0.4 million increase in professional fees. Personnel costs increased due to an increase in general and administrative personnel headcount by 30.7% from September 30, 2019 to September 30, 2020. Facility and overhead costs increased primarily due to an increase in bad debt expense during the three months ended September 30, 2020, partially offset by lower travel and entertainment related expenses as a result of our shift to largely remote work in 2020. Professional fees increased due to increased legal fees.

Other (Income) Expense, Net

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2020			2019			% Change
	(dollars in thousands)
Other (income) expense, net	$	(4,277)		$	2,262		***
% of revenue	(5.5)		%	3.4		%

*** - Indicates a percentage that is not meaningful

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Other (income) expense, net increased by $6.5 million in the three months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the same period in 2019, primarily due to $3.3 million in foreign exchange gains in the three months ended September 30, 2020 compared to $2.4 million in foreign exchange losses in the three months ended September 30, 2019. The increase in foreign exchange gains was primarily due to currency fluctuations of the Australian dollar, British Pound Sterling, Euro, Swedish krona, Singapore dollar, and Swiss franc versus the U.S. dollar during the three months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the same period in 2019. Additionally, we recognized $1.0 million in other income during the three months ended September 30, 2020 due to a payment received from a state government as a result of our achievement of certain job creation and capital investment goals.

Interest Expense

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2020			2019			% Change
	(dollars in thousands)
Interest expense	$	119		$	96		24.0%
% of revenue	0.2		%	0.1		%

Interest expense increased by a nominal amount in the three months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the same period in 2019, primarily due to commitment fees on the letter of credit outstanding.

Comparison of the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020 and 2019

Revenue

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020		2019		% Change
	(dollars in thousands)
Revenue
Subscriptions	$	142,614	$	109,191	30.6	%
Professional services	80,329		82,543		(2.7)	%
Total revenue	$	222,943	$	191,734	16.3	%

Total revenue increased $31.2 million, or 16.3%, in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the same period in 2019 due to an increase in our subscriptions revenue of $33.4 million which was partially offset by a decrease in our professional services revenue of $2.2 million. Of the increase in subscriptions revenue, $23.6 million, was attributable to cloud subscription revenue while $8.1 million, was attributable to on-premise software revenue. With respect to new versus existing customers, $24.4 million of the increase in revenue stemmed from expanded deployments and corresponding sales of additional subscriptions to existing customers while the remaining increase of $9.0 million was the result of sales of subscriptions to new customers, $2.8 million of which related to a three year on-premise contract which closed in the first quarter of 2020. The decrease in professional services revenue was due primarily to a $15.6 million decrease in revenue from existing customers which was substantially offset by $13.4 million in sales to new customers. Further contributing to the decrease in professional services revenue was our increased usage of partners to perform professional services in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 as compared to the same period in 2019, which has resulted in increases to our subscriptions revenue without any change to our professional services revenue.

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Cost of Revenue

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020			2019			% Change
	(dollars in thousands)
Cost of revenue
Subscriptions	$	15,185		$	12,105		25.4	%
Professional services	51,641			58,963			(12.4)	%
Total cost of revenue	$	66,826		$	71,068		(6.0)	%
Subscriptions gross margin	89.4		%	88.9		%
Professional services gross margin	35.7		%	28.6		%
Total gross margin	70.0		%	62.9		%

Cost of revenue decreased $4.2 million, or 6.0%, in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the same period in 2019, primarily due to an $8.2 million decrease in contractor costs, a $2.6 million decrease in billable expenses, and a $0.3 million decrease in facility and overhead costs. These decreases were partially offset by a $4.6 million increase in professional services and product support personnel costs and a $2.2 million increase in other cost of revenue. Contractor costs decreased in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the same period in 2019 because of a decrease in the usage of subcontractors for professional service engagements. Billable expenses decreased primarily due to lower travel and entertainment related expenses as a result of our shift to largely remote work while the decrease in facility and overhead costs was due largely to a reduction in rent expense. Personnel costs increased due to an increase in professional services and product support staff personnel headcount of 15.4% from September 30, 2019 to September 30, 2020. The increase in other cost of revenue was due to increased hosting costs as sales of our cloud offering increased in the nine months ended September 30, 2020.

Subscriptions gross margin was 89.4% for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to 88.9% in the same period in 2019 due to an increase in subscriptions revenue during the nine months ended September 30, 2020, partially offset by increased hosting costs as sales of our cloud offering increased and became a larger proportion of our overall subscriptions revenue. Professional services gross margin was 35.7% for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to 28.6% in the same period in 2019 due to a decrease in the usage of subcontractors for professional services engagements, a decrease in travel and entertainment related expenses, a decrease in rent expenses, and a $1.3 million decrease in stock-based compensation expense due to the vesting of restricted stock units granted to three of our co-founders during the nine months ended September 30, 2019. Due to the higher percentage of subscriptions revenue for the comparable periods as well as the aforementioned declines in professional services expenses, gross margin was 70.0% in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 as compared to 62.9% in the same period in 2019.

Sales and Marketing Expense

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020			2019			% Change
	(dollars in thousands)
Sales and marketing	$	94,891		$	86,186		10.1	%
% of revenue	42.6		%	45.0		%

Sales and marketing expense increased $8.7 million, or 10.1%, in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the same period in 2019, primarily due to a $12.4 million increase in sales and marketing personnel costs and a $1.8 million increase in professional fees, which were partially offset by a $4.5 million decrease in facility and overhead costs and a $0.9 million decrease in marketing costs. Personnel costs increased due to an increase in sales and marketing personnel headcount by 12.1% from September 30, 2019 to September 30, 2020 and increased sales commissions driven by our subscriptions revenue growth, partially offset by a $2.1 million decrease in stock-based compensation expense. Professional fees increased due to an

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increase in consulting fees and contract labor to support our growth. Facility and overhead costs decreased due to lower travel and entertainment related expenses as a result of our shift to largely remote work in 2020. Marketing costs decreased due to reduced costs incurred as a result of moving our annual user conference Appian World to virtual-only as well as a reduction in the number of in-person marketing events.

Research and Development Expense

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020			2019			% Change
	(dollars in thousands)
Research and development	$	51,366		$	42,418		21.1	%
% of revenue	23.0		%	22.1		%

Research and development expense increased $8.9 million, or 21.1%, in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the same period in 2019, primarily due to a $9.6 million increase in research and development personnel costs, partially offset by a $0.4 million decrease in facility and overhead cost and a $0.2 million decrease in professional fees. Personnel costs increased due to an increase in research and development personnel headcount by 13.5% from September 30, 2019 to September 30, 2020, partially offset by a $1.1 million decrease in stock-based compensation expense. Facilities and overhead costs decreased due to non-recurring charges which were incurred in 2019 to support our personnel growth coupled with lower travel and entertainment related expenses as a result of our shift to largely remote work in 2020. Professional fees decreased due to a decrease in consulting fees.

General and Administrative Expense

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020			2019			% Change
	(dollars in thousands)
General and administrative expense	$	38,076		$	29,468		29.2	%
% of revenue	17.1		%	15.4		%

General and administrative expense increased $8.6 million, or 29.2%, in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the same period in 2019 due to a $5.6 million increase in general and administrative personnel costs, a $1.8 million increase in professional fees, and a $1.2 million increase in facility and overhead costs. Personnel costs increased due to an increase in general and administrative personnel headcount by 30.7% from September 30, 2019 to September 30, 2020 coupled with a $2.2 million increase in stock-based compensation expense during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 which was primarily attributable to a stock option to purchase 700,000 shares of our Class A common stock granted to our Chief Executive Officer in May 2019. Professional fees increased due to increased legal fees. Facility and overhead costs increased to support our personnel growth as well as a result of an increase in bad debt expense.

Other (Income) Expense, Net

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020			2019			% Change
	(dollars in thousands)
Other (income) expense, net	$	(1,845)		$	1,881		***
% of revenue	(0.8)		%	1.0		%

*** - Indicates a percentage that is not meaningful

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Other (income) expense, net increased by $3.7 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the same period in 2019, primarily due to $0.4 million in foreign exchange gains compared to $2.5 million in foreign exchange losses in the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The increase in foreign exchange gains was primarily due to currency fluctuations of the Euro, Swedish krona, and Swiss franc versus the U.S. dollar during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the same period in 2019. Additionally, we recognized $1.0 million of other income in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 due to a payment received from a state government as a result of our achievement of certain job creation and capital investment goals.

Interest Expense

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020			2019			% Change
	(dollars in thousands)
Interest expense	$	390		$	236		65.3%
% of revenue	0.2		%	0.1		%

Interest expense increased by $0.2 million, or 65.3%, in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the same period in 2019, primarily due to commitment fees on the letter of credit outstanding.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of September 30, 2020, we had $251.1 million of cash and cash equivalents.

In June 2020, we completed an underwritten public offering of 2,500,000 shares of our Class A common stock, of which 1,931,206 shares of Class A common stock were sold by us and 568,794 shares of Class A common stock were sold by existing stockholders. The underwriter purchased the shares from us and the selling stockholders at a price of $56.50 per share. Our net proceeds from the offering were $107.9 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses. We did not receive any of the proceeds from the sale of shares by the selling stockholders.

We believe our existing cash and cash equivalents, together with any positive cash flows from operations and available borrowings under our line of credit, will be sufficient to support working capital and capital expenditure requirements for at least the next 12 months. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including our growth rate, the timing and extent of spending to support research and development efforts, the expansion of sales and marketing activities, particularly internationally, the introduction of new and enhanced products and functions as well as platform enhancements and professional services offerings, the level of market acceptance of our applications, spending we may incur on our new headquarters, and the global economic uncertainty and financial market conditions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on our business. In the event additional financing is required from outside sources, we may be unable to raise the funds on acceptable terms, if at all. To the extent existing cash and cash equivalents and investments and cash from operations are not sufficient to fund future activities, we may need to raise additional funds. We recently have raised and may continue to seek to raise additional funds through equity, equity-linked, or debt financings. If we raise additional funds through the incurrence of indebtedness, such indebtedness may have rights that are senior to holders of our equity securities and could contain covenants that restrict operations. Any additional equity financing may be dilutive to our existing stockholders. We recently have, and in the future may continue to, invest or acquire stakes in complementary businesses, products, or technologies, which could also require us to seek additional equity financing, incur indebtedness, or use cash resources. We have no present binding agreements or commitments to enter into any such acquisitions. If we are unable to raise additional capital when desired, our business, operating results, and financial condition could be adversely affected.

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The following table shows a summary of our cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020		2019
Cash used in operating activities	$	(13,453)	$	(2,880)
Cash used in investing activities	(7,174)		(31,430)
Cash provided by financing activities	110,337		105,394

Sources of Funds

We have financed our operations in large part with equity and debt financing arrangements, including net proceeds of $77.8 million from our initial public offering in May 2017, net proceeds of $57.8 million from our underwritten public offering in August 2018, net proceeds of $101.3 million from our underwritten public offering in September 2019, and net proceeds of $107.9 million from our underwritten public offering in June 2020. In addition, we have financed our operations through sales of subscriptions and professional services and borrowings under our credit facilities. We also financed $3.7 million of office furniture and fixtures and $0.8 million of equipment, both associated with the build out of our new headquarters.

In November 2017, we entered into a $20.0 million revolving line of credit with a lender. The facility matures in November 2022. We may elect whether amounts drawn on the revolving line of credit bear interest at a floating rate per annum equal to either the LIBOR or the prime rate plus an additional interest rate margin that is determined by the availability of borrowings under the revolving line of credit. The additional interest rate margin will range from 2.00% to 2.50% in the case of LIBOR advances and from 1.00% to 1.50% in the case of prime rate advances. The revolving line of credit contains an unused facility fee in an amount between 0.15% and 0.25% of the average unused portion of the revolving line of credit, which is payable quarterly. The agreement contains certain customary affirmative and negative covenants and requires us to maintain (1) an adjusted quick ratio of at least 1.35 and (ii) minimum adjusted EBITDA in the amounts and for the periods set forth in the agreement. Any amounts borrowed under the credit facility are collateralized by substantially all of our assets. We were in compliance with all covenants as of September 30, 2020. As of September 30, 2020, we had not made any borrowings under this revolving line of credit, and we had outstanding letters of credit totaling $11.2 million in connection with securing our leased office space.

Use of Funds

Our principal uses of cash are funding operations and other working capital requirements. More recently, we have utilized cash to pay for the acquisition of an entity we believe is complementary to our business. Over the past several years, revenue has increased significantly from year to year and, as a result, cash flows from customer collections have increased. However, operating expenses have also increased as we have invested in growing our business. Our uses of cash in 2020 to date have included the acquisition of Novayre and modest capital expenditures while cash uses in 2019 included the build out of our new headquarters, which included spend approximately $21.0 million above the $18.4 million tenant improvement allowance provided by the landlord for the build out, of which $4.5 million related to office furniture and fixtures and computer hardware that has been financed. For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, the majority of the $7.2 million of cash used in investing activities was related to the acquisition of Novayre.

Historical Cash Flows

Operating Activities

For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, net cash used in operating activities of $13.5 million consisted of a net loss of $27.1 million and $2.1 million of cash used from changes in working capital, offset by $15.8 million in adjustments for non-cash items. Adjustments for non-cash items consisted primarily of stock-based compensation of $10.7 million, depreciation and amortization expense of $4.5 million, and bad debt expense of $0.8 million. The decrease in cash and cash equivalents resulting from changes in working capital primarily consisted of a $22.6 million increase in accounts receivable stemming from increased sales as well as the timing of billings and collections, a $10.5 million increase in deferred revenue as a result of

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increased subscription sales, a $5.8 million increase in accrued compensation and related benefits as a result of higher employee benefit accruals such as vacation and bonuses, a $4.3 million increase in deferred commissions due to increased sales activity, a $3.4 million increase in operating lease liabilities as a result of recognizing a new right-of-use liability related to the expanded occupancy of our headquarters building, and a $3.0 million increase in other liabilities due to the deferral of social security tax payments pursuant to the provisions of the CARES Act. These decreases to working capital were partially offset by a $4.5 million decrease in prepaid expenses and other assets and a $2.5 million decrease in accounts payable and accrued expenses, both of which were primarily due to the timing of payments.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2019, net cash used in operating activities of $2.9 million consisted of a net loss of $39.9 million, offset by $16.4 million in adjustments for non-cash items and $20.7 million of cash provided by changes in working capital. Adjustments for non-cash items consisted of stock-based compensation of $13.1 million, depreciation and amortization expense of $3.3 million, a loss on disposal of equipment of $0.1 million, and bad debt expense of $0.1 million, offset by a provision for deferred income taxes of $0.2 million. The increase in cash and cash equivalents resulting from changes in working capital primarily consisted of a $23.3 million decrease in prepaid expenses and other assets, primarily due to the receipt of the non-trade receivable resulting from our tenant improvement allowance. In accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, or U.S. GAAP, the $17.0 million of tenant improvement allowance reimbursements received during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 were a source of cash in operating activities, whereas the capital expenditures were recorded as cash used in investing activities. There was also a $1.9 million decrease in accounts receivable due to increased cash collections and a $5.7 million increase in deferred rent, non-current, as a result of taking initial possession of the second phase of our new headquarters in February 2019 and recording an additional lease incentive obligation. There was also a $2.3 million increase in deferred revenue as a result of increased subscription sales. These increases were partially offset by a $3.9 million decrease in accounts payable and accrued expenses, primarily due to the timing of payments, a $6.2 million increase in deferred commissions due to increased sales, and a $2.2 million decrease in accrued compensation and related benefits primarily due to a decrease in accrued vacation expense because of our new paid-time off policy, which took effect on January 1, 2019. There was also a $0.3 million decrease in other current liabilities.

Investing Activities

For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, net cash used in investing activities was $7.2 million which was primarily the result of $6.1 million in payments, net of cash acquired, related to the acquisition of Novayre. In addition, there were approximately $1.0 million in purchases of property and equipment.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2019, net cash used in investing activities was $31.4 million and related primarily to the build-out of our new headquarters and the purchase of property and equipment.

Financing Activities

For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, net cash provided by financing activities was $110.3 million, consisting of $108.2 million in proceeds from our underwritten public offering in June 2020, net of underwriting discounts and commissions and the payment of offering expenses, and $3.2 million in proceeds received from stock option exercises, partially offset by $1.1 million in principal payments on finance leases.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2019, net cash provided by financing activities was $105.4 million, consisting of $101.7 million in proceeds from our underwritten public offering in September 2019, net of underwriting discounts and commissions and the payment of offering expenses, and $4.1 million in proceeds received from stock option exercises. These increases were offset by principal payments on capital lease obligations of $0.3 million.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

As of September 30, 2020, there was no material change in our contractual obligations and commitments from those disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, filed with the SEC on February 20, 2020.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

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As of September 30, 2020, we did not have any relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, including entities sometimes referred to as structured finance or special purpose entities, that were established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes. We do not engage in off-balance sheet financing arrangements. In addition, we do not engage in trading activities involving non-exchange traded contracts. We therefore believe we are not materially exposed to any financing, liquidity, market, or credit risks that could arise if we had engaged in these relationships.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The preparation of our condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the amounts reported in our financial statements and accompanying notes. Although we believe the estimates we use are reasonable, due to the inherent uncertainty involved in making those estimates, actual results reported in future periods could differ from those estimates. Significant estimates and judgments embedded in the consolidated financial statements for the periods presented include revenue recognition, stock-based compensation, the valuation of goodwill and intangible assets, leases, costs to obtain a contract with a customer, and income taxes.

While we continue to monitor the developments surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic, we are not aware of any specific events or circumstances that would require us to update our estimates, assumptions, and judgments.

There have been no material changes in our critical accounting policies from those disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, filed with the SEC on February 20, 2020.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 2 to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for a discussion of recent accounting pronouncements.

Item 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

We are exposed to market risks in the ordinary course of our business. Market risk represents the risk of loss that may impact our financial position due to adverse changes in financial market prices and rates. Our market risk exposure is primarily the result of fluctuations in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates. The uncertainty that exists with respect to the economic impact of the global COVID-19 pandemic has also introduced significant volatility in the financial markets.

Interest Rate Risk

We had cash and cash equivalents of $251.1 million as of September 30, 2020, which consisted of cash in readily available checking accounts and overnight repurchase investments. These securities are not dependent on interest rate fluctuations that may cause the principal amount of these assets to fluctuate.

At September 30, 2020, we had no outstanding borrowings.

Foreign Currency Exchange Risk

Our reporting currency is the U.S. dollar. Due to our international operations, we have foreign currency risks related to revenue and operating expenses denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, primarily the British pound sterling, Euro, Australian dollar, Singapore dollar, Swedish krona, and Swiss franc. Our sales contracts are primarily denominated in the local currency of the customer making the purchase. In addition, a portion of operating expenses are incurred outside the United States and are denominated in foreign currencies. Decreases in the relative value of the U.S. dollar to other currencies may negatively affect revenue and other operating results as expressed in U.S. dollars. We do not believe an immediate 10% increase or decrease in the relative value of the U.S. dollar to other currencies would have a material effect on operating results.

We have experienced and will continue to experience fluctuations in net loss as a result of transaction gains or losses related to remeasuring certain current asset and current liability balances denominated in currencies other than the functional

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currency of the entities in which they are recorded. We have not engaged in the hedging of foreign currency transactions to date although we may choose to do so in the future.

Item 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We maintain disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and Rule 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act that are designed to ensure information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2020. Based on the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2020, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by Rule 13a-15(d) and 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act that occurred during the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls

Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, believes our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting are designed to provide reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and are effective at the reasonable assurance level. However, our management does not expect our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision making can be faulty, and breakdowns can occur because of a simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the controls. The design of any system of controls also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

43

PART II—OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

From time to time, we may become involved in legal proceedings or be subject to claims arising in the ordinary course of our business. We are not presently a party to any legal proceedings that, if determined adversely to us, would individually or taken together have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition, or cash flows. Regardless of the outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on us because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources, and other factors.

Item 1A. RISK FACTORS

Our business is subject to risks and events that, if they occur, could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations and the trading price of our securities. In addition to the other information set forth in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, you should carefully consider the factors described in "Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, filed with the SEC on February 20, 2020.

Other than as set forth below, there have been no material changes from the risk factors described in "Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019:

The effects of national and global epidemics, including the recent COVID-19 pandemic, could have an adverse impact on our business, operations, and the markets and communities in which we operate.

In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared the outbreak of COVID-19 a pandemic. Our business and operations could be adversely affected by national and global epidemics, including the recent COVID-19 pandemic, impacting the markets and communities in which we operate.

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, many state, local, and foreign governments have put in place, and others in the future may put in place, quarantines, executive orders, shelter-in-place orders, and similar government orders and restrictions in order to control the spread of the disease. Such orders or restrictions, or the perception that such orders or restrictions could occur, have resulted in business closures, work stoppages, slowdowns and delays, work-from-home policies, and travel restrictions, among other effects that could negatively impact productivity and disrupt our operations. For example, we have implemented a work-from-home policy for employees, and we may take further actions that alter our operations as may be required by federal, state, or local authorities or which we determine are in the best interests of our employees and stockholders.

In addition, while the potential impact and duration of the COVID-19 pandemic on the global economy and our business in particular may be difficult to assess or predict, the pandemic has resulted in, and may continue to result in, significant disruption of global financial markets, reducing our ability to access capital, which could in the future negatively affect our liquidity. The COVID-19 pandemic also could reduce the demand for our customers’ products and services, which could negatively impact our customers’ willingness to renew or enter into contracts with us or our ability to collect accounts receivable on a timely basis, which, if significant, could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

The global pandemic of COVID-19 continues to rapidly evolve, and we will continue to monitor the COVID-19 situation closely. The ultimate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic or a similar health epidemic is highly uncertain and subject to change. We do not yet know the full extent of potential delays or impacts on our business, operations, or the global economy as a whole, which makes our future results difficult to predict.

In addition, to the extent the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic adversely affects our business and results of operations, it may also have the effect of heightening many of the other risks and uncertainties described in “Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, filed with the SEC on February 20, 2020.

Unfavorable conditions in the global economy or the vertical markets we serve could limit our ability to grow our business and negatively affect our operating results.

44

General worldwide economic conditions have experienced significant instability due to the global economic uncertainty and financial market conditions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. These conditions make it extremely difficult for customers and us to accurately forecast and plan future business activities and could cause customers to reduce or delay their software spending. For example, we believe there could be some short-term impact from the COVID-19 pandemic on spending by our customers. At this time, the potential impact on customer spend from the COVID-19 pandemic is difficult to predict and, therefore, it is not possible to fully determine the impact on our future results. Historically, economic downturns have resulted in overall reductions in software spending. If macroeconomic conditions deteriorate or are characterized by uncertainty or volatility, customers may curtail or freeze spending on software in general and for software such as ours specifically, which could have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and operating results.

We have historically generated a majority of our revenue from customers in the financial services, life sciences, and U.S. federal government verticals. While these verticals have not been affected as severely by weak economic conditions caused by COVID-19 as the retail, hospitality, and entertainment industries, we cannot assure these verticals will not suffer more severe losses in the future. Furthermore, we cannot predict the timing, strength, or duration of any economic slowdown or recovery. In addition, even if the overall economy is robust, we cannot assure the market for services such as ours will experience growth or that we will experience growth.

We may fail to meet our publicly announced guidance or other expectations about our business and future operating results, which could cause our stock price to decline.

We have provided and may continue to provide guidance about our business, future operating results, and other business metrics. In developing this guidance, our management must make certain assumptions and judgments about our future performance. Some of those key assumptions relate to the impact of COVID-19 and the associated economic uncertainty on our business and the timing and scope of economic recovery globally, which are inherently difficult to predict. Furthermore, analysts and investors may develop and publish their own projections of our business, which may form a consensus about our future performance. Our business results may vary significantly from such guidance or that consensus due to a number of factors, many of which are outside of our control, including due to the global economic uncertainty and financial market conditions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, which could adversely affect our operations and operating results. Furthermore, if our publicly announced guidance of future operating results fails to meet our previously announced guidance or the expectations of securities analysts, investors, or other interested parties, the price of our common stock would decline.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation designates the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware as the exclusive forum for certain litigation that may be initiated by our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us and limit the market price of our Class A common stock.

Pursuant to our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the sole and exclusive forum for (1) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, (2) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers, or other employees to us or our stockholders, (3) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, or our amended and restated bylaws, or (4) any action asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation also provides the federal district courts of the United States of America will be the exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation further provides any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in shares of our Class A common stock is deemed to have notice of and consented to the foregoing provisions. The forum selection clause in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation may limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us and limit the market price of our Class A common stock.

If we are unable to successfully transition to new leadership in key departments, our results could suffer.

Appian has undergone change in departments that are directly responsible for substantially all of Appian's revenue. While Appian believes its new leaders in these departments are highly qualified and will perform well in their roles, there can be no assurances the transition to new leadership will be executed without any disruption or effect on performance. New leadership requires time to become familiar with Appian's product offerings and its customer base, and such transition could lead to delayed implementation of strategies, revision of key practices and policies, re-training of personnel, and other disruptions.

45

While we will make efforts to mitigate such risk through extensive collaboration at the executive level, the effects of this transition could have an impact on our ability to sustain our growth in revenues or our ability to retain existing talent within the organization.

Item 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

a.Recent Sales of Unregistered Equity Securities

Not applicable.

b.Use of Proceeds

Not applicable.

c.Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Not applicable.

Item 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES

Not applicable.

Item 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

Item 5. OTHER INFORMATION

Not applicable.

46

Item 6. EXHIBITS

Exhibit No.	Description	Reference
31.1	Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.	Attached.
31.2	Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.	Attached.
32.1	Certifications of Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.	Attached.
101.INS	XBRL Instance Document - The instance document does not appear in the interactive data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the inline XBRL document.	Attached.
101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document	Attached.
101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document	Attached.
101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document	Attached.
101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document	Attached.
101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document	Attached.
104	Cover page formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101	Attached.

47

SIGNATURE

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

	APPIAN CORPORATION
November 5, 2020	By:	/s/ Matthew Calkins
		Name: Matthew Calkins
		Title: Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board (on behalf of the Registrant and as Principal Executive Officer)

48

EX-31.1

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER

PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Matthew Calkins, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2020 of Appian Corporation (the “registrant”);

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b)    Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: November 5, 2020

/s/ Matthew Calkins

Matthew Calkins

Chief Executive Officer

(principal executive officer)

EX-31.2

Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER

PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Mark Lynch, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2020 of Appian Corporation (the “registrant”);

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b)    Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: November 5, 2020

/s/ Mark Lynch

Mark Lynch

Chief Financial Officer

(principal financial officer)

EX-32.1

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATIONS OF

PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER AND PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER

PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

Pursuant to the requirement set forth in Rule 13a-14(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, (the “Exchange Act”) and Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code (18 U.S.C. §1350), Matthew Calkins, Chief Executive Officer of Appian Corporation (the “Company”), and Mark Lynch, Chief Financial Officer of the Company, each hereby certifies that, to the best of his knowledge:

1.The Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2020, to which this Certification is attached as Exhibit 32.1 (the “Periodic Report”), fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act; and

2.The information contained in the Periodic Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned have set their hands hereto as of the 5th day of November, 2020.

/s/ Matthew Calkins	/s/ Mark Lynch
Matthew Calkins	Mark Lynch
Chief Executive Officer (principal executive officer)	Chief Financial Officer (principal financial officer)

•This certification accompanies the Form 10-Q to which it relates, is not deemed filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and is not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of the Company under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Exchange Act (whether made before or after the date of the Form 10-Q), irrespective of any general incorporation language contained in such filing.

XML

Cover Page - shares	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Nov. 02, 2020
Document and Entity Information [Line Items]
Document Type	10-Q
Document Quarterly Report	true
Document Period End Date	Sep. 30, 2020
Document Transition Report	false
Entity File Number	001-38098
Entity Registrant Name	APPIAN CORPORATION
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	DE
Entity Tax Identification Number	54-1956084
Entity Address, Address Line One	7950 Jones Branch Drive
Entity Address, City or Town	McLean
Entity Address, State or Province	VA
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	22102
City Area Code	(703)
Local Phone Number	442-8844
Title of 12(b) Security	Class A Common Stock
Trading Symbol	APPN
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Large Accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	false
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Central Index Key	0001441683
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2020
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q3
Amendment Flag	false
Class A Common Stock
Document and Entity Information [Line Items]
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		37,834,226
Class B Common Stock
Document and Entity Information [Line Items]
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		32,214,666

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 251,088	$ 159,755
Accounts receivable, net of allowance of $1,200 and $600 as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively	89,219	70,408
Deferred commissions, current	16,292	14,543
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	25,909	32,955
Total current assets	382,508	277,661
Property and equipment, net	36,415	39,554
Goodwill	4,637	0
Intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization of $307 as of September 30, 2020	1,765	0
Operating right-of-use assets	30,855	24,205
Deferred commissions, net of current portion	31,580	28,979
Deferred tax assets	654	494
Other assets	4,042	592
Total assets	492,456	371,485
Current liabilities
Accounts payable	4,630	5,222
Accrued expenses	6,287	7,488
Accrued compensation and related benefits	16,615	10,691
Deferred revenue, current	96,902	82,201
Operating lease liabilities, current	6,592	3,836
Finance lease liabilities, current	1,549	1,447
Other current liabilities	319	1,395
Total current liabilities	132,894	112,280
Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion	51,727	44,416
Finance lease liabilities, net of current portion	1,192	2,375
Deferred revenue, net of current portion	4,371	7,139
Deferred tax liabilities	461	38
Other non-current liabilities	4,069	0
Total liabilities	194,714	166,248
Stockholders’ equity
Additional paid-in capital	462,686	340,929
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(2,442)	(285)
Accumulated deficit	(162,509)	(135,413)
Total stockholders’ equity	297,742	205,237
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	492,456	371,485
Class A Common Stock
Stockholders’ equity
Common stock	4	3
Class B Common Stock
Stockholders’ equity
Common stock	$ 3	$ 3

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Allowance for doubtful accounts	$ 1,200	$ 600
Finite-lived intangible assets, accumulated amortization	$ 307
Class A Common Stock
Common stock, par value (in usd per share)	$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares)	500,000,000	500,000,000
Common stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	37,805,423	34,525,386
Common stock, shares issued (in shares)	37,805,423	34,525,386
Class B Common Stock
Common stock, par value (in usd per share)	$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares)	100,000,000	100,000,000
Common stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	32,214,766	32,942,636
Common stock, shares issued (in shares)	32,214,766	32,942,636

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019
Revenue
Total revenue	$ 77,304	$ 66,155	$ 222,943	$ 191,734
Cost of revenue
Total cost of revenue	21,551	23,951	66,826	71,068
Gross profit	55,753	42,204	156,117	120,666
Operating expenses
Sales and marketing	31,633	27,603	94,891	86,186
Research and development	18,150	15,697	51,366	42,418
General and administrative	13,485	11,191	38,076	29,468
Total operating expenses	63,268	54,491	184,333	158,072
Operating loss	(7,515)	(12,287)	(28,216)	(37,406)
Other (income) expense
Other (income) expense, net	(4,277)	2,262	(1,845)	1,881
Interest expense	119	96	390	236
Total other (income) expense	(4,158)	2,358	(1,455)	2,117
Loss before income taxes	(3,357)	(14,645)	(26,761)	(39,523)
Income tax expense	255	5	335	394
Net loss	$ (3,612)	$ (14,650)	$ (27,096)	$ (39,917)
Net loss per share:
Basic and diluted (in dollar per share)	$ (0.05)	$ (0.22)	$ (0.39)	$ (0.62)
Weighted average common shares outstanding:
Basic and diluted (in shares)	69,923,553	65,508,113	68,611,994	64,860,342
Subscriptions
Revenue
Total revenue	$ 50,760	$ 37,774	$ 142,614	$ 109,191
Cost of revenue
Total cost of revenue	5,101	4,484	15,185	12,105
Professional services
Revenue
Total revenue	26,544	28,381	80,329	82,543
Cost of revenue
Total cost of revenue	$ 16,450	$ 19,467	$ 51,641	$ 58,963

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019
Statement of Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
Net loss	$ (3,612)	$ (14,650)	$ (27,096)	$ (39,917)
Comprehensive income (loss), net of income taxes:
Foreign currency translation adjustment	(1,960)	680	(2,157)	486
Total other comprehensive loss, net of income taxes	$ (5,572)	$ (13,970)	$ (29,253)	$ (39,431)

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Total	Cumulative Effect, Period of Adoption, Adjustment	Common Stock	Additional Paid-In Capital	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)	Accumulated Deficit	Accumulated Deficit Cumulative Effect, Period of Adoption, Adjustment
Beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2018			63,916,437
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2018	$ 73,192	$ 60,941	$ 6	$ 218,284	$ 542	$ (145,640)	$ 60,941
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net loss	(15,216)					(15,216)
Issuance of common stock to directors (in shares)			3,461
Vesting of restricted stock units (in shares)			278,680
Exercise of stock options (in shares)			482,444
Exercise of stock options	1,073			1,073
Stock-based compensation expense	7,225			7,225
Other comprehensive loss (loss)	296				296
Ending balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2019			64,681,022
Ending balance at Mar. 31, 2019	127,511		$ 6	226,582	838	(99,915)
Beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2018			63,916,437
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2018	73,192	$ 60,941	$ 6	218,284	542	(145,640)	$ 60,941
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net loss	(39,917)
Ending balance (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2019			67,146,998
Ending balance at Sep. 30, 2019	213,112		$ 6	336,694	1,028	(124,616)
Beginning balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2019			64,681,022
Beginning balance at Mar. 31, 2019	127,511		$ 6	226,582	838	(99,915)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net loss	(10,051)					(10,051)
Issuance of common stock to directors (in shares)			2,684
Vesting of restricted stock units (in shares)			6,010
Exercise of stock options (in shares)			147,852
Exercise of stock options	914			914
Stock-based compensation expense	2,689			2,689
Other comprehensive loss (loss)	(490)				(490)
Ending balance (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2019			64,837,568
Ending balance at Jun. 30, 2019	120,573		$ 6	230,185	348	(109,966)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net loss	(14,650)					(14,650)
Issuance of common stock from public offering, net of issuance costs (in shares)			1,825,000
Issuance of common stock from public offering, net of issuance costs	101,303			101,303
Issuance of common stock to directors (in shares)			2,563
Vesting of restricted stock units (in shares)			94,772
Exercise of stock options (in shares)			387,095
Exercise of stock options	2,065			2,065
Stock-based compensation expense	3,141			3,141
Other comprehensive loss (loss)	680				680
Ending balance (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2019			67,146,998
Ending balance at Sep. 30, 2019	213,112		$ 6	336,694	1,028	(124,616)
Beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2019			67,468,022
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2019	205,237		$ 6	340,929	(285)	(135,413)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net loss	(11,669)					(11,669)
Issuance of common stock to directors (in shares)			1,946
Vesting of restricted stock units (in shares)			46,031
Exercise of stock options (in shares)			129,082
Exercise of stock options	670			670
Stock-based compensation expense	3,476			3,476
Other comprehensive loss (loss)	17				17
Ending balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2020			67,645,081
Ending balance at Mar. 31, 2020	197,731		$ 6	345,075	(268)	(147,082)
Beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2019			67,468,022
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2019	205,237		$ 6	340,929	(285)	(135,413)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net loss	$ (27,096)
Exercise of stock options (in shares)	521,063
Ending balance (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2020			70,020,189
Ending balance at Sep. 30, 2020	$ 297,742		$ 7	462,686	(2,442)	(162,509)
Beginning balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2020			67,645,081
Beginning balance at Mar. 31, 2020	197,731		$ 6	345,075	(268)	(147,082)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net loss	(11,815)					(11,815)
Issuance of common stock from public offering, net of issuance costs (in shares)			1,931,206
Issuance of common stock from public offering, net of issuance costs	107,915		$ 1	107,914
Issuance of common stock to directors (in shares)			2,296
Vesting of restricted stock units (in shares)			13,567
Exercise of stock options (in shares)			248,165
Exercise of stock options	1,571			1,571
Stock-based compensation expense	3,614			3,614
Other comprehensive loss (loss)	(214)				(214)
Ending balance (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2020			69,840,315
Ending balance at Jun. 30, 2020	298,802		$ 7	458,174	(482)	(158,897)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net loss	(3,612)					(3,612)
Issuance of common stock to directors (in shares)			2,417
Vesting of restricted stock units (in shares)			33,641
Exercise of stock options (in shares)			143,816
Exercise of stock options	934			934
Stock-based compensation expense	3,578			3,578
Other comprehensive loss (loss)	(1,960)				(1,960)
Ending balance (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2020			70,020,189
Ending balance at Sep. 30, 2020	$ 297,742		$ 7	$ 462,686	$ (2,442)	$ (162,509)

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CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss	$ (27,096)	$ (39,917)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	4,485	3,273
Bad debt expense	778	98
Loss on disposal of property and equipment	22	146
Deferred income taxes	(162)	(191)
Stock-based compensation	10,668	13,055
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	(22,594)	1,854
Prepaid expenses and other assets	4,491	23,280
Deferred commissions	(4,349)	(6,192)
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	(2,456)	(3,909)
Accrued compensation and related benefits	5,844	(2,159)
Other liabilities	2,963	(251)
Deferred revenue	10,531	2,315
Operating lease liabilities	3,422	0
Deferred rent, non-current	0	5,718
Net cash used in operating activities	(13,453)	(2,880)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Payments for acquisitions, net of cash acquired	(6,138)	0
Purchases of property and equipment	(1,036)	(31,430)
Net cash used in investing activities	(7,174)	(31,430)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Principal payments on finance leases	(1,080)	(299)
Proceeds from public offerings, net of underwriting discounts	108,260	101,653
Payments of costs related to public offerings	(18)	(12)
Proceeds from exercise of common stock options	3,175	4,052
Net cash provided by financing activities	110,337	105,394
Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	1,623	(460)
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents	91,333	70,624
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period	159,755	94,930
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	251,088	165,554
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
Cash paid for interest	116	250
Cash paid for income taxes	630	236
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash financing information:
Capital lease obligations to acquire new office furniture and fixtures and computer hardware	$ 0	$ 4,491

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Organization and Description of Business

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Organization and Description of Business

1. Organization and Description of Business

Appian Corporation (together with its subsidiaries, “Appian,” the “Company,” “we,” or “our”) provides a low-code automation platform that accelerates the creation of high-impact business applications, enabling our customers to automate the most important aspects of their business. Global organizations use our applications to improve customer experience, achieve operational excellence, and simplify global risk management and compliance. We were incorporated in the state of Delaware in August 1999. We are headquartered in McLean, Virginia and operate in Canada, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Italy, Australia, Spain, Singapore, and Sweden.

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Significant Accounting Policies

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Significant Accounting Policies

2. Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and footnotes have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) as contained in the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) for interim financial information. In the opinion of management, the interim financial information includes all adjustments of a normal recurring nature necessary for a fair presentation of the results of operations, financial position, changes in stockholders’ equity, and cash flows. The results of operations for the current period are not necessarily indicative of the results for the full year or the results for any future periods. These condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related footnotes included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on February 20, 2020.

We adopted ASC 606, the new revenue recognition guidance, on January 1, 2019 using the modified retrospective method. Under this method of adoption, we recognized the cumulative effect of initially applying the new revenue standard as an adjustment to the opening balance of accumulated deficit and applied the new standard only to contracts that were not completed prior to January 1, 2019.

Because we were an emerging growth company until December 31, 2019, the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act allowed us to delay adoption of certain accounting standards such as ASC 606 and ASC 842 until such time they were made applicable to private companies. We elected to use this extended transition period, and accordingly, did not report revenues under ASC 606 or leases under ASC 842 in our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q during 2019. Refer to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, filed with the SEC on February 20, 2020, for a complete reconciliation of our revenues under the old and new guidance. Prior period amounts in this Form 10-Q have been recast as if we had reported under ASC 606 for the applicable periods.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of our condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the amounts reported in these condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Although we believe the estimates we use are reasonable, due to the inherent uncertainty involved in making these estimates, actual results reported in future periods could differ from those estimates.

Significant estimates embedded in the condensed consolidated financial statements include revenue recognition, income taxes and the related valuation allowance, the valuation of goodwill and intangible assets, leases, costs to obtain a contract with a customer, and stock-based compensation.

The ongoing outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease ("COVID-19") has resulted in the declaration of a global pandemic and introduced a level of disruption and uncertainty into the financial markets and global economy. While we continue to monitor the developments surrounding the pandemic, as of the date of issuance of these financial statements, we are not aware of any specific events or circumstances that would require us to update our estimates, assumptions, and judgments or revise the carrying value of our assets or liabilities. We cannot estimate the impacts COVID-19 will have on our business going forward as such impacts will be largely dependent upon a number of factors outside of our control including the extent and duration of the outbreak as well as any mitigating actions which may be undertaken by global governments and the general public.

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Appian and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Public Offering

In June 2020, we completed an underwritten public offering of 2,500,000 shares of our Class A common stock, of which 1,931,206 shares of Class A common stock were sold by us and 568,794 shares of Class A common stock were sold by existing stockholders. The underwriter purchased the shares from us and the selling stockholders at a price of $56.50 per share. Our net proceeds from the offering were $107.9 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses. We did not receive any of the proceeds from the sale of shares by the selling stockholders.

Revenue Recognition

Refer to Note 3 for a detailed discussion on specific revenue recognition principles related to our major revenue streams.

Cost of Revenue

Subscriptions

Cost of subscriptions revenue consists primarily of fees paid to our third-party managed hosting providers and other third-party service providers, personnel costs such as payroll and benefits for our technology operations and customer support teams, and allocated facility costs and overhead.

Professional Services

Cost of professional services revenue includes all direct and indirect costs to deliver our professional services and training, including employee compensation for our global professional services and training personnel, travel costs, third-party contractor costs, and allocated facility costs and overhead.

Concentration of Credit and Customer Risk

Our financial instruments exposed to concentration of credit and customer risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents and trade accounts receivable. Deposits held with banks may exceed the amount of insurance provided on such deposits. We believe the financial institutions holding our cash deposits are financially sound and, accordingly, minimal credit risk exists with respect to these balances.

With regard to our customers, credit evaluation and account monitoring procedures are used to minimize the risk of loss. We believe no additional credit risk beyond amounts provided for collection loss are inherent in accounts receivable. Revenue generated from government agencies represented 19.9% and 17.9% of our revenue for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively, of which the top three federal government agencies generated 8.7% and 7.4% of our revenue for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively. Additionally, 32.2% and 34.0% of our revenue during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively, was generated from foreign customers. When accounted for under ASC 606, revenue generated from government agencies represented 19.5% and 18.0% of our revenue for three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively, of which the top three federal government agencies generated 8.6% and 7.2% of our revenue for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively. Additionally, 31.0% and 31.9% of our revenue during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively, was generated from foreign customers.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

We consider all highly liquid investments with an original or remaining maturity of three months or less at the date of purchase, as well as overnight repurchase investments, to be cash equivalents.

Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

Accounts receivable are stated at realizable value, net of an allowance for doubtful accounts. The allowance for doubtful accounts is based on our assessment of the collectability of accounts and incorporates an estimation of expected lifetime credit losses on our receivables. We regularly review the composition of the accounts receivable aging, historical bad debts, changes in payment patterns, customer creditworthiness, and current economic trends. If the financial condition of our customers were to deteriorate, resulting in their inability to make required payments, additional provisions for doubtful accounts would be required and would increase bad debt expense. There was a $0.6 million increase in the allowance for doubtful accounts from December 31, 2019 to September 30, 2020.

Assets Recognized from the Costs to Obtain a Contract with a Customer

We capitalize the incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer, including sales commissions paid to our direct sales force that are incremental costs to obtaining customer contracts. These costs are recorded as deferred commissions in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Costs to obtain a contract for a new customer or upsell are amortized over an estimated economic life of five years as sales commissions on initial sales are not commensurate with sales commissions on contract renewals. We determine the estimated economic life based on both qualitative and quantitative factors such as expected renewals, product life cycles, contractual terms, and customer attrition. We periodically review the carrying amount of deferred contract acquisition costs to determine whether events or changes in circumstances have occurred that could impact the estimated economic life. Commissions paid relating to contract renewals are deferred and amortized over the related renewal period. We also capitalize the incremental fringe benefits associated with commission expenses paid to our direct sales force. Costs to obtain a contract for professional services arrangements are expensed as incurred as the contractual period of our professional services arrangements are one year or less.

Amortization associated with commission expense is recorded to sales and marketing costs in our condensed consolidated statements of operations. Commission expense was $5.6 million and $16.7 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively. Commission expense was $3.6 million and $10.2 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Significant additions or improvements extending the useful life of an asset are capitalized, while repairs and maintenance costs which do not significantly improve the related assets or extend their useful lives are charged to expense as incurred.

The following table outlines useful lives of our major asset categories:

Asset Category	Useful Life (in years)
Computer software	3
Computer hardware	3
Equipment	5
Office furniture and fixtures	10
Leasehold improvements	(a)

(a) - Leasehold improvements have an estimated useful life of the shorter of the useful life of the assets or the lease term.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Long-lived assets and certain intangible assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable through undiscounted cash flows from the use of the assets. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the assets are written down to their estimated fair value. No indicators of impairment were identified for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The carrying amounts of our cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and accrued expenses approximate fair value as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 because of the relatively short duration of these instruments.

We use a three-tier fair value hierarchy to classify and disclose all assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis, as well as assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis, in periods subsequent to their initial measurement. The hierarchy requires us to use observable inputs when available and to minimize the use of unobservable inputs when determining fair value. The three tiers are defined as follows:

•Level 1. Observable inputs based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;

•Level 2. Inputs other than quoted prices in active markets that are observable either directly or indirectly; and

•Level 3. Unobservable inputs for which there is little or no market data, which require us to develop our own assumptions.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis Using Significant Unobservable Inputs

There were no instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019.

Stock-Based Compensation

We account for stock-based compensation expense related to stock-based awards based on the estimated fair value of the award on the grant date. We calculate the fair value of stock options containing only a service condition using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The fair value of restricted stock units ("RSUs") is based on the closing market price of our common stock on the Nasdaq Global Market on the date of grant. For service-based awards such as RSUs, stock-based compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. For performance-based awards, stock-based compensation expense is recognized using the accelerated attribution method based on the probability of satisfying the performance condition. For awards that contain market conditions, compensation expense is measured using a Monte Carlo simulation and recognized using the accelerated attribution method over the derived service period based on the expected market performance as of the grant date. We account for forfeitures as they occur rather than estimating expected forfeitures.

Leases

Refer to Note 4 for a detailed discussion on our policies specific to leasing arrangements.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Adopted

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326) ("ASU 2016-13"), which requires entities to measure all expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. This replaces the existing incurred loss model and is applicable to the measurement of credit losses on financial assets measured at amortized cost. This guidance is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. Adopting the standard did not have a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement ("ASU 2018-13"), which eliminates, modifies, and adds disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. This guidance is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. Adopting the standard did not have a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other-Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40), Customer's Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That is a Service Contract, which aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs in cloud computing arrangements with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software. This guidance is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. Adopting the standard did not have a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements.

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Revenue

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

Revenue

3. Revenue

Revenue Recognition

We generate subscriptions revenue primarily through the sale of software as a service ("SaaS") subscriptions bundled with maintenance and support and hosting services as well as term license subscriptions bundled with maintenance and support. We generate professional services revenue from fees for our consulting services, including application development and deployment assistance as well as training related to our platform.

The following table summarizes revenue from contracts with customers for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
SaaS subscriptions	$	34,312	$	24,573	$	92,282	$	68,647
Term license subscriptions	11,830		9,199		37,002		28,859
Maintenance and support	4,618		4,002		13,330		11,685
Professional services	26,544		28,381		80,329		82,543
Total revenue	$	77,304	$	66,155	$	222,943	$	191,734

Performance Obligations and Timing of Revenue Recognition

We primarily sell products and services that fall into the categories discussed below. Each category contains one or more performance obligations that are either (1) capable of being distinct (i.e., the customer can benefit from the product or service on its own or together with readily available resources, including those purchased separately from us) and distinct within the context of the contract (i.e., separately identified from other promises in the contract) or (2) a series of distinct products or services that are substantially the same and have the same pattern of transfer to the customer. Our term license subscriptions are delivered at a point in time while our SaaS subscriptions, maintenance and support, and professional services are delivered over time.

Subscriptions Revenue

Subscriptions revenue is primarily related to (1) SaaS subscriptions bundled with maintenance and support and hosting services and (2) term license subscriptions bundled with maintenance and support. We generally charge subscription fees on a per-user basis and, to a lesser degree, non-user based single application licenses. We bill customers and collect payment for subscriptions to our platform in advance on an annual, quarterly, or monthly basis. In certain instances, our customers have paid their entire contract up front.

SaaS Subscriptions

We generate cloud-based subscription revenue primarily from the sales of subscriptions to access our cloud offering, together with related support services to our customers. We perform all required maintenance and support for our cloud offering. Revenue is recognized on a ratable basis over the contract term beginning on the date the service is made available to the customer. Our cloud-based subscription contracts generally have a term of one to three years in length. We bill customers and collect payment for subscriptions to our platform in advance, and they are non-cancellable.

Term License Subscriptions

Our term license subscription revenue is derived from customers with on-premise installations of our platform pursuant to contracts that were historically one to three years in length. The majority of recent contracts have been one year in length. Although term license subscriptions are sold with maintenance and support, the software is fully functional at the beginning of the subscription and is considered a distinct performance obligation. On rare occasions, a cloud-based subscription may include the right for the customer to take possession of the license and as such, the revenue is treated as a license. Revenue from term license subscriptions is recognized when control of the software license has transferred to the customer, which is the later of delivery or commencement of the contract term.

Maintenance and Support

Maintenance and support subscriptions include both technical support and when-and-if-available software upgrades, which are treated as a single performance obligation as they are considered a series of distinct services that are substantially the same and have the same duration and measure of progress. Revenue from maintenance and support is recognized ratably over the contract period, which is the period over which the customer has continuous access to maintenance and support.

Professional Services

Our professional services revenue is comprised of fees for consulting services, including application development and deployment assistance as well as training services related to our platform. Our professional services are considered distinct performance obligations when sold standalone or with other products.

Consulting Services

We sell consulting services to assist customers in planning and executing the deployment of our software. Customers are not required to use consulting services to fully benefit from the software. Consulting services are regularly sold on a standalone basis and either (1) under a fixed-fee arrangement or (2) on a time and materials basis. Consulting contracts are each considered separate performance obligations because they do not integrate with each other or with other products and services to deliver a combined output to the customer, do not modify or customize (or are not modified or customized by) each other or other products and services, and do not affect the customer's ability to use the other consulting offerings or other products and services. Revenue under consulting contracts is recognized over time as services are delivered. For time and materials-based consulting contracts, we have elected the practical expedient of recognizing revenue upon invoicing since the invoiced amount corresponds directly to the value of our service to date.

Training Services

We sell various training services to our customers. Training services are sold in the form of prepaid training credits that are redeemed based on a fixed rate per course. Training revenue is recognized when the associated training services are delivered.

Significant Judgments and Estimates

Determining the Transaction Price

The transaction price includes both fixed and variable consideration. Variable consideration is included in the transaction price to the extent it is probable a significant reversal will not occur. The amount of variable consideration excluded from the transaction price for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 was insignificant. Our estimates of variable consideration are also subject to subsequent true-up adjustments and may result in changes to transaction prices; however, such true-up adjustments are not expected to be material.

Allocating the Transaction Price Based on Standalone Selling Prices ("SSP")

We allocate the transaction price to each performance obligation in a contract based on its relative SSP. The SSP is the observable price at which we sell the product or service separately. In the absence of observable pricing, we estimate SSP using the residual approach. We establish SSP as follows:

1.SaaS subscriptions - Given the highly variable selling price of our SaaS subscriptions, we establish the SSP of our SaaS subscriptions using a residual approach after first determining the SSP of consulting and training services. We have concluded the residual approach to estimating SSP of our SaaS subscriptions is an appropriate allocation of the transaction price.

2.Term license subscriptions - Given the highly variable selling price of our term license subscriptions, we have established SSP of term license subscriptions using a residual approach after first determining the SSP of maintenance and support. Maintenance and support is sold on a standalone basis in conjunction with renewals of our legacy perpetual software licenses and within a narrow range of the net license fee. Because an economic relationship exists between the license and maintenance and support, we have concluded the residual approach to estimating SSP of term license subscriptions is an appropriate allocation of the transaction price.

3.Maintenance and support - We establish SSP of maintenance and support as a percentage of the stated net subscription fee based on observable pricing of maintenance and support renewals from our legacy perpetual software licenses.

4.Consulting services and training services - SSP of consulting services and training services is established based on the observable pricing of standalone sales within each geographic region where the services are sold.

Contract Balances

Timing may differ between the satisfaction of performance obligations and the invoicing and collection of amounts related to our contracts with customers. Contract assets primarily relate to unbilled amounts for contracts with customers for which the amount of revenue recognized exceeds the amount billed to the customer. Contract assets are transferred to accounts receivable when the right to invoice becomes unconditional. As of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, contract assets of $18.4 million and $22.8 million, respectively, are included in the Prepaid expenses and other current assets and Other assets line items in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Contract liabilities consists of deferred revenue and include payments received in advance of the satisfaction of performance obligations. Deferred revenue is then recognized as the revenue recognition criteria are met. Deferred revenue that will be recognized during the succeeding 12-month period is recorded as current, and the remaining deferred revenue is recorded as non-current. For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, we recognized $75.3 million of revenue that was included in the deferred revenue balance as of December 31, 2019.

Transaction Price Allocated to the Remaining Performance Obligations

As of September 30, 2020, we had an aggregate transaction price of $185.8 million allocated to unsatisfied performance obligations. We expect to recognize $171.1 million of this balance as revenue over the next 24 months with the remaining amount recognized thereafter.

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Leases

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Leases [Abstract]

Leases

4. Leases

At the inception of an arrangement, we determine whether the arrangement is or contains a lease based on the unique facts and circumstances present and the classification of the lease. Operating leases with a term greater than one year are recognized on the balance sheet as right-of-use ("ROU") assets, lease liabilities, and, if applicable, long-term lease liabilities. ROU assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term, and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. We have elected not to recognize on the balance sheet leases with a term of one year or less. For contracts with lease and non-lease components, we have elected not to allocate the contract consideration and to account for the lease and non-lease components as a single lease component. Finance leases are included in the Property and equipment,

net, Finance lease liabilities, current, and Finance lease liabilities, net of current portion line items in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Lease liabilities and their corresponding ROU assets are recorded based on the present value of lease payments over the expected lease term. The implicit rates within most of our leases are generally not determinable; therefore, we use the incremental borrowing rate at the lease commencement date to determine the present value of lease payments. The determination of our incremental borrowing rate requires judgment and is estimated for each lease based on the rate we would have to pay for a collateralized loan with the same term and payments as the lease. We consider various factors, including our level of collateralization, estimated credit rating, and the currency in which the lease is denominated. Operating lease ROU assets also include any lease prepayments, offset by lease incentives. Certain of our leases include options to extend or terminate the lease. An option to extend the lease is considered in connection with determining the ROU asset and lease liability when it is reasonably certain we will exercise that option while an option to terminate is considered unless it is reasonably certain we will not exercise the option. For certain equipment leases, we apply a portfolio approach to effectively account for the operating lease ROU assets and liabilities.

Expense for operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term as an operating expense while the expense for finance leases is recognized as depreciation expense and interest expense. We have lease agreements which require payments for lease and non-lease components (i.e., common area maintenance) that are accounted for as a single lease component. Variable lease payment amounts that cannot be determined at the commencement of the lease, such as maintenance costs based on future obligations, are not included in ROU assets or lease liabilities but rather are expensed as incurred and recorded as variable lease expense.

We have operating and finance leases for corporate offices, office furniture and fixtures, and computer hardware. Our leases have remaining lease terms of 1 to 12 years, some of which include options to extend the leases for up to 5 years.

In April 2018, we entered into a lease agreement with respect to 176,222 square feet of office space in McLean, Virginia for a new corporate headquarters. The initial term of the lease was 150 months. We took initial possession of the first phase of the new headquarters in October 2018 and began to recognize rent expense as of that date. In February 2019, we took possession of a further 28,805 square feet of adjacent office space.

In January 2020, we entered into an amendment which adjusts the original terms of the headquarters lease. Under this amendment, we exercised an option to expand occupancy, adding 34,158 square feet of space. Occupancy of the added space is to commence upon the earlier of the completion of certain improvements or October 14, 2020. Pursuant to the guidance of ASC 842, the amendment is considered a modification to the original lease and is accounted for as a separate contract because it represents a new right-of-use asset and the lease costs charged on the new space are at prevailing market rates. Effective July 1, 2020, we have taken possession of the space, begun to recognize rent expense, and reported a $7.9 million ROU asset and lease liability on our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

The following table sets forth the components of lease expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended September 30, 2020		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020
Operating lease cost	$	1,695	$	4,971
Finance lease costs:
Amortization of right-of-use assets	373		1,118
Interest on lease liabilities	41		138
Short-term lease cost	85		465
Variable lease cost	1		218
Total	$	2,195	$	6,910

Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases as of September 30, 2020 was as follows (in thousands, except for lease term and discount rate):

	As of
	September 30, 2020
Operating Leases
Operating right-of-use assets	$	30,855
Operating lease liabilities, current	$	6,592
Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion	51,727
Total operating lease liabilities	$	58,319
Finance Leases
Property and equipment, at cost	$	4,471
Accumulated depreciation	(1,818)
Property and equipment, net	$	2,653
Finance lease liabilities, current	$	1,549
Finance lease liabilities, net of current portion	1,192
Total finance lease liabilities	$	2,741
Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term (in years)
Operating leases	10.8
Finance leases	1.8
Weighted Average Discount Rate
Operating leases	9.6		%
Finance leases	5.5		%

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, amortization of operating right-of-use assets totaled $0.4 million and $1.3 million, respectively. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, interest expense on operating right-of-use liabilities totaled $0.7 million and $2.2 million, respectively.

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 was as follows (in thousands):

	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash outflows for operating leases	$	1,716
Operating cash outflows for finance leases	138
Financing cash outflows for finance leases	1,080

A summary of our future minimum lease commitments under non-cancellable leases as of September 30, 2020 is as follows (in thousands):

	Operating Leases		Finance Leases
2020 (excluding the nine months ended September 30, 2020)	$	1,687	$	405
2021	7,455		1,620
2022	8,078		859
2023	8,157		—
2024	8,544		—
2025	9,240		—
Thereafter	57,382		—
Total lease payments	100,543		2,884
Less: imputed interest	(42,224)		(143)
Total	$	58,319	$	2,741

Leases

4. Leases

At the inception of an arrangement, we determine whether the arrangement is or contains a lease based on the unique facts and circumstances present and the classification of the lease. Operating leases with a term greater than one year are recognized on the balance sheet as right-of-use ("ROU") assets, lease liabilities, and, if applicable, long-term lease liabilities. ROU assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term, and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. We have elected not to recognize on the balance sheet leases with a term of one year or less. For contracts with lease and non-lease components, we have elected not to allocate the contract consideration and to account for the lease and non-lease components as a single lease component. Finance leases are included in the Property and equipment,

net, Finance lease liabilities, current, and Finance lease liabilities, net of current portion line items in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Lease liabilities and their corresponding ROU assets are recorded based on the present value of lease payments over the expected lease term. The implicit rates within most of our leases are generally not determinable; therefore, we use the incremental borrowing rate at the lease commencement date to determine the present value of lease payments. The determination of our incremental borrowing rate requires judgment and is estimated for each lease based on the rate we would have to pay for a collateralized loan with the same term and payments as the lease. We consider various factors, including our level of collateralization, estimated credit rating, and the currency in which the lease is denominated. Operating lease ROU assets also include any lease prepayments, offset by lease incentives. Certain of our leases include options to extend or terminate the lease. An option to extend the lease is considered in connection with determining the ROU asset and lease liability when it is reasonably certain we will exercise that option while an option to terminate is considered unless it is reasonably certain we will not exercise the option. For certain equipment leases, we apply a portfolio approach to effectively account for the operating lease ROU assets and liabilities.

Expense for operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term as an operating expense while the expense for finance leases is recognized as depreciation expense and interest expense. We have lease agreements which require payments for lease and non-lease components (i.e., common area maintenance) that are accounted for as a single lease component. Variable lease payment amounts that cannot be determined at the commencement of the lease, such as maintenance costs based on future obligations, are not included in ROU assets or lease liabilities but rather are expensed as incurred and recorded as variable lease expense.

We have operating and finance leases for corporate offices, office furniture and fixtures, and computer hardware. Our leases have remaining lease terms of 1 to 12 years, some of which include options to extend the leases for up to 5 years.

In April 2018, we entered into a lease agreement with respect to 176,222 square feet of office space in McLean, Virginia for a new corporate headquarters. The initial term of the lease was 150 months. We took initial possession of the first phase of the new headquarters in October 2018 and began to recognize rent expense as of that date. In February 2019, we took possession of a further 28,805 square feet of adjacent office space.

In January 2020, we entered into an amendment which adjusts the original terms of the headquarters lease. Under this amendment, we exercised an option to expand occupancy, adding 34,158 square feet of space. Occupancy of the added space is to commence upon the earlier of the completion of certain improvements or October 14, 2020. Pursuant to the guidance of ASC 842, the amendment is considered a modification to the original lease and is accounted for as a separate contract because it represents a new right-of-use asset and the lease costs charged on the new space are at prevailing market rates. Effective July 1, 2020, we have taken possession of the space, begun to recognize rent expense, and reported a $7.9 million ROU asset and lease liability on our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

The following table sets forth the components of lease expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended September 30, 2020		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020
Operating lease cost	$	1,695	$	4,971
Finance lease costs:
Amortization of right-of-use assets	373		1,118
Interest on lease liabilities	41		138
Short-term lease cost	85		465
Variable lease cost	1		218
Total	$	2,195	$	6,910

Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases as of September 30, 2020 was as follows (in thousands, except for lease term and discount rate):

	As of
	September 30, 2020
Operating Leases
Operating right-of-use assets	$	30,855
Operating lease liabilities, current	$	6,592
Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion	51,727
Total operating lease liabilities	$	58,319
Finance Leases
Property and equipment, at cost	$	4,471
Accumulated depreciation	(1,818)
Property and equipment, net	$	2,653
Finance lease liabilities, current	$	1,549
Finance lease liabilities, net of current portion	1,192
Total finance lease liabilities	$	2,741
Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term (in years)
Operating leases	10.8
Finance leases	1.8
Weighted Average Discount Rate
Operating leases	9.6		%
Finance leases	5.5		%

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, amortization of operating right-of-use assets totaled $0.4 million and $1.3 million, respectively. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, interest expense on operating right-of-use liabilities totaled $0.7 million and $2.2 million, respectively.

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 was as follows (in thousands):

	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash outflows for operating leases	$	1,716
Operating cash outflows for finance leases	138
Financing cash outflows for finance leases	1,080

A summary of our future minimum lease commitments under non-cancellable leases as of September 30, 2020 is as follows (in thousands):

	Operating Leases		Finance Leases
2020 (excluding the nine months ended September 30, 2020)	$	1,687	$	405
2021	7,455		1,620
2022	8,078		859
2023	8,157		—
2024	8,544		—
2025	9,240		—
Thereafter	57,382		—
Total lease payments	100,543		2,884
Less: imputed interest	(42,224)		(143)
Total	$	58,319	$	2,741

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Acquisitions

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Business Combinations [Abstract]

Acquisitions

5. Acquisitions

Novayre Solutions SL

In January 2020, we acquired 100% of the outstanding common stock of Novayre Solutions SL, a developer of a robotic process automation platform, for approximately $6.9 million. The acquisition was made due to the attractive nature of the product offerings of Novayre and in furtherance of our objective to enhance our automation platform. The transaction was financed through available cash on hand.

The allocation of the purchase price is preliminary pending the finalization of the fair value of the acquired net assets, liabilities assumed, deferred income taxes, and assumed income and non-income based tax liabilities. As of the acquisition date, the purchase price was assigned to the acquired assets and assumed liabilities as follows (in thousands):

Cash acquired	$	731
Other current assets	213
Property and equipment	22
Developed technology	1,537
Customer relationships	406
Goodwill	4,348
Other noncurrent assets	10
Total assets acquired	7,267
Current liabilities	14
Noncurrent liabilities	344
Total liabilities assumed	358
Net assets acquired	$	6,909

There were no changes to our reportable segments as a result of the acquisition, and revenue and expenses from the date of the acquisition through September 30, 2020 were immaterial. Additionally, acquisition costs incurred in relation to the transaction were immaterial.

Acquired property and equipment is depreciated on a straight-line basis over the assets' respective estimated remaining useful lives. Goodwill is calculated as the excess of the consideration transferred over the fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired and represents the future economic benefits expected to arise from other intangible assets acquired that do not qualify for separate recognition, including assembled workforce, non-contractual relationships, and expected future synergies. We do not expect the purchase price allocated to goodwill and intangible assets to be deductible for tax purposes.

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Property and Equipment, net

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]

Property and Equipment, net

6. Property and Equipment, net

Property and equipment, net consisted of the following as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (in thousands):

	September 30, 2020		December 31, 2019
Leasehold improvements	$	36,220	$	37,130
Office furniture and fixtures	4,865		4,963
Computer hardware	3,903		3,365
Computer software	1,352		1,350
Equipment	48		72
Property and equipment, gross	46,388		46,880
Less: accumulated depreciation	(9,973)		(7,326)
Property and equipment, net	$	36,415	$	39,554

Depreciation expense totaled $1.4 million and $4.2 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively. There were no disposals recorded during the three months ended September 30, 2020. During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, we retired $1.3 million of leasehold improvements, $0.1 million of computer hardware, and $0.1 million of office furniture and fixtures and equipment. Nominal losses on disposal were recorded for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020.

Depreciation expense totaled $1.3 million and $3.3 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively. During the three months ended September 30, 2019, we retired $0.4 million of computer hardware and $0.1 million of equipment. During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, we retired $3.2 million of leasehold improvements, $0.8 million of computer hardware, $0.4 million of office furniture and fixtures, and $0.1 million of equipment. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, we recorded a loss on disposal of $0.1 million.

At September 30, 2020, property and equipment included $4.5 million of assets acquired under finance lease arrangements. Accumulated depreciation related to these finance lease arrangements totaled $1.8 million at September 30, 2020. Amortization of assets acquired under finance leases is included in depreciation and amortization expense.

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Accrued Expenses

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Payables and Accruals [Abstract]

Accrued Expenses

7. Accrued Expenses

Accrued expenses consisted of the following as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (in thousands):

	September 30, 2020		December 31, 2019
Accrued hosting costs	$	1,332	$	1,865
Accrued contract labor costs	1,221		1,921
Accrued marketing and tradeshow expenses	687		365
Accrued audit and tax expenses	281		315
Accrued legal costs	377		422
Accrued reimbursable employee expenses	183		1,353
Accrued third party license fees	234		288
Other accrued expenses	1,972		959
Total	$	6,287	$	7,488

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Debt

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Debt

8. Debt

Line of Credit

In November 2017, we entered into a $20.0 million revolving line of credit with a lender. The facility matures in November 2022. We may elect whether amounts drawn on the revolving line of credit bear interest at a floating rate per annum equal to either LIBOR or the prime rate plus an additional interest rate margin that is determined by the availability of the borrowings

under the revolving line of credit. The additional interest rate margin will range from 2.00% to 2.50% in the case of LIBOR advances and from 1.00% to 1.50% in the case of prime rate advances. The revolving line of credit contains an unused facility fee in an amount between 0.15% and 0.25% of the average unused portion of the revolving line of credit, which is payable quarterly. The agreement contains certain customary affirmative and negative covenants and requires us to maintain (i) an adjusted quick ratio of at least 1.35 to 1.00 and (ii) minimum adjusted EBITDA, in the amounts and for the periods set forth in the agreement. Any amounts borrowed under the credit facility are collateralized by substantially all of our assets. We were in compliance with all covenants as of September 30, 2020. As of September 30, 2020, we had no outstanding borrowings under this revolving line of credit, and we had outstanding letters of credit totaling $11.2 million in connection with securing our leased office space.

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Income Taxes

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Income Taxes

9. Income Taxes

The provision for income taxes is based upon the estimated annual effective tax rates for the year applied to the current period income before tax plus the tax effect of any significant or unusual items, discrete events, or changes in tax law. Our operating subsidiaries are exposed to statutory effective tax rates ranging from zero to approximately 32%. Fluctuations in the distribution of pre-tax income among our operating subsidiaries can lead to fluctuations of the effective tax rate in the condensed consolidated financial statements. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, the actual effective tax rates were (7.6)% and (1.3)%, respectively. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, the actual effective tax rates were (0.0)% and (1.0)%, respectively.

We assess uncertain tax positions in accordance with ASC 740-10, Accounting for Uncertainties in Income Taxes. As of September 30, 2020, our net unrecognized tax benefits totaled $1.6 million, which if recognized would result in no net effect on the effective tax rate due to a valuation allowance. The amount of reasonably possible unrecognized tax benefits that could decrease over the next 12 months due to the expiration of certain statutes of limitations or settlements of tax audits is not material to our condensed consolidated financial statements.

We file income tax returns in the United States federal jurisdiction and in many states and foreign jurisdictions. The tax years 2016 through 2019 remain open to examination by the major taxing jurisdictions to which we are subject. We are not currently under examination by the Internal Revenue Service for any open tax years.

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the United States passed the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security ("CARES") Act in March 2020. The CARES Act includes various income and payroll tax measures. Pursuant to these measures, we have elected the option to defer the deposit and payment of our share of social security taxes that would otherwise be due between March 27, 2020 and December 31, 2020. Under the CARES Act, half of these deferred payments are due by the end of fiscal year 2021 while the other half are due by the end of fiscal year 2022.

At this time, beyond the above deferral, the CARES Act is not expected to materially impact our financial statements, but we continue to evaluate potential impacts.

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Stock-Based Compensation

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Stock-Based Compensation

10. Stock-Based Compensation

Equity Incentive Plans

In May 2017, our Board of Directors adopted, and our stockholders approved, the 2017 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2017 Plan”), which became effective as of the date of the final prospectus for our initial public offering. The 2017 Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options to employees, and for the grant of nonstatutory stock options, restricted stock awards, RSUs, stock appreciation rights, performance-based stock awards, and other forms of equity compensation to employees, including officers, non-employee directors, and consultants. We initially reserved 6,421,442 shares of Class A common stock for issuance under the 2017 Plan, which included 421,442 shares that remained available for issuance under our 2007 Stock Option Plan (the “2007 Plan”) at the time the 2017 Plan became effective. The number of shares reserved under the 2017 Plan increases for any shares subject to outstanding awards originally granted under the 2007 Plan that expire or are forfeited prior to exercise. As a result of the adoption of the 2017 Plan, no further grants may be made under the 2007 Plan. As of September 30, 2020, there were 7,162,409 shares of Class A common stock reserved for issuance under the 2017 Plan, of which 4,536,688 were available to be issued.

Stock Options

We estimate the fair value of stock options containing only a service condition using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, which requires the use of subjective assumptions, including the expected term of the option, the current price of the underlying stock, the expected stock price volatility, expected dividend yield, and the risk-free interest rate for the expected term of the option. The expected term represents the period of time the stock options are expected to be outstanding. Due to the lack of sufficient historical exercise data to provide a reasonable basis upon which to otherwise estimate the expected term of the stock options, we use the simplified method to estimate the expected term for our stock options. Under the simplified method, the expected term of an option is presumed to be the mid-point between the vesting date and the end of the contractual term. Expected volatility is based on historical volatilities for publicly traded stock of comparable companies over the estimated expected term of the stock options. We assume no dividend yield because dividends are not expected to be paid in the near future, which is consistent with our history of not paying dividends.

In May 2019, our Board of Directors granted a stock option to purchase 700,000 shares of our Class A common stock to our Chief Executive Officer (the "2019 CEO Grant") under the 2017 Plan with an exercise price of $33.98 per share. The 2019 CEO Grant is eligible to vest based on the achievement of a stock price appreciation target of our Class A common stock. Specifically, the 2019 CEO Grant will vest when shares of our Class A common stock close at or above $84.63 per share for a period equal to or greater than 90 consecutive calendar days or upon the occurrence of a change in control in which the value of our Class A common stock is equal to or greater than $84.63 per share within five years of the grant date. The fair value of the 2019 CEO Grant was determined using a Monte Carlo simulation. The fair value of the award at the grant date was $9.5 million and will be amortized over the derived service period of 2.6 years.

There were no stock options granted during the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019. The following table summarizes the assumptions used to estimate the fair value of stock options granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019:

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020	2019
Risk-free interest rate	*	2.1%
Expected term (in years)	*	2.6
Expected volatility	*	55.0%
Expected dividend yield	*	—%

* Not applicable because no stock options were granted during the period

The following table summarizes stock option activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2020:

	Number of Shares	Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands)
Outstanding at January 1, 2020	4,458,611	$	12.30	5.8	$	115,501
Granted	—	—		—	—
Exercised	(521,063)	6.21		—	23,814
Expired	(1,380)	11.82		—	—
Canceled	(53,580)	11.36		—	—
Outstanding at September 30, 2020	3,882,588	$	13.14	5.1	$	200,397
Exercisable at September 30, 2020	2,659,928	$	8.07	5.2	$	150,767

There were no stock options granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2020. The weighted average grant date fair value of stock options granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 was $13.57 per share. The total fair value

of stock options that vested during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 was $1.4 million and $1.7 million, respectively. As of September 30, 2020, the total compensation cost related to unvested stock options not yet recognized was $5.0 million, which will be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.2 years.

Restricted Stock Units

The following table summarizes RSU activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2020:

	Number of Shares	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Non-vested and outstanding at January 1, 2020	1,022,835	$	31.39
Granted	306,160	52.61
Vested	(93,239)	32.77
Canceled	(125,318)	32.00
Non-vested and outstanding at September 30, 2020	1,110,438	37.06

As of September 30, 2020, total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested RSUs was approximately $33.4 million, which will be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.3 years.

In November 2018, our co-founders were granted 255,930 RSUs under the 2017 Plan at a fair value of $30.06 per share. The awards were approved by the Board of Directors. The value of these awards at the grant date was $7.7 million and was amortized over the vesting periods. The RSUs vested during the three months ended March 31, 2019.

The following table summarizes the components of our stock-based compensation expense by instrument type for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
RSUs	$	2,494	$	1,873	$	7,268	$	10,544
Stock options	992		1,176		3,123		2,235
Common stock awards to Board of Directors	92		92		277		276
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	3,578	$	3,141	$	10,668	$	13,055

Stock-based compensation expense for RSUs, stock options, and issuances of common stock is included in the following line items in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Cost of revenue
Subscriptions	$	236	$	147	$	678	$	462
Professional services	406		243		935		2,461
Operating expenses
Sales and marketing	427		776		1,837		3,971
Research and development	669		433		1,841		2,983
General and administrative	1,840		1,542		5,377		3,178
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	3,578	$	3,141	$	10,668	$	13,055

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Stockholders' Equity

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Equity [Abstract]

Stockholders' Equity

11. Stockholders' Equity

As of September 30, 2020, we had authorized 500,000,000 shares of Class A common stock and 100,000,000 shares of Class B common stock, each with a par value of $0.0001 per share, of which 37,805,423 shares of Class A common stock and 32,214,766 shares of Class B common stock were issued and outstanding. The rights of the holders of Class A common stock and Class B common stock are identical, except with respect to voting and conversion rights. The holders of Class A common stock are entitled to one vote per share, and the holders of Class B common stock are entitled to ten votes per share on all matters subject to stockholder vote. The holders of Class B common stock also have approval rights for certain corporate actions. Each share of Class B common stock may be converted into one share of Class A common stock at the option of its holder and will be automatically converted upon transfer thereof, subject to certain exceptions. In addition, upon the date on which the outstanding shares of Class B common stock represent less than 10% of the aggregate voting power of our capital stock, all outstanding shares of Class B common stock shall convert automatically into Class A common stock.

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Basic and Diluted Loss per Common Share

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Basic and Diluted Loss per Common Share

12. Basic and Diluted Loss per Common Share

The following potentially dilutive securities outstanding, prior to the use of the treasury stock method or the if-converted method, have been excluded from the computation of diluted weighted-average shares outstanding for the respective periods below because they would have been anti-dilutive:

	Three and Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020	2019
Stock options	3,882,588	4,645,057
Non-vested restricted stock units	1,110,438	966,876

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Commitments and Contingencies

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Commitments and Contingencies

13. Commitments and Contingencies

Contractual Warranty and Indemnification Obligations

We provide limited product warranties. Historically, any payments made under these provisions have been immaterial. We also agree to standard indemnification provisions in the ordinary course of business. Pursuant to these provisions, we agree to indemnify, hold harmless, and reimburse the indemnified party for losses suffered or incurred by the indemnified party, generally our customers, in connection with certain intellectual property infringement claims by any third party arising from the use of our products or services in accordance with the agreement. The term of our contractual indemnity provisions often survives termination or expiration of the applicable agreement. We carry insurance that covers certain third-party claims relating to our services and limits our exposure. We have never incurred costs to defend lawsuits or settle claims related to these indemnification provisions.

Letters of Credit

At September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, we had outstanding letters of credit totaling $11.2 million and $10.5 million, respectively, in connection with securing our leased office space. All letters of credit are secured by our borrowing arrangement as described in Note 8.

Legal

From time to time, we are subject to legal, regulatory, and other proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of business. There are no issues or resolutions of any matters expected to have a material adverse impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements.

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Segment and Geographic Information

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Segment and Geographic Information

14. Segment and Geographic Information

The following table summarizes revenue by geography for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Domestic	$	52,424	$	45,666	$	147,070	$	130,528
International	24,880		20,489		75,873		61,206
Total	$	77,304	$	66,155	$	222,943	$	191,734

With respect to geographic information, revenue is attributed to respective geographies based on the contracting address of the customer. Revenues from customers attributed to the United Kingdom were 13.6% and 12.8% of our total revenue for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively. Revenues from customers attributed to the United Kingdom were 12.6% and 12.1% of our total revenue for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively. There were no other individual foreign countries from which more than 10% of our total revenue was attributable for each of the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019. Substantially all of our long-lived assets were held in the United States as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019.

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Subsequent Events

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Subsequent Events [Abstract]

Subsequent Events

15. Subsequent Events

Principal Paydown of Finance Leases

In October 2020, we paid $2.7 million to the lessor of our finance leases pursuant to an option included in our agreement permitting us to pay, in full at any time, the principal balances outstanding on our leases. As of the date of the paydown, the titles to the assets were transferred to us, the associated right-of-use liabilities were retired, and the carrying values of the purchased assets were adjusted accordingly.

RSU Grant

On November 3, 2020, the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors approved a grant of 190,900 RSUs to certain employees of the Company. The awards, valued at $12.9 million, will vest annually over a period of 4 years.

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Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Basis of Presentation

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and footnotes have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) as contained in the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) for interim financial information. In the opinion of management, the interim financial information includes all adjustments of a normal recurring nature necessary for a fair presentation of the results of operations, financial position, changes in stockholders’ equity, and cash flows. The results of operations for the current period are not necessarily indicative of the results for the full year or the results for any future periods. These condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related footnotes included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on February 20, 2020.

Use of Estimates

Use of Estimates

The preparation of our condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the amounts reported in these condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Although we believe the estimates we use are reasonable, due to the inherent uncertainty involved in making these estimates, actual results reported in future periods could differ from those estimates.

Significant estimates embedded in the condensed consolidated financial statements include revenue recognition, income taxes and the related valuation allowance, the valuation of goodwill and intangible assets, leases, costs to obtain a contract with a customer, and stock-based compensation.

The ongoing outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease ("COVID-19") has resulted in the declaration of a global pandemic and introduced a level of disruption and uncertainty into the financial markets and global economy. While we continue to monitor the developments surrounding the pandemic, as of the date of issuance of these financial statements, we are not aware of any specific events or circumstances that would require us to update our estimates, assumptions, and judgments or revise the carrying value of our assets or liabilities. We cannot estimate the impacts COVID-19 will have on our business going forward as such impacts will be largely dependent upon a number of factors outside of our control including the extent and duration of the outbreak as well as any mitigating actions which may be undertaken by global governments and the general public.

Principles of Consolidation

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Appian and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Revenue Recognition

We adopted ASC 606, the new revenue recognition guidance, on January 1, 2019 using the modified retrospective method. Under this method of adoption, we recognized the cumulative effect of initially applying the new revenue standard as an adjustment to the opening balance of accumulated deficit and applied the new standard only to contracts that were not completed prior to January 1, 2019.

Because we were an emerging growth company until December 31, 2019, the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act allowed us to delay adoption of certain accounting standards such as ASC 606 and ASC 842 until such time they were made applicable to private companies. We elected to use this extended transition period, and accordingly, did not report revenues under ASC 606 or leases under ASC 842 in our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q during 2019. Refer to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, filed with the SEC on February 20, 2020, for a complete reconciliation of our revenues under the old and new guidance. Prior period amounts in this Form 10-Q have been recast as if we had reported under ASC 606 for the applicable periods.

Revenue Recognition

Refer to Note 3 for a detailed discussion on specific revenue recognition principles related to our major revenue streams.

Cost of Revenue

Subscriptions

Cost of subscriptions revenue consists primarily of fees paid to our third-party managed hosting providers and other third-party service providers, personnel costs such as payroll and benefits for our technology operations and customer support teams, and allocated facility costs and overhead.

Professional Services

Cost of professional services revenue includes all direct and indirect costs to deliver our professional services and training, including employee compensation for our global professional services and training personnel, travel costs, third-party contractor costs, and allocated facility costs and overhead.

Revenue Recognition

We generate subscriptions revenue primarily through the sale of software as a service ("SaaS") subscriptions bundled with maintenance and support and hosting services as well as term license subscriptions bundled with maintenance and support. We generate professional services revenue from fees for our consulting services, including application development and deployment assistance as well as training related to our platform.

Performance Obligations and Timing of Revenue Recognition

We primarily sell products and services that fall into the categories discussed below. Each category contains one or more performance obligations that are either (1) capable of being distinct (i.e., the customer can benefit from the product or service on its own or together with readily available resources, including those purchased separately from us) and distinct within the context of the contract (i.e., separately identified from other promises in the contract) or (2) a series of distinct products or services that are substantially the same and have the same pattern of transfer to the customer. Our term license subscriptions are delivered at a point in time while our SaaS subscriptions, maintenance and support, and professional services are delivered over time.

Subscriptions Revenue

Subscriptions revenue is primarily related to (1) SaaS subscriptions bundled with maintenance and support and hosting services and (2) term license subscriptions bundled with maintenance and support. We generally charge subscription fees on a per-user basis and, to a lesser degree, non-user based single application licenses. We bill customers and collect payment for subscriptions to our platform in advance on an annual, quarterly, or monthly basis. In certain instances, our customers have paid their entire contract up front.

SaaS Subscriptions

We generate cloud-based subscription revenue primarily from the sales of subscriptions to access our cloud offering, together with related support services to our customers. We perform all required maintenance and support for our cloud offering. Revenue is recognized on a ratable basis over the contract term beginning on the date the service is made available to the customer. Our cloud-based subscription contracts generally have a term of one to three years in length. We bill customers and collect payment for subscriptions to our platform in advance, and they are non-cancellable.

Term License Subscriptions

Our term license subscription revenue is derived from customers with on-premise installations of our platform pursuant to contracts that were historically one to three years in length. The majority of recent contracts have been one year in length. Although term license subscriptions are sold with maintenance and support, the software is fully functional at the beginning of the subscription and is considered a distinct performance obligation. On rare occasions, a cloud-based subscription may include the right for the customer to take possession of the license and as such, the revenue is treated as a license. Revenue from term license subscriptions is recognized when control of the software license has transferred to the customer, which is the later of delivery or commencement of the contract term.

Maintenance and Support

Maintenance and support subscriptions include both technical support and when-and-if-available software upgrades, which are treated as a single performance obligation as they are considered a series of distinct services that are substantially the same and have the same duration and measure of progress. Revenue from maintenance and support is recognized ratably over the contract period, which is the period over which the customer has continuous access to maintenance and support.

Professional Services

Our professional services revenue is comprised of fees for consulting services, including application development and deployment assistance as well as training services related to our platform. Our professional services are considered distinct performance obligations when sold standalone or with other products.

Consulting Services

We sell consulting services to assist customers in planning and executing the deployment of our software. Customers are not required to use consulting services to fully benefit from the software. Consulting services are regularly sold on a standalone basis and either (1) under a fixed-fee arrangement or (2) on a time and materials basis. Consulting contracts are each considered separate performance obligations because they do not integrate with each other or with other products and services to deliver a combined output to the customer, do not modify or customize (or are not modified or customized by) each other or other products and services, and do not affect the customer's ability to use the other consulting offerings or other products and services. Revenue under consulting contracts is recognized over time as services are delivered. For time and materials-based consulting contracts, we have elected the practical expedient of recognizing revenue upon invoicing since the invoiced amount corresponds directly to the value of our service to date.

Training Services

We sell various training services to our customers. Training services are sold in the form of prepaid training credits that are redeemed based on a fixed rate per course. Training revenue is recognized when the associated training services are delivered.

Significant Judgments and Estimates

Determining the Transaction Price

The transaction price includes both fixed and variable consideration. Variable consideration is included in the transaction price to the extent it is probable a significant reversal will not occur. The amount of variable consideration excluded from the transaction price for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 was insignificant. Our estimates of variable consideration are also subject to subsequent true-up adjustments and may result in changes to transaction prices; however, such true-up adjustments are not expected to be material.

Allocating the Transaction Price Based on Standalone Selling Prices ("SSP")

We allocate the transaction price to each performance obligation in a contract based on its relative SSP. The SSP is the observable price at which we sell the product or service separately. In the absence of observable pricing, we estimate SSP using the residual approach. We establish SSP as follows:

1.SaaS subscriptions - Given the highly variable selling price of our SaaS subscriptions, we establish the SSP of our SaaS subscriptions using a residual approach after first determining the SSP of consulting and training services. We have concluded the residual approach to estimating SSP of our SaaS subscriptions is an appropriate allocation of the transaction price.

2.Term license subscriptions - Given the highly variable selling price of our term license subscriptions, we have established SSP of term license subscriptions using a residual approach after first determining the SSP of maintenance and support. Maintenance and support is sold on a standalone basis in conjunction with renewals of our legacy perpetual software licenses and within a narrow range of the net license fee. Because an economic relationship exists between the license and maintenance and support, we have concluded the residual approach to estimating SSP of term license subscriptions is an appropriate allocation of the transaction price.

3.Maintenance and support - We establish SSP of maintenance and support as a percentage of the stated net subscription fee based on observable pricing of maintenance and support renewals from our legacy perpetual software licenses.

4.Consulting services and training services - SSP of consulting services and training services is established based on the observable pricing of standalone sales within each geographic region where the services are sold.

Contract Balances

Timing may differ between the satisfaction of performance obligations and the invoicing and collection of amounts related to our contracts with customers. Contract assets primarily relate to unbilled amounts for contracts with customers for which the amount of revenue recognized exceeds the amount billed to the customer. Contract assets are transferred to accounts receivable when the right to invoice becomes unconditional.

Concentration of Credit and Customer Risk

Concentration of Credit and Customer Risk

Our financial instruments exposed to concentration of credit and customer risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents and trade accounts receivable. Deposits held with banks may exceed the amount of insurance provided on such deposits. We believe the financial institutions holding our cash deposits are financially sound and, accordingly, minimal credit risk exists with respect to these balances.

With regard to our customers, credit evaluation and account monitoring procedures are used to minimize the risk of loss. We believe no additional credit risk beyond amounts provided for collection loss are inherent in accounts receivable. R

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and Cash EquivalentsWe consider all highly liquid investments with an original or remaining maturity of three months or less at the date of purchase, as well as overnight repurchase investments, to be cash equivalents.

Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful AccountsAccounts receivable are stated at realizable value, net of an allowance for doubtful accounts. The allowance for doubtful accounts is based on our assessment of the collectability of accounts and incorporates an estimation of expected lifetime credit losses on our receivables. We regularly review the composition of the accounts receivable aging, historical bad debts, changes in payment patterns, customer creditworthiness, and current economic trends. If the financial condition of our customers were to deteriorate, resulting in their inability to make required payments, additional provisions for doubtful accounts would be required and would increase bad debt expense.

Assets Recognized from the Costs to Obtain a Contract with a Customer

Assets Recognized from the Costs to Obtain a Contract with a Customer

We capitalize the incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer, including sales commissions paid to our direct sales force that are incremental costs to obtaining customer contracts. These costs are recorded as deferred commissions in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Costs to obtain a contract for a new customer or upsell are amortized over an estimated economic life of five years as sales commissions on initial sales are not commensurate with sales commissions on contract renewals. We determine the estimated economic life based on both qualitative and quantitative factors such as expected renewals, product life cycles, contractual terms, and customer attrition. We periodically review the carrying amount of deferred contract acquisition costs to determine whether events or changes in circumstances have occurred that could impact the estimated economic life. Commissions paid relating to contract renewals are deferred and amortized over the related renewal period. We also capitalize the incremental fringe benefits associated with commission expenses paid to our direct sales force. Costs to obtain a contract for professional services arrangements are expensed as incurred as the contractual period of our professional services arrangements are one year or less.

Amortization associated with commission expense is recorded to sales and marketing costs in our condensed consolidated statements of operations.

Property and Equipment

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Significant additions or improvements extending the useful life of an asset are capitalized, while repairs and maintenance costs which do not significantly improve the related assets or extend their useful lives are charged to expense as incurred.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Impairment of Long-Lived AssetsLong-lived assets and certain intangible assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable through undiscounted cash flows from the use of the assets. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the assets are written down to their estimated fair value.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The carrying amounts of our cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and accrued expenses approximate fair value as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 because of the relatively short duration of these instruments.

We use a three-tier fair value hierarchy to classify and disclose all assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis, as well as assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis, in periods subsequent to their initial measurement. The hierarchy requires us to use observable inputs when available and to minimize the use of unobservable inputs when determining fair value. The three tiers are defined as follows:

•Level 1. Observable inputs based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;

•Level 2. Inputs other than quoted prices in active markets that are observable either directly or indirectly; and

•Level 3. Unobservable inputs for which there is little or no market data, which require us to develop our own assumptions.

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-Based Compensation

We account for stock-based compensation expense related to stock-based awards based on the estimated fair value of the award on the grant date. We calculate the fair value of stock options containing only a service condition using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The fair value of restricted stock units ("RSUs") is based on the closing market price of our common stock on the Nasdaq Global Market on the date of grant. For service-based awards such as RSUs, stock-based compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. For performance-based awards, stock-based compensation expense is recognized using the accelerated attribution method based on the probability of satisfying the performance condition. For awards that contain market conditions, compensation expense is measured using a Monte Carlo simulation and recognized using the accelerated attribution method over the derived service period based on the expected market performance as of the grant date. We account for forfeitures as they occur rather than estimating expected forfeitures.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Adopted

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326) ("ASU 2016-13"), which requires entities to measure all expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. This replaces the existing incurred loss model and is applicable to the measurement of credit losses on financial assets measured at amortized cost. This guidance is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. Adopting the standard did not have a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement ("ASU 2018-13"), which eliminates, modifies, and adds disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. This guidance is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. Adopting the standard did not have a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other-Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40), Customer's Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That is a Service Contract, which aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs in cloud computing arrangements with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software. This guidance is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. Adopting the standard did not have a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements.

Leases

At the inception of an arrangement, we determine whether the arrangement is or contains a lease based on the unique facts and circumstances present and the classification of the lease. Operating leases with a term greater than one year are recognized on the balance sheet as right-of-use ("ROU") assets, lease liabilities, and, if applicable, long-term lease liabilities. ROU assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term, and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. We have elected not to recognize on the balance sheet leases with a term of one year or less. For contracts with lease and non-lease components, we have elected not to allocate the contract consideration and to account for the lease and non-lease components as a single lease component. Finance leases are included in the Property and equipment,

net, Finance lease liabilities, current, and Finance lease liabilities, net of current portion line items in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Lease liabilities and their corresponding ROU assets are recorded based on the present value of lease payments over the expected lease term. The implicit rates within most of our leases are generally not determinable; therefore, we use the incremental borrowing rate at the lease commencement date to determine the present value of lease payments. The determination of our incremental borrowing rate requires judgment and is estimated for each lease based on the rate we would have to pay for a collateralized loan with the same term and payments as the lease. We consider various factors, including our level of collateralization, estimated credit rating, and the currency in which the lease is denominated. Operating lease ROU assets also include any lease prepayments, offset by lease incentives. Certain of our leases include options to extend or terminate the lease. An option to extend the lease is considered in connection with determining the ROU asset and lease liability when it is reasonably certain we will exercise that option while an option to terminate is considered unless it is reasonably certain we will not exercise the option. For certain equipment leases, we apply a portfolio approach to effectively account for the operating lease ROU assets and liabilities.

Expense for operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term as an operating expense while the expense for finance leases is recognized as depreciation expense and interest expense. We have lease agreements which require payments for lease and non-lease components (i.e., common area maintenance) that are accounted for as a single lease component. Variable lease payment amounts that cannot be determined at the commencement of the lease, such as maintenance costs based on future obligations, are not included in ROU assets or lease liabilities but rather are expensed as incurred and recorded as variable lease expense.

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Significant Accounting Policies (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Property and Equipment, Useful Life

The following table outlines useful lives of our major asset categories:

Asset Category	Useful Life (in years)
Computer software	3
Computer hardware	3
Equipment	5
Office furniture and fixtures	10
Leasehold improvements	(a)

(a) - Leasehold improvements have an estimated useful life of the shorter of the useful life of the assets or the lease term.

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Revenue (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

Summary of Revenue by Services

The following table summarizes revenue from contracts with customers for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
SaaS subscriptions	$	34,312	$	24,573	$	92,282	$	68,647
Term license subscriptions	11,830		9,199		37,002		28,859
Maintenance and support	4,618		4,002		13,330		11,685
Professional services	26,544		28,381		80,329		82,543
Total revenue	$	77,304	$	66,155	$	222,943	$	191,734

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Leases (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Leases [Abstract]

Components of Lease Expense

The following table sets forth the components of lease expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended September 30, 2020		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020
Operating lease cost	$	1,695	$	4,971
Finance lease costs:
Amortization of right-of-use assets	373		1,118
Interest on lease liabilities	41		138
Short-term lease cost	85		465
Variable lease cost	1		218
Total	$	2,195	$	6,910

Supplemental Balance Sheet Information

Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases as of September 30, 2020 was as follows (in thousands, except for lease term and discount rate):

	As of
	September 30, 2020
Operating Leases
Operating right-of-use assets	$	30,855
Operating lease liabilities, current	$	6,592
Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion	51,727
Total operating lease liabilities	$	58,319
Finance Leases
Property and equipment, at cost	$	4,471
Accumulated depreciation	(1,818)
Property and equipment, net	$	2,653
Finance lease liabilities, current	$	1,549
Finance lease liabilities, net of current portion	1,192
Total finance lease liabilities	$	2,741
Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term (in years)
Operating leases	10.8
Finance leases	1.8
Weighted Average Discount Rate
Operating leases	9.6		%
Finance leases	5.5		%

Supplemental Cash Flow Information

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 was as follows (in thousands):

	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash outflows for operating leases	$	1,716
Operating cash outflows for finance leases	138
Financing cash outflows for finance leases	1,080

Maturities of Operating Lease Liabilities

A summary of our future minimum lease commitments under non-cancellable leases as of September 30, 2020 is as follows (in thousands):

	Operating Leases		Finance Leases
2020 (excluding the nine months ended September 30, 2020)	$	1,687	$	405
2021	7,455		1,620
2022	8,078		859
2023	8,157		—
2024	8,544		—
2025	9,240		—
Thereafter	57,382		—
Total lease payments	100,543		2,884
Less: imputed interest	(42,224)		(143)
Total	$	58,319	$	2,741

Maturities of Finance Lease Liabilities

A summary of our future minimum lease commitments under non-cancellable leases as of September 30, 2020 is as follows (in thousands):

	Operating Leases		Finance Leases
2020 (excluding the nine months ended September 30, 2020)	$	1,687	$	405
2021	7,455		1,620
2022	8,078		859
2023	8,157		—
2024	8,544		—
2025	9,240		—
Thereafter	57,382		—
Total lease payments	100,543		2,884
Less: imputed interest	(42,224)		(143)
Total	$	58,319	$	2,741

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Acquisitions (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Business Combinations [Abstract]

Schedule of Business Acquisitions

As of the acquisition date, the purchase price was assigned to the acquired assets and assumed liabilities as follows (in thousands):

Cash acquired	$	731
Other current assets	213
Property and equipment	22
Developed technology	1,537
Customer relationships	406
Goodwill	4,348
Other noncurrent assets	10
Total assets acquired	7,267
Current liabilities	14
Noncurrent liabilities	344
Total liabilities assumed	358
Net assets acquired	$	6,909

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Property and Equipment, net (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]

Schedule of Property and Equipment

Property and equipment, net consisted of the following as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (in thousands):

	September 30, 2020		December 31, 2019
Leasehold improvements	$	36,220	$	37,130
Office furniture and fixtures	4,865		4,963
Computer hardware	3,903		3,365
Computer software	1,352		1,350
Equipment	48		72
Property and equipment, gross	46,388		46,880
Less: accumulated depreciation	(9,973)		(7,326)
Property and equipment, net	$	36,415	$	39,554

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Accrued Expenses (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Payables and Accruals [Abstract]

Schedule of Accrued Expenses

Accrued expenses consisted of the following as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (in thousands):

	September 30, 2020		December 31, 2019
Accrued hosting costs	$	1,332	$	1,865
Accrued contract labor costs	1,221		1,921
Accrued marketing and tradeshow expenses	687		365
Accrued audit and tax expenses	281		315
Accrued legal costs	377		422
Accrued reimbursable employee expenses	183		1,353
Accrued third party license fees	234		288
Other accrued expenses	1,972		959
Total	$	6,287	$	7,488

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Stock-Based Compensation (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Assumptions Used to Estimate the Fair Value of Stock Options Granted

The following table summarizes the assumptions used to estimate the fair value of stock options granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019:

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020	2019
Risk-free interest rate	*	2.1%
Expected term (in years)	*	2.6
Expected volatility	*	55.0%
Expected dividend yield	*	—%

* Not applicable because no stock options were granted during the period

Summary of the Stock Option Activity

The following table summarizes stock option activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2020:

	Number of Shares	Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands)
Outstanding at January 1, 2020	4,458,611	$	12.30	5.8	$	115,501
Granted	—	—		—	—
Exercised	(521,063)	6.21		—	23,814
Expired	(1,380)	11.82		—	—
Canceled	(53,580)	11.36		—	—
Outstanding at September 30, 2020	3,882,588	$	13.14	5.1	$	200,397
Exercisable at September 30, 2020	2,659,928	$	8.07	5.2	$	150,767

Schedule of Restricted Stock Unit Activity

The following table summarizes RSU activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2020:

	Number of Shares	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Non-vested and outstanding at January 1, 2020	1,022,835	$	31.39
Granted	306,160	52.61
Vested	(93,239)	32.77
Canceled	(125,318)	32.00
Non-vested and outstanding at September 30, 2020	1,110,438	37.06

Schedule of Components of Stock-based Compensation Expense

The following table summarizes the components of our stock-based compensation expense by instrument type for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
RSUs	$	2,494	$	1,873	$	7,268	$	10,544
Stock options	992		1,176		3,123		2,235
Common stock awards to Board of Directors	92		92		277		276
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	3,578	$	3,141	$	10,668	$	13,055

Schedule of Stock-based Compensation Expense Included in Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations

Stock-based compensation expense for RSUs, stock options, and issuances of common stock is included in the following line items in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Cost of revenue
Subscriptions	$	236	$	147	$	678	$	462
Professional services	406		243		935		2,461
Operating expenses
Sales and marketing	427		776		1,837		3,971
Research and development	669		433		1,841		2,983
General and administrative	1,840		1,542		5,377		3,178
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	3,578	$	3,141	$	10,668	$	13,055

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Basic and Diluted Loss per Common Share (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Summary of Securities Excluded From Calculation of Weighted Average Common Shares

The following potentially dilutive securities outstanding, prior to the use of the treasury stock method or the if-converted method, have been excluded from the computation of diluted weighted-average shares outstanding for the respective periods below because they would have been anti-dilutive:

	Three and Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020	2019
Stock options	3,882,588	4,645,057
Non-vested restricted stock units	1,110,438	966,876

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Segment and Geographic Information (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Summary of Revenue By Geography

The following table summarizes revenue by geography for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Domestic	$	52,424	$	45,666	$	147,070	$	130,528
International	24,880		20,489		75,873		61,206
Total	$	77,304	$	66,155	$	222,943	$	191,734

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Significant Accounting Policies - Additional Information (Detail) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions	1 Months Ended	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2020 USD ($) shares	Sep. 30, 2020 USD ($) $ / shares	Sep. 30, 2019 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2020 USD ($) agency $ / shares	Sep. 30, 2019 USD ($)
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Number of government agencies | agency				3
Increase (decrease) in allowance for doubtful accounts | $				$ 0.6
Capitalized contract cost, amortization period		5 years		5 years
Commission expense | $		$ 5.6	$ 3.6	$ 16.7	$ 10.2
Customer Concentration Risk | Sales Revenue, Net | Foreign Customers
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Concentration risk percentage		32.20%	31.00%	34.00%	31.90%
Customer Concentration Risk | Sales Revenue, Net | Government Agencies
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Concentration risk percentage		19.90%	19.50%	17.90%	18.00%
Customer Concentration Risk | Sales Revenue, Net | Federal Government Agencies
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Concentration risk percentage		8.70%	8.60%	7.40%	7.20%
Class A Common Stock | Underwritten Public Offering
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Number of shares issued in public offering (in shares) | shares	2,500,000
Number of shares issued by the company in public offering (in shares) | shares	1,931,206
Number of shares issued by sharesholders in public offering (in shares) | shares	568,794
Sale of stock, offering price (in usd per share) | $ / shares		$ 56.50		$ 56.50
Net proceeds from public offering | $	$ 107.9

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Significant Accounting Policies - Property and Equipment, Useful Life (Details)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020
Computer software
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment, useful life	3 years
Computer hardware
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment, useful life	3 years
Equipment
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment, useful life	5 years
Office furniture and fixtures
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment, useful life	10 years

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Revenue - Revenue by Services (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Total revenue	$ 77,304	$ 66,155	$ 222,943	$ 191,734
SaaS subscriptions
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Total revenue	34,312	24,573	92,282	68,647
Term license subscriptions
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Total revenue	11,830	9,199	37,002	28,859
Maintenance and support
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Total revenue	4,618	4,002	13,330	11,685
Professional services
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Total revenue	$ 26,544	$ 28,381	$ 80,329	$ 82,543

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Revenue - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Contract assets balances	$ 18.4	$ 22.8
Revenue recognized	75.3
Unsatisfied performance obligations	185.8
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2020-10-01
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Unsatisfied performance obligations	$ 171.1
Revenue, remaining performance obligation, period	24 months
Minimum
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
SaaS subscriptions contracts term	1 year
Term license subscription contracts term	1 year
Maximum
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
SaaS subscriptions contracts term	3 years
Term license subscription contracts term	3 years

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Leases - Additional Information (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2020 USD ($)	Jul. 01, 2020 USD ($)	Jan. 31, 2020 ft²	Dec. 31, 2019 USD ($)	Feb. 28, 2019 ft²	Apr. 30, 2018 ft²
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Renewal term		5 years
Number of square feet | ft²				34,158		28,805	176,222
Lease term (in months)							150 months
Operating right-of-use assets	$ 30,855	$ 30,855	$ 7,900		$ 24,205
Operating lease liabilities	58,319	58,319	$ 7,900
Amortization of operating right-of-use assets	400	1,300
Interest expense on operating right-of-use liabilities	$ 700	$ 2,200
Minimum
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Leases, remaining lease term		1 year
Maximum
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Leases, remaining lease term		12 years

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Leases - Components of Lease Expense (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2020
Leases [Abstract]
Operating lease cost	$ 1,695	$ 4,971
Amortization of right-of-use assets	373	1,118
Interest on lease liabilities	41	138
Short-term lease cost	85	465
Variable lease cost	1	218
Total	$ 2,195	$ 6,910

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Leases - Supplemental Balance Sheet Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2020	Jul. 01, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Operating Leases
Operating right-of-use assets	$ 30,855	$ 7,900	$ 24,205
Operating lease liabilities, current	6,592		3,836
Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion	51,727		44,416
Total operating lease liabilities	58,319	$ 7,900
Finance Leases
Property and equipment, at cost	4,471
Accumulated depreciation	(1,818)
Property and equipment, net	2,653
Finance lease liabilities, current	1,549		1,447
Finance lease liabilities, net of current portion	1,192		$ 2,375
Total finance lease liabilities	$ 2,741
Operating leases, weighted average remaining lease term	10 years 9 months 18 days
Finance leases, weighted average remaining lease term	1 year 9 months 18 days
Operating leases, weighted average remaining discount rate	9.60%
Finance leases, weighted average remaining discount rate	5.50%

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Leases - Supplemental Cash Flow Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019
Leases [Abstract]
Operating cash outflows for operating leases	$ 1,716
Operating cash outflows for finance leases	138
Financing cash outflows for finance leases	$ 1,080	$ 299

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Leases - Maturities of Lease Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2020	Jul. 01, 2020
Operating Leases
2020 (excluding the nine months ended September 30, 2020)	$ 1,687
2021	7,455
2022	8,078
2023	8,157
2024	8,544
2025	9,240
Thereafter	57,382
Total lease payments	100,543
Less: imputed interest	(42,224)
Total	58,319	$ 7,900
Finance Leases
2020 (excluding the nine months ended September 30, 2020)	405
2021	1,620
2022	859
2023	0
2024	0
2025	0
Thereafter	0
Total lease payments	2,884
Less: imputed interest	(143)
Total	$ 2,741

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Acquisitions - Additional Information (Details) - Robotic Process Automation Platform $ in Millions	1 Months Ended
	Jan. 31, 2020 USD ($)
Business Combination Segment Allocation [Line Items]
Percentage of interests acquired	100.00%
Acquisition price	$ 6.9

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Acquisitions - Schedule of Business Acquisitions (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2020	Jan. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Goodwill	$ 4,637		$ 0
Robotic Process Automation Platform
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Cash acquired		$ 731
Other current assets		213
Property and equipment		22
Goodwill		4,348
Other noncurrent assets		10
Total assets acquired		7,267
Current liabilities		14
Noncurrent liabilities		344
Total liabilities assumed		358
Net assets acquired		6,909
Robotic Process Automation Platform | Developed technology
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Finite-lived intangibles		1,537
Robotic Process Automation Platform | Customer relationships
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Finite-lived intangibles		$ 406

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Property and Equipment, net - Schedule of Property and Equipment (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	$ 46,388	$ 46,880
Less: accumulated depreciation	(9,973)	(7,326)
Property and equipment, net	36,415	39,554
Leasehold improvements
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	36,220	37,130
Office furniture and fixtures
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	4,865	4,963
Computer hardware
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	3,903	3,365
Computer software
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	1,352	1,350
Equipment
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	$ 48	$ 72

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Property and Equipment, net - Narrative (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Depreciation and amortization expense	$ 1,400,000	$ 1,300,000	$ 4,200,000	$ 3,300,000
Disposal of property plant and equipment	0
Gain (loss) on disposal of property and equipment		(100,000)	(22,000)	(146,000)
Property and equipment acquired under finance lease arrangements	4,471,000		4,471,000
Accumulated depreciation of finance lease arrangements	$ 1,818,000		1,818,000
Leasehold improvements
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Disposal of property plant and equipment			1,300,000	3,200,000
Computer hardware
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Depreciation and amortization expense		400,000
Disposal of property plant and equipment			100,000	800,000
Office furniture and fixtures
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Disposal of property plant and equipment			100,000	400,000
Equipment
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Depreciation and amortization expense		$ 100,000
Disposal of property plant and equipment			$ 100,000	$ 100,000

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Accrued Expenses (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Payables and Accruals [Abstract]
Accrued hosting costs	$ 1,332	$ 1,865
Accrued contract labor costs	1,221	1,921
Accrued marketing and tradeshow expenses	687	365
Accrued audit and tax expenses	281	315
Accrued legal costs	377	422
Accrued reimbursable employee expenses	183	1,353
Accrued third party license fees	234	288
Other accrued expenses	1,972	959
Total	$ 6,287	$ 7,488

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Debt - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($)	1 Months Ended
	Nov. 30, 2017	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Outstanding letters of credit		$ 11,200,000	$ 10,500,000
Revolving Credit Facility
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Credit facility	$ 20,000,000.0
Term Loan
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Line of credit, outstanding borrowings		$ 0
Minimum
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Unused credit facility fee	0.15%
Quick ratio	135.00%
Minimum | London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR)
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Interest rate margin	2.00%
Minimum | Prime Rate
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Interest rate margin	1.00%
Maximum
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Unused credit facility fee	0.25%
Maximum | London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR)
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Interest rate margin	2.50%
Maximum | Prime Rate
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Interest rate margin	1.50%

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Income Taxes (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019
Income Taxes [Line Items]
Effective tax rate	(7.60%)	(0.00%)	(1.30%)	(1.00%)
Net unrecognized tax benefits which would impact effective tax rate if recognized	$ 1.6		$ 1.6
Minimum | Subsidiaries
Income Taxes [Line Items]
Effective tax rate			0.00%
Maximum | Subsidiaries
Income Taxes [Line Items]
Effective tax rate			32.00%

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Stock-Based Compensation - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions	1 Months Ended		3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	May 31, 2019	Nov. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2019	May 31, 2017
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Stock option granted (in shares)			0	0	0
Exercise price of stock options granted (in usd per share)					$ 0
Service period (in years)					5 years 1 month 6 days		5 years 9 months 18 days
Weighted average grant-date fair value (in usd per share)						$ 13.57
Vested in period, value					$ 1.4	$ 1.7
Compensation cost related to nonvested stock options not yet recognized			$ 5.0		$ 5.0
Unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested stock option recognized over weighted average period, in years					1 year 2 months 12 days
Non-vested restricted stock units
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested restricted stock units			$ 33.4		$ 33.4
Weighted average remaining vesting period					2 years 3 months 18 days
Grant of RSUs (in shares)					306,160
Fair value of shares granted (in usd per share)					$ 52.61
2017 Equity Incentive Plan
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number of shares available to be issued (in shares)			4,536,688		4,536,688
2017 Equity Incentive Plan | Non-vested restricted stock units
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Value of award at grant date		$ 7.7
Grant of RSUs (in shares)		255,930
Fair value of shares granted (in usd per share)		$ 30.06
2017 Equity Incentive Plan | Class A Common Stock
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number of shares available to be issued (in shares)			7,162,409		7,162,409			6,421,442
2007 Stock Option Plan
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number of shares available to be issued (in shares)								421,442
Number of shares available for grants (in shares)								0
Chief Executive Officer | 2017 Equity Incentive Plan
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Stock option granted (in shares)	700,000
Exercise price of stock options granted (in usd per share)	$ 33.98
Share price (in usd per share)	$ 84.63
Value of award at grant date	$ 9.5
Service period (in years)	2 years 7 months 6 days

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Stock-Based Compensation - Assumptions Used to Estimate Fair Value of Stock Options (Detail)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2019
Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]
Risk-free interest rate	2.10%
Expected term (in years)	2 years 7 months 6 days
Expected volatility	55.00%
Expected dividend yield	0.00%

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Stock-Based Compensation - Summary of the Stock Option Activity (Detail) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Number of Shares
Outstanding at January 1, 2020 (in shares)			4,458,611
Granted (in shares)	0	0	0
Exercised (in shares)			(521,063)
Expired (in shares)			(1,380)
Canceled (in shares)			(53,580)
Outstanding at September 30, 2020 (in shares)	3,882,588		3,882,588	4,458,611
Exercisable at September 30, 2020 (in shares)	2,659,928		2,659,928
Weighted Average Exercise Price
Outstanding at January 1, 2020 (in usd per share)			$ 12.30
Granted (in usd per share)			0
Exercised (in usd per share)			6.21
Expired (in usd per share)			11.82
Canceled (in usd per share)			11.36
Outstanding at September 30, 2020 (in usd per share)	$ 13.14		13.14	$ 12.30
Exercisable at September 30, 2020 (in usd per share)	$ 8.07		$ 8.07
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)
Outstanding at January 1, 2020			5 years 1 month 6 days	5 years 9 months 18 days
Outstanding at September 30, 2020			5 years 1 month 6 days	5 years 9 months 18 days
Exercisable at September 30, 2020			5 years 2 months 12 days
Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands)
Outstanding at January 1, 2020			$ 115,501
Exercised			23,814
Outstanding at September 30, 2020	$ 200,397		200,397	$ 115,501
Exercisable at September 30, 2020	$ 150,767		$ 150,767

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Stock-Based Compensation - Schedule of Restricted Stock Unit Activity (Detail) - Non-vested restricted stock units	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020 $ / shares shares
Number of Shares
Non-vested outstanding at January 1, 2020 (in shares) | shares	1,022,835
Granted (in shares) | shares	306,160
Vested (in shares) | shares	(93,239)
Canceled (in shares) | shares	(125,318)
Non-vested outstanding at September 30, 2020 (in shares) | shares	1,110,438
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Non-vested outstanding at January 1, 2020 (in usd per share) | $ / shares	$ 31.39
Granted (in usd per share) | $ / shares	52.61
Vested (in usd per share) | $ / shares	32.77
Canceled (in usd per share) | $ / shares	32.00
Non-vested outstanding at September 30, 2020 (in usd per share) | $ / shares	$ 37.06

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Stock-Based Compensation - Schedule of Stock-based Compensation Expense (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Compensation Cost [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation expense	$ 3,578	$ 3,141	$ 10,668	$ 13,055
RSUs
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Compensation Cost [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation expense	2,494	1,873	7,268	10,544
Stock options
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Compensation Cost [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation expense	992	1,176	3,123	2,235
Common stock awards to Board of Directors
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Compensation Cost [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation expense	$ 92	$ 92	$ 277	$ 276

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Stock-Based Compensation - Schedule of Stock-based Compensation Expense Included in Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Compensation Cost [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation expense	$ 3,578	$ 3,141	$ 10,668	$ 13,055
Subscriptions
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Compensation Cost [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation expense	236	147	678	462
Professional services
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Compensation Cost [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation expense	406	243	935	2,461
Sales and marketing
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Compensation Cost [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation expense	427	776	1,837	3,971
Research and development
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Compensation Cost [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation expense	669	433	1,841	2,983
General and administrative
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Compensation Cost [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation expense	$ 1,840	$ 1,542	$ 5,377	$ 3,178

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Stockholders' Equity (Detail)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020 vote $ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2019 $ / shares shares
Class A Common Stock
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares)	500,000,000	500,000,000
Common stock, par value (in usd per share) | $ / shares	$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001
Common stock, shares issued (in shares)	37,805,423	34,525,386
Common stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	37,805,423	34,525,386
Number of votes entitled to stockholders per share | vote	1
Conversion of stock (in shares)	1
Maximum percentage of aggregate voting power of capital stock which triggers conversion of stock	10.00%
Class B Common Stock
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares)	100,000,000	100,000,000
Common stock, par value (in usd per share) | $ / shares	$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001
Common stock, shares issued (in shares)	32,214,766	32,942,636
Common stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	32,214,766	32,942,636
Number of votes entitled to stockholders per share | vote	10

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Basic and Diluted Loss per Common Share (Detail) - shares	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019
Stock options
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Potentially dilutive securities outstanding (in shares)	3,882,588	4,645,057	3,882,588	4,645,057
Non-vested restricted stock units
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Potentially dilutive securities outstanding (in shares)	1,110,438	966,876	1,110,438	966,876

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Commitments and Contingencies -Narrative (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
Outstanding letters of credit	$ 11.2	$ 10.5

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Segment and Geographic Information - Summary of Revenues By Geography (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Total revenue	$ 77,304	$ 66,155	$ 222,943	$ 191,734
Domestic
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Total revenue	52,424	45,666	147,070	130,528
International
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Total revenue	$ 24,880	$ 20,489	$ 75,873	$ 61,206

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Segment and Geographic Information - Additional Information (Detail)	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019
Sales Revenue, Net | Geographic Concentration Risk
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Concentration risk, percentage	13.60%	12.60%	12.80%	12.10%

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Subsequent Events (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		1 Months Ended	9 Months Ended
	Nov. 03, 2020	Oct. 31, 2020	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Financing cash outflows for finance leases			$ 1,080	$ 299
RSUs
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Grant of RSUs (in shares)			306,160
Subsequent Event
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Financing cash outflows for finance leases		$ 2,700
Subsequent Event | RSUs
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Grant of RSUs (in shares)	190,900
Value of awards at the grant date	$ 12,900
Vesting period	4 years

XML

Label	Element	Value
Accounting Standards Update [Extensible List]	us-gaap_AccountingStandardsUpdateExtensibleList	us-gaap:AccountingStandardsUpdate201409Member