1. Overview and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Organization and Description of Business

Zynga Inc. (“Zynga,” or “we” or the “Company”) is a leading provider of social game services. We develop, market and operate social games as live services played on mobile platforms such as iOS and Android and social networking sites such as Facebook. Generally, all of our games are free to play, and we generate revenue through the sale of in-game virtual goods and advertising services. Our operations are headquartered in San Francisco, California, and we have several operating locations in the U.S. as well as various international office locations in North America, Asia and Europe.

We completed our initial public offering in December 2011 and our Class A common stock is listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol “ZNGA.”

Basis of Presentation and Consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements are presented in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”). The consolidated financial statements include the operations of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in the consolidation.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts in the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto. Significant estimates and assumptions reflected in the financial statements include, but are not limited to, the estimated lives of virtual goods that we use for revenue recognition, useful lives of property and equipment and intangible assets, accrued liabilities, income taxes, accounting for business combinations, stock-based compensation expense and evaluation of recoverability of goodwill, intangible assets, and long-lived assets. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates.

Changes in our estimated average life of durable virtual goods during 2017 for various games resulted in an increase in revenue and income from operations of $1.3 million, which is the result of adjusting the remaining recognition period of deferred revenue generated in prior periods at the time of a change in estimate. During 2016, changes in our estimated average life of durable virtual goods resulted in a decrease in revenue and income from operations of $0.1 million. In 2016, we also recognized $4.0 million of revenue and income from operations for games that had been discontinued, as there was no further service obligation after the closure of these games. During 2015, changes in our estimated average life of durable virtual goods resulted in an increase in revenue and income from operations of $1.0 million. In 2015, we also recognized $9.9 million of revenue and income from operations for games that been discontinued. These changes in estimates did not impact our reported earnings per share in 2017 or 2016, but had a $0.01 per share impact on our reported loss per share in 2015.

Segments

We have one operating and reportable segment, which is at the consolidated company level. The Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”), our Chief Executive Officer, manages our operations on a consolidated basis for purposes of assessing performance and allocating resources.

Revenue Recognition

We derive revenue from the sale of virtual goods associated with our online games and the sale of advertising.

Online Game. We operate our games as live services that allow players to play for free. Within these games, players can purchase virtual currency to obtain virtual goods to enhance their game-playing experience. On platforms other than Facebook, players purchase our virtual currency and/or virtual goods through various widely accepted payment methods offered in the games, including Apple iTunes accounts, Google Wallet, PayPal and credit cards. When playing our games through the Facebook platform, players can pay for our virtual currency using Facebook local currency payments. Advance payments from customers for virtual goods that are non-refundable and relate to non-cancellable contracts that specify our obligations are recorded to deferred revenue. All other advance payments that do not meet these criteria are recorded as customer deposits.

For revenue earned through mobile platforms, including iOS and Android, we recognize online game revenue based on the gross amount paid by the player because we are the principal in the transaction. Accordingly, we record the related platform and payment processing fees as cost of revenue in the period incurred.

Our players utilize Facebook’s local currency-based payments program to purchase virtual currency in our games. For all payment transactions in our games under Facebook’s local currency-based payments model, Facebook remits to us 70% of the price we request to be charged to the game player for each transaction. We recognize revenue net of the amounts retained by Facebook related to Facebook local currency-based payments because Facebook may choose to alter our recommended price, for example by offering a discount or other incentives to players playing on their platform. Additionally, we do not receive information from Facebook indicating the amount of such discounts offered to our paying players or regarding the actual cash paid by our players to Facebook. Accordingly, we are unable to determine the gross amount paid by our players to Facebook.

We recognize revenue when all of the following conditions are satisfied: there is persuasive evidence of an arrangement; the service has been provided to the player; the collection of our fees is reasonably assured; and the amount of fees to be paid by the player is fixed or determinable. For purposes of determining when the service has been provided to the player, we have determined that an implied obligation exists to the paying player to continue displaying the purchased virtual goods within the online game over their estimated life or until they are consumed. Accordingly, we categorize our virtual goods as either consumable or durable. Consumable virtual goods represent goods that can be consumed by a specific player action. Common characteristics of consumable goods may include virtual goods that are no longer displayed on the player’s game board after a short period of time, do not provide the player any continuing benefit following consumption, or often times enable a player to perform an in-game action immediately. For the sale of consumable virtual goods, we recognize revenue as the goods are consumed, which approximates one month from sale of the virtual good. Durable virtual goods represent virtual goods that are accessible to the player over an extended period of time. We recognize revenue from the sale of durable virtual goods ratably over the estimated average playing period of paying players for the applicable game, which represents our best estimate of the average life of the durable virtual good. If we do not have the ability to differentiate revenue attributable to durable virtual goods from consumable virtual goods for a specific game, we recognize revenue on the sale of the virtual goods for that game ratably over the estimated average period that paying players typically play the applicable game.

We have had sufficient data to separately account for consumable and durable virtual goods for substantially all of our web games, thus allowing us to recognize revenue related to consumable goods upon consumption for our web-based games. However, for our standalone mobile games, we do not have the requisite data to separately account for consumable and durable virtual goods and have therefore recorded mobile revenue ratably over the estimated average payer life. We expect that in future periods there will be changes in the mix of durable and consumable virtual goods offered and sold, reduced virtual good sales in some existing games, changes in estimates in average paying payer life and/or changes in our ability to make such estimates. When such changes occur, and in particular if more of our revenue in any period is derived from virtual goods for which revenue is recognized over the estimated average playing period, or the estimated average playing period increases on average, the amount of revenue that we recognize in a current or future period may be reduced, perhaps significantly. Conversely, if the estimated average playing period decreases on average, the amount of revenue that we recognize in a current or future period may be accelerated, perhaps significantly.

On a quarterly basis, we determine the estimated average playing period for paying players by game beginning at the time of a payer’s first purchase in that game and ending on a date when that paying player is no longer playing the game. To determine when paying players are no longer playing a given game, we analyze monthly cohorts of paying players for that game who made their first in-game payment between six and 18 months prior to the beginning of each quarter and determine whether each player within the cohort is an active or inactive player as of the date of our analysis. To determine which players are inactive, we analyze the dates that each paying player last logged into that game. We determine a paying player to be inactive once they have reached a period of inactivity for which it is probable that a player will not return to a specific game. For the payers deemed inactive as of our analysis date, we analyze the dates they last logged into that game to determine the rate at which inactive players stopped playing. Based on these dates we then project a date at which all paying players for each monthly cohort are expected to cease playing our games. We then average the time periods from first purchase date and the date the last player is expected to cease playing the game for each of the monthly cohorts to determine the total playing period for that game. To determine the estimated average playing period we then divide this total playing period by two. The use of this “average” approach is supported by our observations that paying players typically become inactive at a relatively consistent rate for our games. If future data indicates paying players do not become inactive at a relatively consistent rate, we will modify our calculations accordingly. When a new game is launched and only a limited period of paying player data is available for our analysis, then we also consider other factors, such as the estimated average playing period for other recently launched games with similar characteristics, to determine the estimated average playing period.

Future usage patterns may differ from historical usage patterns and therefore the estimated average playing periods may change in the future. We assess the estimated average playing period of our virtual goods quarterly.

Advertising. We have contractual relationships with agencies, advertising brokers and directly with advertisers for advertisements within our games. We generally report our advertising revenue net of amounts retained by advertising networks, agencies, and brokers because we are not the principal for the advertisement transaction. However, certain advertisement placements that are directly between us and the end advertiser are recognized gross equal to the price paid to the Company by the end advertiser since we are the principal in the direct advertising arrangement.

We recognize advertising revenue for engagement advertisements and offers, mobile advertisements, branded virtual goods and sponsorships and other advertisements as advertisements are delivered to customers as long as evidence of the arrangement exists, the price is fixed or determinable, and collectability as reasonably assured. Price is determined to be fixed or determinable when there is a fixed price included a master contract, insertion order, or a third party statement of advertising activity. For engagement advertisements and offers, mobile advertisements, and other advertisements, delivery occurs when the advertisement has been displayed or the offer has been completed by the customer, as evidenced by third party verification reports supporting the number of advertisements displayed or offers completed. Certain branded in-game sponsorships that involve virtual goods are deferred and recognized over the estimated life of the branded virtual good or as consumed, similar to online game revenue. For these branded virtual goods and sponsorships, we determine the delivery criteria has been met based on delivery reporting received from third parties.

Multiple-Element Arrangements. We allocate arrangement consideration in multiple-deliverable revenue arrangements at the inception of an arrangement to all deliverables based on the relative selling price method, generally based on our best estimate of selling price.

Taxes Collected from Customers. We present taxes collected from customers and remitted to governmental authorities on a net basis within our consolidated statement of operations.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash on hand, money market funds, corporate debt and U.S. government-issued obligations with maturities of 90 days or less from the date of purchase.

Short-Term Investments

Short-term investments consist of corporate debt securities. The fair value of short-term investments is determined as the exit price in the principal market in which we would transact. Based on our intentions regarding our short-term investments, all short-term investments are classified as available-for-sale and are reported at fair value with unrealized gains and losses recorded as a separate component of other comprehensive income, net of income taxes. Realized gains and losses are determined using the specific-identification method and are reflected as a component of other income (expense), net in the consolidated statements of operations.

We assess whether an other-than-temporary loss on our investments has occurred due to declines in fair value or other market conditions. When we determine that a decline in fair value is other-than-temporary, the cost basis of the individual security is written down to the fair value with the amount of the write-down recorded as a realized loss within other income (expense), net. The new cost basis will not be adjusted for subsequent recoveries in fair value. Determination of whether declines in fair value are other than temporary requires judgment regarding the amount and timing of recovery. No such impairments of short-term investments have been recorded in any of the periods presented.

Restricted Cash

Restricted cash consists of collateral for royalty agreements and funds held in escrow in accordance with the terms of our business acquisition agreements.

Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

Accounts receivable are recorded at the original invoiced amount less an allowance for any potential uncollectible amounts. In evaluating our ability to collect outstanding receivable balances, we consider many factors, including the age of the balance, the customer’s payment history and current creditworthiness and current economic conditions that may affect our customers’ ability to pay. Bad debts are written off after all collection efforts have ceased. We do not require collateral from our customers.

Property and Equipment, Net

Property and equipment, net are recorded at historical cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is recorded using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Leasehold improvements are amortized using the straight-line method over the shorter of the estimated useful lives of the improvements or the lease term.

The estimated useful lives of property and equipment are as follows:

Property and Equipment		Useful Life
Computer equipment		3 years
Software		2 to 3 years
Building and building improvements		7 to 39 years
Furniture and fixtures		2 years
Leasehold improvements		Shorter of useful life (generally up to 7 years) or remaining lease term

Business Combinations

We account for acquisitions of entities that include inputs and processes and have the ability to create outputs as business combinations. We allocate the purchase price of the acquisition, which includes the estimated acquisition date fair value of contingent consideration (if applicable), to the tangible assets, liabilities and identifiable intangible assets acquired based on their estimated fair values at the acquisition date. The excess of the purchase price over those fair values is recorded as goodwill. Determining the fair value of such items requires judgment, including estimating future cash flows or the cost to recreate an acquired asset. If actual results are lower than initial estimates, we could be required to record impairment charges in the future. Acquired intangible assets with definite lives are amortized over their estimated useful lives generally on a straight-line basis, unless evidence indicates a more appropriate method. Intangible assets with indefinite lives are not amortized but rather tested for impairment annually, or more frequently if circumstances indicate an impairment may exist.

Acquisition-related expenses are expensed as incurred. During the one-year period beginning with the acquisition date, we may record certain purchase accounting adjustments related to the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed against goodwill. After the final determination of the fair value of assets acquired or liabilities assumed, any subsequent adjustments are recorded to our consolidated statements of operations. The fair value of contingent consideration liabilities assumed from an acquisition are remeasured each reporting period and the changes in the fair value is recorded within operating expenses in our consolidated statement of operations each reporting period.

Software Development Costs

We review internal use software development costs associated with new games or updates to existing games on a quarterly basis to determine if the costs qualify for capitalization. Our studio teams follow an agile development process, whereas the preliminary project stage remains ongoing until just prior to worldwide launch, at which time final feature selection occurs. As such, the development costs are expensed as incurred to research and development in our consolidated statement of operations. We did not capitalize any software development costs in 2017, 2016 or 2015

Goodwill and Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets

Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are evaluated annually for impairment, or more frequently if circumstances exist that indicate that impairment may exist.

When conducting our annual goodwill impairment assessment, we perform a quantitative evaluation of whether goodwill is impaired by comparing the fair value of our single reporting unit to its carrying value. If the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, then we record the amount by which the carrying value exceeds its fair value, if any, as impairment to goodwill. For our annual goodwill impairment analysis performed in the fourth quarter of 2017, our estimates of fair value were based on the market approach, which estimated the fair value of our reporting unit based on the Company’s market capitalization at the annual testing date. The result of the quantitative evaluation indicated that the estimated fair value of the reporting unit exceeded its carrying value. Accordingly, we concluded goodwill was not impaired.

At least annually, we test recoverability of indefinite-lived intangible assets using a qualitative approach that considers whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the intangible asset exceeds its carrying value. If qualitative factors indicate that it is more likely than not that the indefinite-lived intangible asset is impaired, a quantitative analysis is performed and the amount of any impairment loss recorded, if any, is measured as the difference between the carrying value and the fair value of the impaired intangible asset. We concluded that indefinite-lived intangible assets were not impaired as of December 31, 2017.

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets generally consist of definite-lived intangibles assets acquired from a prior business combination and are carried at historical cost less accumulated amortization. Amortization is generally recorded on a straight-lined basis, unless another method is deemed more appropriate, over the estimated useful lives of the assets, generally 12 to 84 months.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Long-lived assets, including other intangible assets not considered indefinite-lived intangible assets, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate an asset’s carrying value may not be recoverable. If such circumstances are present, we assess the recoverability of the long-lived assets by comparing the carrying value to the undiscounted future cash flows associated with the related assets. If the future net undiscounted cash flows are less than the carrying value of the assets, the assets are considered impaired and an expense, equal to the amount required to reduce the carrying value of the assets to the estimated fair value, is recorded as an impairment of intangible assets in the consolidated statements of operations. Significant judgment is required to estimate the amount and timing of future cash flows and the relative risk of achieving those cash flows.

Assumptions and estimates about future values and remaining useful lives are complex and often subjective. They can be affected by a variety of factors, including external factors such as industry and economic trends, and internal factors such as changes in our business strategy and our internal forecasts. For example, if our future operating results do not meet current forecasts, we may be required to record future impairment charges for acquired intangible assets. Impairment charges could materially decrease our future net income and result in lower asset values on our balance sheet. In the third quarter of 2016, we recorded an $18.2 million and $2.5 million impairment charge associated with developed technology previously acquired from Rising Tide and Zindagi, respectively. There were no impairment charges recorded during 2017 or 2015.

Licenses and Royalties

We obtain licenses from third parties for use of their brands, properties and other licensed content in our games (e.g., Hit It Rich! Slots). Our licensing agreements typically include minimum guarantee royalty payments, which are due over the term of the agreement and are recoupable against future royalty obligations that would otherwise become payable. These advance payments are capitalized as prepaid royalties when paid and amortized once the licensed product is launched in our game. Amortization is recorded as cost of revenue and is calculated as (i) the contractual royalty rate based on actual net product sales as defined in the licensing agreement or (ii) the straight-line method over the remaining estimated useful life of the licensed product, whichever is greater.

Each quarter, we evaluate the recoverability of our prepaid royalties as well as any contractual commitments not yet paid to determine amounts that we deem unlikely to be recovered through product sales. To evaluate the future recoverability of prepaid royalties and guarantees, we consider the terms of the agreement, game development plans, forecasted and actual financial performance of the game as well as other qualitative factors such as the success of similar games and similar genres published by the Company. To the extent that this evaluation indicates that the remaining prepaid and guaranteed royalty payments are not recoverable, the Company records an impairment charge in the period that impairment is indicated. Any impairment losses determined before the launch of a product are recorded as research and development, while any impairment losses determined post-launch are recorded as cost of revenue in our consolidated statement of operations.

Stock-Based Compensation Expense

We recognize stock-based compensation expense for ZSUs based on grant date fair value on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for the entire award. For certain performance based ZSUs, we recognize the stock-based compensation expense based upon the grant date fair value on an accelerated attribution basis over the requisite service period of the award.

We estimate the fair value of stock options using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. This model requires the use of the following assumptions: expected volatility of our Class A common stock, which is based on our own calculated historical rate; expected life of the option award, which we elected to calculate using the simplified method; expected dividend yield, which is 0%, as we have not paid and do not have any plans to pay dividends on our common stock; and the risk-free interest rate, which is based on the U.S. Treasury rate in effect at the time of grant with maturities equal to the stock option award’s expected life. During the fourth quarter of 2015, we changed the basis of estimating our expected volatility from using peer group data to using our own historical calculated rate. If any of the assumptions used in the Black-Scholes model changes significantly, stock-based compensation expense for future awards may differ materially compared to awards previously granted previously. We record stock-based compensation expense for stock options on a straight-line basis over the vesting term.

Stock-based compensation expense is recorded net of forfeitures as they are occur.

Income Taxes

We account for income taxes using an asset and liability approach, which requires the recognition of taxes payable or refundable for the current year and deferred tax liabilities and assets for the future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in our financial statements or tax returns. The measurement of current and deferred tax assets and liabilities is based on provisions of enacted tax laws at the end of the reporting period; the effect of future changes in tax laws or rates are not anticipated (refer to the header “Tax Cuts and Jobs Act” earlier in MD&A for further discussion on the impact to the enacted tax laws in 2017). If necessary, the measurement of deferred tax assets is reduced by the amount of any tax benefits that are not expected to be realized based on available evidence.

We account for uncertain tax positions by reporting a liability for unrecognized tax benefits resulting from uncertain tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. We recognize interest and penalties, if any, related to unrecognized tax benefits in the provision for income tax.

In January 2018, the SEC staff issued Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118, Income Tax Accounting Implications of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“SAB 118”) to provide guidance for companies that have not completed their accounting for the income tax effects of the 2017 Tax Act in the period of enactment. Specifically, SAB 118 states that companies that have not completed accounting for the effects of the 2017 Tax Act by financial reporting deadlines may report provisional amounts based on reasonable estimates for items for which the accounting is incomplete. Those provisional amounts will be subject to adjustment during a measurement period that begins in the reporting period that includes the 2017 Tax Act’s enactment date and ends when a company has obtained, prepared and analyzed the information needed to complete the accounting requirements under ASC 740 Income Taxes. The measurement period should not extend beyond one year from the enactment date. Furthermore, SAB 118 states that if a company cannot make a reasonable estimate for an income tax effect, it should not account for that effect until it can make such an estimate.

In accordance with SAB 118, we have recorded provisional amounts, which primarily consist of $2.4 million income tax benefit in connection with the re-measurement of certain deferred tax assets and liabilities and $2.6 million income tax benefit in connection with the refundable AMT credit. These amounts have been recorded as provisional as we believe that additional analysis of our deferred tax assets and liabilities is necessary, as well as the evaluation of potential correlative adjustments. Any subsequent adjustment to these amounts will be recorded to current tax expense in the period the analysis is completed, not to exceed the fourth quarter of 2018.

We have determined that we cannot make a reasonable estimate of the income tax effect with respect to global intangible low-taxed income (GILTI) provisions of the 2017 Tax Act. The GILTI provisions allow companies to make an accounting policy election to either (i) account for GILTI as a component of tax expense in the period in which the entity is subject to the rules or (ii) account for GILTI in the entity’s measurement of deferred taxes. Our ultimate accounting policy election will depend on our estimates of future taxable income related to GILTI.

Refer to the Note 7 – “Income Taxes” for further discussion on the impact of tax laws enacted during 2017.

Foreign Currency Transactions

Generally, the functional currency of our international subsidiaries is the U.S. dollar or the local currency that the international subsidiary operates in. For these subsidiaries where the U.S. dollar is not the functional currency, foreign currency denominated monetary assets and liabilities are re-measured into U.S. dollars at reporting period-end exchange rates and foreign currency denominated nonmonetary assets and liabilities are re-measured into U.S. dollars at historical exchange rates. Gains or losses from foreign currency re-measurement of monetary assets and liabilities and transaction settlements are included in other income (expense), net in the consolidated statements of operations. For foreign subsidiaries where the functional currency is the local currency, we use the exchange rates at the prevailing balance sheet date to translate assets and liabilities, and the average exchange rates during the period to translate revenues and expenses into U.S. dollars. We record translation gains and losses in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) as a component of stockholders’ equity.

Concentration of Credit Risk and Significant Customers

Financial instruments, which potentially expose us to concentrations of credit risk, consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, accounts receivable and lease receivables. Substantially all of our cash and cash equivalents are maintained with three financial institutions with high credit standings. We perform periodic evaluations of the relative credit standing of these institutions.

Accounts receivable and lease receivables are unsecured and represent amounts due to us based on contractual obligations where a signed and executed contract or click-through agreement exists. In cases where we are aware of circumstances that may impair a specific customer or tenant’s ability to meet its financial obligations, we record a specific allowance as a reduction to the accounts or lease receivable balance to reduce the receivable to its net realizable value.

Apple, Google and Facebook are significant distribution, marketing, promotion and payment platforms for our social games. MoPub is a significant advertising partner that serves advertisements in our games. A significant portion of our 2017, 2016 and 2015 revenue was generated from players who accessed our games through these platforms or were served advertisements in our games on behalf of advertisers. As of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, 34% and 27% of our accounts receivable, respectively, were amounts owed to us by Apple, 19% and 23% of our accounts receivable, respectively, were amounts owed to us by Google, 10% and 12% of our accounts receivable, respectively, were amounts owed to us by Facebook, and 15% and 10% of our accounts receivable, respectively, were amounts owed to us by MoPub.

Advertising Expense

Costs for advertising are expensed as incurred. Advertising costs, which are included in sales and marketing expense, primarily consisting of player acquisition costs, totaled $147.2 million, $132.5 million and $128.9 million for 2017, 2016 and 2015 respectively.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606),” which requires revenue to be recognized when promised goods or services are transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration that is expected to be received for those goods or services. ASU 2014-09 supersedes the existing revenue recognition guidance and is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017. The standard permits the use of either a full retrospective or modified retrospective (cumulative effect) transition method. We will apply the modified retrospective approach when we adopt the standard in the first quarter of 2018.

Based on our assessment of the standard, a key change in the standard that impacts our revenue recognition relates to the explicit collectability threshold a contract must meet before revenue can be recognized. For certain advertising arrangements where we have assessed that collectability is not reasonably assured due to unfavorable payment terms or a history of slow collections, the current practice is to defer revenue recognition until payment is received. However, under the new standard, we will be required to make an assessment of collectability at the inception of the contract and if deemed probable for collection, recognize revenue at the amount we expect to be entitled to as advertisements are delivered, which will result in an acceleration in revenue recognition compared to the current method. Another change in the standard that impacts our revenue recognition relates to the distinction between functional intellectual property and symbolic intellectual property for licensing arrangements. The current practice is to recognize revenue when a license is delivered (i.e. at a point in time). However, under the new standard, we will be required to make a distinction based on the nature of the license and recognize revenue at a point in time for functional intellectual property and over time for symbolic intellectual property. For our licensing arrangements of symbolic intellectual property (such as trademarks, brands and character images), this will result in a deceleration of revenue recognition when compared to the current method.

We previously disclosed the standard would also have an impact on our software licensing related to NaturalMotion technology, which is currently recognized as revenue over time, rather than a point in time. However, as a result of a restructuring plan we implemented in the second quarter of 2017, we will no longer provide maintenance services for any new software licenses sold after June 30, 2017. Therefore, the requirement to estimate the standalone selling price of software licenses separate from any associated maintenance services and recognize revenue for the license when control is transferred will only apply to a small subset of our existing licensing contracts. While this change will result in an acceleration in revenue recognition compared to the current method, the impact will not be material.

As a result of adoption, we expect to record a transition adjustment in the range of $3.0 to $5.0 million. We do not, however, anticipate significant changes to our current business processes and systems to support the adoption of the standard in the first quarter of 2018. Additionally, we are finalizing the required disclosures, including the disaggregation of revenue, reconciliation of contract balances and significant judgments used to allow users of our financial statements to understand the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with our customers.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842),” which requires a lessee to recognize assets and liabilities on the balance sheet for leases with lease terms greater than 12 months. For lessors, accounting for leases will remain substantially the same as in prior periods. The standard is effective in the first quarter of 2019 and early adoption is permitted. While the Company expects adoption of this new standard to increase reported assets and liabilities, we are currently in the process of further evaluating the timing of adoption of ASU 2016-02 as well as the full impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, “Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments,” which provides guidance on specific topics related to how certain cash receipts and cash payments are classified in the statement of cash flows. In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-18, “Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash,” which requires companies to include amounts generally described as restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents in cash and cash equivalents when reconciling beginning-of-period and end-of-period total amounts shown on the statement of cash flows. Both standards are effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017 with early adoption permitted. We will adopt the standards in the first quarter of 2018. While we continue to assess the potential impact of the new standards, we expect the adoption of these standards will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements due to the balance of our restricted cash.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-01, “Business Combinations (Topic 805) Clarifying the Definition of a Business,” which clarifies the definition of a business to assist entities with evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions (or disposals) of assets or businesses. The definition of a business affects many areas of accounting including acquisitions, disposals, goodwill and consolidation. The standard is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017 and early adoption is permitted. We will adopt the standard prospectively in the first quarter of 2018 and the impact of this accounting standard update will be fact dependent, but we expect that some transactions that were previously accounted for as business combinations or disposal transactions will be accounted for as asset purchases or asset sales under the accounting standard update.

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-09, “Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Shared-Based Payment Accounting”, which simplifies and improves several aspects of the accounting for employee share-based payment transactions for public entities. The new guidance requires companies to record excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies as income tax benefit or expense in the statement of operations when the awards vest or are settled, eliminates the requirement to reclassify cash flows related to excess tax benefits from operating activities to financing activities on the statement of cash flows and provides the option to recognize forfeitures as they occur, rather than estimate expected forfeitures. We adopted the standard in the first quarter of 2017. Upon adoption, we recognized the previously unrecognized excess tax benefits using the modified retrospective transition method, which resulted in a cumulative-effect adjustment of $48.2 million to reduce the opening balance of accumulated deficit in 2017. These previously unrecognized excess tax benefits were recorded as a deferred tax asset, which was fully reserved for by an accompanying valuation allowance. Without the valuation allowance, our deferred tax assets would have increased by $97.3 million. Further, we elected to apply the change in classification of excess tax benefits as an operating activity in the statement of cash flow prospectively and thus no prior periods were adjusted. We also elected to account for forfeitures as they occur and adopted using the modified retrospective transition method, which resulted in a cumulative-effect adjustment of $3.9 million increase to the opening balance additional-paid-in-capital in 2017.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, “Intangibles-Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment,” to simplify the subsequent measurement of goodwill by removing the requirement to perform a hypothetical purchase price allocation to compute the implied fair value of goodwill to measure impairment. Instead, any goodwill impairment will equal the amount by which a reporting unit’s carrying value exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the carrying amount of goodwill. The guidance is effective for annual or any interim goodwill impairment test in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted for impairment tests performed after January 1, 2017. We elected to early adopt this standard prospectively beginning with our annual goodwill impairment test in the fourth quarter of 2017. There was no financial statement impact upon adoption.