FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Financial Instruments and Fair Value

The Company accounts for financial instruments in accordance with ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures (“ASC 820”). ASC 820 establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy under ASC 820 are described below:

Level 1 – Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities;

Level 2 – Quoted prices in markets that are not active or financial instruments for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly; and

Level 3 – Prices or valuations that require inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable.

The valuation techniques used to measure the fair value of the Company’s debt securities and all other financial instruments, all of which have counter-parties with high credit ratings, were valued based on quoted market prices or model driven valuations using significant inputs derived from or corroborated by observable market data. Based on the fair value hierarchy, the Company classified debt securities within Level 2.

The Company acquired two businesses, related to the Cholbam and Chenodal products, whose purchase price included potential future payments that are contingent on the achievement of certain milestones and percentages of future net sales derived from the products acquired. The Company recorded contingent consideration liabilities at their fair value on the acquisition date and revalues them at the end of each reporting period. In estimating the fair value of the Company’s contingent consideration, the Company uses a Monte Carlo Simulation. The determination of the contingent consideration liabilities requires significant judgements including the appropriateness of the valuation model and reasonableness of estimates and assumptions included in the forecasts of future net sales and the discount rates applied to such forecasts. Changes in these estimates and assumptions could have a significant impact on the fair value of the contingent consideration liabilities. Based on the fair value hierarchy, the Company classified the fair value measurement of contingent consideration within Level 3 because valuation inputs are based on projected revenues discounted to a present value.

Financial instruments with carrying values approximating fair value include cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, and accounts payable, due to their short-term nature. As of June 30, 2020, the fair value of the Company's 2.5% Convertible Senior Notes due 2025 was $225.9 million, which was estimated utilizing market quotations, and are considered Level 2.

The following table presents the Company’s assets and liabilities, measured and recognized at fair value on a recurring basis, classified under the appropriate level of the fair value hierarchy as of June 30, 2020 (in thousands):


	As of June 30, 2020
	Total carrying and estimated fair value		Quoted prices in active markets (Level 1)		Significant other observable inputs (Level 2)		Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)
Assets:
Cash and Cash Equivalents	$	237,170	$	237,170	$	—	$	—
Debt securities, available-for-sale	220,206		—		220,206		—
Total	$	457,376	$	237,170	$	220,206	$	—
Liabilities:
Business combination-related contingent consideration	$	68,600	$	—	$	—	$	68,600
Total	$	68,600	$	—	$	—	$	68,600


	As of December 31, 2019
	Total carrying and estimated fair value		Quoted prices in active markets (Level 1)		Significant other observable inputs (Level 2)		Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)
Assets:
Cash and Cash Equivalents	$	62,436	$	62,436	$	—	$	—
Debt securities, available-for-sale	336,088		—		336,088		—
Total	$	398,524	$	62,436	$	336,088	$	—
Liabilities:
Business combination-related contingent consideration	70,900		—		—		70,900
Total	$	70,900	$	—	$	—	$	70,900

The following table sets forth a summary of changes in the estimated fair value of the Company's business combination-related contingent consideration for the six months ended June 30, 2020 (in thousands):


	Fair Value Measurements of Acquisition-Related Contingent Consideration (Level 3)
Balance at January 1, 2020	$	70,900
Changes in the fair value of contingent consideration	2,363
Contractual payments	$	(2,125)
Contractual payments included in accrued liabilities at June 30, 2020	(2,424)
Foreign currency impact	(114)
Balance at June 30, 2020	$	68,600

The key assumptions included in the calculations for contingent consideration were the future number of patients in treatment, projected revenues, discount rate, and the timing of payments. The present value of the expected payments considers the time at which the obligations are expected to be settled and a discount rate that reflects the risk associated with the performance payments.

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, the Company incurred charges of $4.3 million and $2.4 million, respectively, in operating expenses on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the change in fair value of the contingent consideration liabilities.

For the three months ended June 30, 2020, the change in fair value of contingent consideration is due to the timing of future payments and changes in market driven discount rates.

For the six months ended June 30, 2020, the change in fair value of contingent consideration is due to the timing of future payments and changes in market driven discount rates, offset by a change in revenue projections.

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, the Company incurred charges of $3.4 million and $6.5 million, respectively, in operating expenses on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the change in fair value of the contingent consideration liabilities.

For the six months ended June 30, 2019, $6.5 million of the charges were related to the increase in contingent consideration liabilities for bile acid products. The value increased due to passage of time. During the first quarter of 2019, the Company made a portfolio decision not to pursue further development of its product candidate L-UDCA. The related contingent consideration of $18.0 million was accordingly fully written off.

- Definition

The entire disclosure for the fair value of financial instruments (as defined), including financial assets and financial liabilities (collectively, as defined), and the measurements of those instruments as well as disclosures related to the fair value of non-financial assets and liabilities. Such disclosures about the financial instruments, assets, and liabilities would include: (1) the fair value of the required items together with their carrying amounts (as appropriate); (2) for items for which it is not practicable to estimate fair value, disclosure would include: (a) information pertinent to estimating fair value (including, carrying amount, effective interest rate, and maturity, and (b) the reasons why it is not practicable to estimate fair value; (3) significant concentrations of credit risk including: (a) information about the activity, region, or economic characteristics identifying a concentration, (b) the maximum amount of loss the entity is exposed to based on the gross fair value of the related item, (c) policy for requiring collateral or other security and information as to accessing such collateral or security, and (d) the nature and brief description of such collateral or security; (4) quantitative information about market risks and how such risks are managed; (5) for items measured on both a recurring and nonrecurring basis information regarding the inputs used to develop the fair value measurement; and (6) for items presented in the financial statement for which fair value measurement is elected: (a) information necessary to understand the reasons for the election, (b) discussion of the effect of fair value changes on earnings, (c) a description of [similar groups] items for which the election is made and the relation thereof to the balance sheet, the aggregate carrying value of items included in the balance sheet that are not eligible for the election; (7) all other required (as defined) and desired information.

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