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Income Taxes
6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2019
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes

12. Income Taxes

The provision for income taxes for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 reflects current taxes, deferred taxes, and withholding taxes. The effective tax rate for each of the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 was 0%. The valuation allowance against net deferred tax assets as of June 30, 2019 was $47,577, an increase of $5,228 from $42,349 as of December 31, 2018.

Excess tax benefits of $2,236 and $2,044 were recognized in the provision for income taxes for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, respectively, which were offset by $2,236 and $2,044 of valuation allowance, respectively. Excess tax benefits of $186 and $711 were recognized in the provision for income taxes for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, respectively, which were offset by $186 and $711 of valuation allowance, respectively.