UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

__________________________________________________

FORM 10-Q

__________________________________________________

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934.

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2023

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934.

For the transition period from                      to                     

Commission File Number: 001-35780

__________________________________________________

BRIGHT HORIZONS FAMILY SOLUTIONS INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

__________________________________________________

Delaware	80-0188269
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

2 Wells Avenue
Newton, Massachusetts	02459
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (617) 673-8000

Not Applicable

(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.001 par value per share	BFAM	New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.                                 Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).                                                 Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☒	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.   ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).         Yes  ☐    No  ☒

As of April 24, 2023, there were 57,811,213 shares of common stock outstanding.

BRIGHT HORIZONS FAMILY SOLUTIONS INC.

FORM 10-Q

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2023

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION		Page
Item 1.	Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)	3
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	22
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	31
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	31
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	32
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	32
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	32
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	32
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	32
Item 5.	Other Information	32
Item 6.	Exhibits	33
Signatures		34

2

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

BRIGHT HORIZONS FAMILY SOLUTIONS INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(Unaudited)

	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
	(In thousands, except share data)
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	44,629	$	36,224
Accounts receivable — net of allowance for credit losses of $2,649 and $2,947 at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively	230,769		217,170
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	95,966		94,316
Total current assets	371,364		347,710
Fixed assets — net	575,440		571,471
Goodwill	1,731,758		1,727,852
Other intangible assets — net	237,255		245,574
Operating lease right-of-use assets	796,257		801,626
Other assets	93,277		104,636
Total assets	$	3,805,351	$	3,798,869
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Current portion of long-term debt	$	16,000	$	16,000
Borrowings under revolving credit facility	44,500		84,000
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	210,524		230,634
Current portion of operating lease liabilities	95,733		94,092
Deferred revenue	263,977		222,994
Other current liabilities	157,647		138,574
Total current liabilities	788,381		786,294
Long-term debt — net	957,876		961,581
Operating lease liabilities	804,821		810,403
Other long-term liabilities	95,184		100,466
Deferred revenue	8,757		8,933
Deferred income taxes	46,889		50,739
Total liabilities	2,701,908		2,718,416
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value; 25,000,000 shares authorized; no shares issued or outstanding at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022	—		—
Common stock, $0.001 par value; 475,000,000 shares authorized; 57,679,676 and 57,531,130 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively	58		58
Additional paid-in capital	616,305		599,422
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(72,648)		(70,629)
Retained earnings	559,728		551,602
Total stockholders’ equity	1,103,443		1,080,453
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	3,805,351	$	3,798,869

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

3

BRIGHT HORIZONS FAMILY SOLUTIONS INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

(Unaudited)

	Three months ended March 31,
	2023		2022
	(In thousands, except share data)
Revenue	$	553,606	$	460,409
Cost of services	431,992		350,350
Gross profit	121,614		110,059
Selling, general and administrative expenses	82,771		71,746
Amortization of intangible assets	8,198		7,149
Income from operations	30,645		31,164
Interest expense — net	(12,916)		(7,046)
Income before income tax	17,729		24,118
Income tax expense	(9,603)		(4,712)
Net income	$	8,126	$	19,406
Earnings per common share:
Common stock — basic	$	0.14	$	0.33
Common stock — diluted	$	0.14	$	0.33
Weighted average common shares outstanding:
Common stock — basic	57,603,866		59,094,724
Common stock — diluted	57,709,909		59,415,345

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

4

BRIGHT HORIZONS FAMILY SOLUTIONS INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(Unaudited)

	Three months ended March 31,
	2023		2022
	(In thousands)
Net income	$	8,126	$	19,406
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Foreign currency translation adjustments	6,880		(17,006)
Unrealized gain (loss) on cash flow hedges and investments, net of tax	(8,899)		18,700
Total other comprehensive income (loss)	(2,019)		1,694
Comprehensive income	$	6,107	$	21,100

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

5

BRIGHT HORIZONS FAMILY SOLUTIONS INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

(Unaudited)

	Three months ended March 31, 2023
	Common Stock			Additional Paid-in Capital		Treasury Stock, at Cost		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss		Retained Earnings		Total Stockholders’ Equity
	Shares	Amount
	(In thousands, except share data)
Balance at January 1, 2023	57,531,130	$	58	$	599,422	$	—	$	(70,629)	$	551,602	$	1,080,453
Stock-based compensation expense				5,850								5,850
Issuance of common stock under the Equity Incentive Plan	169,798	—		12,558								12,558
Shares received in net share settlement of stock option exercises and vesting of restricted stock	(21,252)	—		(1,525)								(1,525)
Other comprehensive loss								(2,019)				(2,019)
Net income										8,126		8,126
Balance at March 31, 2023	57,679,676	$	58	$	616,305	$	—	$	(72,648)	$	559,728	$	1,103,443

	Three months ended March 31, 2022
	Common Stock			Additional Paid-in Capital		Treasury Stock, at Cost		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)		Retained Earnings		Total Stockholders’ Equity
	Shares	Amount
	(In thousands, except share data)
Balance at January 1, 2022	59,305,160	$	59	$	745,615	$	—	$	(37,359)	$	470,961	$	1,179,276
Stock-based compensation expense				6,096								6,096
Issuance of common stock under the Equity Incentive Plan	165,517	1		8,894								8,895
Shares received in net share settlement of stock option exercises and vesting of restricted stock	(25,594)	—		(3,175)								(3,175)
Purchase of treasury stock						(39,686)						(39,686)
Retirement of treasury stock	(311,900)	(1)		(39,685)		39,686						—
Other comprehensive income								1,694				1,694
Net income										19,406		19,406
Balance at March 31, 2022	59,133,183	$	59	$	717,745	$	—	$	(35,665)	$	490,367	$	1,172,506

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

6

BRIGHT HORIZONS FAMILY SOLUTIONS INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Unaudited)

	Three months ended March 31,
	2023		2022
	(In thousands)
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
Net income	$	8,126	$	19,406
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	27,310		25,576
Stock-based compensation expense	5,850		6,096
Deferred income taxes	(597)		376
Other non-cash adjustments — net	2,478		159
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	(13,271)		22,892
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	(8,136)		(13,238)
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	(20,266)		10,621
Income taxes	5,444		272
Deferred revenue	40,249		(25,060)
Leases	1,521		1,513
Other assets	2,836		6,987
Other current and long-term liabilities	15,769		2,958
Net cash provided by operating activities	67,313		58,558
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
Purchases of fixed assets	(19,333)		(11,595)
Proceeds from the maturity of debt securities and sale of other investments	7,450		5,569
Purchases of debt securities and other investments	(6,225)		(3,180)
Payments and settlements for acquisitions — net of cash acquired	(121)		(147)
Net cash used in investing activities	(18,229)		(9,353)
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Borrowings under revolving credit facility	120,000		—
Payments under revolving credit facility	(159,500)		—
Principal payments of long-term debt	(4,000)		(4,000)
Proceeds from issuance of common stock upon exercise of options and restricted stock upon purchase	4,287		8,823
Taxes paid related to the net share settlement of stock options and restricted stock	(1,525)		(3,174)
Purchase of treasury stock	—		(39,913)
Payments of contingent consideration for acquisitions	(225)		(13,865)
Net cash used in financing activities	(40,963)		(52,129)
Effect of exchange rates on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(114)		(605)
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	8,007		(3,529)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash — beginning of period	51,894		265,281
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash — end of period	$	59,901	$	261,752

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

7

BRIGHT HORIZONS FAMILY SOLUTIONS INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (CONTINUED)

(Unaudited)

	Three months ended March 31,
	2023		2022
	(In thousands)
RECONCILIATION OF CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH TO THE CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	44,629	$	257,227
Restricted cash and cash equivalents, included in prepaid expenses and other current assets	12,740		4,525
Restricted cash and cash equivalents, included in other assets	2,532		—
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash — end of period	$	59,901	$	261,752
SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION:
Cash payments of interest	$	17,848	$	6,168
Cash payments of income taxes	$	4,903	$	4,072
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities	$	39,379	$	33,884
NON-CASH TRANSACTIONS:
Fixed asset purchases recorded in accounts payable and accrued expenses	$	2,167	$	1,074
Operating right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities — net	$	16,375	$	8,517
Restricted stock reclassified from other current liabilities to equity upon vesting	$	8,192	$	3,160

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

8

BRIGHT HORIZONS FAMILY SOLUTIONS INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Unaudited)

1. ORGANIZATION AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION

Organization — Bright Horizons Family Solutions Inc. (“Bright Horizons” or the “Company”) provides center-based early education and child care, back-up child and adult/elder care, tuition assistance and student loan repayment program management, educational advisory services, and other support services for employers and families in the United States, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Australia, Puerto Rico and India. The Company provides services designed to help families, employers and their employees better integrate work and family life, primarily under multi-year contracts with employers who offer child care, dependent care, and workforce education services, as part of their employee benefits packages in an effort to support employees across life and career stages and improve employee engagement.

On July 1, 2022, the Company acquired Only About Children, an operator of 75 child care centers in Australia. Refer to Note 4, Acquisitions, for additional information.

Basis of Presentation — The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2023 and the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for the interim periods ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP” or “GAAP”) for interim financial information and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required in accordance with U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements and should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. Intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

In the opinion of the Company’s management, the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2023 and the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for the interim periods ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, reflect all adjustments (consisting only of normal and recurring adjustments) necessary to present fairly the results of the interim periods presented. The operating results for the interim periods presented are not necessarily indicative of the results expected for the full year.

During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company recorded expense of $6.0 million for an immaterial correction of an error related to value-added tax incurred in prior periods, of which $4.3 million is included in cost of services and $1.7 million is included in selling, general and administrative expenses. Refer to Note 11, Segment Information, for additional information.

Stockholders’ Equity — The board of directors of the Company authorized a share repurchase program of up to $400 million of the Company’s outstanding common stock effective December 16, 2021. The share repurchase program has no expiration date. The shares may be repurchased from time to time in open market transactions at prevailing market prices, in privately negotiated transactions, under Rule 10b5-1 plans, or by other means in accordance with federal securities laws. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, there were no share repurchases. At March 31, 2023, $198.3 million remained available under the repurchase program. During the three months ended March 31, 2022, the Company repurchased 0.3 million shares for $39.7 million. All repurchased shares have been retired.

Government Support — During the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company participated in government support programs that were enacted in response to the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, including availing itself of certain tax deferrals and federal block grant funding in the United States.

During the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, $21.6 million and $25.3 million, respectively, was recorded as a reduction to cost of services in relation to these benefits, of which $7.4 million and $9.5 million, respectively, reduced the operating subsidies paid by employers for the related child care centers. Additionally during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, $0.6 million and $2.0 million, respectively, was recorded to revenue related to amounts received for tuition support.

As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, $2.5 million and $1.2 million, respectively, was recorded in prepaid expenses and other current assets on the consolidated balance sheet for amounts due from government support programs, and as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, $4.2 million and $4.6 million, respectively, was recorded to other current liabilities related to government support received related to future periods.

9

2. REVENUE RECOGNITION

Disaggregation of Revenue

The Company disaggregates revenue from contracts with customers into segments and geographical regions. Revenue disaggregated by segment and geographical region was as follows:

	Full service center-based child care		Back-up care		Educational advisory and other services		Total
	(In thousands)
Three months ended March 31, 2023
North America	$	284,584	$	88,820	$	27,085	$	400,489
International	145,607		7,510		—		153,117
	$	430,191	$	96,330	$	27,085	$	553,606
Three months ended March 31, 2022
North America	$	243,237	$	75,929	$	25,633	$	344,799
International	110,695		4,915		—		115,610
	$	353,932	$	80,844	$	25,633	$	460,409

The classification “North America” is comprised of the Company’s United States and Puerto Rico operations and the classification “International” includes the Company’s United Kingdom, Netherlands, Australia and India operations. On July 1, 2022, the Company acquired Only About Children, an operator of 75 child care centers in Australia. Refer to Note 4, Acquisitions, for additional information.

Deferred Revenue

The Company records deferred revenue when payments are received in advance of the Company’s performance under the contract, which is recognized as revenue as the performance obligation is satisfied. During the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, $140.8 million and $136.5 million was recognized as revenue related to the deferred revenue balance recorded at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

Remaining Performance Obligations

The Company does not disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for contracts with an original contract term of one year or less, or for variable consideration allocated to the unsatisfied performance obligation of a series of services. The transaction price allocated to the remaining performance obligations relates to services that are paid or invoiced in advance. The Company’s remaining performance obligations not subject to the practical expedients were not material.

3. LEASES

The Company has operating leases for certain of its full service and back-up early education and child care centers, corporate offices, call centers, and to a lesser extent, various office equipment, in the United States, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and Australia. Most of the leases expire within 10 to 15 years and many contain renewal options and/or termination provisions. As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, there were no material finance leases.

Lease Expense

The components of lease expense were as follows:

	Three months ended March 31,
	2023		2022
	(In thousands)
Operating lease expense (1)	$	37,968	$	32,528
Variable lease expense (1)	11,175		9,944
Total lease expense	$	49,143	$	42,472

(1) Excludes short-term lease expense and sublease income, which were immaterial for the periods presented.

10

Other Information

The weighted average remaining lease term and the weighted average discount rate were as follows:

	March 31, 2023	December 31, 2022
Weighted average remaining lease term (in years)	10	10
Weighted average discount rate	6.8%	6.7%

Maturity of Lease Liabilities

The following table summarizes the maturity of lease liabilities as of March 31, 2023:

	Operating Leases
	(In thousands)
Remainder of 2023	$	104,156
2024	149,215
2025	137,901
2026	130,215
2027	121,198
Thereafter	631,336
Total lease payments	1,274,021
Less imputed interest	(373,467)
Present value of lease liabilities	900,554
Less current portion of operating lease liabilities	(95,733)
Long-term operating lease liabilities	$	804,821

As of March 31, 2023, the Company had entered into additional operating leases that have not yet commenced with total fixed payment obligations of $23.5 million. The leases are expected to commence in fiscal 2023 and have initial lease terms of approximately 12 to 15 years.

4. ACQUISITIONS

The Company’s growth strategy includes expansion through strategic and synergistic acquisitions. The goodwill resulting from these acquisitions arises largely from synergies expected from combining the operations of the businesses acquired with the Company’s existing operations, including cost efficiencies and leveraging existing client relationships, as well as from benefits derived from gaining the related assembled workforce.

During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company paid contingent consideration of $0.2 million related to an acquisition completed in 2021, which had been recorded as a liability at the date of acquisition and is presented as cash used in financing activities in the consolidated statement of cash flows.

2022 Acquisitions

Only About Children

On July 1, 2022, the Company, through wholly-owned subsidiaries, completed the acquisition of the outstanding shares of Only About Children, a child care operator in Australia with approximately 75 early education and child care centers, for aggregate consideration of AUD$450 million (USD$310 million), which was accounted for as a business combination. The Company paid approximately AUD$300 million (USD$207 million), net of cash acquired and subject to customary purchase price adjustments, and will pay an additional USD$106.5 million 18 months after closing. In October 2022, the Company reached an agreement with the sellers on the final net working capital, resulting in a refund of AUD$2.6 million (USD$1.8 million), which was received in the fourth quarter of 2022. The present value of the deferred consideration of USD$97.7 million and USD$102.1 million at the acquisition date and March 31, 2023, respectively, is included in other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company incurred acquisition-related transaction costs of approximately $9.2 million, which were included in selling, general and administrative expenses. In addition, the Company recognized realized losses of $5.9 million in relation to foreign currency forward contracts for the purchase of Australian dollars entered into in connection with settling the purchase price for the acquisition. Refer to Note 6, Credit Arrangements and Debt Obligations, for additional information on the foreign currency forward contracts.

11

The purchase price for this acquisition has been allocated based on preliminary estimates of the fair values of the acquired assets and assumed liabilities at the date of acquisition as follows:

	At acquisition date as reported September 30, 2022		Measurement period adjustments		At acquisition date as reported March 31, 2023
	(In thousands)
Cash	$	4,705	$	—	$	4,705
Accounts receivable and prepaid expenses	4,295		(54)		4,241
Fixed assets	21,702		(1,051)		20,651
Goodwill	283,466		3,422		286,888
Intangible assets	30,945		(3,377)		27,568
Operating lease right of use assets	156,678		(3,698)		152,980
Total assets acquired	501,791		(4,758)		497,033
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	17,991		137		18,128
Deferred revenue and parent deposits	6,809		62		6,871
Deferred tax liabilities	3,392		(3,392)		—
Operating lease liabilities	161,405		(1,706)		159,699
Other long-term liabilities	5,458		141		5,599
Total liabilities assumed	195,055		(4,758)		190,297
Purchase price	$	306,736	$	—	$	306,736

The Company recorded goodwill of $286.9 million related to the full service center-based child care segment, which will not be deductible for tax purposes. Intangible assets consist of customer relationships of $19.7 million with a six year life and trade name of $7.9 million with an eleven year life.

The determination and allocation of purchase price consideration is based on preliminary estimates of fair value; such estimates and assumptions are subject to change within the measurement period (up to one year from the acquisition date). As of March 31, 2023, the purchase price allocation for Only About Children remains open as the Company gathers additional information regarding the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed, primarily in relation to the valuation of intangibles, fixed assets, contingencies, leases, and the Company’s assessment of tax related items.

The operating results for Only About Children are included in the consolidated results of operations from the date of acquisition, and are reported with the full service center-based child care segment. Only About Children contributed total revenue of $33.2 million during the three months ended March 31, 2023. Net income for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was not materially impacted by the acquisition of Only About Children.

The following table presents consolidated pro forma revenue as if the acquisition of Only About Children had occurred on January 1, 2021:

	Pro forma (Unaudited) Three months ended March 31, 2022
	(In thousands)
Revenue	$	492,588

Other than the impact of shifting the transaction costs incurred in 2022 to 2021, consolidated pro forma net income would not materially change from the reported results. In assessing the impact to the unaudited pro forma results we considered certain adjustments related to the acquisition, such as increased amortization expense related to the acquired intangible assets, adjusted depreciation associated with the fair value of the acquired fixed assets, and shifting of transaction costs.

12

Other 2022 Acquisitions

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company acquired one center in the United States, one center in the United Kingdom, and one center in the Netherlands, in three separate business acquisitions, which were each accounted for as a business combinations. These businesses were acquired for aggregate cash consideration of $6.0 million, net of cash acquired of $0.2 million, and consideration payable of $0.2 million. The Company recorded goodwill of $5.6 million related to the full service center-based child care segment in relation to these acquisitions, of which $1.9 million will be deductible for tax purposes. In addition, the Company recorded intangible assets of $1.0 million that will be amortized over four years in relation to these acquisitions.

The determination and allocation of purchase price consideration is based on preliminary estimates of fair value; such estimates and assumptions are subject to change within the measurement period (up to one year from the acquisition date). As of March 31, 2023, the purchase price allocation for each of the acquisitions remains open as the Company gathers additional information regarding the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed. The operating results for the acquired businesses are included in the consolidated results of operations from the date of acquisition, and were not material to the Company’s financial results.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company paid contingent consideration of $19.1 million related to an acquisition completed in 2019 and contingent consideration of $0.2 million related to an acquisition completed in 2021. Of the total amounts paid of $19.3 million, $13.9 million had been recorded as a liability at the date of acquisition and was presented as cash used in financing activities in the consolidated statement of cash flows with remaining amounts reflected as cash used in operating activities.

5. GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS

The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill were as follows:

	Full service center-based child care		Back-up care		Educational advisory and other services		Total
	(In thousands)
Balance at January 1, 2023	$	1,481,936	$	206,073	$	39,843	$	1,727,852
Adjustments to prior year acquisitions	227		—		—		227
Effect of foreign currency translation	3,157		522		—		3,679
Balance at March 31, 2023	$	1,485,320	$	206,595	$	39,843	$	1,731,758

The Company also has intangible assets, which consisted of the following at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

March 31, 2023	Weighted average amortization period	Cost		Accumulated amortization		Net carrying amount
		(In thousands)
Definite-lived intangible assets:
Customer relationships	12 years	$	398,585	$	(350,266)	$	48,319
Trade names	10 years	19,262		(10,726)		8,536
		417,847		(360,992)		56,855
Indefinite-lived intangible assets:
Trade names	N/A	180,400		—		180,400
		$	598,247	$	(360,992)	$	237,255

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December 31, 2022	Weighted average amortization period	Cost		Accumulated amortization		Net carrying amount
		(In thousands)
Definite-lived intangible assets:
Customer relationships	12 years	$	398,238	$	(341,918)	$	56,320
Trade names	10 years	19,231		(10,236)		8,995
		417,469		(352,154)		65,315
Indefinite-lived intangible assets:
Trade names	N/A	180,259		—		180,259
		$	597,728	$	(352,154)	$	245,574

The Company estimates that it will record amortization expense related to intangible assets existing as of March 31, 2023 as follows:

	Estimated amortization expense
	(In thousands)
Remainder of 2023	$	24,232
2024	16,534
2025	5,631
2026	4,579
2027	2,310
Thereafter	3,569
	$	56,855

6. CREDIT ARRANGEMENTS AND DEBT OBLIGATIONS

Senior Secured Credit Facilities

The Company’s senior secured credit facilities consist of a $600 million term loan B facility (“term loan B”) and a $400 million term loan A facility (“term loan A” and together with term loan B, the “term loan facilities” or “term loans”), as well as a $400 million multi-currency revolving credit facility (“revolving credit facility”).

Long-term debt obligations were as follows:

	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
	(In thousands)
Term loan B	$	592,500	$	594,000
Term loan A	387,500		390,000
Deferred financing costs and original issue discount	(6,124)		(6,419)
Total debt	973,876		977,581
Less current maturities	(16,000)		(16,000)
Long-term debt	$	957,876	$	961,581

On December 21, 2022, the Company amended its existing senior secured credit facilities to replace the LIBOR-based benchmark rate with a term SOFR benchmark rate, which did not alter the applicable interest rates held in effect prior to the change. The amendment was treated as a modification and the related transaction costs were expensed as incurred.

All borrowings under the credit facilities are subject to variable interest. The effective interest rate for the term loans was 6.97% and 6.49% at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, and the weighted average interest rate was 6.67% and 2.34% for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, prior to the effects of any interest rate hedge arrangements. The effective interest rate for the revolving credit facility was 7.53% and 6.51% at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, and the weighted average interest rate was 6.76% and 4.25% for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

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Term Loan B Facility

The seven-year term loan B matures on November 23, 2028 and requires quarterly principal payments equal to 1% per annum of the original aggregate principal amount of the term loan B, with the remaining principal balance due at maturity. Borrowings under the term loan B facility bear interest at a rate per annum of 1.25% over the base rate, or 2.25% over the adjusted term SOFR rate. The base rate is subject to an interest rate floor of 1.50% and the adjusted term SOFR rate is subject to an interest rate floor of 0.50%.

Term Loan A Facility

The five-year term loan A matures on November 23, 2026 and requires quarterly principal payments equal to 2.5% per annum of the original aggregate principal amount of the term loan A in each of the first three years, 5.0% in the fourth year, and 7.5% in the fifth year. The remaining principal balance is due at maturity. Borrowings under the term loan A facility bear interest at a rate per annum ranging from 0.50% to 0.75% over the base rate, or 1.50% to 1.75% over the adjusted term SOFR rate. The base rate is subject to an interest rate floor of 1.00% and the adjusted term SOFR rate is subject to an interest rate floor of 0.00%.

Revolving Credit Facility

The $400 million multi-currency revolving credit facility matures on May 26, 2026. At March 31, 2023, borrowings outstanding on the revolving credit facility were $44.5 million and letters of credit outstanding were $5.2 million, with $350.3 million available for borrowing. At December 31, 2022, borrowings outstanding on the revolving credit facility were $84.0 million and letters of credit outstanding were $5.2 million.

Borrowings under the revolving credit facility bear interest at a rate per annum ranging from 0.50% to 0.75% over the base rate, or 1.50% to 1.75% over the adjusted term SOFR rate. The base rate is subject to an interest rate floor of 1.00% and the adjusted term SOFR rate is subject to an interest rate floor of 0.00%.

Debt Covenants

All obligations under the senior secured credit facilities are secured by substantially all the assets of the Company’s material U.S. subsidiaries. The senior secured credit facilities contain a number of covenants that, among other things and subject to certain exceptions, may restrict the ability of Bright Horizons Family Solutions LLC, the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, and its restricted subsidiaries, to: incur liens; make investments, loans, advances and acquisitions; incur additional indebtedness or guarantees; pay dividends on capital stock or redeem, repurchase or retire capital stock or subordinated indebtedness; engage in transactions with affiliates; sell assets, including capital stock of the Company’s subsidiaries; alter the business conducted; enter into agreements restricting the Company’s subsidiaries’ ability to pay dividends; and consolidate or merge.

In addition, the credit agreement governing the senior secured credit facilities requires Bright Horizons Capital Corp., the Company’s direct subsidiary, to be a passive holding company, subject to certain exceptions. The term loan A and the revolving credit facility require Bright Horizons Family Solutions LLC, the borrower, and its restricted subsidiaries, to comply with a maximum first lien net leverage ratio not to exceed 4.25 to 1.00. A breach of the applicable covenant is subject to certain equity cure rights.

Future principal payments of long-term debt are as follows for the years ending December 31:

	Long-term debt
	(In thousands)
Remainder of 2023	$	12,000
2024	18,500
2025	28,500
2026	351,000
2027	6,000
Thereafter	564,000
Total future principal payments	$	980,000

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Derivative Financial Instruments

The Company is subject to interest rate risk, as all borrowings under the senior secured credit facilities are subject to variable interest rates. The Company’s risk management policy permits using derivative instruments to manage interest rate and other risks. The Company uses interest rate caps to manage a portion of the risk related to changes in cash flows from interest rate movements. On December 21, 2022, the Company amended its existing interest rate cap agreements in conjunction with the amendment to its senior secured credit facilities, and replaced the one-month LIBOR rate with the one-month term SOFR rate.

In June 2020, the Company entered into interest rate cap agreements with a total notional value of $800 million, designated and accounted for as cash flow hedges from inception, to provide the Company with interest rate protection in the event the one-month LIBOR rate increases above 1% (effective December 30, 2022, one-month term SOFR rate increases above 0.9%). Interest rate cap agreements for $300 million notional value have an effective date of June 30, 2020 and expire on October 31, 2023, while interest rate cap agreements for another $500 million notional amount have an effective date of October 29, 2021 and expire on October 31, 2023.

In December 2021, the Company entered into additional interest rate cap agreements with a total notional value of $900 million designated and accounted for as cash flow hedges from inception. Interest rate cap agreements for $600 million, which have a forward starting effective date of October 31, 2023 and expire on October 31, 2025, provide the Company with interest rate protection in the event the one-month LIBOR rate increases above 2.5% (effective December 30, 2022, one-month term SOFR rate increases above 2.4%). Interest rate cap agreements for $300 million, which have a forward starting effective date of October 31, 2023 and expire on October 31, 2026, provide the Company with interest rate protection in the event the one-month LIBOR rate increases above 3.0% (effective December 30, 2022, one-month term SOFR rate increases above 2.9%).

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company entered into foreign currency forward contracts in connection with an acquisition in Australia completed on July 1, 2022. The Company entered into the foreign currency forwards to lock the purchase price in US dollars at closing and mitigate the impact of foreign currency fluctuations between signing of the definitive purchase agreement on May 3, 2022 and closing. The forward contracts had a total notional value of approximately AUD$320 million, which included the expected payments for the purchase price and for letters of credit used to guarantee certain lease arrangements. The cash flows associated with the business combination do not meet the criteria to be designated and accounted for as a cash flow hedge and, as such, foreign currency gains and losses on these forwards are recorded on the consolidated statement of income. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recognized realized losses of $5.9 million in relation to these forwards due to fluctuations in the Australian dollar.

The fair value of the derivative financial instruments was as follows for the periods presented:

Derivative financial instruments	Consolidated balance sheet classification	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
		(In thousands)
Interest rate caps - asset	Prepaid and other current assets	$	17,980	$	25,464
Interest rate caps - asset	Other assets	$	23,619	$	28,553

The effect of the derivative financial instruments on other comprehensive income (loss) was as follows:

Derivatives designated as cash flow hedging instruments	Amount of gain (loss) recognized in other comprehensive income (loss)		Consolidated statement of income classification	Amount of net gain (loss) reclassified into earnings		Total effect on other comprehensive income (loss)
	(In thousands)			(In thousands)
Three months ended March 31, 2023
Cash flow hedges	$	(5,264)	Interest expense — net	$	6,976	$	(12,240)
Income tax effect	1,405		Income tax benefit (expense)	(1,863)		3,268
Net of income taxes	$	(3,859)		$	5,113	$	(8,972)
Three months ended March 31, 2022
Cash flow hedges	$	24,913	Interest expense — net	$	(103)	$	25,016
Income tax effect	(6,652)		Income tax expense	(449)		(6,203)
Net of income taxes	$	18,261		$	(552)	$	18,813

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During the next 12 months, the Company estimates that a net gain of $23.0 million, pre-tax, will be reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss and recorded as a reduction to interest expense related to these derivative financial instruments.

7. EARNINGS PER SHARE

The following tables set forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share using the two-class method:

	Three months ended March 31,
	2023		2022
	(In thousands, except share data)
Basic earnings per share:
Net income	$	8,126	$	19,406
Allocation of net income to common stockholders:
Common stock	$	8,098	$	19,324
Unvested participating shares	28		82
Net income	$	8,126	$	19,406
Weighted average common shares outstanding:
Common stock	57,603,866		59,094,724
Unvested participating shares	202,749		250,399
Earnings per common share:
Common stock	$	0.14	$	0.33

	Three months ended March 31,
	2023		2022
	(In thousands, except share data)
Diluted earnings per share:
Earnings allocated to common stock	$	8,098	$	19,324
Plus: earnings allocated to unvested participating shares	28		82
Less: adjusted earnings allocated to unvested participating shares	(28)		(82)
Earnings allocated to common stock	$	8,098	$	19,324
Weighted average common shares outstanding:
Common stock	57,603,866		59,094,724
Effect of dilutive securities	106,043		320,621
Weighted average common shares outstanding — diluted	57,709,909		59,415,345
Earnings per common share:
Common stock	$	0.14	$	0.33

Options outstanding to purchase 2.0 million and 1.2 million shares of common stock were excluded from diluted earnings per share for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, since their effect was anti-dilutive. These options may become dilutive in the future.

8. INCOME TAXES

The Company’s effective income tax rates were 54.2% and 19.5% for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The effective income tax rate may fluctuate from quarter to quarter for various reasons, including changes to income before income tax, jurisdictional mix of income before income tax, valuation allowances, jurisdictional income tax rate changes, as well as discrete items such as non-deductible transaction costs, the settlement of foreign, federal and state tax issues and the effects of excess (shortfall) tax benefit (expense) associated with the exercise or expiration of stock options and vesting of restricted stock, which is included in tax expense.

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During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the net shortfall tax expense from stock-based compensation expense increased tax expense by $2.1 million. During the three months ended March 31, 2022, the excess tax benefit from stock-based compensation expense decreased tax expense by $2.0 million. For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, prior to the inclusion of the excess (shortfall) tax benefit (expense), other discrete items and unbenefited losses in certain foreign jurisdictions, the effective income tax rate approximated 30% and 27%, respectively.

The Company’s unrecognized tax benefits were $4.0 million and $3.8 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, inclusive of interest. The Company does not expect the unrecognized tax benefits to change over the next twelve months.

The Company and its domestic subsidiaries are subject to U.S. federal income tax as well as tax in multiple state jurisdictions. U.S. federal income tax returns are typically subject to examination by the Internal Revenue Service and the statute of limitations for federal tax returns is three years. The Company’s filings for the tax years 2019 through 2021 are subject to audit based upon the federal statute of limitations.

State income tax returns are generally subject to examination for a period of three to four years after filing of the respective return. The state impact of any federal changes remains subject to examination by various states for a period of up to one year after formal notification to the states. The Company's filings for the tax years 2018 through 2021 are subject to audit based upon the statute of limitations.

The Company is also subject to corporate income tax for its subsidiaries located in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Australia, India, and Puerto Rico. The tax returns for the Company’s subsidiaries located in foreign jurisdictions are subject to examination for periods ranging from one to five years.

9. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Fair value measurements are classified using a three-level hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value into three levels and bases the categorization within the hierarchy upon the lowest level of input that is available and significant to the fair value measurement. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to observable inputs such as unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs. The Company uses observable inputs where relevant and whenever possible. The three levels of the hierarchy are defined as follows:

    Level 1 — Fair value is derived using quoted prices from active markets for identical instruments.

    Level 2 — Fair value is derived using quoted prices for similar instruments from active markets or for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; or, fair value is based on model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs and significant value drivers are observable from active markets.

    Level 3 — Fair value is derived from valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs or significant value drivers are unobservable.

The carrying value of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, and accounts payable and accrued expenses approximates their fair value because of their short-term nature.

Financial instruments that potentially expose the Company to concentrations of credit risk consisted mainly of cash and accounts receivable. The Company mitigates its exposure by maintaining its cash in financial institutions of high credit standing. The Company’s accounts receivable is derived primarily from the services it provides, and the related credit risk is dispersed across many clients in various industries with no single client accounting for more than 10% of the Company's net revenue or accounts receivable. No significant credit concentration risk existed at March 31, 2023.

Long-term Debt — The Company’s long-term debt is recorded at adjusted cost, net of original issue discounts and deferred financing costs. The fair value of the Company’s long-term debt is based on current bid prices or prices for similar instruments from active markets. As such, the Company’s long-term debt was classified as Level 2. As of March 31, 2023, the carrying value and estimated fair value of long-term debt was $980.0 million and $968.2 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, the estimated fair value approximated the carrying value of long-term debt.

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Derivative Financial Instruments — The Company’s interest rate cap agreements are recorded at fair value and estimated using market-standard valuation models. Such models project future cash flows and discount the future amounts to a present value using market-based observable inputs. Additionally, the fair value of the interest rate caps included consideration of credit risk. The Company used a potential future exposure model to estimate this credit valuation adjustment (“CVA”). The inputs to the CVA were largely based on observable market data, with the exception of certain assumptions regarding credit worthiness. As the magnitude of the CVA was not a significant component of the fair value of the interest rate caps, it was not considered a significant input. The fair value of the interest rate caps are classified as Level 2. As of March 31, 2023, the fair value of the interest rate cap agreements was $41.6 million, of which $18.0 million was recorded in prepaid expenses and other current assets and $23.6 million was recorded in other assets on the consolidated balance sheet. At December 31, 2022, the fair value of the interest rate cap agreements was $54.1 million, of which $25.5 million was recorded in prepaid expenses and other current assets and $28.6 million was recorded in other assets on the consolidated balance sheet.

Debt Securities — The Company’s investments in debt securities, which are classified as available-for-sale, consist of U.S. Treasury and U.S. government agency securities and certificates of deposit. These securities are held in escrow by the Company’s wholly-owned captive insurance company and were purchased with restricted cash. As such, these securities are not available to fund the Company’s operations. These securities are recorded at fair value using quoted prices available in active markets and are classified as Level 1. As of March 31, 2023, the fair value of the available-for-sale debt securities was $30.6 million and was classified based on the instruments’ maturity dates, with $16.8 million included in prepaid expenses and other current assets and $13.8 million in other assets on the consolidated balance sheet. As of December 31, 2022, the fair value of the available-for-sale debt securities was $29.6 million, with $17.7 million included in prepaid expenses and other current assets and $11.9 million in other assets on the consolidated balance sheet. At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the amortized cost was $29.6 million and $29.8 million, respectively. The debt securities held at March 31, 2023 had remaining maturities ranging from less than one year to approximately 2 years. Unrealized gains and losses, net of tax, on available-for-sale debt securities were immaterial for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022.

Liabilities for Contingent Consideration — The Company is subject to contingent consideration arrangements in connection with certain business combinations. Liabilities for contingent consideration are measured at fair value each reporting period, with the acquisition-date fair value included as part of the consideration payable for the related business combination and subsequent changes in fair value recorded to selling, general and administrative expenses on the Company’s consolidated statement of income. The fair value of contingent consideration was generally calculated using customary valuation models based on probability-weighted outcomes of meeting certain future performance targets and forecasted results. The key inputs to the valuations are the projections of future financial results in relation to the businesses and the company-specific discount rates. The Company classified the contingent consideration liabilities as a Level 3 fair value measurement due to the lack of observable inputs used in the model. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, contingent consideration liabilities of $0.2 million were paid related to acquisitions completed 2021. The contingent consideration liabilities outstanding as of March 31, 2023 relate to an acquisition completed in 2021.

The following table provides a roll forward of the recurring Level 3 fair value measurements:

	Three months ended March 31, 2023
	(In thousands)
Balance at January 1, 2023	$	8,997
Settlement of contingent consideration liabilities	(225)
Changes in fair value	418
Balance at March 31, 2023	$	9,190

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10. ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

Accumulated other comprehensive loss, which is included as a component of stockholders’ equity, is comprised of foreign currency translation adjustments and unrealized gains (losses) on cash flow hedges and investments, net of tax.

The changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) by component were as follows:

	Three months ended March 31, 2023
	Foreign currency translation adjustments (1)		Unrealized gain (loss) on cash flow hedges		Unrealized gain (loss) on investments		Total
	(In thousands)
Balance at January 1, 2023	$	(105,138)	$	34,738	$	(229)	$	(70,629)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications — net of tax	6,880		(3,859)		59		3,080
Less: amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) — net of tax	—		5,113		(14)		5,099
Net other comprehensive income (loss)	6,880		(8,972)		73		(2,019)
Balance at March 31, 2023	$	(98,258)	$	25,766	$	(156)	$	(72,648)

	Three months ended March 31, 2022
	Foreign currency translation adjustments (1)		Unrealized gain (loss) on cash flow hedges		Unrealized gain (loss) on investments		Total
	(In thousands)
Balance at January 1, 2022	$	(38,073)	$	738	$	(24)	$	(37,359)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications — net of tax	(17,006)		18,261		(113)		1,142
Less: amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) — net of tax	—		(552)		—		(552)
Net other comprehensive income (loss)	(17,006)		18,813		(113)		1,694
Balance at March 31, 2022	$	(55,079)	$	19,551	$	(137)	$	(35,665)