FASB ASC Topic 820

, Fair Value Measurements,

provides the framework for measuring fair value. That framework provides a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy under FASB ASC Topic 820 are described as follows:

Level 1:

Inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices, unadjusted, for identical assets or liabilities in active markets. A quoted market price in an active market provides the most reliable evidence of fair value and shall be used to measure fair value whenever available.

Level 2:

Inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted market prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; quoted market prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active; or inputs that are derived principally from or can be corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means.

Level 3:

Inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement. Level 3 assets and liabilities include financial instruments whose value is determined using discounted cash flow methodologies, as well as instruments for which the determination of fair value requires significant management judgment or estimation.

A description of the valuation methodologies used for instruments measured at fair value, as well as the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy, is set forth below. These valuation methodologies were applied to all of the Company’s financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value or the lower of cost or fair value. The tables below present the balances of financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring and nonrecurring basis as of December 31, 2018 and September 30, 2018. The Company had no liabilities measured at fair value as of September 30, 2018.

	Carrying Value
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
	(In thousands)
December 31, 2018:
Assets Measured - Recurring Basis:
Securities available for sale:
Agency mortgage-backed	$	-	$	24,193	$	-	$	24,193
Agency CMO		-		12,049		-		12,049
Privately-issued CMO		-		1,492		-		1,492
Privately-issued ABS		-		1,589		-		1,589
SBA certificates		-		1,318		-		1,318
Municipal		-		145,619		-		145,619
Total securities available for sale	$	-	$	186,260	$	-	$	186,260
Residential mortgage loans held for sale – fair value option elected	$	-	$	15,920	$	-	$	15,920
Derivative assets (included in other assets)	$	-	$	-	$	658	$	658
Liabilities Measured – Recurring Basis:
Derivative liabilities (included in other liabilities)	$	-	$	132	$	-	$	132

Assets Measured - Nonrecurring Basis:
Impaired loans:
Residential real estate	$	-	$	-	$	4,922	$	4,922
Commercial real estate		-		-		7,194		7,194
Land and land development		-		-		-		-
Commercial business		-		-		294		294
Consumer		-		-		301		301
Total impaired loans	$	-	$	-	$	12,711	$	12,711
SBA loans held for sale	$	-	$	-	$	22,032	$	22,032
Loan servicing rights	$	-	$	-	$	2,554	$	2,554
Other real estate owned, held for sale:
Residential real estate	$	-	$	-	$	122	$	122
Commercial real estate		-		-		110		110
Total other real estate owned	$	-	$	-	$	232	$	232

	Carrying Value
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
	(In thousands)
September 30, 2018:
Assets Measured - Recurring Basis:
Securities available for sale:
Agency mortgage-backed	$	-	$	31,130	$	-	$	31,130
Agency CMO		-		10,441		-		10,441
Privately-issued CMO		-		1,579		-		1,579
Privately-issued ABS		-		1,884		-		1,884
SBA certificates		-		1,351		-		1,351
Municipal		-		137,988		-		137,988
Total securities available for sale	$	-	$	184,373	$	-	$	184,373
Residential mortgage loans held for sale – fair value option elected	$	-	$	9,952	$	-	$	9,952
Derivative assets (included in other assets)	$	-	$	41	$	380	$	421
Assets Measured - Nonrecurring Basis:
Impaired loans:
Residential real estate	$	-	$	-	$	5,100	$	5,100
Commercial real estate		-		-		7,227		7,227
Land and land development		-		-		27		27
Commercial business		-		-		231		231
Consumer		-		-		231		231
Total impaired loans	$	-	$	-	$	12,816	$	12,816
Residential mortgage loans held for sale – fair value option not elected	$	-	$	514	$	-	$	514
SBA loans held for sale	$	-	$	21,659	$	-	$	21,659
Loan servicing rights	$	-	$	-	$	2,405	$	2,405
Other real estate owned, held for sale:
Residential real estate	$	-	$	-	$	103	$	103
Total other real estate owned	$	-	$	-	$	103	$	103

Fair value is based upon quoted market prices where available. If quoted market prices are not available, fair value is based on internally developed models or obtained from third parties that primarily use, as inputs, observable market-based parameters or a matrix pricing model that employs the Bond Market Association’s standard calculations for cash flow and price/yield analysis and observable market-based parameters. Valuation adjustments may be made to ensure that financial instruments are recorded at fair value, or at the lower of cost or fair value. These adjustments may include unobservable parameters. Any such valuation adjustments have been applied consistently over time.

The Company’s valuation methodologies may produce a fair value calculation that may not be indicative of net realizable value or reflective of future fair values. While management believes the Company’s valuation methodologies are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies or assumptions to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different estimate of fair value at the reporting date. Other than SBA loans held for sale (see discussion below), there have been no changes in the valuation techniques and related inputs used for assets measured at fair value on a recurring and nonrecurring basis during the three-month period ended December 31, 2018.

Securities Available for Sale.

Securities classified as available for sale are reported at fair value on a recurring basis. These securities are classified as Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy where quoted market prices from reputable third-party brokers are available in an active market. If quoted market prices are not available, the Company obtains fair value measurements from an independent pricing service. These securities are reported using Level 2 inputs and the fair value measurements consider observable data that may include dealer quotes, market spreads, cash flows, U.S. government and agency yield curves, live trading levels, trade execution data, market consensus prepayment speeds, credit information, and the security’s terms and conditions, among other factors. For securities where quoted market prices, market prices of similar securities or prices from an independent third party pricing service are not available, fair values are calculated using discounted cash flows or other market indicators and are classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. Changes in fair value of securities available for sale are recorded in other comprehensive income, net of income tax effect.

Residential Mortgage Loans Held for Sale

. Prior to June 30, 2018, residential mortgage loans held for sale were carried at the lower of cost or market value. Effective July 1, 2018, the Company elected to record substantially all of its residential mortgage loans held for sale at fair value in accordance with FASB ASC 825-10. The fair value of residential mortgage loans held for sale is based on specific prices of the underlying contracts for sale to investors or current secondary market prices for loans with similar characteristics, and is classified as level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

SBA Loans Held for Sale

. SBA loans held for sale are carried at the lower of cost or market value. At September 30, 2018, the fair value of SBA loans held for sale was obtained from an independent third party pricing firm based on specific prices of the underlying contracts for sale to investors or current secondary market prices for loans with similar characteristics, and was classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. At December 31, 2018, the fair value of SBA loans held for sale reflects management’s estimate based on the weighted average price of SBA loans sold to investors during the prior quarter and is classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.

Derivative Financial Instruments

. Derivative financial instruments consist of mortgage banking interest rate lock commitments and forward mortgage loan sale commitments. The fair value of forward mortgage loan sale commitments is obtained from an independent third party and is based on the gain or loss that would occur if the Company were to pair-off the sales transaction with the investor. The fair value of forward mortgage loan sale commitments is classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

The fair value of interest rate lock commitments is also obtained from an independent third party and is based on investor prices for the underlying loans or current secondary market prices for loans with similar characteristics, less estimated costs to originate the loans and adjusted for the anticipated funding probability (pull-through rate). The fair value of interest rate lock commitments is classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.

The realized and unrealized gains recognized in earnings in the table above are included in mortgage banking income on the accompanying consolidated statements of income. Gains recognized in earnings for the three months ended December 31, 2018 attributable to Level 3 assets held at the balance sheet date were $658,000.

Impaired loans are measured at the present value of estimated future cash flows using the loan's effective interest rate or the fair value of the collateral if the loan is a collateral-dependent loan. At December 31, 2018 and September 30, 2018, all impaired loans were considered to be collateral dependent for the purpose of determining fair value. Collateral may be real estate and/or business assets, including equipment, inventory and/or accounts receivable, and its fair value is generally determined based on real estate appraisals or other independent evaluations by qualified professionals. The appraisals are generally then discounted by management in order to reflect management’s estimate of the fair value of the collateral given the current market conditions and the condition of the collateral. At December 31, 2018 and September 30, 2018, the significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of impaired loans included discounts from appraised value ranging from 0.0% to 15.0% and estimated costs to sell the collateral ranging from 0.0% to 6.0%. During the three-month periods ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company recognized provisions for loan losses of $194,000 and $2,000, respectively, for impaired loans.

Loan Servicing Rights

. Loan servicing rights represent the value associated with servicing SBA loans that have been sold. The fair value of loan servicing rights is determined on a quarterly basis by an independent third party valuation model using market-based discount rate and prepayment assumptions, and is classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy. At December 31, 2018, the significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of loan servicing rights included discount rates ranging from 10.28% to 21.19% with a weighted average of 13.10% and prepayment speed assumptions ranging from 5.03% to 16.38% with a weighted average rate of 11.18%. At September 30, 2018, the significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of loan servicing rights included discount rates ranging from 10.84% to 23.22% with a weighted average of 14.63% and prepayment speed assumptions ranging from 4.32% to 14.43% with a weighted average rate of 10.08%. Impairment of the loan servicing rights is recognized on a quarterly basis through a valuation allowance to the extent that fair value is less than the carrying amount. The Company did not recognize any impairment charges on loan servicing rights for the three-month periods ended December 31, 2018 and 2017.

Other real estate owned is reported at fair value, less estimated costs to dispose of the property. The fair values are determined by real estate appraisals, which are then generally discounted by management in order to reflect management’s estimate of the fair value of the property given current market conditions and the condition of the property. At December 31, 2018, the significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of other real estate owned included a discount from appraised value (including estimated costs to sell the property) ranging from 15.0% to 18.4% with a weighted average of 15.9%. At September 30, 2018, the significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of other real estate owned included a discount from appraised value (including estimated costs to sell the property) ranging from 15.0% to 100.0% with a weighted average of 48.9%. The Company did not recognize any charges to write down other real estate owned to fair value for the three month period ended December 31, 2018. The Company recognized charges of $10,000 to write down other real estate owned to fair value for the three month period ended December 31, 2017.

Transfers Between Categories.

As previously described, management used different valuation methodologies related to SBA loans held for sale at December 31, 2018 and September 30, 2018, resulting in a change in classification from Level 2 to Level 3 for those types of instruments. Other than that change, there were no transfers into or out of Levels 1, 2, or 3 of the fair value hierarchy for the three month periods ended December 31, 2018 and 2017.

Financial Instruments Recorded Using Fair Value Option.

Under FASB ASC 825-10, the Company may elect to report most financial instruments and certain other items at fair value on an instrument-by-instrument basis, with changes in fair value reported in income. The election is made at the acquisition of an eligible financial asset or financial liability, and may not be revoked once made.

The Company has elected the fair value option for substantially all of its residential mortgage loans held for sale effective July 1, 2018, including all loans originated by the newly formed wholesale lending division. These loans are intended for sale and the Company believes that the fair value is the best indicator of the resolution of these loans. Interest income is recorded based on the contractual terms of the loans and in accordance with the Company’s policy on loans held for investment. None of these loans were 90 days or more past due, nor were any on nonaccrual status as of December 31, 2018 or September 30, 2018.

GAAP requires disclosure of fair value information about financial instruments for interim reporting periods, whether or not recognized in the consolidated balance sheet. In cases where quoted market prices are not available, fair values are based on estimates using present value or other valuation techniques. Those techniques are significantly affected by the assumptions used, including the discount rate and estimates of future cash flows. In that regard, the derived fair value estimates cannot be substantiated by comparison to independent markets and, in many cases, could not be realized in immediate settlement of the instruments. Accordingly, the aggregate fair value amounts presented do not represent the underlying value of the Company. The carrying amounts and estimated fair values of the Company's financial instruments are as follows. In accordance with the Company’s adoption of Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-01 effective October 1, 2018, the table below for December 31, 2018 presents the fair values measured using an exit price notion. The fair value of loans at September 30, 2018 was measured using an entry price notion.

	Carrying		Fair Value Measurements Using:
	Amount		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
	(In thousands)
December 31, 2018:
Financial assets:
Cash and due from banks	$	11,524	$	11,524	$	-	$	-
Interest-bearing deposits with banks		24,820		24,820		-		-
Interest-bearing time deposits		2,991		-		2,978		-
Securities available for sale		186,260		-		186,260		-
Securities held to maturity		2,570		-		2,897		-
Residential mortgage loans held for sale		15,920		-		15,920		-
SBA loans held for sale		22,032		-		-		24,128

Loans, net		734,061		-		-		698,595

FRB and FHLB stock		10,196		N/A		N/A		N/A
Accrued interest receivable		4,808		-		4,808		-
Loan servicing rights (included in other assets)		2,554		-		-		2,614
Derivative assets (included in other assets)		658		-		-		658
Financial liabilities:
Deposits		832,073		-		-		830,814
Short-term repurchase agreements		1,352		-		1,352		-
Borrowings from FHLB		107,019		-		102,984		-
Subordinated note		19,678		-		19,678		-
Accrued interest payable		996		-		996		-
Advance payments by borrowers for taxes and insurance		855		-		855		-
Derivative liabilities (included in other liabilities)		132		-		132		-

	Carrying		Fair Value Measurements Using:
	Amount		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
	(In thousands)
September 30, 2018:
Financial assets:
Cash and due from banks	$	14,191	$	14,191	$	-	$	-
Interest-bearing deposits with banks		28,083		28,083		-		-
Interest-bearing time deposits		2,501		-		2,494		-
Securities available for sale		184,373		-		184,373		-
Securities held to maturity		2,607		-		2,896		-
Residential mortgage loans held for sale		10,466		-		10,476		-
SBA loans held for sale		21,659		-		23,488		-
Loans, net		704,271		-		-		673,652
FRB and FHLB stock		9,621		N/A		N/A		N/A
Accrued interest receivable		4,287		-		4,287		-
Loan servicing rights (included in other assets)		2,405		-		-		2,405
Derivative assets (included in other assets)		421		-		41		380

Financial liabilities:
Deposits		811,112		-		-		809,305
Short-term repurchase agreements		1,352		-		1,352		-
Borrowings from FHLB		90,000		-		84,175		-
Subordinated note		19,661		-		19,661		-
Accrued interest payable		743		-		743		-
Advance payments by borrowers for taxes and insurance		1,218		-		1,218		-