8. PROGRAMS AND PROGRAM LICENSES

Programs and program licenses consisted of the following:

	December 31,
(in thousands)		2017			2016
Cost of programs available for broadcast		$	2,758,730		$	2,610,364
Accumulated amortization			(1,971,839	)		(1,823,985	)
Cost of programs available for broadcast, net			786,891			786,379
Progress payments on programs not yet available for broadcast			322,411			305,021
Total programs and program licenses		$	1,109,302		$	1,091,400

In addition to the programs produced or licensed by us included in the table above, we have commitments to produce or license certain programming that is not yet available for broadcast. Additional remaining obligations under contracts to produce or license programs not yet available for broadcast totaled approximately $424.1 million and $408.4 million as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. If the programs are not produced by us or the licensor, our commitment would generally expire without obligation.

Actual amortization in each of the next five years will exceed the amounts currently recorded as assets and presented above, as we will continue to produce and license additional programs. Estimated amortization of recorded program assets and the remaining obligations under contracts to purchase or license programs not yet available for broadcast, for each of the next five years is as follows:

	Programs		Programs Not
	Available for		Yet Available
(in thousands)	Broadcast		for Broadcast		Total
2018	$	454,603	$	318,718	$	773,321
2019		221,377		207,152		428,529
2020		83,874		80,072		163,946
2021		23,817		30,510		54,327
2022		2,835		9,659		12,494
Later years		385		6		391
Total	$	786,891	$	646,117	$	1,433,008

Programming, which consists of program amortization and program impairments, is included within cost of services in our consolidated statements of operations. Program impairments totaled $86.7 million in 2017, $90.7 million in 2016 and $70.4 million in 2015.