Note 1. Description of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Operations

Apptio, Inc. or the Company, was incorporated on October 2, 2007 and is headquartered in Bellevue, Washington. The Company develops and sells Technology Business Management, or TBM, solutions. The Company’s cloud-based platform and SaaS applications enable IT leaders to analyze, optimize and plan technology investments, and benchmark their financial and operational performance against peers. The Company operates in the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, Denmark, the Netherlands, Australia, Canada, France and Singapore.

Initial Public Offering

In September 2016, the Company completed an initial public offering, or IPO, in which the Company sold 6,900,000 shares of its newly-authorized Class A common stock at the initial price to public of $16.00 per share. The Company received net proceeds of $99.0 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses, from sales of its shares in the IPO. Immediately prior to the completion of the IPO, (1) all shares of common stock then outstanding were converted to Class B common stock on a one-for-one basis, (2) common stock warrants then outstanding were converted to warrants to purchase 47,893 shares of Class B common stock on a one-for-one basis, (3) a warrant to purchase 27,321 shares of convertible preferred stock was converted to a warrant to purchase 27,321 shares of Class B common stock, and (4) all shares of convertible preferred stock then outstanding were converted into 18,239,475 shares of the Company’s common stock on a one-for-one basis, and then reclassified as shares of Class B common stock. See Note 6 for further discussion of Class A and B common stock.

As of December 31, 2016, 6,900,000 shares of the Company’s Class A common stock and 31,437,741 shares of the Company’s Class B common stock were outstanding.

Deferred Offering Costs

Deferred offering costs of $3.7 million, consisting of legal, accounting and other costs related to the IPO, were reclassified to additional paid-in capital as a reduction of the proceeds upon the closing of our IPO on September 28, 2016.

Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.

Accounting Principles

The consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes were prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, or GAAP.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates.

Certain Significant Risks and Uncertainties

The Company continues to be subject to the risks and challenges associated with other companies at a similar stage of development, including risks associated with: dependence on key personnel; successful marketing and sale of its solutions and adaptation of such solutions to changing market dynamics and customer preferences; competition from alternative products and services, including from larger companies that have greater name recognition, longer operating histories, more and better established customer relationships and greater resources than the Company; and the ability to raise additional capital to support future growth. Since inception through December 31, 2016, the Company has incurred losses from operations, and accumulated a deficit of $200.3 million, and has been dependent on equity and debt financing to fund operations.

Operating Segments

The Company follows the authoritative literature that establishes annual and interim reporting standards for an enterprise’s operating segments and related disclosures about its products and services, geographic regions and major customers.

The Company operates its business as one operating segment. Its chief operating decision makers, or CODMs, are its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer. The CODMs review separate revenue information for the Company’s subscription and professional services revenue, and all other financial information presented on a consolidated basis, for purposes of making operating decisions, assessing financial performance and allocating resources.

Foreign Currency

The functional currency of the Company’s international subsidiaries is the U.S. dollar. The results of operations for the Company’s international subsidiaries are remeasured from the local currency into U.S. dollars using average exchange rates during each period. The majority of assets and liabilities are remeasured using exchange rates at the end of each period. All equity transactions and certain assets are remeasured using historical rates.

Comprehensive Loss

Certain gains and losses are recognized in comprehensive loss, but excluded from net loss. Comprehensive loss includes net loss and unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid investments, including money market investments with an original maturity of three months or less at the date of purchase, to be cash equivalents.

Investments

The Company classifies its investment securities as available-for-sale. Investment securities are stated at fair value with any unrealized gains or losses included as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in stockholders’ equity (deficit). Realized gains and losses and declines in value of securities judged to be other than temporary are included in interest income (expense) and other, net. The cost of investments for purposes of computing realized and unrealized gains and losses is based on the specific identification method. Investments in securities with maturities of less than one year, or where management’s intent is to use the investments to fund current operations, are classified as short-term investments. Investments with maturities of greater than one year are classified as long-term investments.

Restricted Cash

Included in long-term assets at December 31, 2015 is restricted cash of $2.5 million, for an irrevocable letter of credit in relation to an office lease for the Company’s corporate headquarters in Bellevue, WA. This letter of credit was still in effect as of December 31, 2016; however, the requirement to maintain $2.5 million in cash collateral was removed in connection with the amendment of the senior credit facility in April 2016. This letter of credit names the lessor as the beneficiary, and is required to fulfill lease requirements if the Company should default on the office lease obligation.

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within the consolidated balance sheets that sum to the total of the same such amounts as shown in the consolidated statement of cash flows (in thousands):

	December 31,
	2016		2015

Cash and cash equivalents	$	42,007	$	17,256
Restricted cash		—		2,500
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash shown in the consolidated statements of cash flows	$	42,007	$	19,756

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

At December 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company has the following financial instruments: cash equivalents, marketable securities, accounts receivable, restricted cash, accounts payable and accrued liabilities. The Company no longer has restricted cash at December 31, 2016.

The fair value of the Company’s accounts receivable, restricted cash, accounts payable, and certain accrued liabilities approximates their respective carrying amounts. The Company measures its cash equivalents, marketable securities, and preferred stock warrants using the fair value measurement principles under GAAP, which requires that fair value be based on the assumptions that market participants would use when pricing an asset or liability.

Fair value principles require disclosures regarding the manner in which fair value is determined for assets and liabilities and establishes a three-tiered fair value hierarchy into which these assets and liabilities must be grouped, based upon significant levels of inputs as follows:

Level 1

Observable inputs, such as quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities at the measurement date.

Level 2

Observable inputs, other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices in active markets for similar assets and liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

Level 3

Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.

The lowest level of significant input determines the placement of the entire fair value measurement in the hierarchy. Management’s assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires management to make judgments and consider factors specific to the asset or liability.

Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

The Company performs initial and ongoing evaluations of its customers’ financial positions, and generally extends credit on account, without collateral. The Company determines the need for an allowance for doubtful accounts based upon various factors, including past collection experience, credit quality of the customer, age of the receivable balance, and current economic conditions.

If the financial condition of the Company’s customers were to deteriorate, resulting in an impairment of their ability to make payments, additional allowances might be required. Accounts are charged against the allowance for doubtful accounts once collection efforts are unsuccessful.

Activity within the allowance for doubtful accounts was as follows (in thousands):

	December 31,
	2016			2015			2014

Balance at beginning of period	$	289		$	450		$	288
Charges, net of reversals		(93	)		(3	)		176
Write-offs		(74	)		(158	)		(14	)
Balance at end of period	$	122		$	289		$	450

Concentration of Credit Risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk are primarily cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and accounts receivable. The Company maintains its cash accounts with financial institutions where, at times, deposits exceed federal insurance limits. The Company has credit risk regarding trade accounts receivable. One customer accounted for 10.5% of accounts receivable at December 31, 2015. No individual customer represented more than 10% of accounts receivable at December 31, 2016. No individual customer represented more than 10% of revenue during 2016, 2015 or 2014.

Advertising

Advertising costs are charged to operations as incurred or the first time the advertising takes place, based on the nature of the advertising, and include direct marketing, events, public relations, sales collateral materials and partner programs. Advertising expenses were approximately $7.4 million, $7.5 million and $6.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively

Interest Expense

Interest expense consists of interest on capital leases and debt, and fair value adjustments for the Company’s preferred stock warrant liability. No interest was capitalized during 2016, 2015 or 2014.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are recorded at cost and depreciated over their estimated useful lives using the straight-line method and the following estimated useful lives:

Computer and office equipment		2-3 years
Software		1-3 years
Furniture		3 years

Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the lease term or the estimated useful life of the related asset. Upon retirement or sale, the cost of assets disposed of, and the related accumulated depreciation, is removed from the accounts and any resulting gain or loss is reflected in the consolidated statements of operations. Repair and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred.

In 2014, the Company recorded an asset retirement obligation related to certain leased facilities and a corresponding leasehold improvement which is depreciated over the expected term of the lease. Revisions to either the timing or the amount of the original expected cash flows are recorded to the related assets and liabilities. The accrued asset retirement obligation is included in other long-term liabilities. The asset retirement obligation in total, and the period over period changes for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, are immaterial to the financial statements.

Preferred Stock Warrant Liability

The Company classified its warrants to purchase preferred stock as a liability. The Company adjusted the carrying value of the warrant liability to fair value at the end of each reporting period utilizing the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The preferred stock warrant liability is included on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets and its warrant revaluation is recorded as interest expense and is included in interest income (expense) and other, net. Immediately prior to the completion of the IPO, the warrant to purchase shares of convertible preferred stock was converted to a warrant to purchase shares of Class B common stock and was no longer classified as a liability on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. On September 26, 2016, the warrant holder exercised the warrant and the Company issued shares of Class B common stock through a cashless exercise of the warrant, in accordance with its terms. See Note 5 for additional information.

Revenue Recognition

The Company derives its revenue from two sources: (1) subscription revenue, which is comprised of subscription fees from customers utilizing the Company’s applications, fees for additional support beyond the standard support that is included in the basic subscription fees, which are referred to as premium support offerings, and fees for subscription based online training offerings; and (2) professional services, which consist of fees associated with the implementation and configuration of the Company’s applications, as well as fees for in-person training and TBM Council conference registration and sponsorship fees. Implementation and configuration services primarily consist of consultative services, such as data mapping and establishing best practices. Implementation and configuration services do not result in any significant customization or modification of the software platform or user interface. The Company presents revenue from each of these sources separately in its consolidated statements of operations.

The Company recognizes revenue when all of the following conditions are met: (1) there is persuasive evidence of an arrangement; (2) the service has been provided to the customer; (3) the collection of related fees is reasonably assured; and (4) the amount of fees to be paid by the customer is fixed or determinable. If collection is not reasonably assured, the Company defers the revenue recognition until collectability becomes reasonably assured. In addition, in instances where final acceptance of non-standard service deliverables are required before revenue is recognized, revenue and the associated costs are deferred until all acceptance criteria have been met. The Company’s arrangements do not contain general rights of return.

The Company enters into arrangements with multiple deliverables that primarily include subscription and professional services, but may also include premium support, online training and in-person training. The professional services are not considered essential to the functionality of the software. To qualify as a separate unit of accounting, the delivered item must have value to the customer on a stand-alone basis. The Company believes its subscription offerings and its professional services offerings have stand-alone value. The Company’s subscriptions have stand-alone value because such services are often sold separately from other professional services. The Company’s professional services have stand-alone value because those services may be sold separately by other vendors and there are trained third-party consultants capable of performing the professional services. Deliverables that are accounted for separately consist of software subscription, professional services, premium support and online and in-person training.

When arrangements involve multiple elements that qualify as separate units of accounting, the Company allocates revenue to each deliverable in a multiple-deliverable arrangement based upon its relative selling price. The estimated selling price for each element is based upon the following hierarchy, in order of priority: (1) vender-specific objective evidence, or VSOE, of selling price, if available; (2) third-party evidence, or TPE, of selling price, if VSOE of selling price is not available; or (3) best estimate of selling price, or BESP, if neither VSOE of selling price nor TPE of selling price is available.

The Company determines VSOE of selling price based on historical stand-alone sales to customers. In determining VSOE, the Company requires that a substantial majority of the selling prices for its subscription or professional services fall within a reasonably narrow pricing range of the applicable median selling price. The Company has not yet been able to establish VSOE for its subscription and professional services because it has not historically priced its service offerings within a sufficiently narrow range. When VSOE cannot be established, the Company applies judgment with respect to whether it can establish a selling price based on TPE. TPE is determined based on third-party prices for similar deliverables when sold separately. Generally, the Company’s pricing strategy differs from that of its peers and its services and solutions contain a significant level of differentiation such that the comparable pricing of other offerings with similar functionality cannot be obtained. Furthermore, the Company is unable to reliably determine what similar competitor services’ selling prices are on a stand-alone basis. As a result, the Company uses BESP as the selling price for its services.

The Company estimates BESP for subscriptions, premium support and online training based on the historical amounts for such deliverables on a stand-alone basis. The BESP for professional services is based on the historical average rate per hour charged, and BESP for in-person training is based on historical amounts on a per-seat basis.

The Company recognizes revenue for subscription fees from customers utilizing its applications ratably over the subscription term, which are typically one to three years. The Company’s subscription arrangements generally do not allow the customer the contractual right to take possession of the software; as such, the arrangements are considered to be service contracts. In those limited situations where the customer takes possession of the software, the Company follows the guidance in Accounting Standards Codification, or ASC, 985, Software Revenue Recognition. Fees for premium support offerings and subscription-based online training are generally one-year agreements billed upfront, and are recognized ratably over the term of the support or training agreement. The Company’s premium support offerings include all of the Company’s standard incident support services, with enhanced response times, dedicated support resources, access to architecture and configuration experts and other services not included with standard support. The Company’s subscription-based online training provides self-directed training for customers via access to recorded training sessions.

Professional services revenue consists of fees associated with application configuration, integration, change management, education and training services, and conference registration and sponsorship fees. The Company’s professional services engagements are priced either on a time-and-materials basis or on a fixed-fee basis. The duration of the Company’s professional services engagements varies based on the scope of services requested, but typically ranges between three and six months. For time-and-materials arrangements, the Company recognizes revenue as hours are worked. For fixed-fee arrangements, the Company recognizes professional services revenue as delivered using the percentage of completion, or POC, method measured on an hours incurred basis. Under the POC method of accounting, revenue and expenses are recognized as work is performed based on the relationship between actual hours incurred and total estimated hours at the completion of the project. Changes to the original estimates may be required during the life of the project. Estimates of both hours and costs to complete a project are reviewed periodically and the effect of any change in the estimated hours to complete a project is reflected as an adjustment to revenue in the period the change becomes known.

If current estimated costs to complete a project exceed the revenue allocated to the project, a loss equal to the amount of estimated excess costs will be recognized in the period the change becomes known. The use of the POC method of accounting involves considerable use of estimates in determining revenue, costs and profits, and in assigning the amounts to accounting periods. Associated out-of-pocket travel expenses related to the delivery of professional services are typically reimbursed by the customer. Out-of-pocket expense reimbursements are recognized as revenue and cost of service expense.

Fees for in-person training are billed in advance of the training and are recognized in the period the training occurs. Conference registration and sponsorship fees are for TBM Council conferences and related TBM Council activities. Registration fees for TBM Council conferences are billed in advance of the conference and are recognized in the period the conference occurs. TBM Council sponsorship fees are paid in advance and are recognized in the period the sponsorship activities occur, or ratably over the contractual period if the sponsorship entails ongoing activities beyond a single event.

On occasion, the Company sells its subscriptions through third-party resellers. These arrangements typically call for the reseller to retain a portion of the price to the customer as compensation. Since the Company is typically responsible for the acceptability of the services purchased by the customer, the Company is the primary obligor in the transaction and, therefore, records revenue on a gross basis based on the amount billed to the customer. Reseller fees are recognized as sales and marketing expense as incurred.

Deferred revenue represents the unearned revenue on cash receipts or accounts receivable for the sale of subscriptions and for professional services for which services have not yet been provided. The substantial majority of deferred revenue relates to subscription revenue.

Research and Development

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred and primarily include payroll, employee benefits, consulting services, stock-based compensation expense and other headcount-related costs associated with product development and depreciation of equipment used in research and development.

Capitalized Software Costs

For development costs related to the Company’s software solutions and internal use software, qualifying internally developed software costs, including payroll and stock-based compensation costs, incurred during the application development stage are capitalized and recorded in property and equipment, net. Costs related to preliminary project activities and post-implementation activities are expensed as incurred. The Company capitalized $1.1 million, $0.8 million and $0.5 million for software development costs during the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Stock-based compensation costs included in capitalized software costs and amortization of capitalized software costs were immaterial to the consolidated financial statements for all years presented.

Cost Allocation

The Company allocates certain overhead and information technology operating costs between cost of goods sold, research and development, sales and marketing, and general and administration expense based upon the number of employees in the related departments.

Sales Commissions

The Company pays sales commissions to employees shortly after executing customer agreements related to initial sales and subsequent renewals of all subscriptions and related services. Sales commission obligations are accrued to sales and marketing at the time of the initial sale for the full amount of the contract.

Income Taxes

The Company follows the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. This method requires recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the carrying amounts and the tax basis of assets and liabilities. A valuation allowance has been established for the full amount of the net deferred tax assets as the Company has determined that the future realization of the tax benefit is not more likely than not.

The Company recognizes the tax benefit from uncertain tax positions only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the tax authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefit is measured based on the largest benefit that is more likely than not of being realized upon ultimate settlement. The Company recognizes interest and penalties on amounts due to taxing authorities as a component of income tax expense.

The Company’s quarterly income tax provision and its corresponding annual effective tax rate are based on expected income, statutory tax rates and tax planning opportunities available in the various jurisdictions in which the Company operates. For interim financial reporting, the Company estimates the annual effective tax rate based on projected taxable income for the full year and records a quarterly tax provision in accordance with the expected annual effective tax rate. As the year progresses, the Company refines the estimates of the year’s taxable income as new information becomes available, including year-to-date financial results. This continual estimation process may result in a change to the Company’s expected annual effective tax rate for the year. When this occurs, the Company adjusts the income tax provision during the quarter in which the change in estimate occurs so that the year-to-date income tax provision reflects the expected annual effective tax rate. Significant judgment is required in determining the Company’s annual effective tax rate and in evaluating the Company’s tax positions.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company recognizes expense related to the fair value of stock-based compensation. Compensation cost recognized for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 includes costs for all share-based compensation arrangements based on the grant-date fair value and is recognized using the straight-line attribution method.

The Company’s stock price volatility and expected option life involve management’s best estimates, both of which impact the fair value of the award calculated under the Black-Scholes option pricing model and, ultimately, the expense that will be recognized over the life of the award. The Company is required to recognize compensation expense for only the portion of awards expected to vest. Therefore, management applies an estimated forfeiture rate that is derived from historical employee termination behavior. If the actual number of forfeitures differs from these estimates, additional adjustments to compensation expense may be required.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, issued Accounting Standards Update, or ASU, No. 2016-18, Restricted Cash, which is intended to add or clarify guidance on the classification and presentation of changes in restricted cash on the statement of cash flows and to eliminate the diversity in practice related to such classifications. The guidance in ASU 2016-18 is required for annual reporting periods ending after December 15, 2018, which represents the delayed adoption date applicable to private companies available to us pursuant to the Jump-start Our Business Start-ups Act, or the JOBS Act, with early adoption permitted. The Company early adopted this new standard retrospectively in the fourth quarter of 2016. The adoption of this standard resulted in the removal of the change in restricted cash within investing activities and inclusion of the amount of restricted cash in the total of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash on the consolidated statements of cash flows for each period presented.

In August 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-15, Presentation of Financial Statements – Going Concern (Subtopic 205-40), related to the disclosures around going concern. The new standard provides guidance around management’s responsibility to evaluate whether there is substantial doubt about an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern and to provide related footnote disclosures. The new standard is effective for fiscal years ending after December 15, 2016, with early adoption permitted. The Company adopted this standard in the fourth quarter of 2016. The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments. ASU 2016-15 is intended to add or clarify guidance on the classification of certain cash receipts and payments in the statement of cash flows and to eliminate the diversity in practice related to such classifications. The guidance in ASU 2016-15 is required for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, which represents the delayed adoption date applicable to private companies available to us pursuant to the JOBS Act, with early adoption permitted. The Company early adopted this standard retrospectively in the third quarter of 2016. The adoption of this standard resulted in the Company classifying $0.2 million of debt prepayment fees incurred on the early extinguishment of debt within financing activities on the consolidated statements of cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2016. There was no impact on any prior periods.

New Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-16, Inter-Entity Transfers of Assets other than Inventory. The guidance requires entities to recognize the income tax impact of an intra-entity sale or transfer of an asset other than inventory when the sale or transfer occurs, rather than when the asset has been sold to an outside party. The guidance will require a modified retrospective application with a cumulative catch-up adjustment to opening retained earnings at the beginning of the first quarter of fiscal 2019, but permits adoption in an earlier period. The Company is currently evaluating the impact this guidance will have on our consolidated financial statements and the timing of adoption.

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-09, Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting, which simplifies several aspects of the accounting for employee share-based payment transactions, including the accounting for income taxes, forfeitures, and statutory tax withholding requirements, as well as classification in the statement of cash flows. For public entities, ASU 2016-09 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim periods within those fiscal years. For all other entities, the guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018. The Company is currently evaluating the impact this guidance will have on the Company’s financial statements.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). The objective of the update is to improve financial reporting by increasing transparency and comparability among organizations by recognizing lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and disclosing key information about leasing arrangements. For public entities, the new standard is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018. For all other entities, the new standard is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019, and for interim periods within those annual periods beginning after December 15, 2020. Early application of the amendments is permitted for all entities. The Company is currently evaluating the impact this guidance will have on the Company’s financial statements.

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), outlining a single comprehensive model for entities to use in accounting for revenue arising from contracts with customers that supersedes most current revenue recognition guidance. This guidance requires an entity to recognize revenue when it transfers promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. Additionally, this guidance expands related disclosure requirements. In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-14, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Deferral of the Effective Date, which delayed the effective date of ASU No. 2014-09 by one year and is allowing earlier adoption; however, entities reporting under GAAP are not permitted to adopt the standard earlier than the original effective date for public entities. For public entities, the new standard is effective for annual periods and interim periods within those annual periods, beginning after December 15, 2017. For all other entities, the new standard is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019. The new standard will require full or modified retrospective application. In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-08, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Principal versus Agent Considerations (Reporting Revenue Gross versus Net), which is intended to improve the operability and understandability of the implementation guidance on principal versus agent considerations. The effective date for ASU 2016-08 is the same as the effective date for ASU 2014-09. In April 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-10, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Identifying Performance Obligations and Licensing, which clarifies the implementation guidance on identifying performance obligations and licensing. The effective date for ASU 2016-10 is the same as the effective date for ASU 2014-09. In May 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-12, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Narrow-Scope Improvements and Practical Expedients, which clarifies the implementation guidance on collectability, noncash consideration, presentation of sales tax and transition. Based on a preliminary assessment, we anticipate this standard will not have a material impact on subscription or services revenue recognition in our consolidated financial statements. However, the standard will require the Company to capitalize certain contract costs, such as commissions, which are currently being expensed as incurred and could have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Additionally, the new guidance requires enhanced disclosures, including revenue recognition policies to identify performance obligations to customers and significant judgments in measurement and recognition. The Company is continuing to assess the impact of adoption, which may identify other impacts on the Company’s financial statements, as well as the expected adoption method and timing.