10-K 1 zk1922755.htm 10-K

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
  
FORM 10-K
 
 
☒
ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018
 
OR
 
 
 
☐
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 
For the transition period from _________ to __________
Commission File Number: 001-36894
 
 
SOLAREDGE TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware
 
20-5338862
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)
 
(IRS Employer
Identification No.)
 
 
1 HaMada Street
 
  
Herziliya Pituach, Israel
 
4673335
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)
 
(Zip Code)
 
972 (9) 957-6620
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
 
Title of each class
 
Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stock, par value $0.0001 per share
 
NASDAQ (Global Select Market)
 
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
 
 
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act
 
Yes ☒          No ☐
 
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. 
 
Yes ☐          No ☒
 
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. 
 
Yes ☒          No ☐
 
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). 
 
Yes ☒          No ☐
 
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.  ☒
 
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or “emerging growth company”. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act (check one): 
 
☒   Large accelerated filer
 
☐   Accelerated filer
 
☐   Non-accelerated filer
(do not check if a
smaller reporting
company)
 
☐   Smaller reporting company
 
   ☐   Emerging growth company
 
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
 
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).
 
☐ Yes          No ☒
 
The aggregate market value of the registrant’s voting and non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant on June 30, 2018, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter was approximately $ 2,068,517,229 (assuming that the registrant’s only affiliates are its officers, directors and non-institutional 10% stockholders) based upon the closing market price on that date of $47.85 per share as reported on the Nasdaq Global Select Market.
 
As of February 26, 2019, there were 47,255,226 shares of the registrant’s common stock, par value of $0.0001 per share, outstanding.
 
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
 
The information required by Part III of this report, to the extent not set forth herein, is incorporated herein by reference from our definitive proxy statement relating to the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held in 2019, which definitive proxy statement shall be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the annual period to which this report relates.
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS
 
Page
 
 
 
PART I
     
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SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
 
This Annual Report on Form 10-K and the documents incorporated herein by reference contain forward-looking statements that are based on our management’s expectations, estimates, projections, beliefs and assumptions and on information currently available to our management. The forward-looking statements are contained principally in “Item 1. Business,” “Item 1A. Risk Factors” “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” and “Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk”. Forward-looking statements include information concerning our possible or assumed future results of operations, business strategies, technology developments, new product developments, financing and investment plans, competitive position, industry and regulatory environment, potential growth opportunities, and the effects of competition. Forward-looking statements include statements that are not historical facts and can be identified by terms such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “could,” “seek,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” “should,” “will,” “would,” or similar expressions and the negatives of those terms.
 
Forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. Given these uncertainties, you should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements. Also, forward-looking statements represent our management’s beliefs and assumptions only as of the date of this filing. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from our expectations include:
 
·
our limited history of profitability, which may not continue in the future;
 
·
our limited operating history, which makes it difficult to predict future results;
 
·
future demand for solar energy solutions;
 
·
changes to net metering policies or the reduction, elimination or expiration of government subsidies and economic incentives for on-grid solar energy applications;
 
·
changes in the U.S. trade environment, including the recent imposition of import tariffs;
 
·
federal, state, and local regulations governing the electric utility industry with respect to solar energy;
 
·
the retail price of electricity derived from the utility grid or alternative energy sources;
 
·
interest rates and supply of capital in the global financial markets in general and in the solar market specifically;
 
·
competition, including introductions of power optimizer, inverter and solar photovoltaic (“PV”) system monitoring products by our competitors;
 
·
developments in alternative technologies or improvements in distributed solar energy generation;
 
·
historic cyclicality of the solar industry and periodic downturns;
 
·
defects or performance problems in our products;
 
·
our ability to forecast demand for our products accurately and to match production with demand;
 
·
our dependence on ocean transportation to deliver our products in a cost-effective manner;
 
·
our dependence upon a small number of outside contract manufacturers and suppliers;
 
·
capacity constraints, delivery schedules, manufacturing yields, and costs of our contract manufacturers and availability of components;
 
·
delays, disruptions, and quality control problems in manufacturing;
 
·
shortages, delays, price changes, or cessation of operations or production affecting our suppliers of key components;
 
1
·
business practices and regulatory compliance of our raw material suppliers;
 
·
performance of distributors and large installers in selling our products;
 
·
our customer's financial stability, creditworthiness, and debt leverage ratio;
 
·
our ability to retain key personnel and attract additional qualified personnel;
 
·
our ability to effectively design, launch, market, and sell new generations of our products and services;
 
·
our ability to maintain our brand and to protect and defend our intellectual property;
 
·
our ability to retain, and events affecting, our major customers;
 
·
our ability to manage effectively the growth of our organization and expansion into new markets;
 
·
our ability to integrate acquired businesses;
 
·
fluctuations in global currency exchange rates;
 
·
unrest, terrorism, or armed conflict in Israel;
 
·
general economic conditions in our domestic and international markets;
 
·
consolidation in the solar industry among our customers and distributors; and
 
the other factors set forth under “Item 1A. Risk Factors. ”Except as required by law, we assume no obligation to update these forward-looking statements, or to update the reasons actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements, even if new information becomes available in the future.

2
PART I
 
ITEM 1.          BUSINESS
 
Introduction
 
We have invented an intelligent inverter solution that has changed the way power is harvested and managed in a solar PV system. Our direct current (“DC”) optimized inverter system is designed to maximize power generation at the individual PV module level while lowering the cost of energy produced by the solar PV system and providing comprehensive and advanced safety features. Supporting increased PV proliferation, the SolarEdge system consists of our power optimizers, inverters, communication and smart energy management solutions, and a cloud based monitoring platform. SolarEdge's solutions address a broad range of solar market segments, from residential solar installations to commercial and small utility‑scale solar installations. Since we began commercial shipments in 2010, we have shipped approximately 10.6 gigawatts (“GW”) of our DC optimized inverter systems and our products have been installed in solar PV systems in 133 countries.
 
Historically, the solar PV industry used traditional string and central inverter architectures to harvest PV solar power. However, traditional inverter architectures result in energy losses as well as systemic challenges in design flexibility, safety, and monitoring. In recent years, microinverter technology was introduced in an attempt to resolve these challenges, but this technology has certain inherent limitations. We believe that our DC optimized inverter system, consisting of an inverter and distributed power optimizers, best addresses all of these challenges.
 
Our system allows for superior power harvesting and module management relative to traditional inverter systems by deploying power optimizers at each PV module while maintaining a competitive system cost by keeping the AC inversion and grid interaction centralized using a simplified DC‑AC inverter. The entire system is monitored through our cloud‑based monitoring platform that enables reduced system operation and maintenance (“O&M”) costs. Our system enables each PV module to operate at its own maximum power point (“MPP”), rather than a system‑wide average, enabling dynamic response to real‑world conditions, such as atmospheric conditions, PV module aging, soiling and shading and offering improved energy yield relative to traditional inverter systems. In addition to higher efficiency, our system’s installed cost per watt is competitive with traditional inverter systems of leading manufacturers and generally lower than comparable microinverter systems of leading manufacturers. Furthermore, our architecture allows for complex rooftop system designs and enhanced safety and reliability. Our technology and system architecture are protected by 147 awarded patents and 200 patent applications filed worldwide as of December 31, 2018.  We also have protection for some of our battery-related technology through Kokam with 143 awarded patents and 9 pending applications.
 
We primarily sell our products indirectly to thousands of solar installers through large distributors and electrical equipment wholesalers and directly to large solar installers and engineering, procurement, and construction firms (“EPCs”). Our customers include leading providers of solar PV systems to residential and commercial end users, key solar distributors and electrical equipment wholesalers as well as several PV module manufacturers that offer PV modules with our power optimizer physically embedded into their modules.
 
We were founded in 2006 and began commercial shipments in 2010. As of December 31, 2018, we have shipped approximately 34.1 million power optimizers and 1.4 million inverters. More than 920,000 installations, many of which may include multiple inverters, are currently connected to, and monitored through, our cloud based monitoring platform.
 
In July 2018, we closed an asset purchase agreement (the "Gamatronic Acquisition”) with Gamatronic Electronics Ltd. (“Gamatronic”), acquiring the assets of a business for the development, manufacturing and sale of uninterruptible power supply systems, also known as UPSs, for the aggregate amount of $12.1 million. We purchased substantially all of Gamatronic’s assets, including its intellectual property, brand and tangible assets. In October 2018, we also purchased the shares of Gamatronic (UK) Limited, a UK wholly owned subsidiary of Gamatronic responsible for the sale of these UPS products in the UK for approximately $1.0 million, net of cash acquired.
 
In October 2018, we closed an acquisition (the “Kokam Acquisition”) of 74.5% of Kokam Co., Ltd. (“Kokam”), a provider of Lithium-ion cells, batteries and energy storage solutions for approximately $82.5 million USD, net of cash acquired. Since the Kokam Acquisition and to date, we have increased our shareholdings in Kokam to approximately 94.0%. Headquartered in South Korea, Kokam was founded in 1989, and has been manufacturing lithium-ion cells and providing reliable, safe, high-performance solutions for the past twenty-nine years. Kokam provides battery solutions for a wide-variety of industries, including energy storage systems, also known as ESS, UPS, electric vehicles (EV), aerospace and the marine market.

3
Limitations of Traditional PV System Technologies
 
A solar PV system consists of PV modules, which produce direct current (“DC”) power when exposed to sunlight; an inverter, which transforms the DC power into alternating current (“AC”) power that is required by the electricity grid; and associated cabling, fuse boxes and mounting hardware. Traditionally, solar PV systems connected strings of solar PV modules to one or more inverters for this energy conversion.
 
Traditional inverter architecture still constitutes the vast majority of the PV inverter market, especially for larger commercial and utility installations. However, traditional inverter architecture suffers from significant inefficiencies leading to suboptimal power generation. These challenges include:
 
•
Module mismatch.  Traditional inverter systems are unable to consistently produce maximum energy from PV modules. Each PV module in a system has a unique power production profile driven by differences in manufacturing and installation parameters. The architecture of traditional inverter systems does not allow each PV module to operate at its unique MPP. When PV modules are wired in series in a traditional inverter architecture, the entire string’s output is reduced, sometimes correlated directly to the output of the lowest‑performing PV module on the string. Output reduction can result from subtle variations in PV module composition, atmospheric conditions, soiling, individual PV module locations and orientations, or varying levels of PV module degradation over time.
 
•
Partial shading.  Many real‑world factors can cause a subset of the PV modules in a system to be partially shaded, which can significantly affect the power output of the entire string. For instance, electric wires, a chimney or even adjacent solar panels may cast a shadow during particular hours of the day, or debris may accumulate. This partial shading reduces the yield of a traditional solar PV system by decreasing, or in extreme cases eliminating, power output from the shaded modules. Overall losses to system production from such partial shading can range from small to substantial.
 
•
Dynamic maximum power point tracking loss.  The MPP of a PV module shifts constantly throughout the day as a result of atmospheric conditions. A traditional inverter system’s inability to coordinate output on a module‑by‑module basis makes it difficult for the system to respond dynamically to the shifting MPP. This inability to respond to the shifting MPP can reduce the potential power output of a traditional solar PV system by 3‑10%.
 
In addition to power losses, the traditional inverter architecture also has system design, installation and operational challenges, including:
 
•
Rooftop system design complexities.  A traditional inverter system requires each string to be of the same length, use the same type of PV modules and be positioned at the same angle toward the sun. Consequently, rooftop asymmetries and obstructions result in either wasted roof space or inefficient duplication of system components.
 
•
Safety hazards.  Traditional inverter systems cannot shut down the DC output voltage at the PV module level. The DC cables from these modules carry high voltages as long as the sun is shining, even when the traditional inverter or the grid connection has been shut down. This poses serious risks to installers, fire fighters and anyone else who performs work on or around the installation. Such safety hazards have recently prompted heightened safety installation and operation procedures and regulations in a growing number of geographies, compliance with which increases the cost of traditional PV systems.
 
•
No module level monitoring.  A traditional inverter system cannot track power output, temperature or any other attribute of a single PV module. Consequently, a system operator cannot perform remote diagnostics, track performance of PV system components or receive alerts about individual PV module status, and may be unaware of specific module‑level problems or breakdowns.
 
4
The first generation of module level power electronics (“MLPE”) was the microinverter. This technology scaled down the traditional inverter to a size and power appropriate to a single PV module. By creating control and monitoring at the module level, microinverters solved certain challenges of the traditional inverter system architecture. However, microinverter architecture has its own limitations, such as:
 
•
Higher initial cost per watt and limited economies of scale.  Microinverters perform all the functionality of the traditional inverter, but at each PV module, and consequently a microinverter system has a higher initial upfront cost of components relative to traditional inverter architecture. In addition, as every PV module must have its own microinverter, the cost per watt of a microinverter system does not decrease with scale. As such, microinverters are generally more expensive than traditional inverter systems on a cost per watt basis for residential installations and not economically viable relative to traditional inverter systems for large commercial and utility installations.
 
•
Grid Code Compliance.  With the growing penetration of solar energy, many utilities in individual U.S. states and Europe have adopted new sets of grid codes to preserve the stability of the electric grid. These grid codes require solar PV inverters to respond dynamically to variances in grid‑wide voltage, which typically requires inverter hardware and software to be reengineered. In most cases, adaptation to these new grid codes would require added costs and complexities, limiting the ability of microinverters to address some markets.
 
The SolarEdge Solution
 
Our DC optimized inverter system maximizes power generation at the individual PV module level while lowering the cost of energy produced by the solar PV system and providing comprehensive and advanced safety features. Our solution consists of our power optimizers, inverters and cloud‑based monitoring platform and addresses a broad range of solar market segments, from residential solar installations to commercial and small utility‑scale solar installations. Additional features and hardware that can be added to our solution includes a battery pack for storage of energy generated and a home energy automation system which enables greater savings for the system owner.
 
The key advantages of our solution include:
 
•
Maximized PV module power output.  Our power optimizers provide module‑level MPP tracking and real‑time adjustments of current and voltage to the optimal working point of each individual PV module. This enables each PV module to continuously produce its maximum power potential independent of other modules in the same string, thus minimizing module mismatch and partial shading losses. By performing these adjustments at a very high rate, our power optimizers also solve the dynamic MPP losses associated with traditional inverters. Independent testing from Photon Laboratories as well as tests performed by PV Evolution Labs according to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory shade test have confirmed that our technology provides power harvesting that is superior to traditional inverter systems.
 
•
Optimized architecture with economies of scale.  Our system shifts certain functions of the traditional inverter to our power optimizers while keeping the DC to AC function and grid interaction in our inverter. As a result, our inverter is smaller, more efficient, more reliable and less expensive than inverters used in traditional inverter systems. The cost savings that we have achieved on the inverter enable our system to be priced at a cost per watt that is comparable with traditional inverter systems of leading manufacturers. As a PV system grows in size, our inverter benefits from economies of scale, making our technology viable for large commercial and utility‑scale applications.
 
•
Enhanced system design flexibility.  Unlike a traditional inverter system that requires each string to be the same length, use the same type of PV modules and be positioned at the same angle toward the sun, our system allows significant design flexibility by enabling the installer to place PV modules in uneven string lengths and on multiple roof facets. This design flexibility:
 
•
increases the amount of the available roof that can be utilized for power production. Unlike traditional inverter systems, our system does not require each string to be the same length, use the same type of PV modules or be positioned at the same angle toward the sun. As a result, our system is significantly less prone to wasted roof space resulting from rooftop asymmetries and obstructions.
 
•
reduces the number of field change orders. For example, some installers use remote tools to estimate the size and configuration of an installation in connection with the customer acquisition process. This is especially common for high‑volume residential arrays, where an exhaustive survey of rooftop obstructions would be uneconomical. In some cases, installers discover that their preliminary design, based on remote tools, cannot be implemented due to unexpected shading or other obstructions. With traditional inverter system designs, an obstructed module may require a significant system redesign and a modification of the customer contract to take into account the changed system design. Our DC optimized inverter solution enables an installer to compensate or adjust for most obstructions without materially changing the original design or requiring a modification to the customer contract.
 
5
•
Reduced balance of system costs.  Our DC optimized inverter system allows significantly longer strings to be connected to the same inverter (as compared to a traditional inverter system). This minimizes the cost of cabling, fuse boxes and other ancillary electric components. These factors together result in easier installation with shorter design times and a lower initial cost per watt, while enabling larger installations per rooftop.
 
•
Continuous monitoring and control to reduce operation and maintenance costs.  Our cloud‑based monitoring platform provides full data visibility at the module level, string level, inverter level and system level. The data can be accessed remotely by any web‑enabled device, allowing comprehensive analysis, immediate fault detection and alerts. These monitoring features reduce O&M costs for the system owner by identifying and locating faults, enabling remote testing and reducing field visits.
 
•
Enhanced safety.  We have incorporated module‑level safety mechanisms in our system to protect installers, electricians and firefighters. Each power optimizer is configured to reduce output to 1 volt unless the power optimizer receives a fail‑safe signal from a functioning inverter. As a result, if the inverter is shut down (e.g., for system maintenance, due to malfunction, in the event of a fire or otherwise), the DC voltage throughout the system is reduced to a safe level. In recent years, new safety standards have been introduced in the U.S. and in Europe that require or encourage the installation of safety measures such as these. Our DC optimized inverters comply with the applicable safety requirements of the areas in which they are sold, providing incremental cost savings to installers by eliminating the need for additional hardware such as DC breakers, switches or fire‑proof ducts required by traditional inverter systems.
 
•
High reliability.  Solar PV systems are typically expected to operate for at least 25 years under harsh outdoor conditions. High reliability is critical and is facilitated by systems and components that have low heat generation, solid and stable materials, and an absence of moving parts. We have designed our system to meet these stringent requirements. Our power optimizers dissipate much less heat than microinverters because no DC‑AC inversion occurs at the module level. As a result, less heat is dissipated beneath the PV module, which improves lifetime expectancy and reliability of our power optimizers. Our power optimizers’ high switching frequency allows the use of ceramic capacitors with a low, fixed rate of aging and a proven life expectancy in excess of 25 years. Further, we use automotive‑grade application specific integrated circuits (“ASICs”) that embed many of the required electronics into the ASIC. This reduces the number of components and consequently the potential points of failure.
 
Our Products
 
Our basic solution consists of a DC power optimizer, an inverter and a cloud-based monitoring platform that operate as a single integrated system:
 
SolarEdge Power Optimizer.  Our DC power optimizer is a highly reliable and efficient DC‑to‑DC converter which is connected by installers to each PV module or embedded by PV module manufacturers into their modules as part of the manufacturing process. Our power optimizer increases energy output from the PV module to which it is connected by continuously tracking the MPP of each module and controlling its working point. The power optimizer’s ability to track the MPP of each PV module and its ability to increase or decrease its output voltage, enables the inverter’s input voltage to remain fixed under a large variety of string configurations. This feature enhances flexibility in PV system designs, enabling use of different string lengths in a single PV system connected to the same inverter, use of PV panels situated on multiple orientations connected to the same inverter and using varied PV module types in the same string. In addition, our power optimizers monitor the performance of each PV module and communicates this data to our inverter using our proprietary power line communication. In turn, the inverter transmits this information to our monitoring server. Each power optimizer is equipped with our proprietary safety mechanism which automatically reduces the output voltage of each power optimizer to 1V unless the power optimizer receives a fail‑safe signal from a functioning inverter. As a result, if the inverter is shut down (e.g., for system maintenance, due to malfunction, in the event of a fire or otherwise), the DC voltage throughout the system is reduced to a safe level.
 
6
Our power optimizers are designed to withstand high temperatures and harsh environmental conditions, and contain multiple bypass features that localize failures and enable continued system operation in the vast majority of cases of power optimizer failure. Our power optimizers are compatible with the vast majority of modules on the market today and carry a 25‑year product warranty. Our power optimizers are designed to be used with our inverters as well as third party inverters to provide power optimization. Monitoring and safety features can also be achieved with third party inverters by adding supplemental communications hardware. During fiscal 2016, the six months ended December 31, 2016, the year ended December 31, 2017 and the year ended December 31, 2018, revenues derived from the sale of power optimizers represented 50.0%, 48.0%, 47.3% and 46.1% of total revenues, respectively.
 
SolarEdge Inverter.  Our DC‑to‑AC inverters contain sophisticated digital control technology with efficient power conversion architecture resulting in superior solar power harvesting and high reliability and are designed to work exclusively with our DC power optimizers. A proprietary power line communication receiver is integrated into each inverter, receiving data from our power optimizers, storing this data and transmitting it to our monitoring server when an internet connection exists. Since each string which is equipped with our power optimizers provides fixed input voltage to our inverter, the inverter is able to operate at its highest efficiency at all times and therefore is more cost‑efficient, energy efficient and reliable. Like our power optimizers, our inverters are designed to withstand harsh environmental conditions. Since the power rating of an inverter determines how many PV modules it can serve, larger installations require inverters with higher power ratings. We currently offer our second generation of inverters which come in two models: a one‑phase inverter designed to address the residential market (1 kilowatt (“kW”) to 11.4 kW) which includes our HD-Wave technology and our newly introduced inverter-integrated electric vehicle (EV) charger and a three‑phase inverter designed to address the residential market in certain European countries and the commercial market (4 kW to 100 kW). In June 2017, we introduced an extended commercial solution that consists of various inverters, sized 55kW, 82.5kW, and 100kW. These inverters are designed for commercial installations, reduce the number of required inverters and increase the system return on investment. The vast majority of our inverters are sold with a 12‑year warranty that is extendable to 20 or 25 years for an additional cost. During fiscal 2016, the six months ended December 31, 2016, the year ended December 31, 2017 and the year ended December 31, 2018, revenues derived from the sale of inverters represented 45.7%, 46.9%, 47.9% and 44.5% of total revenues, respectively.
 
EV Charging Inverter. SolarEdge's EV charging inverter offers homeowners the ability to charge electric vehicles up to six times faster than a standard Level 1 charger through an innovative solar boost mode that utilizes grid and PV charging simultaneously. This inverter is the world's first EV charger with an integrated PV inverter. Reducing the hassle of installing separately a standalone EV charger and a PV inverter, the EV charging inverter eliminates the need for additional wiring, conduit and a breaker installation. By installing an EV charger that is integrated with an inverter, no additional dedicated circuit breaker is needed, saving space and ruling out a potential upgrade to the main distribution panel.
 
StorEdge Solutions. Our StorEdge solution is a DC coupled solution that is used to increase energy independence and maximize self-consumption for homeowners by utilizing a battery which is sold separately by third party manufacturers, to store and supply power as needed. The solution is based on a single inverter for both solar PV and storage. Our StorEdge solution is designed to provide smart energy functions such as maximizing self-consumption, Time-of-Use programming for desired hours of the day, and home energy backup solutions. To optimize self-consumption, the battery is charged and discharged to meet consumption needs and reduce the amount of power purchased from the grid. With a backup solution, unused solar PV power is stored in a battery and used during a power outage or when solar PV production is insufficient. When there is a power outage, a combination of solar PV power and battery is used to power important sources such as the refrigerator, communication devices, lighting, and AC outlets. Our proprietary monitoring platform provides visibility into battery status, solar PV production, and self-consumption, while offering easy maintenance with remote access to inverter and battery software. Existing SolarEdge systems can be upgraded to our StorEdge solution.

SolarEdge Monitoring Software.  Our cloud‑based monitoring platform collects power, voltage, current and system data sent from our inverters and power optimizers and allows users to view the data at the module level, string level, inverter level and system level from any browser or from most smart phones and tablets. The monitoring software continuously analyzes data and flags potential problems. The monitoring software includes features which are used on a routine basis by integrators, installers, maintenance staff, and system owners to improve a solar PV system’s performance by maximizing solar power harvesting and reducing O&M costs by increasing system up‑time and detecting PV module performance issues more effectively. Connection to the monitoring server is completed during installation by the installer. The installer then receives full access to system data through the monitoring software and can select the amount of data to be shared with the system owner.
 
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Smart Energy Management.  There are currently two separate energy technology industries that exist today, solar energy production and automation technology. Inverters are taking on an expanded role in energy management and automation, and in order to address these market needs, we are developing and providing automation products. This line of products, when used with the SolarEdge solution, is designed to allow system owners to increase self-consumption by shifting energy usage to match peak solar PV production as well as offer a convenient, wireless control option over various building and/or home devices. An example of this solution, would be using excess solar PV energy to heat water or the ability to remotely turn on or off certain power sources such as lighting or electrical appliances. The introduction of these products is dependent upon certification and region specific needs and as such, these products are not yet available in all of the geographies in which SolarEdge operates.
 
Grid Services. As PV and storage continue to proliferate around the world, energy production is transitioning from a centralized system to a distributed network model, where energy is produced close to the location in which it is consumed and stored. This model creates an opportunity for new interconnected and decentralized energy networks offering improved grid reliability and stability, new energy services and reduction of grid infrastructure costs. SolarEdge grid services deliver near real-time aggregative control and data reporting, enabling the pooling of distributed energy resources — photovoltaic systems, battery storage, electric vehicle chargers, and loads — in the cloud for the creation of virtual power plants. The SolarEdge grid services and VPP solution provides sophisticated management platforms to enable real-time, aggregated control of available energy resources to meet ever-changing supply needs and demand.
 
Product Roadmap
 
Our products reflect the innovation focus and capabilities of our technology departments. Our core product roadmap is divided into five categories: power optimizers, inverters, monitoring services, energy storage, and smart energy management.
 
Power Optimizers.  We currently sell our third generation power optimizer which was designed for fully automated assembly and which is based on our third generation ASIC. A key element of our reliability strategy, and a significant differentiator relative to our competitors, is our use of proprietary ASICs to control, among other things, our power optimizer’s power conversion, safety features, and PV module monitoring. Instead of using large numbers of discrete components, our power optimizer uses a single proprietary ASIC, thus reducing the total number of components in an electrical circuit and thereby improving reliability. In June 2017, we unveiled our fourth generation optimizer which uses fourth generation ASIC and incorporates a new safety mechanism for PV systems. In addition, we are also continuing to develop the necessary subsystems for the fifth generation ASIC which will be used in our fifth generation power optimizer. Each new ASIC generation reduces the number of components required and meaningfully improved the efficiency of the power optimizer. The efficiency improvement reduces the energy losses which in turn reduces the amount of heat dissipation. This enables design of a more cost-effective and usually smaller enclosure and also keeps the electronics cooler, thereby improving the power optimizer’s reliability.
 
Inverters.  Our inverter roadmap is intended to serve three purposes: (i) expand addressable market by developing new and larger inverters designed specifically for larger commercial installations and utility‑scale projects; (ii) improve the electronics to increase the total power throughput without changing the existing enclosure, thereby reducing the actual cost per watt and increasing economies of scale and (iii) improve ease of installation by integrating additional functionality required in certain installations in order to reduce costs of additional hardware and subcontractors’ labor costs. As part of our inverter roadmap, we plan to apply our HD-Wave technology to three-phase inverters and we are in the development process for doing so.
 
Monitoring Services.  Our cloud‑based monitoring platform is continuously growing by the amount of data aggregated. We are continuously developing tools to accommodate our growth and further enhance our service offering. Specifically, we plan to increase data compression in order to enable support for a rapidly increasing number of field systems while using low‑cost equipment. In addition, we plan to improve our reporting systems and enable users to obtain self‑generated customized reports. We also expect to expand algorithms that detect and pinpoint problems that can affect power production in field systems. We further plan to add more capabilities through our public application program interface to allow users to build and integrate our system into their own systems and to allow users to build and share useful applications based on monitoring data gathered by our software.
 
Electric Vehicle Charging. In 2018, we further expanded our business by offering our EV charging solutions. The first offered product in this respect is a residential solar inverter that integrates an EV charger. This product addresses the growing market for EVs and the need for a higher power charging solution, while maintaining control over electricity costs and maximizing self-consumption.
 
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Energy Storage and Shifting.  SolarEdge is working to continue to expand its third-party battery compatibility for the residential market. For the commercial market, we plan to expand our StorEdge product offering to the commercial and industrial sector.
 
New Products or Product Categories.  We are evaluating opportunities to expand our product offerings and services to our customers. We may from time to time develop new products or services that are a natural extension of our existing business, or may engage in acquisitions of businesses or product lines with the potential to strengthen our market position, enable us to enter attractive markets, expand our technological capabilities, or provide synergy opportunities.
 
Additional Product Offerings
 
During the year ended December 31, 2018, we expanded our product offering by means of completing the Gamatronic Acquisition and the Kokam Acquisition. This allows SolarEdge to offer a variety of products and solutions in addition to the SolarEdge Solution, in adjacent markets.
 
UPS products. The Gamatronic UPS business has offered power protection solutions for power dependent and critical applications around the world for almost five decades. The Gamatronic product offering includes a full range of UPS and power supply solutions for use in various applications including datacenters, communications, defense, healthcare, industrial, financial, marine, transportation, government and, retail. The products include Modular UPS solutions ranging from 10 kW to 1.8 MW, a wide range of standalone UPS systems, modular power systems for the telecommunications market, modular DC/AC inverters, modular DC/DC converters and different control and management solutions.
 
Lithium ion batteries and related products. Kokam, has developed lithium-ion battery cells, batteries and energy storage solutions since its founding in 1989. The products reliable, safe, high-performance battery solutions for a wide-variety of industries, including ESS, UPS, EVs, aerospace and marine. The Kokam Acquisition will enable SolarEdge to provide battery cells and battery modules to its own solar customers as well.
 
Sales and Marketing Strategy
 
Our strategy is to focus on markets where electricity prices, irradiance and government policies make solar PV installations economically viable. Our solar products have been installed in 133 countries, including the U.S., Canada, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Israel, Australia, Japan, Singapore, India, Taiwan, Korea South Africa, Belgium, France, and China.
 
We target our sales and marketing efforts to the largest distributors, electrical equipment wholesalers, EPC contractors and installers in each of the countries where we operate. In the U.S., Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, and Australia, our products are carried and actively sold by most of the top solar PV distributors as well as the largest electrical distribution companies that are active in solar PV. We anticipate that an increasing percentage of solar PV equipment sales will also occur through electrical equipment wholesalers who sell to a broad range of electrical contractors, and we are focused on cultivating these global relationships. As of December 31, 2018, according to data available on our monitoring portal, over 20,000 installers around the world have installed SolarEdge solar PV systems. We also sell our power optimizers to several PV module manufacturers that offer PV modules with our power optimizer physically embedded into their modules.
 
Additionally, we have a number of programs focused on educating installers and other industry professionals about our technology, and we use a combination of road shows, webinars, and partner trainings to show them how best to design, sell, and implement our technology in their projects.
 
Our Customers
 
We derive a significant portion of our revenues from key solar distributors, electrical equipment wholesalers and large installers in the U.S. and worldwide. In fiscal 2018 three of our customers represented 33.4 % of our revenues.  Out of these three customers, Consolidated Electrical Distributors Inc. (CED), a leading electric-equipment wholesaler in the U.S., was our largest customer and accounted for 19.4% of our revenues. None of our other customers accounted for more than ten percent of our revenues in fiscal 2018.
 
Training and Customer Support
 
We offer our installer base a comprehensive package of customer support and training services which include pre‑sales support, ongoing trainings, and technical support before, during, and after installation. We also provide customized support programs to PV module manufacturers, large installers and distributors to help prioritize and track support issues, thereby enabling short cycle times for issue resolution. In 2018, we conducted approximately 300 training events in 26 countries, with an aggregate of approximately 7,500 attendees.
 
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We offer a wide variety of training, including hands‑on and on‑demand video sessions and online product and training materials. We support our commercial system customers with design consulting throughout their sales process and installation. Our technical support organization includes local expert teams, call centers in the USA, Germany, Australia, Netherlands, Italy, the United Kingdom, Israel and Bulgaria, and an online service portal. Our toll‑free call centers are open Monday through Friday from 9:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. in every region in which we sell our products. In addition, customers can open and track support cases 24/7 utilizing our online portal. All support cases are monitored via a customer relationship management system in order to ensure service, track closure of all customer issues and further improve our customer service. Our call centers have access to our cloud‑based monitoring platform database, which enables real‑time remote diagnostics.
 
Customer service and satisfaction has been a key component of our business and we expect it to continue to be integral to our success in the future. We maintain high levels of customer engagement through our call centers in California, Germany, Israel and Bulgaria. In addition to our call centers, we have field service engineers located in the geographies where we are active, and support our customers with commissioning of large projects, introduction of new technologies and features and on‑the‑job training of new installers. As of December 31, 2018, our customer support and training organization consisted of 275 full time employees worldwide.
 
Our Technology
 
We have drawn on our expertise in the fields of power electronics, magnetic design, mechanical and heat dissipation capabilities, control loops and algorithms and power line communications to design and develop what we believe to be the most advanced commercial solutions for harvesting power from solar PV systems. Our advanced technologies are explained in more detail below.
 
Power optimizers
 
Our power optimizers are DC/DC step up/step down (buck‑boost) converters designed and developed to operate in harsh outdoor environments at very high conversion efficiency. Our power optimizers include proprietary power electronics customized to efficiently convert power from the PV module to the inverter. The conversion topology and components are all designed for the power optimizer specifications and verified for consistent performance and reliability in numerous lab tests and simulations.
 
A key factor in the performance of our power optimizer is determined by the digital control algorithms and closed‑loop mechanism. The power optimizer’s control is built into our advanced ASIC which is responsible for all critical digital control functions of the power optimizer, including detailed power analysis, digital control of the power conversion subsystem and power line communications and networking. Since each power optimizer handles the power and voltage of a single module, we are able to reach a high degree of semiconductor integration by leveraging low cost silicon in standard semiconductor packages. As a result, much of the functionality of our power optimizer can be integrated into a standard ASIC instead of discrete electronic components, resulting in lower costs and higher reliability.
 
The ASIC performs the critical power analysis and power conversion control functions of the power optimizer. The power analysis function processes the status and working parameters at the power optimizer’s input and output and together with advanced digital control and state machine logic, controls the power conversion function. In addition, our digital control system uses technology that allows the solar PV installation to anticipate and adapt to changing operating conditions and protect against system anomalies.
 
Each power optimizer in the array is connected to the inverter by a power line communications networking link. Our power line communications link uses a proprietary networking technology that we developed utilizing the existing DC wiring between the power optimizers and the inverter to transmit and receive data between these devices.
 
Inverters
 
Our inverter is designed for single‑stage DC/AC conversion. Using our inverter in combination with the power optimizers will allow the control loop to maintain a fixed DC voltage level at its input thereby allowing for longer, uneven, and multi‑faceted strings while also enabling custom, cost–efficient, and reliable inverter design and component selection. All of the power components, as well as the main magnetic components for our inverters, can then be optimized for DC/AC inversion at high efficiency.
 
The digital control algorithms of our inverters are implemented using programmable digital signal processors which allow for flexibility and adaptation of control loops for various grids and for the requirements and standards of various grid operators across geographies. We have already implemented the control mechanisms necessary to support advanced grid codes and standards that are required to support high penetration of solar energy into the grid.
 
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Manufacturing
 
We have designed our manufacturing processes to produce high quality products at competitive costs. The strategy is threefold: outsource, automate, and localize. We currently contract to have our solar products manufactured by three of the world’s leading global electronics manufacturing service providers, Jabil Circuit, Inc., Celestica LLC and Flextronics Industrial Ltd, while the contract with Celestica will terminate as of May 1, 2019. By using contract manufacturers rather than building our own manufacturing infrastructure, we are able to access advanced manufacturing equipment, processes, skills and capacity on a “capital light” budget. Our contract manufacturers are responsible for funding the capital expenses incurred in connection with the manufacture of our products, except with regard to end-of-line testing equipment and other specific manufacturing equipment utilized in assembling our products or sub-components which are financed and owned by the company. We expect to continue this funding arrangement in the future, with respect to any expansions to such existing lines. Further, contracting with global providers such as Jabil, Celestica and Flextronics gives us added flexibility to manufacture certain products in China, closer to target markets in Asia and the North American west coast as well as other products in Romania and Hungary, closer to target markets in Europe and the North American east coast, potentially increasing responsiveness to customers while reducing costs and delivery times. In July 2017, we executed a long term lease agreement for 10,000 square meters in Israel, intended for the establishment of a manufacturing facility for the production of product prototypes, manufacturing and the development of proprietary manufacturing and testing equipment. The facility is still under development.
 
We have developed propriety automated assembly lines for the manufacturing of our power optimizers. These assembly lines, currently operating in all of our manufacturing facilities enable the manufacturing of more than 4,000 optimizers per machine per day. We invest resources in additional automated assembly lines as well as in automated machinery for subassembly and self-manufacturing of certain components used in our products, and we own and are responsible for funding all of the capital expenses related thereto. The current and expected capital expenses associated with these automated assembly lines and other machinery are not significant and will be funded out of our cash flows. In addition, we are in the process of designing an automatic assembly line for the production of embedded optimizers.
 
We source our raw materials through various component manufacturers and invest resources in continued cost-reduction efforts as well as verifying second and third sources so as to limit dependence on sole suppliers.
 
Reliability and Quality Control
 
Our power optimizers are either connected to each PV module by installers, or embedded in each PV module by PV module manufacturers. Our power optimizers are designed to be as reliable as the PV module itself and capable of withstanding the same operating and environmental conditions.
 
Our reliability methodology includes a multi‑level plan with design analysis, sub‑system testing of critical components by Accelerated Life Testing, and integrative testing of design prototypes by Highly Accelerated Life Testing and large sample groups. As part of our reliability efforts, we subject components to industry standard conditions and tests including in accelerated life chambers that simulate burn‑in, thermal cycling, damp‑heat, and other stresses. We also conduct out of box audits (OBA) on our finished products, on-line reliability tests (ORT) are conducted on our inverters and we test complete products in stress tests and in the field. Our rigorous testing processes have helped us to develop highly reliable products.
 
In order to verify the quality of each of our products when it leaves the manufacturing plant, each component, sub‑assembly, and final product are tested multiple times during production. These tests include Automatic Optical Inspection, In‑Circuit Testing, Board‑ Functional Testing, Safety Testing, and Integrative Stress Testing. We employ a serial number‑driven manufacturing process auditing and traceability system that allows us to control production line activities, verify correct manufacturing processes and to achieve item‑specific traceability.
 
As a part of our quality and reliability approach, failed products from the field are returned and subjected to root cause analysis, the results of which are used to improve our product and manufacturing processes and design and further reduce our field failure rate.
 
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Certifications
 
Our products and systems comply with the applicable regulatory requirements of the jurisdictions in which they are sold as well as all other major markets around the world. These include safety regulations, electromagnetic compatibility standards and grid compliance.
 
Research and Development
 
We devote substantial resources to research and development with the objective of developing new products and systems, adding new features to existing products and systems and reducing unit costs of our products and systems. Our development strategy is to identify features, products, and systems for both software and hardware that reduce the cost and improve the effectiveness of our solutions for our customers. We measure the effectiveness of our research and development by metrics including product unit cost, efficiency, reliability, power output, and ease of use.
 
We have a strong research and development team with wide‑ranging experience in power electronics, semiconductors, power line communications and networking, and software engineering. In addition, many members of our team have expertise in solar technologies. As of December 31, 2018, our research and development organization had a headcount of 598 employees (including Kokam).
 
Intellectual Property
 
The success of our business depends, in part, on our ability to maintain and protect our proprietary technologies, information, processes, and know‑how. We rely primarily on patent, trademark, copyright and trade secrets laws in the U.S. and similar laws in other countries, confidentiality agreements and procedures and other contractual arrangements to protect our technology. As of December 31, 2018, SolarEdge had 102 issued U.S. patents, 45 issued non‑U.S. patents, 85 patent applications pending for examination in the U.S. and 114 patent applications pending for examination in other countries, all of which are related to U.S. applications. A majority of our patents relate to DC power optimization and DC to AC conversion for alternative energy power systems, power system monitoring and control, and management systems. Our issued patents are scheduled to expire between 2024 and 2035. As of December 31, 2018, Kokam had 14 issued U.S. patents, 60 issued patents in Korea and additional 92 issued patents in other countries. Additionally, as of December 31, 2018, Kokam had 15 patent applications pending for examination worldwide.
 
We continually assess opportunities to seek patent protection for those aspects of our technology, designs, and methodologies and processes that we believe provide significant competitive advantages.
 
We rely on trade secret protection and confidentiality agreements to safeguard our interests with respect to proprietary know‑how that is not patentable and processes for which patents are difficult to enforce. We believe that many elements of our manufacturing processes involve proprietary know‑how, technology, or data that are not covered by patents or patent applications, including technical processes, test equipment designs, algorithms, and procedures.
 
All of our research and development personnel are required to enter into confidentiality and proprietary information agreements with us. These agreements address intellectual property protection issues and require our employees to assign to us all of the inventions, designs, and technologies they develop during the course of employment with us.
 
Our customers and business partners are required to enter into confidentiality agreements before we disclose any sensitive aspects of our technology or business plans.
 
Competition
 
The markets for our solar products are competitive, and we compete with manufacturers of traditional inverters and manufacturers of other MLPE. The principal areas in which we compete with other companies include:
 
•
product and system performance and features;
 
•
total cost of ownership;
 
•
PV module compatibility and interoperability;
 
•
reliability and duration of product warranty;
 
•
customer service and support;
 
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•
breadth of product line;
 
•
local sales and distribution capabilities;
 
•
compliance with applicable certifications and grid codes;
 
•
size and financial stability of operations; and
 
•
size of installed base.
 
Our DC optimized inverter system competes principally with products from traditional inverter manufacturers, such as SMA Solar Technology AG, ABB Ltd. and Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd. as well as from other Chinese inverter manufacturers. In the North American residential market, we compete with traditional inverter manufacturers, as well as microinverter manufacturers such as Enphase Energy, Inc. In addition, several new entrants to the MLPE market, including low‑cost Asian manufacturers, have recently announced plans to ship or have already shipped similar products. We believe that our DC optimized inverter system offers significant technology and cost advantages that reflect a competitive differentiation over traditional inverter systems and microinverter technologies.
 
The markets for our lithium-ion products are competitive as well, and we compete with global cell and battery manufacturers in the ESS market. Our energy storage solutions compete with products from global manufactures such as LG Chem, Samsung SDI, BYD and Panasonic.
 
In the UPS market, our UPS products compete with products and solutions from global UPS providers such as Schneider Electric, Eaton and Emerson.
 
Government Incentives
 
U.S. federal, state, and local government bodies, as well as non-U.S. government bodies, provide incentives to owners, end users, distributors, and manufacturers of solar PV systems to promote solar electricity in the form of rebates, tax credits, and other financial incentives such as system performance payments, payments for renewable energy credits associated with renewable energy generation, and exclusion of solar PV systems from property tax assessments. The market for on‑grid applications, where solar power is used to supplement a customer’s electricity purchased from the utility network or sold to a utility under tariff, often depends in large part on the availability and size of these government subsidies and economic incentives, which vary by geographic market and from time to time. In general, the amount and availability of these incentives and subsidies to encourage the development of solar PV energy have been declining and are expected to continue to decline.
 
Import Tariffs
 
The U.S. government has proposed new or higher tariffs on specified imported products originating from China in response to what it characterizes as unfair trade practices, and China has responded by proposing new or higher tariffs on specified products imported from the United States. In January 2018, a tariff on imported solar modules and cells was adopted in the United States. The tariff, which does not apply directly to our products, except possibly with respect to power optimizers that are embedded onto solar panels in China, was initially set at 30%, with a gradual reduction over four years to 15%. In addition, in July 2018, a 10% tariff on a long list of products imported from China, including inverters and power optimizers was adopted in the United States under Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974, and became effective on September 24, 2018.
 
An additional increase of the tariffs to 25% was expected to take effect on January 1, 2019. However, following a meeting held between U.S. President Trump and Chinese President Xi Jinping on December 1, 2018, President Trump indicated that he would postpone increasing the tariff rate to 25% on certain Chinese goods. The parties agreed to endeavor on a 90-day period, until March 1, 2019, to discuss the restructuring of China’s trade policies and come to an agreement. On February 24, 2019, U.S. President Trump has announced that considering progress in trade talks with China, the United States is planning to delay the additional tariffs that were scheduled to begin on March 1, 2019.
 
It is uncertain what effect, if any, these tariffs may have on the price of solar systems in the United States. If the price of solar systems in the U.S. increases, it would likely reduce the number of solar systems manufactured and sold, which in turn may decrease demand for our products.
 
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Seasonality
 
The solar energy market is subject to seasonal and quarterly fluctuations affected by weather. For example, during the winter months in Europe and the northeastern U.S. where the climate is particularly cold and snowy, it is typical to see a decline in PV installations and this decline can impact the timing of orders for our products.
 
Employees
 
As of December 31, 2018, we had 1,737 full‑time employees. Of these full‑time employees, 598 were engaged in research and development, 323 in sales and marketing, 663 in operations, production and support, and 153 in general and administrative capacities. Of our employees, 924 were based in Israel, 266 were based in Korea, 183 were based in the U.S., 103 were based in China, 55 were based in Germany, and an additional 206 were based elsewhere.
 
None of our employees are represented by a labor union. We have not experienced any employment-related work stoppages, and we consider relations with our employees to be good.
 
Corporate Information
 
We were incorporated in Delaware in 2006. Our principal executive offices are located at 1 HaMada Street, Herziliya Pituach 4673335, Israel and our telephone number at this address is 972 (9) 957-6620. Our website is www.solaredge.com.
 
We file annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other documents with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), pursuant to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”). Our reports, proxy statements and other documents filed electronically with the SEC are available at the website maintained by the SEC at www.sec.gov.
 
We also make available, free of charge on the Investor Relations portion of our website at www.solaredge.com, our annual, quarterly, and current reports, and, if applicable, amendments to those reports, filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such reports with, or furnish them to, the SEC. We also make available on the Investor Relations portion of our website at www.solaredge.com our earnings presentation and other important information, which we encourage you to review.

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ITEM 1A.          RISK FACTORS
 
Risk factors which could cause actual results to differ from our expectations and which could negatively impact our financial condition and results of operations are discussed below and elsewhere in this Annual Report. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we face. If any of the risks or uncertainties described below or any additional risks and uncertainties actually occur, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected. In particular, forward-looking statements are inherently subject to risks and uncertainties, some of which cannot be predicted or quantified. See “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”
 
Risks Related to Our Business and Our Industry
 
We cannot be certain that we will sustain our current level of profitability in the future.
 
We achieved a net profit of $76.6 million, $25.4 million, $84.2 million and $128.0 million in fiscal 2016, the six months ended December 31, 2016, the year ended December 31, 2017 and the year ended December 31, 2018, respectively. Our revenue growth may slow or revenue may decline for a number of possible reasons, many of which are outside our control, including a decline in demand for our products, increased competition, a decrease in the growth of the solar industry or our market share, or our failure to continue to capitalize on growth opportunities. If we fail to maintain sufficient revenue to support our operations, we may not be able to sustain profitability.
 
In addition, we expect to incur additional costs and expenses related to the continued development and expansion of our business, including in connection with recent or future acquisitions as well as ongoing marketing and developing our products, development of our own manufacturing facilities, expanding into new product markets and geographies, maintaining and enhancing our research and development operations and hiring additional personnel. We do not know whether our revenues will grow rapidly enough to absorb these costs or the extent of these expenses or their impact on our results of operations.
 
The rapidly evolving and competitive nature of the solar industry makes it difficult to evaluate our future prospects. Our entry into other adjacent markets through recent acquisitions is new and highly competitive and it is difficult to evaluate our future in these new markets as well.
 
Much of our growth has occurred in recent periods. The rapidly evolving and competitive nature of the solar industry makes it difficult to evaluate our current business and future prospects. In addition, we have limited insight into emerging trends that may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Our recent acquisitions in adjacent markets, such as UPSs and ESS are new to us and these are highly competitive markets in which we will need to compete. We have encountered and will continue to encounter risks and difficulties frequently experienced by growing companies in rapidly changing industries, including unpredictable and volatile revenues and increased expenses as we continue to grow our business.
 
The viability and demand for solar energy solutions, UPS solutions and ESS products, and in turn, our products, may be affected by many factors outside of our control, including:
 
 
•
cost competitiveness, reliability and performance of solar PV systems compared to conventional and non-solar renewable energy sources and products;
 
•
availability and amount of government subsidies and incentives to support the development and deployment of solar energy solutions;
 
•
the extent to which the electric power industry and broader energy industries are deregulated to permit broader adoption of solar electricity generation;
 
•
prices of traditional carbon-based energy sources;
 
•
levels of investment by end-users of solar energy products, which tend to decrease when economic growth slows; and
 
•
the emergence, continuance or success of, or increased government support for, other alternative energy generation technologies and products.
 
If we do not manage these risks and overcome these difficulties successfully, our business and results of operations will suffer.
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If demand for solar energy solutions does not continue to grow or grows at a slower rate than we anticipate, our business and results of operations will suffer.
 
Our solution is utilized in solar PV installations. As a result, our future success depends on continued demand for solar energy solutions and the ability of solar equipment vendors to meet this demand. The solar industry is an evolving industry that has experienced substantial changes in recent years, and we cannot be certain that consumers and businesses, with respect to distributed solar solutions, or utilities, with respect to utility-scale solar projects, will adopt solar PV systems as an alternative energy source at levels sufficient to grow our business. If demand for solar energy solutions fails to develop sufficiently, demand for our products will decrease, which would have an adverse impact on our ability to increase our revenue and grow our business.
 
The reduction, elimination or expiration of government subsidies and economic incentives for on-grid solar electricity applications could reduce demand for solar PV systems and harm our business.  

Federal, state, local and foreign government bodies provide incentives to owners, end users, distributors, system integrators and manufacturers of solar PV systems to promote solar electricity in the form of rebates, tax credits and other financial incentives such as system performance payments, payments of renewable energy credits associated with renewable energy generation and exclusion of solar PV systems from property tax assessments. The market for on-grid applications, where solar power is used to supplement a customer’s electricity purchased from the utility network or sold to a utility under tariff, often depends in large part on the availability and size of government and economic incentives that vary by geographic market. Because our customers’ sales are typically into the on-grid market, the reduction, elimination or expiration of government subsidies and economic incentives for on-grid solar electricity may negatively affect the competitiveness of solar electricity relative to conventional and non-solar renewable sources of electricity, and could harm or halt the growth of the solar electricity industry and our business. For example, in August 2015, the United Kingdom’s Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) launched a consultation on the future of the Feed-in Tariffs (FITs) scheme, the consultation reduced the levels of FIT effective February 2016. Under the new FIT scheme UK solar installations have significantly dropped. These subsidies and incentives may expire on a particular date, end when the allocated funding is exhausted or be reduced or terminated as solar energy adoption rates increase or as a result of legal challenges, the adoption of new statutes or regulations or the passage of time. These reductions or terminations often occur without warning.
 
In addition, several jurisdictions have adopted renewable portfolio standards, which mandate that a certain portion of electricity delivered by utilities to customers come from a set of eligible renewable energy resources by a certain compliance date. Some programs further specify that a portion of the renewable energy quota must be from solar electricity. Under some programs, a utility can receive a “credit” for renewable energy produced by a third party by either purchasing the electricity directly from the producer or paying a fee to obtain the right to renewable energy generated but used by the generator or sold to another party. A renewable energy credit allows the utility to add this electricity to its renewable portfolio requirement total without actually expending the capital for generating facilities. However, there can be no assurances that such policies will continue. For example, in December 2015, Nevada's Public Utilities Commission increased the fixed service charge for net-metered solar customers and lowered compensation for net excess solar generation Proposals to extend compliance deadlines, reduce targets or repeal standards have also been introduced in a number of states. Reduction or elimination of renewable portfolio standards or successful efforts to meet current standards could harm or halt the growth of the solar PV industry and our business.
 
Changes in the U.S. trade environment, including the recent imposition of import tariffs, could adversely affect the amount or timing of our revenues, results of operations or cash flows.
 
The U.S. government recently proposed new or higher tariffs on specified imported products originating from China in response to what it characterizes as unfair trade practices, and China has responded by proposing new or higher tariffs on specified products imported from the United States. In January 2018, a tariff on imported solar modules and cells was adopted in the United States. The tariff, which tariff does not apply directly to our products, except possibly with respect to power optimizers that are embedded onto solar panels in China, was initially set at 30%, with a gradual reduction over four years to 15%. In addition, in July 2018, a 10% tariff on a long list of products imported from China, including inverters and power optimizers was adopted in the United States under Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974, and became effective on September 24, 2018.
 
An additional increase of the tariffs to 25% was expected to take effect on January 1, 2019, however, following a meeting held between On December 1, 2018, U.S. President Trump and Chinese President Xi Jinping on December 1, 2018, met to discuss trade relations between the two countries. Following their meeting, President Trump indicated that he would postpone increasing the tariff rate to 25% on certain Chinese goods currently covered under Section 301 List 3. As notified by the US administration, the parties agreed to endeavor on a 90-day period, until March 1, 2019, to discuss the restructuring of China’s trade policies and come to an agreement. On February 24, 2019, U.S. President Trump has announced that considering progress in trade talks with China, the United States is planning to delay the additional tariffs that were scheduled to begin on March 1, 2019.
 
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These tariffs and the possibility of additional tariffs in the future have created uncertainty in the industry concerning whether they will cause a material increase in the price of solar systems in the United States. If the price of solar systems in the United States increases, the use of solar systems could become less economically feasible and could reduce our gross margins or reduce the demand of solar systems manufactured and sold, which in turn may decrease demand for our products. Additionally, existing or future tariffs may negatively affect key customers, suppliers, and manufacturing partners. Such outcomes could adversely affect the amount or timing of our revenues, results of operations or cash flows, and continuing uncertainty could cause sales volatility, price fluctuations or supply shortages or cause our customers to advance or delay their purchase of our products.
 
Changes to net metering policies may significantly reduce demand for electricity from solar PV systems and harm our business.
 
Our business benefits from favorable net metering policies in several U.S. states, Canadian provinces, and European countries in which our customers operate. Net metering allows a solar PV system owner to pay his or her local electric utility only for power usage net of production from the solar PV system, transforming the conventional relationship between customers and traditional utilities. System owners receive credit for the energy that the solar installation generates to offset energy usage at times when the solar installation is not generating energy. Under a net metering program, the customer typically pays for the net energy used or receives a credit against future bills at the retail rate if more energy is produced than consumed. In some locations, customers are also reimbursed by the electric utility for net excess generation on a periodic basis.
 
Most U.S. states have adopted some form of net metering. However, net metering programs have recently come under regulatory scrutiny in some U.S. states due to challenges alleging that net metering policies inequitably shift costs onto non-solar ratepayers by allowing solar ratepayers to sell electricity at rates that are too high for utilities to recoup their fixed costs. We cannot assure you that the programs will not be significantly modified going forward.
 
If the value of the credit that customers receive for net metering is significantly reduced, end-users may be unable to recognize the same level of cost savings associated with net metering that current end-users enjoy. The absence of favorable net metering policies or of net metering entirely, or the imposition of new charges that only or disproportionately affect end-users that use net metering would significantly limit demand for solar PV systems that are sold by our customers and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and future growth.
 
Existing electric utility industry regulations, and changes to regulations, may present technical, regulatory, and economic barriers to the purchase and use of solar PV systems that may significantly reduce demand for our products or harm our ability to compete.
 
Federal, state, local and foreign government regulations and policies concerning the electric utility industry, and internal policies and regulations promulgated by electric utilities, heavily influence the market for electricity generation products and services. These regulations and policies often relate to electricity pricing and the interconnection of customer-owned electricity generation, and governments and utilities continuously modify these regulations and policies. These regulations and policies could deter purchases of renewable energy products, including solar PV systems sold by our customers. This could result in a significant reduction in the potential demand for our products. For example, utilities commonly charge fees to larger, industrial customers for disconnecting from the electric grid or for having the capacity to use power from the electric grid for back-up purposes. These fees could increase the cost to use solar PV systems sold by our customers and make them less desirable, thereby harming our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, depending on the region, electricity generated by solar PV systems competes most effectively with expensive peak-hour electricity from the electric grid, rather than the less expensive average price of electricity. Modifications to the utilities’ peak hour pricing policies or rate design, such as to a flat rate, could require the price of solar PV systems and their component parts to be lower in order to compete with the price of electricity from the electric grid.
 
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Changes in current laws or regulations applicable to us or the imposition of new laws and regulations in the U.S., Europe, or other jurisdictions in which we do business could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Any changes to government or internal utility regulations and policies that favor electric utilities could reduce the competitiveness of solar PV systems sold by our customers and cause a significant reduction in demand for our products and services. For example, regulators in certain U.S. states have been asked to consider proposals to assess fees on consumers purchasing energy from solar PV systems or imposing a new charge that would disproportionately impact solar PV system owners who utilize net metering, either of which would increase the cost of solar PV energy to those consumers and could reduce demand for our products. Any similar government or utility policies adopted in the future that discourage the growth of solar PV systems could reduce demand for our products and services and adversely impact our growth. In addition, changes in our products or changes in export and import laws and implementing regulations may create delays in the introduction of new products in international markets, prevent our customers from deploying our products internationally or, in some cases, prevent the export or import of our products to certain countries altogether. Any such event could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

A drop in the retail price of electricity derived from the utility grid or from alternative energy sources may harm our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.
 
Decreases in the retail prices of electricity from the utility grid would make the purchase of solar PV systems less economically attractive and would likely lower sales of our products. The price of electricity derived from the utility grid could decrease as a result of:
 
 
•
construction of a significant number of new power generation plants, including plants utilizing natural gas, nuclear, coal, renewable energy, or other generation technologies;

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relief of transmission constraints that enable local centers to generate energy less expensively;
  
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reductions in the price of natural gas;
 
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utility rate adjustment and customer class cost reallocation;
 
•
energy conservation technologies and public initiatives to reduce electricity consumption;
 
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development of smart-grid technologies that lower the peak energy requirements of a utility generation facility;
 
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development of new or lower-cost energy storage technologies that have the ability to reduce a customer’s average cost of electricity by shifting load to off-peak times; and
 
•
development of new energy generation technologies that provide less expensive energy.

Moreover, technological developments in the solar components industry could allow our competitors and their customers to offer electricity at costs lower than those that can be achieved by us and our customers, which could result in reduced demand for our products.
 
If the cost of electricity generated by solar PV installations incorporating our systems is high relative to the cost of electricity from other sources, our business, financial condition, and results of operations may be harmed.
 
An increase in interest rates or tightening of the supply of capital in the global financial markets could make it difficult for end-users to finance the cost of a solar PV system and could reduce the demand for solar systems and thus demand for our products.
 
Many end-users depend on financing to fund the initial capital expenditure required to develop, build, or purchase a solar PV system. As a result, an increase in interest rates or a reduction in the supply of project debt financing or tax equity investments, could reduce the number of solar projects that receive financing or otherwise make it difficult for our customers or their customers, the end-users, to secure the financing necessary to develop, build, purchase, or install a solar PV system on favorable terms, or at all, and thus lower demand for our products which could limit our growth or reduce our net sales. In addition, we believe that a significant percentage of end-users install solar PV systems as an investment, funding the initial capital expenditure through financing. An increase in interest rates could lower such end-user’s return on investment on a solar PV system, increase equity return requirements or make alternative investments more attractive relative to solar PV systems, and, in each case, could cause such end-users to seek alternative investments.
 
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The market for our products is highly competitive and we expect to face increased competition as new and existing competitors introduce power optimizer, inverter, and solar PV system monitoring products, which could negatively affect our results of operations and market share.
 
The market for solar PV solutions is highly competitive. We principally compete with traditional inverter manufacturers as well as microinverter manufacturers. Currently, our DC optimized inverter system competes with products from traditional inverter manufacturers, and microinverter manufacturers, as well as emerging technology companies offering alternative MLPE products. Several new entrants to the inverter and MLPE market including low-cost Asian manufacturers, have recently announced plans to ship or have already shipped products in markets in which we sell our products, including most recently, with respect to sales in Australia and in Europe. We expect competition to intensify as new and existing competitors enter the market.
 
Several of our existing and potential competitors are significantly larger, have greater financial, marketing, distribution, customer support, and other resources, are longer established, and have better brand recognition. Further, certain competitors may be able to develop new products more quickly than us, may partner with other competitors to provide combined technologies and competing solutions and may be able to develop products that are more reliable or that provide more functionality than ours. In addition, some of our competitors have the financial resources to offer competitive products at aggressive or below-market pricing levels, which could cause us to lose sales or market share or require us to lower prices for our products in order to compete effectively. If we have to reduce our prices by more than we anticipated, or if we are unable to offset any future reductions in our average selling prices by increasing our sales volume, reducing our costs and expenses or introducing new products, our revenues and gross profit would suffer.
 
Developments in alternative technologies or improvements in distributed solar energy generation may have a material adverse effect on demand for our offerings.
 
Significant developments in alternative technologies, such as advances in other forms of distributed solar PV power generation, storage solutions, such as batteries, the widespread use or adoption of fuel cells for residential or commercial properties or improvements in other forms of centralized power production, may have a material adverse effect on our business and prospects. Any failure by us to adopt new or enhanced technologies or processes, or to react to changes in existing technologies, could result in product obsolescence, the loss of competitiveness of our products, decreased revenue and a loss of market share to competitors.
 
Our industry has historically been cyclical and experienced periodic downturns.
 
Our future success partly depends on continued demand for solar PV systems in the end-markets we serve, including the residential and commercial sectors in the United States and Europe. The solar industry has historically been cyclical and has experienced periodic downturns which may affect the demand for equipment that we manufacture. The solar industry has undergone challenging business conditions in recent years, including downward pricing pressure for PV modules, mainly as a result of overproduction, and reductions in applicable governmental subsidies, contributing to demand decreases. Although the solar industry is experiencing a slow recovery, there is no assurance that the solar industry will not suffer significant downturns in the future, which will adversely affect demand for our solar products and our results of operations.
 
Defects or performance problems in our products could result in loss of customers, reputational damage, and decreased revenue, and we may face warranty, indemnity, and product liability claims arising from defective products.
 
Although our products meet our stringent quality requirements, they may contain undetected errors or defects, especially when first introduced or when new generations are released. Errors, defects, or poor performance can arise due to design flaws, defects in raw materials or components or manufacturing difficulties, which can affect both the quality and the yield of the product. Any actual or perceived errors, defects, or poor performance in our products could result in the replacement or recall of our products, shipment delays, rejection of our products, damage to our reputation, lost revenue, diversion of our engineering personnel from our product development efforts, and increases in customer service and support costs, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
 
Furthermore, defective components may give rise to warranty, indemnity, or product liability claims against us that exceed any revenue or profit we receive from the affected products. We offer a minimum 12-year limited warranty for our inverters and a 25-year limited warranty for our power optimizers. Our limited warranties cover defects in materials and workmanship of our products under normal use and service conditions. As a result, we bear the risk of warranty claims long after we have sold products and recognized revenue. While we do have accrued reserves for warranty claims, our estimated warranty costs for previously sold products may change to the extent future products are not compatible with earlier generation products under warranty. Our warranty accruals are based on our assumptions and we do not have a long history of making such assumptions. As a result, these assumptions could prove to be materially different from the actual performance of our systems, causing us to incur substantial unanticipated expense to repair or replace defective products in the future or to compensate customers for defective products. Our failure to accurately predict future claims could result in unexpected volatility in, and have a material adverse effect on, our financial condition.
 
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If one of our products were to cause injury to someone or cause property damage, including as a result of product malfunctions, defects, or improper installation, then we could be exposed to product liability claims. We could incur significant costs and liabilities if we are sued and if damages are awarded against us. Further, any product liability claim we face could be expensive to defend and could divert management’s attention. The successful assertion of a product liability claim against us could result in potentially significant monetary damages, penalties or fines, subject us to adverse publicity, damage our reputation and competitive position, and adversely affect sales of our products. In addition, product liability claims, injuries, defects, or other problems experienced by other companies in the residential solar industry could lead to unfavorable market conditions for the industry as a whole, and may have an adverse effect on our ability to attract new customers, thus harming our growth and financial performance.
 
If we do not forecast demand for our products accurately, we may experience product shortages, delays in product shipment, excess product inventory, or difficulties in planning expenses, which will adversely affect our business and financial condition.
 
Our products are manufactured according to our estimates of customer demand, which requires us to make multiple forecasts and assumptions relating to demand from solar PV installers and distributors, their end customers, and general market conditions. Because we sell a large portion of our products to larger solar installers and various distributors, who in turn sell to local installers, who in turn sell to their end customers, the system owner, we have limited visibility as to end customer demand and it is difficult to forecast future end-user demand to plan our operations. If we overestimate demand for our products, or if purchase orders are cancelled or shipments are delayed, we may have excess inventory that we cannot sell. Conversely, if we underestimate demand, we may not have sufficient inventory to meet end customer demand or to ramp up production at our contract manufacturers in a timely manner, or we could incur additional costs, lose market share, damage relationships with our distributors and end customers and forego potential revenue opportunities. For example, in late2017, and early 2018, we had high customer demand and certain component shortages which forced us to shorten transportation time from our factories in China by using air freight rather than less expensive ocean freight.
  
We are dependent on ocean transportation to deliver our products in a cost efficient manner. If we are unable to use ocean transportation to deliver our products, our business and financial condition could be materially and adversely impacted.
 
We rely on commercial ocean transportation for the delivery of a large percentage of our products to our customers. We also rely on more expensive air transportation when ocean transportation is not available or compatible with the delivery time requirements of our customers or when we are unable to meet the growing volume demands of our customers and need to accelerate delivery times. Our ability to deliver our products via ocean transportation could be adversely impacted by shortages in available cargo capacity, changes by carriers and transportation companies in policies and practices, such as scheduling, pricing, payment terms and frequency of service or increases in the cost of fuel, taxes and labor, and other factors, such as labor strikes and work stoppages, not within our control. If we are unable to use ocean transportation and are required to substitute more expensive air transportation, our financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely impacted.
 
We depend upon a small number of outside contract manufacturers. Our operations could be disrupted if we encounter problems with these contract manufacturers.
 
We do not yet have internal manufacturing capabilities, and currently rely upon our contract manufacturers to build all of our products. One of our contract manufacturers is in the process of ramping up manufacturing. During this period, we mainly rely on one contract manufacturer. Any change in our relationship with our contract manufacturers or changes to contractual terms of our agreements with the contract manufacturers could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. Our reliance on a small number of contract manufacturers makes us vulnerable to possible capacity constraints and reduced control over component availability, delivery schedules, manufacturing yields and costs.
 
The revenues that our contract manufacturers generate from our orders represent a relatively small percentage of their overall revenues. As a result, fulfilling our orders may not be considered a priority in the event of constrained ability to fulfill all of their customer obligations in a timely manner. In addition, the facilities in which our products are manufactured are located outside of the U.S., currently in China, Romania and Hungary. The location of these facilities outside of key markets such as the U.S. increases shipping time, thereby causing a long lead time between manufacturing and delivery.
 
If any of our contract manufacturers were unable or unwilling to manufacture our products in required volumes and at high quality levels or renew existing terms under supply agreements, we would have to identify, qualify, and select acceptable alternative contract manufacturers. An alternative contract manufacturer may not be available to us when needed or may not be in a position to satisfy our quality or production requirements on commercially reasonable terms, including price. Any significant interruption in manufacturing would require us to reduce our supply of products to our customers or increase our shipping costs to make up for delays in manufacturing, which in turn could reduce our revenues, harm our relationships with our customers and damage our reputation with local installers and potential end-users, and cause us to forego potential revenue opportunities.
 
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We may experience delays, disruptions, or quality control problems in our manufacturing operations.
 
Our product development, manufacturing, and testing processes are complex and require significant technological and production process expertise. Such processes involve a number of precise steps from design to production. Any change in our processes could cause one or more production errors, requiring a temporary suspension or delay in our production line until the errors can be researched, identified, and properly addressed and rectified. This may occur particularly as we introduce new products, modify our engineering and production techniques, and/or expand our capacity. In addition, our failure to maintain appropriate quality assurance processes could result in increased product failures, loss of customers, increased warranty reserve, increased production, and logistical costs and delays. Any of these developments could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
 
We depend on a limited number of suppliers for key components and raw materials in our products to adequately meet anticipated demand. Due to the limited number of such suppliers, any cessation of operations or production or any shortage, delay, price change, imposition of tariffs or duties, or other limitation on our ability to obtain the components and raw materials we use could result in sales delays, higher costs associated with air shipments, cancellations, and loss of market share.
 
We depend on limited or single source suppliers for certain key components and raw materials used to manufacture our products, making us susceptible to quality issues, shortages, and price changes. Any of these limited or single source suppliers could stop producing our components or supplying our raw materials, cease operations or be acquired by, or enter into exclusive arrangements with, one or more of our competitors. As a result, these suppliers could stop selling to us at commercially reasonable prices, or at all. Because there are a limited number of suppliers of solar PV system components and raw materials used to manufacture our products, it may be difficult to quickly identify alternate suppliers or to qualify alternative components or raw materials on commercially reasonable terms, and our ability to satisfy customer demand may be adversely affected. Transitioning to a new supplier or redesigning a product to accommodate a new component manufacturer would result in additional costs and delays. These outcomes could harm our business or financial performance.
 
Managing our supplier and contractor relationships is particularly difficult when we are introducing new products and when demand for our products is increasing, especially if demand increases more quickly than we expect.

 Any interruption in the supply of limited source components or raw materials for our products would adversely affect our ability to meet scheduled product deliveries to our customers, could result in lost revenue or higher expenses associated with increased air shipments required to meet customer demand in a timely manner, and would harm our business.

For example, during 2017 and 2018, our industry suffered from a severe component shortages which affected our ability to timely receive components within lead time and caused an extension of certain lead times by our suppliers. This shortages resulted in a delay in cost reduction activities, which negatively impacted our gross margin, as well as necessitated expedited air shipments that had an impact on our operating margins.
 
Failure by our contract manufacturers or our component or raw material suppliers to use ethical business practices and comply with applicable laws and regulations may adversely affect our business.
 
We do not control our contract manufacturers or suppliers or their business practices. Accordingly, we cannot guarantee that they follow ethical business practices such as fair wage practices and compliance with environmental, safety, and other local laws. A lack of demonstrated compliance could lead us to seek alternative manufacturers or suppliers, which could increase our costs and result in delayed delivery of our products, product shortages, or other disruptions of our operations. Violation of labor or other laws by our manufacturers or suppliers or the divergence of a supplier’s labor or other practices from those generally accepted as ethical in the U.S. or other markets in which we do business could also attract negative publicity for us and harm our business.
 
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Our results of operations may fluctuate from quarter to quarter, which could make our future performance difficult to predict and could cause our results of operations for a particular period to fall below expectations, resulting in a decline in the price of our common stock.
 
Our quarterly results of operations are difficult to predict and may fluctuate significantly in the future. We have experienced seasonal and quarterly fluctuations in the past as a result of seasonal fluctuations in our customers’ business. For example, our customers’ and end-users’ ability to install solar energy systems is affected by weather, as for example during the winter months in Europe and the northeastern U.S. Such installation delays can impact the timing of orders for our products. Further, given that we are operating in an industry that is affected by fluctuations as a result of economic factors such as tariff changes, the true extent of these fluctuations may have been masked by our recent growth rates and consequently may not be readily apparent from our historical results of operations and may be difficult to predict. Our financial performance, sales, working capital requirements, and cash flow may fluctuate, and our past quarterly results of operations may not be good indicators of future performance. Any substantial decrease in revenues would have an adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, and stock price.
 
We rely on distributors and large installers to assist in selling our products, and the failure of these customers to perform as expected could reduce our future revenue.
 
We currently sell a substantial percentage of our products through distributors, who in turn sell to local installers, and through direct sales to large installers. We do not have exclusive arrangements with these third party distributors and large installers. Many of our distributors also market and sell products from our competitors, and all of our large installer customers also use products from our competitors. These distributors and large installers may terminate their relationships with us at any time and with little or no notice. Further, these distributors and large installers may fail to devote resources necessary to sell our products at the prices, in the volumes, and within the time frames that we expect, or may focus their marketing and sales efforts on products of our competitors. Termination of agreements with current distributors or large installers, failure by these distributors or large installers to perform as expected, or failure by us to cultivate new distributor or large installer relationships, could hinder our ability to expand our operations and harm our revenue and results of operations.
 
The loss of one or more members of our senior management team or other key personnel or our failure to attract additional qualified personnel may adversely affect our business and our ability to achieve our anticipated level of growth.
 
We depend on the continued services of our senior management team, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, and other key personnel, each of whom would be difficult to replace. The loss of any such personnel could have a material adverse effect on our business and ability to implement our business strategy. All of our employees, including our senior management, are free to terminate their employment relationships with us at any time. We do not maintain key-person insurance for any of our employees, including senior management.
 
Additionally, our ability to attract qualified personnel, including senior management and key technical personnel, is critical to the execution of our growth strategy. Competition for qualified senior management personnel and highly skilled individuals with technical expertise is extremely intense, and we face challenges identifying, hiring, and retaining qualified personnel in all areas of our business. In addition, integrating new employees into our team could prove disruptive to our operations, require substantial resources and management attention, and ultimately prove unsuccessful. Our failure to attract and retain qualified senior management and other key technical personnel could limit or delay our strategic efforts, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.
 
If we fail to protect, or incur significant costs in defending our intellectual property and other proprietary rights, our business and results of operations could be materially harmed.
 
Our success depends to a significant degree on our ability to protect our intellectual property and other proprietary rights. We rely on a combination of patent, trademark, copyright, trade secret, and unfair competition laws, as well as confidentiality and license agreements and other contractual provisions, to establish and protect our intellectual property and other proprietary rights. We have applied for patents in the U.S., Europe, and China, some of which have been issued. We cannot guarantee that any of our pending applications will be approved or that our existing and future intellectual property rights will be sufficiently broad to protect our proprietary technology, and any failure to obtain such approvals or finding that our intellectual property rights are invalid or unenforceable could force us to, among other things, rebrand or re-design our affected products. In countries where we have not applied for patent protection or where effective intellectual property protection is not available to the same extent as in the U.S., we may be at greater risk that our proprietary rights will be misappropriated, infringed, or otherwise violated.
 
In addition, we have filed a lawsuit against Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., a Chinese entity, Huawei Technologies Düsseldorf GmbH, a German entity, and WATTKRAFT Solar GmbH, a German distributor for Huawei in the Regional Court of Mannheim in Germany, asserting unauthorized use of our patented technology. The lawsuit is intended to protect our significant investment in our intellectual property .but it also may consume management and financial resources for long periods of time and, as meritorious as we believe it to be, may not result in favorable outcome for us.
 
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Third parties may assert that we are infringing upon their intellectual property rights, which could divert management’s attention, cause us to incur significant costs, and prevent us from selling or using the technology to which such rights relate.
 
Our competitors and other third parties hold numerous patents related to technology used in our industry. From time to time, we may also be subject to claims of intellectual property right infringement and related litigation, and, if we gain greater recognition in the market, we face a higher risk of being the subject of claims that we have violated others’ intellectual property rights. For example, in September 2018, our German subsidiary, SolarEdge Technologies GmbH received a complaint filed by SMA Solar Technology AG. The complaint, filed in the District Court Düsseldorf, Germany, alleges that SolarEdge's 12.5kW - 27.6kW inverters infringe two of plaintiff’s patents. Although we are certain that we have meritorious defenses to the claims, responding to such claims can be time consuming, can divert management’s attention and resources and may cause us to incur significant expenses in litigation or settlement. While we believe that our products and technology do not infringe in any material respect upon any valid intellectual property rights of third parties, we cannot be certain that we would be successful in defending against any such claims. If we do not successfully defend or settle an intellectual property claim, we could be liable for significant monetary damages and could be prohibited from continuing to use certain technology, business methods, content, or brands. To avoid a prohibition, we could seek a license from the applicable third party, which could require us to pay significant royalties, increasing our operating expenses. If a license is not available at all or not available on reasonable terms, we may be required to develop or license a non-violating alternative, either of which could require significant effort and expense. If we cannot license or develop a non-violating alternative, we would be forced to limit or stop sales of our offerings and may be unable to effectively compete. Any of these results would adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
 
We may become subject to claims for remuneration or royalties for assigned service invention rights by our employees, which could result in litigation and adversely affect our business.
 
We enter into agreements with our employees pursuant to which they agree that any inventions created in the scope of their employment or engagement are assigned to us or owned exclusively by us, depending on the jurisdiction, without the employee retaining any rights. A significant portion of our intellectual property has been developed by our employees in the course of their employment for us. Under the Israeli Patent Law, 5727-1967 (the “Patent Law”), inventions conceived by an employee during the scope of his or her employment with a company are regarded as “service inventions,” which belong to the employer, absent a specific agreement between the employee and employer giving the employee service invention rights. The Patent Law also provides that if there is no such agreement between an employer and an employee, the Israeli Compensation and Royalties Committee (the “Committee”), a body constituted under the Patent Law, shall determine whether the employee is entitled to remuneration for his or her inventions. Recent decisions by the Committee and the Israeli Supreme Court have created uncertainty in this area, as the Israeli Supreme Court held that employees may be entitled to remuneration for their service inventions despite having specifically waived any such rights. Further, the Committee has not yet determined the method for calculating this Committee-enforced remuneration. Although our employees have agreed that any rights related to their inventions are owned exclusively by us, we may face claims demanding remuneration in consideration for such acknowledgement. As a consequence of such claims, we could be required to pay additional remuneration or royalties to our current and/or former employees, or be forced to litigate such claims, which could negatively affect our business.
 
The loss of, or events affecting, one of our major customers could reduce our sales and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
 
For the year ended December 31, 2018, three of our major customers accounted for 33.4 % of our revenues. Our next five largest customers for the year ended December 31, 2018 together accounted for 21.2% of our revenues. For the year ended December 31, 2018, our largest customer was Consolidated Electrical Distributors Inc. (CED), accounting for 19.4% of our revenues. Our customers’ decisions to purchase our products are influenced by a number of factors outside of our control, including retail energy prices and government regulation and incentives, among others. In addition, these customers may decide to no longer use our products and services for other reasons which may be out of our control. Although we have agreements with some of our largest customers, these agreements do not have long-term purchase commitments and are generally terminable by either party after a relatively short notice period. The loss of, or events affecting, one or more of these customers could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. For example, in April 2017, one of our customers, Sungevity, filed for reorganization under Chapter 11 of the U.S. bankruptcy laws.

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Consolidations in the solar industry among our current or potential customers or distributors may adversely affect our competitive position. 

There has been an increase in consolidation activity among distributors, large installers, and other strategic partners in the solar industry. For example, in June 2016, Tesla Motors (TSLA) announced that it had submitted a proposal to acquire all of the outstanding shares of common stock of SolarCity Corporation (SCTY). In June 2018, Enphase Energy (ENPH) announced its acquisition of SunPower’s (SPWR) mincroinverter business. This trend could further increase our reliance on a small number of customers for a significant portion of our sales and may negatively impact our competitive position in the solar market.

Our planned expansion into new geographic markets or new product lines or services could subject us to additional business, financial, and competitive risks.
 
In the year ended December 31, 2018, we sold our products in different countries, including the U.S., Canada, Belgium, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Australia, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Sweden and China. We have in the past, and may in the future, evaluate opportunities to expand into new geographic markets and introduce new product offerings and services that are a natural extension of our existing business. We also may from time to time engage in acquisitions of businesses or product lines with the potential to strengthen our market position, enable us to enter attractive markets, expand our technological capabilities, or provide synergy opportunities. For example, we intend to continue introduce new products targeted at large commercial and utility-scale installations and to continue to expand into other international markets.

Our success operating in these new geographic or product markets, or in operating any acquired business, will depend on a number of factors, including our ability to develop solutions to address the requirements of the large commercial and utility-scale solar PV markets, timely qualification and certification of new products for large commercial and utility-scale solar PV installations, acceptance of power optimizers in solar PV markets in which they have not traditionally been used, our ability to manage increased manufacturing capacity and production, and our ability to identify and integrate any acquired businesses.
 
Further, we expect these new solar PV markets to have different characteristics from the markets in which we currently sell products, and our success will depend on our ability to adapt properly to these differences. These differences may include differing regulatory requirements, including tax laws, trade laws, labor regulations, tariffs, export quotas, customs duties, or other trade restrictions, limited or unfavorable intellectual property protection, international, political or economic conditions, restrictions on the repatriation of earnings, longer sales cycles, warranty expectations, product return policies and cost, performance and compatibility requirements. In addition, expanding into new geographic markets will increase our exposure to presently existing risks, such as fluctuations in the value of foreign currencies and difficulties and increased expenses in complying with U.S. and foreign laws, regulations and trade standards, including the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended (the “FCPA”).
 
Failure to develop and introduce these new products successfully or to otherwise manage the risks and challenges associated with our potential expansion into new product and geographic markets could adversely affect our revenues and our ability to sustain profitability.
 
If we fail to manage our recent and future growth effectively, we may be unable to execute our business plan, maintain high levels of customer service, or adequately address competitive challenges.
 
We have experienced significant growth in recent periods with our annual product sales growing rapidly from approximately 8,400 inverters and approximately 181,000 power optimizers in the fiscal year ending June 30, 2011, our first full fiscal year of commercial shipments, to annual product sales exceeding 456,000 inverters and 11.4 million power optimizers in the year ended December 31, 2018. We intend to continue to expand our business significantly within existing and new markets. This growth has placed, and any future growth may place, a significant strain on our management, operational, and financial infrastructure. In particular, we will be required to expand, train, and manage our growing employee base and scale and otherwise improve our IT infrastructure in tandem with that headcount growth. Our management will also be required to maintain and expand our relationships with customers, suppliers, and other third parties and attract new customers and suppliers, as well as manage multiple geographic locations.
 
Our current and planned operations, personnel, IT, information systems, and other systems and procedures might be inadequate to support our future growth and may require us to make additional unanticipated investment in our infrastructure. Our success and ability to further scale our business will depend, in part, on our ability to manage these changes in a cost-effective and efficient manner. If we cannot manage our growth, we may be unable to take advantage of market opportunities, execute our business strategies, or respond to competitive pressures. This could also result in declines in quality or customer satisfaction, increased costs, difficulties in introducing new offerings, or other operational difficulties. Any failure to effectively manage growth could adversely impact our business and reputation.
 
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  Fluctuations in currency exchange rates may negatively impact our financial condition and results of operations.
 
Although our financial results are reported in U.S. dollars, 41.2% of our revenues in the year ended December 31, 2018 were generated in currencies other than the U.S. Dollar. In addition, a significant portion of our operating expenses are accrued in New Israeli Shekels (primarily related to payroll) and, to a lesser extent, the Euro and other currencies. Our profitability is affected by movements of the U.S. dollar against the Euro, and, to a lesser extent, the New Israeli Shekel and other currencies in which we generate revenues, incur expenses, and maintain cash balances. Foreign currency fluctuations may also affect the prices of our products. Our prices are denominated primarily in U.S. dollars. If there is a significant devaluation of a particular currency, the prices of our products will increase relative to the local currency and may be less competitive. Despite our efforts to minimize foreign currency risks, primarily by entering into forward-hedging transactions to sell Euro for U.S. dollars at a predefined rate, and maintaining cash balances in New Israeli Shekels, significant long-term fluctuations in relative currency values, in particular a significant change in the relative values of the Euro and, to a lesser extent, the New Israeli Shekel and other currencies, against the U.S. dollar could have an adverse effect on our profitability and financial condition.
 
From time to time, we may enter into forward contracts to hedge the exchange impacts on assets and liabilities denominated in Israeli Shekels, Euros and other currencies. As of December 31, 2018, we had no derivative instruments. We use derivative financial instruments, such as foreign exchange forward contracts and put and call options, to mitigate the risk of changes in foreign exchange rates on accounts receivable and forecast cash flows denominated in certain foreign currencies. We may not be able to purchase derivative instruments adequate to fully insulate ourselves from foreign currency exchange risks.
 
Additionally, our hedging activities may also contribute to increased losses as a result of volatility in foreign currency markets. If foreign exchange currency markets continue to be volatile, such fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates could materially and adversely affect our profit margins and results of operations in future periods. Also, the volatility in the foreign currency markets may make it difficult to hedge our foreign currency exposures effectively.

 We may have exposure to greater than anticipated tax liabilities.
 
The determination of our worldwide provision for income taxes and other tax liabilities requires estimation and significant judgment, and there are many transactions and calculations where the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. Like many other multinational corporations, we are subject to tax in multiple jurisdictions, both in the U.S. and outside the U.S. Our determination of our tax liability is always subject to audit and review by applicable tax authorities. Any adverse outcome of any such audit or review could affect our business, and the ultimate tax outcome may differ from the amounts recorded in our financial statements and may materially affect our financial results in the periods for which such determination is made. While we have established reserves based on assumptions and estimates that we believe are reasonable to cover such eventualities, these reserves may prove to be insufficient.
 
In addition, our future income taxes could be adversely affected by earnings being lower than anticipated, or by the incurrence of losses, in jurisdictions that have lower statutory tax rates and higher than anticipated in jurisdictions that have higher statutory tax rates, by changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets and liabilities, as a result of gains on our foreign exchange risk management program, or changes in tax laws, regulations, or accounting principles, as well as certain discrete items.
 
Various levels of government, such as U.S. federal and state legislatures, and international organizations, such as the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (“OECD”) and the European Union, are increasingly focused on tax reform and other legislative or regulatory action to increase tax revenue. Any such tax reform or other legislative or regulatory actions could increase our effective tax rate.

Any unauthorized access to, or disclosure or theft of personal information we gather, store, or use could harm our reputation and subject us to claims or litigation.
 
Our business and operations may be impacted by data security breaches and cybersecurity attacks, including attempts to gain unauthorized access to confidential data. We receive, store, and use certain personal information of our customers, and the end-users of our customers’ solar PV systems, including names, addresses, e-mail addresses, credit information, and energy production statistics. We also store and use personal information of our employees. We take steps to protect the security, integrity, and confidentiality of the personal information we collect, store, and transmit, but there is no guarantee that inadvertent or unauthorized use or disclosure will not occur or that third parties will not gain unauthorized access to this information despite our efforts. Because techniques used to obtain unauthorized access or sabotage systems change frequently and generally are not identified until they are launched against a target, we and our suppliers or vendors may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate preventative or mitigation measures.
 
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Unauthorized use or disclosure of, or access to, any personal information maintained by us or on our behalf, whether through breach of our systems, breach of the systems of our suppliers or vendors by an unauthorized party, or through employee or contractor error, theft or misuse, or otherwise, could harm our business, particularly in light of the European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which went into effect in May 2018. If any such unauthorized use or disclosure of, or access to, such personal information were to occur, our operations could be seriously disrupted and we could be subject to demands, claims and litigation by private parties, and investigations, related actions, and penalties by regulatory authorities. In addition, we could incur significant costs in notifying affected persons and entities and otherwise complying with the multitude of foreign, federal, state, and local laws and regulations relating to the unauthorized access to, or use or disclosure of, personal information. Finally, any perceived or actual unauthorized access to, or use or disclosure of, such information could harm our reputation, substantially impair our ability to attract and retain customers, and have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
 
We could be adversely affected by any violations of the FCPA, the U.K. Bribery Act, and other foreign anti-bribery laws.
 
The FCPA generally prohibits companies and their intermediaries from making improper payments to foreign government officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. Other countries in which we operate also have anti-bribery laws, some of which prohibit improper payments to government and non-government persons and entities. Our policies mandate compliance with these anti-bribery laws. However, we currently operate in and intend to further expand into, many parts of the world that have experienced governmental corruption to some degree and, in certain circumstances, strict compliance with anti-bribery laws may conflict with local customs and practices. In addition, due to the level of regulation in our industry, our entry into certain jurisdictions requires substantial government contact where norms can differ from U.S. standards. It is possible that our employees, subcontractors, agents, and partners may take actions in violation of our policies and anti-bribery laws. Any such violation, even if prohibited by our policies, could subject us to criminal or civil penalties or other sanctions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows, and reputation.

Third parties might attempt to gain unauthorized access to our network or seek to compromise our products and services.

From time to time, we face attempts by others to gain unauthorized access through the Internet or to introduce malicious software to our information technology (IT) systems. Additionally, malicious hackers may attempt to gain unauthorized access and corrupt the processes of hardware and software products that we manufacture and services we provide. We or our products may be a target of computer hackers, organizations or malicious attackers who attempt to gain access to our network or data centers or those of our customers or end users; steal proprietary information related to our business, products, employees, and customers; or interrupt our systems or those of our customers or others. From time to time, we encounter intrusions or attempts at gaining unauthorized access to our network. To date, none have resulted in any material adverse impact to our business or operations; however, there can be no guarantee that such impacts will not be material in the future. While we seek to detect and investigate all unauthorized attempts and attacks against our network and products, and to prevent their recurrence where practicable through changes to our internal processes and tools and/or changes to our products, we remain potentially vulnerable to additional known or unknown threats. In addition to intentional third-party cyber-security breaches, the integrity and confidentiality of Company and customer data may be compromised as a result of human error, product defects, or technological failures. Cyber-security breaches, whether successful or unsuccessful, and other IT system interruptions, including those resulting from human error and technological failures, could result in our incurring significant costs related to, for example, rebuilding internal systems, reduced inventory value, providing modifications to our products and services, defending against litigation, responding to regulatory inquiries or actions, paying damages, or taking other remedial steps with respect to third parties.

Our entry into business engagements with military bodies as our customers in the lithium-ion battery and energy storage business embodies a risk for potentially large-scale and uncapped liability.

As a result of the Kokam Acquisition, a small portion of our business involves the sale of products to military customers. Our sales to military customers often involve standard form contracts, which are less subject to negotiation than the agreements we enter into in our ordinary course of business. In particular, certain of these contracts involve unlimited damages provisions that could result in large-scale liabilities.
 
We may not have sufficient insurance coverage to cover business continuity.

We rely on a limited number of contracted manufacturers to manufacture our products as well as on component manufacturers which are sometimes a single source. As a result, a sustained or repeated interruption in the manufacturing of our products by such outsourced providers due to fire or nature disasters, and/or an interruption in the provision of the required components for our business by these components manufacturers may interfere with our ability to sell our products to our customers in a timely manner. The described nature of our business and our size, makes it difficult to insure some or all of such possible loss of profit, which may adversely affect our financial results.

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Our business could be materially adversely affected as a result of the risks associated with acquisitions and investments. In particular, we may not succeed in making additional acquisitions or be effective in integrating such acquisitions.

As part of our growth strategy, we have made a significant number of acquisitions. We may continue to make acquisitions and investments in the future as part of our growth strategy. We frequently evaluate the tactical or strategic opportunity available related to complementary businesses, products or technologies. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in making additional acquisitions. Even if we are successful in making additional acquisitions, integrating an acquired company’s business into our operations or investing in new technologies may (1) result in unforeseen operating difficulties and large expenditures and (2) absorb significant management attention that would otherwise be available for the ongoing development of our business, both of which may result in the loss of key customers or personnel and expose us to unanticipated liabilities. Further, we may not be able to retain the key employees that may be necessary to operate the business we acquire and we may not be able to attract, in a timely manner, new skilled employees and management to replace them.

We may not be able to consummate acquisitions or investments that we have identified as crucial to the implementation of our strategy for other commercial or economic reasons. Further, we may not be able to obtain the necessary regulatory approvals, including those of competition authorities and foreign investment authorities, in countries where we seek to consummate acquisitions or make investments. For those and other reasons, we may ultimately fail to consummate an acquisition, even if we announce the intended acquisition.

If our goodwill or other intangible assets become impaired, our financial condition and results of operations could be negatively affected.

Due to our latest acquisitions, goodwill and other intangible assets totaled approximately $73.4 million, or approximately 7.6% of our total assets, as of December 31, 2018. We test our goodwill for impairment at least annually, or more frequently if an event occurs indicating the potential for impairment, and we assess on an as-needed basis whether there have been impairments in our other intangible assets. We make assumptions and estimates in this assessment which are complex and often subjective. These assumptions and estimates can be affected by a variety of factors, including external factors such as industry and economic trends, and internal factors such as changes in our business strategy or our internal forecasts. To the extent that the factors described above change, we could be required to record additional non-cash impairment charges in the future, which could negatively affect our financial condition and results of operations.
 
Risks Related to Operations in Israel
 
Conditions in Israel affect our operations and may limit our ability to develop, produce and sell our products.
 
Although we are incorporated in Delaware, our headquarters and research and development center are located in Israel. Accordingly, political, economic, and military conditions in Israel directly affect us. Israel has been involved in a number of armed conflicts and has been the target of terrorist activity. Ongoing state of hostility, varying in degree such as rocket fire from the Gaza Strip, including against civilian targets, has occurred on an irregular basis, disrupting day-to-day civilian activity and negatively affecting business conditions. Israel also faces threats from Hezbollah militants in Lebanon, and others. We cannot predict whether or when such armed conflicts or attacks may occur or the extent to which such events may impact us. Any future armed conflict, political instability or violence in the region may impede our ability to manage our business effectively or to engage in research and development, or may otherwise adversely affect our business or operations. In the event of war, we and our Israeli subcontractors and suppliers may cease operations, which may cause delays in the distribution and sale of our products. Some of our directors, executive officers, and employees in Israel are obligated to perform annual reserve duty in the Israeli military and are subject to being called for additional active duty under emergency circumstances. In the event that our principal executive office is damaged as a result of hostile action, or hostilities otherwise disrupting the ongoing operation of our offices, our ability to operate could be materially adversely affected.
 
Additionally, several countries, principally in the Middle East, restrict doing business with Israeli companies, and additional countries and groups may impose similar restrictions if hostilities in Israel or political instability in the region continue or increase. If recent regime changes and civil wars in neighboring states result in the establishment of fundamentalist Islamic regimes or governments more hostile to Israel, or if Egypt or Jordan abrogates its respective peace treaty with Israel, Israel could be subject to additional political, economic, and military confines, and our operations and ability to sell our products to countries in the region could be materially adversely affected. These restrictions may limit materially our ability to obtain manufactured components and raw materials or to sell our products.
 
Any hostilities involving Israel or the interruption or curtailment of trade between Israel and its present trading partners, or significant downturn in the economic or financial condition of Israel, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
  
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The tax benefits that are available to us under Israeli law require us to meet various conditions and may be terminated or reduced in the future, which could increase our costs and taxes.
 
Our Israeli subsidiary is eligible for certain tax benefits provided to “Benefited Enterprises” under the Israeli Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments, 1959 (the “Investments Law”). Beginning in January 2019, and with respect to its taxable results from 2019 onwards, our Israeli subsidiary further elected to apply the terms of the Investments Law as per “Preferred Enterprise” or “Preferred Technological Enterprise” (“PTE”). In order to remain eligible for the tax benefits for “Benefited Enterprises” with respect to our Israeli subsidiary’s taxable results until 2018 and with respect to its taxable results from 2019 for “Preferred Enterprise” or “Preferred Technological Enterprise”, we must continue to meet certain conditions stipulated in the Investments Law and its regulations, as amended. If these tax benefits are reduced, cancelled, or discontinued, our Israeli taxable income would be subject to regular Israeli corporate tax rates and we may be required to refund any tax benefits that we have already received, plus interest and penalties thereon. The standard corporate tax rate for Israeli companies was increased to 26.5% in 2014 and 2015 decreased to 25% in 2016, decreased to 24% in 2017 and decreased further to 23% as of January 1, 2018. Additionally, if we increase our activities outside of Israel through acquisitions or otherwise, our either existing or expanded activities might not be eligible for inclusion in existing or future Israeli tax benefit programs. The Israeli government may furthermore independently determine to reduce, phase out, or eliminate entirely the benefit programs under the Investments Law, regardless of whether we then qualify for benefits under those programs at the time, which would also adversely affect our global tax rate and our results of operations.
 
It may be difficult to enforce a judgment of a U.S. court against our officers and directors, to assert U.S. securities laws claims in Israel, or to serve process on our officers and directors.
 
The majority of our directors and executive officers reside outside of the U.S., and most of our assets and most of the assets of these persons are located outside of the U.S. Consequently, a judgment obtained against any of these persons, including a judgment based on the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws, may not be collectible in the U.S. It also may be difficult for you to effect service of process on these persons in the U.S. or to assert U.S. securities law claims in original actions instituted in Israel. Israeli courts may refuse to hear a claim based on an alleged violation of U.S. securities laws on the grounds that Israel is not the most appropriate forum in which to bring such a claim. In addition, even if an Israeli court hears a claim, it may determine that Israeli law and not U.S. law is applicable to the claim. If U.S. law is found to be applicable, the content of applicable U.S. law must be proven as a fact by expert witnesses, which can be a time consuming and costly process. Further, an Israeli court may not enforce a judgment awarded by a U.S. or other non-Israeli court. Certain matters of procedure will also be governed by Israeli law. There is little binding case law in Israel that addresses these matters. As a result of the difficulty associated with enforcing a judgment against any of these persons in Israel, you may not be able to obtain or enforce a judgment against many of our directors and executive officers.
 
Risks Related to the Ownership of Our Common Stock
 
We cannot assure you that our stock price will not decline or not be subject to significant volatility.
 
The trading price of our common stock has been volatile since our initial public offering. Since shares of our common stock were sold in our initial public offering in March 2015 at a price of $18.00 per share, during the year ended December 31, 2018, the reported high and low prices of our common stock has ranged from $30.80 to $70.74 per share. The price of our stock may change in response to fluctuations in our results of operations in future periods and also may change in response to other factors, including factors specific to companies in our industry, many of which are beyond our control. As a result, our share price may experience significant volatility and may not necessarily reflect the value of our expected performance. Among other factors that could affect our stock price are:
 
·
the addition or loss of significant customers;

·
changes in laws or regulations applicable to our industry, products or services;

·
speculation about our business in the press or the investment community;

·
price and volume fluctuations in the overall stock market;

·
volatility in the market price and trading volume of companies in our industry or companies that investors consider comparable;

·
share price and volume fluctuations attributable to inconsistent trading levels of our shares;

28
·
our ability to protect our intellectual property and other proprietary rights;

·
sales of our common stock by us or our significant stockholders, officers and directors;

·
the expiration of contractual lock-up agreements;

·
the development and sustainability of an active trading market for our common stock;

·
success of competitive products or services;

·
the public’s response to press releases or other public announcements by us or others, including our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), announcements relating to litigation or significant changes to our key personnel;

·
the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting;

·
changes in our capital structure, such as future issuances of debt or equity securities;

·
our entry into new markets;

·
tax developments in the U.S., Europe, or other markets;

·
strategic actions by us or our competitors, such as acquisitions or restructurings; and

·
changes in accounting principles.

           Further, the stock markets have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have affected and continue to affect the market prices of equity securities of many companies. These fluctuations often have been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. In addition, the stock prices of many renewable energy companies have experienced wide fluctuations that have often been unrelated to the operating performance of those companies. These broad market and industry fluctuations, as well as general economic, political, and market conditions such as recessions, interest rate changes, or international currency fluctuations, may cause the market price of our common stock to decline. In the past, many companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their stock have been subject to securities class action litigation. We may be the target of this type of litigation in the future. Securities litigation against us could result in substantial cost and divert our management’s attention from other business concerns, which could seriously harm our business.
 
The price of our common stock could decline if securities analysts or other third parties publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about us or if one or more of our analysts ceases to cover us or to regularly publish reports about us.
 
The trading of our common stock is likely to be influenced by the reports and research that industry or securities analysts publish about us, our business, our market, or our competitors. If one or more securities or industry analysts downgrades our common stock or publishes inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price would likely decline. If one or more securities or industry analysts ceases to cover the Company or fails to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.
 
Provisions in our certificate of incorporation and by-laws may have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control or changes in our management.
 
Our certificate of incorporation and by-laws contain provisions that could depress the trading price of our common stock by discouraging, delaying, or preventing a change of control of our Company or changes in our management that the stockholders of our Company may believe advantageous. These provisions include:
 
·
authorizing “blank check” preferred stock that our board of directors could issue to increase the number of outstanding shares to discourage a takeover attempt;

·
providing for a classified board of directors with staggered, three-year terms, which could delay the ability of stockholders to change the membership of a majority of our board of directors;

29
·
not providing for cumulative voting in the election of directors, which limits the ability of minority stockholders to elect director candidates;

·
limiting the ability of stockholders to call a special stockholder meeting;

·
prohibiting stockholders from acting by written consent;

·
establishing advance notice requirements for nominations for election to our board of directors or for proposing matters that can be acted upon by stockholders at stockholder meetings;

·
the removal of directors only for cause and only upon the affirmative vote of the holders of at least 662/3% in voting power of all the then-outstanding shares of common stock of the Company entitled to vote thereon, voting together as a single class;

·
providing that our board of directors is expressly authorized to amend, alter, rescind or repeal our by-laws; and

·
requiring the affirmative vote of holders of at least 662/3% of the voting power of all of the then outstanding shares of common stock, voting as a single class, to amend provisions of our certificate of incorporation relating to the management of our business, our board of directors, stockholder action by written consent, advance notification of stockholder nominations and proposals, calling special meetings of stockholders, forum selection and the liability of our directors, or to amend, alter, rescind, or repeal our by-laws.

In addition, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law (“DGCL”), which generally prohibits a Delaware corporation from engaging in a broad range of business combinations with any “interested” stockholder for a period of three years following the date on which the stockholder becomes an “interested” stockholder.
 
Our certificate of incorporation includes a forum selection clause, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us.
 
Our certificate of incorporation provides that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the sole and exclusive forum for any stockholder (including any beneficial owner) to bring (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers, or employees to us or to our stockholders, (iii) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the DGCL or our certificate of incorporation or by-laws, or (iv) any action asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine, will be a state court located within the State of Delaware (or, if no state court located within the State of Delaware has jurisdiction, the federal district court for the District of Delaware); in all cases subject to the court’s having personal jurisdiction over the indispensable parties named as defendants. Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in shares of our capital stock is deemed to have notice of and consented to the foregoing provisions. This forum selection provision may limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us. It is also possible that, notwithstanding the forum selection clause that is included in our certificate of incorporation, a court outside of Delaware could rule that such a provision is inapplicable or unenforceable.
  
We do not intend to pay any cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future.
 
We have never declared or paid any dividends on our common stock. We currently intend to retain any future earnings and do not expect to pay any dividends in the foreseeable future. Any future determination to declare cash dividends will be made at the discretion of our board of directors, subject to applicable laws and organizational documents, after taking into account our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, general business conditions, and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant. As a result, capital appreciation in the price of our common stock, if any, may be your only source of gain on an investment in our common stock.

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ITEM 1B.       UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
 
Not applicable.

ITEM 2.          PROPERTIES
 
Our corporate headquarters are located in Herzliya Pituach, Israel, in an office consisting of approximately 56,000 square feet of office, testing, and product design space. We have a ten‑year lease on our corporate headquarters, which expires on December 31, 2024. As our company has grown, to accommodate new employees we have leased additional office space adjacent to our corporate headquarters totaling 43,000 square feet, with leases that expire in 2020. We have also leased additional office space in Lod, Israel totaling 20,000 square feet with a lease that expires in 2019 and 18,000 square feet in Netanya, Israel with a lease that expires in 2019.
 
In addition, we currently have a leased office space in Jerusalem to accommodate our employees from the Gamatronic division, which lease expires on June 20, 2020.
 
In addition to our corporate headquarters and our other leased properties in Israel, we lease approximately 27,000 square feet of general office space in Fremont, California, under a lease that will expire on March 31, 2020. We also lease sales and support office space in Northern California, China, Germany, Netherlands, Italy, France, Australia, UK, Japan, Turkey, Romania, India, Bulgaria, Belgium, Taiwan and Korea, as well as an R&D center in Bulgaria.
 
We outsource most of our manufacturing to our manufacturing partners. We have a factory in which we manufacture lithium-ion batteries for Kokam’s operations (the “Kokam Factories”). In July 2017, we executed a long-term lease agreement for 107,000 square feet in Israel, intended for the establishment of a manufacturing facility for our solar products. The facility is under development.
 
In addition to our leased properties, we also own properties in the UK and Korea, which includes an office space of approximately 5560 square feet in the UK, populating our team from Gamatronic UK, and 212,415 square feet which includes office space in South Korea, which populates our team from Kokam, dormitories for some Kokam employees and the Kokam Factories.
 
We believe that our existing properties are in good condition and are sufficient and suitable for the conduct of our business for the foreseeable future. To the extent our needs change as our business grows, we expect that additional space and facilities will be available on commercially reasonable terms.
 
ITEM 3.          LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
 
In June 2018, we filed a lawsuit for patent infringement against Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., a Chinese entity, Huawei Technologies Düsseldorf GmbH, a German entity, and WATTKRAFT Solar GmbH, a German distributor for Huawei. The lawsuit, filed in the Regional Court of Mannheim in Germany, asserts unauthorized use of patented technology, and is intended to protect SolarEdge’s significant investment in its innovative DC optimized inverter technology. Seeking monetary damages, an injunction, and recall of infringing Huawei inverters from the German market, the lawsuit is intended to prevent the defendants from selling any multi-level inverters infringing upon SolarEdge’s PV inverter technology protected in the asserted patent in Germany. In July 2018, we announced the extension of this lawsuit to two additional SolarEdge patents covering its power optimizer technology.
 
In June 2018, we were served with a complaint from a trustee of a former customer that filed for bankruptcy in the United States. The lawsuit seeks to recover approximately $2.5 million based on theories of preferential and fraudulent transfers. We believe we have valid defenses to the claims asserted in this lawsuit and we do not expect the outcome of the litigation matters to have a material adverse effect on our Balance Sheets, Statements of Income or Cash Flows.
 
On September 20, 2018, our German subsidiary, SolarEdge Technologies GmbH received a complaint filed by competitor SMA Solar Technology AG. The complaint, filed in the District Court Düsseldorf, Germany, alleges that SolarEdge's 12.5kW - 27.6kW inverters infringe two of plaintiff’s patents. In its complaint, SMA Solar Technology requests inter alia an injunction and a determination for a claim for damages for sales in Germany. Plaintiff also asserts a value in dispute of five million Euros for both patents. We believe that we have meritorious defenses to the claims asserted and intend to vigorously defend against this lawsuit.
 
In 2017, Kokam received a claim for losses related to a fire that occurred at a plant of S&C Electric in the U.S., to which Kokam supplied products, alleging that the damage was caused by a container-type UPS manufactured by S&C Electric that contained batteries supplied by Kokam. The claim was originally for damages in the amount of approximately $4 million and following the Kokam acquisition by us, Kokam received an amended claim for damages in the amount of approximately $12 million. We have specific indemnification from the major selling shareholder of Kokam in the amount of up to $5 million for losses that may be incurred relating to this claim. Kokam also has product liability insurance. The claim has not developed into a lawsuit nor has Kokam received the supporting documents substantiating the claimed amount. We believe that we have meritorious defenses to the claims asserted and intend to vigorously defend against this lawsuit.
 
In addition, in the normal course of business, we may from time to time be named as a party to various legal claims, actions and complaints (including as a result of initiating such legal claims, action or complaints on behalf of the Company). It is impossible to predict with certainty whether any resulting liability would have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
 
ITEM 4.
MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
 
Not applicable.

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PART II
 
ITEM 5.          MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
 
Market Information
 
Our common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, began trading on the NASDAQ Global Select Market on March 26, 2015, where prices are quoted under the symbol “SEDG”.
 
Holders of Record
 
As of December 31, 2018, there were 25 holders of record of our common stock. Because many of our shares of common stock are held by brokers and other institutions on behalf of stockholders, we are unable to estimate the total number of stockholders represented by these record holders.
 
Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchases
 
There were no purchases of equity securities by the issuer and affiliated purchases during the year ended December 31, 2018.

Performance Graph
 
The following graph compares the cumulative total shareholder return on our common stock from March 26, 2015 (using the price of which our shares of common stock were initially sold to the public) to December 31, 2018 to that of the total return of the Nasdaq Composite Index ([INDEXNASDAQ.IXIC]) and the MAC Global Solar Energy Index (SUNIDX). The comparison illustrates the relative change in stock price since our initial public offering on March 26, 2015. This graph is furnished and not “filed” with the Securities and Exchange Commission or “soliciting material” under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and shall not be incorporated by reference into any such filings, irrespective of any general incorporation contained in such filing.
 

 

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ITEM 6.          SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
 
Change in Fiscal Year
 
In 2016, our Board of Directors approved the change to our fiscal year end from June 30 to December 31. We made this change to align our fiscal year end with other companies within our industry. We refer to the period beginning July 1, 2013 and ending June 30, 2014 as “fiscal 2014”, the period beginning July 1, 2014 and ending June 30, 2015 as “fiscal 2015”, the period beginning July 1, 2015 and ending June 30, 2016 as “fiscal 2016”, the period beginning January 1, 2017 and ending December 31, 2017 as “fiscal 2017” and the period beginning January 1, 2018 and ending December 31, 2018 as “fiscal 2018”. We previously filed a Form 10-KT to cover the transition period for the six-month period of July 1, 2016 through December 31, 2016.
 
Selected Financial Data
 
The selected consolidated statement of operations data for each of fiscal year ended June 30, 2016 as well as the six months ended December 31, 2016, the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017, the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 and the selected consolidated balance sheet data as of June 30, 2016, December 31, 2016, December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2018, are derived from our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report. The selected consolidated statements of operations data for fiscal year ended June 30 2014 and the selected consolidated balance sheet data as of June 30, 2014, and 2015, are derived from our audited financial statements not included in this Annual Report. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of our results to be expected in any future period. These selected financial data should be read together with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes, as well as the section captioned “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report.
 
   
Fiscal Year Ended
June 30,
    
Six Months Ended December 31,
    
Fiscal Year Ended
December 31,
  
   
2014
    
2015
    
2016
    
2016
    
2017
    
2018
  
   
(In thousands)
  
                                     
Consolidated Statements of Operations Data:
                                    
Revenues          
  
$
133,217
    
$
325,078
    
$
489,843
    
$
239,997
    
$
607,045
    
$
937,237
  
Cost of revenues          
    
111,246
      
243,295
      
337,887
      
159,097
      
392,279
      
618,001
  
Gross profit          
    
21,971
      
81,783
      
151,956
      
80,900
      
214,766
      
319,236
  
Operating expenses:
                                                
Research and development, net
    
18,256
      
22,018
      
33,231
      
20,279
      
54,966
      
82,245
  
Sales and marketing
    
17,792
      
24,973
      
34,833
      
20,444
      
50,032
      
68,307
  
General and administrative
    
4,294
      
6,535
      
12,133
      
6,790
      
18,682
      
29,264
  
Total operating expenses
    
40,342
      
53,526
      
80,197
      
47,513
      
123,680
      
179,816
  
Operating income (loss)
    
(18,371
)
    
28,257
      
71,759
      
33,387
      
91,086
      
139,420
  
Financial income (expenses)
    
(2,787
)
    
(5,077
)
    
471
      
(2,789
)
    
9,158
      
(2,297
)
Other expenses          
    
—
      
104
      
—
      
—
      
—
      
—
  
Income (loss) before taxes on income
    
(21,158
)
    
23,076
      
72,230
      
30,598
      
100,244
      
137,123
  
Taxes on income (tax benefit)
    
220
      
1,955
      
(4,379
)
    
5,217
      
16,072
      
9,077
  
Net income (loss)          
  
$
(21,378
)
  
$
21,121
    
$
76,609
    
$
25,381
    
$
84,172
    
$
128,046
  
Net loss attributable to Non-controlling interests
  
$
—
    
$
—
    
$
—
    
$
—
    
$
—
    
$
787
  
Net income attributable to SolarEdge Technologies Inc.
  
$
—
    
$
—
    
$
—
    
$
—
    
$
—
    
$
128,833
  
Net basic earnings (loss) per share of common stock attributable to SolarEdge Technologies, Inc.
  
$
(7.64
)
  
$
0.30
    
$
1.92
    
$
0.62
    
$
1.99
    
$
2.85
  
Net diluted earnings (loss) per share of common stock attributable to SolarEdge Technologies, Inc.
  
$
(7.64
)
  
$
0.27
    
$
1.73
    
$
0.58
    
$
1.85
    
$
2.69
  
Weighted average number of shares used in computing net basic earnings (loss) per share of common stock
    
2,798,894
      
11,902,911
      
39,987,935
      
41,026,926
      
42,209,238
      
45,235,310
  
Weighted average number of shares used in computing net diluted earnings (loss) per share of common stock
    
2,798,894
      
15,269,448
      
44,376,075
      
43,839,342
      
45,425,307
      
47,980,002
  
 

33
   
As of June 30,
     As of December 31,  
   
2014
    
2015
    
2016
    
2016
    
2017
    
2018
  
   
(In thousands)
  
Consolidated Balance Sheet Data:
                                    
Cash and cash equivalents
  
$
9,754
    
$
144,750
    
$
74,032
    
$
104,683
    
$
163,163
    
$
191,633
  
Available-for-sale marketable securities
    
-
      
-
      
111,609
      
118,727
      
180,384
      
192,936
  
Total assets          
    
74,998
      
305,658
      
397,438
      
424,743
      
641,305
      
964,472
  
Total debt          
    
20,244
      
-
      
-
      
-
      
-
      
20,149
  
Total stockholders’ equity (deficiency)
  
$
(135,294
)
  
$
166,944
    
$
256,108
    
$
288,778
    
$
397,467
    
$
570,726
  
 
Key Operating Metrics
 
We regularly review a number of metrics, including the key operating metrics set forth in the table below, to evaluate our business, measure our performance, identify trends affecting our business, formulate projections, and make strategic decisions.
 
   
Fiscal Year Ended June 30,
    
Six Months Ended December 31,
    
Fiscal Years Ended
December 31,
  
   
2016
    
2016
    
2017
    
2018
  
Inverters shipped          
    
223,589
      
120,117
      
317,288
      
455,793
  
Power optimizers shipped          
    
5,738,546
      
2,904,858
      
7,367,921
      
11,351,678
  
Megawatts shipped(1)          
    
1,615
      
880
      
2,461
      
3,919
  

(1)
Calculated based on the aggregate nameplate capacity of inverters shipped during the applicable period. Nameplate capacity is the maximum rated power output capacity of an inverter as specified by the manufacturer. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Performance Measures”.
 
34
 
ITEM 7.          MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the sections of this Annual Report on Form 10-K captioned “Selected Financial Data” and “Business” and our consolidated financial statements and the related notes to those statements included elsewhere in this Form 10-K. In addition to historical financial information, the following discussion and analysis contains forward‑looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties, and assumptions. Our actual results and timing of selected events may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward‑looking statements as a result of many factors, including those discussed under the sections of this Annual Report captioned “Special Note Regarding Forward‑Looking Statements” and “Risk Factors”.
 
Overview
 
We are a leading provider of intelligent inverter solutions that are changing the way power is harvested and managed in solar PV systems. Our DC optimized inverter solution maximizes power generation at the individual PV module level while lowering the cost of energy produced by the solar PV system. Our systems allow for superior power harvesting and module management by deploying power optimizers at each PV module while maintaining a competitive system cost by using a simplified DC‑AC inverter. Our systems are monitored through our cloud‑based monitoring platform that enables lower system operating and maintenance (“O&M”) costs. We believe that these benefits, along with our comprehensive and advanced safety features, are highly valued by our customers.
 
We are a leader in the global module-level power electronics (“MLPE”) market according to GTM Research, and as of December 31, 2018, we have shipped approximately 34.1 million power optimizers and 1.4 million inverters. More than 920,000 installations, many of which may include multiple inverters, are currently connected to, and monitored through, our cloud‑based monitoring platform. As of December 31, 2018, we have shipped approximately 10.6 GW of our DC optimized inverter systems.
 
We primarily sell our products directly to large solar installers, EPCs, and indirectly to thousands of smaller solar installers through large distributors and electrical equipment wholesalers. Our sales strategy focuses on top‑tier customers in markets where electricity prices, irradiance (amount of sunlight), and government policies make solar PV installations economically viable. We also sell our power optimizers to several PV module manufacturers that offer PV modules with our power optimizer physically embedded into their modules.
 
In the year ended December 31, 2018, one customer accounted for revenues of 19.4% and our top three customers (all distributors) together represented 33.4% of our revenues.
 
We were founded in 2006 with the goal of addressing the lost power generation potential that is inherent in the use of traditional solar PV inverter technology, thereby increasing the return on investment in solar PV systems. The following is a chronology of some of our key milestones:
 
•
In 2012, we shipped our millionth power optimizer and increased our sales personnel presence in the U.S. market.
 
•
In 2013, we introduced our third generation power optimizer, based on our third generation ASIC, with a power rating of up to 700 watts and improved heat dissipation capabilities for high reliability and lower cost.
 
•
In March 2015, we completed our initial public offering and started to trade on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the ticker SEDG.
 
•
In September 2015, we released information about the development of our new HD-Wave inverter technology. 
 
•
In January 2016, we announced the immediate international availability of our StorEdge solution.
 
•
In February 2016, we shipped our ten millionth power optimizer.
 
•
In June 2016, we received the Intersolar Award in the Photovoltaics category for our HD-Wave technology inverter and began shipments of our HD-Wave inverter.
 
35
•
In May 2017, we unveiled our new S-Series power optimizer, an Intersolar Award Finalist in the Photovoltaics category.
 
•
In July 2017, we launched the world’s first inverter-integrated electric vehicle (EV) charger, supplementing grid power with PV power.
 
•
In September 2017, we approved an expansion for our residential offering in Australia with higher production of single-phase inverters and launched a line of three-phase inverters.
 
•
In September 2017, we released our DC optimized inverter solution in South Korea.
 
•
In January 2018, we launched together with Omron Corporation, a new DC optimized inverter solution for Japan’s high-voltage PV market.
 
•
In February 2018, we launched our StorEdge Solution with power backup for European PV markets.
 
•
In April 2018, we were announced as the Gold Winner of the Edison Awards™ for our HD-Wave inverter technology, in the Renewable Energy Category.
 
•
In May 2018, we released our new innovative grid services and virtual power plant solution.
 
•
In May 2018, we entered into the UPS market with the purchase of the assets of Gamatronic.
 
•
In August 2018, we were awarded the Straus Award in the Cloud Computing category for our grid services and virtual power plant solution.
 
•
In October 2018, we announced our acquisition of Kokam, a leading provider of lithium-ion cells, batteries and energy storage solutions.
 
Our revenues were $489.8 million, $240.0 million, $607.0 million, and $937.2 million for fiscal 2016, the six months ended December 31, 2016, fiscal 2017 and fiscal 2018, respectively. Gross margins were 31.0 %, 33.7%, 35.4%, and 34.1 %, for fiscal 2016, the six months ended December 31, 2016, fiscal 2017 and fiscal 2018, respectively. Net profits were $76.6 million, $25.4 million, $84.2 million, and $128.8 million for fiscal 2016, for the six months ended December 31, 2016, the fiscal 2017 and fiscal 2018, respectively.
 
We continue to focus on our long‑term growth and profitability. We believe that our market opportunity is large and that the transition from traditional inverter architecture to DC optimized inverter architecture will continue as the architecture of choice for distributed solar installations globally. We believe that we are well positioned to benefit from this market trend. We intend to continue to invest in sales and marketing to acquire new customers in our existing markets, grow internationally and drive additional revenue. We also plan to expand our product offerings to further penetrate the large commercial and utility segments. We expect to continue to invest in research and development to enhance our product offerings and develop new, cost-effective solutions.
 
We believe that our strategy results in an efficient operating base with relatively low expenses that will enable profitability on lower revenues relative to our competitors. We believe that our sales and marketing, research and development, and general and administrative costs will decrease as a percentage of revenue in the long‑term as we continue to grow due to economies of scale. With this increased operating leverage, we expect our gross and operating margins to increase in the long‑term. We believe that it is too early to estimate the impact, if any, the newly adopted U.S. tariff imposed on all imported solar modules and cells, may have on the price of solar systems in the United States. If the price of solar systems in the U.S. increases, it may reduce the number of solar systems manufactured and sold, which in turn may decrease demand for our products
 
Performance Measures
 
In managing our business and assessing financial performance, we supplement the information provided by the financial statements with other operating metrics. These operating metrics are utilized by our management to evaluate our business, measure our performance, identify trends affecting our business, and formulate projections. We use metrics relating to yearly shipments (inverters shipped, power optimizers shipped, and megawatts shipped) to evaluate our sales performance and to track market acceptance of our products from year to year. We use metrics relating to monitoring (systems monitored and megawatts monitored) to evaluate market acceptance of our products and usage of our solution.
 
36
We provide the “megawatts shipped” metric, which is calculated based on nameplate capacity shipped, to show adoption of our system on a nameplate capacity basis. Nameplate capacity shipped is the maximum rated power output capacity of an inverter and corresponds to our financial results in that higher total capacities shipped are generally associated with higher total revenues. However, revenues increase with each additional unit, not necessarily each additional MW of capacity, sold. Accordingly, we also provide the “inverters shipped” and “power optimizers shipped” operating metrics.
 
Key Components of Our Results of Operations
 
The following discussion describes certain line items in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.
 
Revenues
 
We generate revenues from the sale of DC optimized inverter systems for solar PV installations which include power optimizers, inverters, and our cloud‑based monitoring platform. Our customer base mainly includes distributors, large solar installers, wholesalers, EPCs, and PV module manufacturers. In addition, following the Gamatronic Acquisition and the Kokam Acquisition, we also generate revenues from the sale of UPSs and lithium-ion cells, batteries and energy storage solutions to end-customers.
 
Our revenues from the sale of solar-related products are affected by changes in the volume and average selling prices of our DC optimized inverter systems. The volume and average selling price of our systems is driven by the supply and demand for our products, changes in the product mix between our residential and commercial products, the customer mix between large and small customers, the geographical mix of our sales, sales incentives, end‑user government incentives, seasonality, and competitive product offerings. Revenues from the sale of UPS products are affected by the changes in the volumes, sizes and average selling prices of the products we sell. Revenues from the sale of Kokam’s products are affected by the type of product sold (cell, battery or system) and the type of the battery that is sold.
 
Our revenue growth is dependent on our ability to expand our market share in each of the geographies in which we compete, expand our global footprint to new evolving markets, grow our production capabilities to meet demand, and to continue to develop and introduce new and innovative products that address the changing technology and performance requirements of our customers. Our revenues from Kokam are dependent on our ability to expand manufacturing capabilities and reducing costs.
 
Cost of Revenues and Gross Profit
 
Cost of revenues consists primarily of product costs, including purchases from our contract manufacturers and other suppliers, as well as costs related to shipping, customer support, product warranty, personnel, depreciation of test and manufacturing equipment, hosting services for our cloud‑based monitoring platform, and other logistics services. Our product costs are affected by technological innovations, such as advances in semiconductor integration and new product introductions, economies of scale resulting in lower component costs, and improvements in production processes and automation. Some of these costs, primarily personnel and depreciation of test and manufacturing equipment, are not directly affected by sales volume.
 
With respect to Kokam, cost of revenues consists primarily of materials costs, labor costs associated with the manufacturing, variable utility, and operational costs related to the cell and battery factories, depreciation and other fixed costs.
 
Except for the Kokam Factories and final assembly of the UPS systems, we outsource our manufacturing to third‑party manufacturers and negotiate product pricing on a quarterly basis. Our third‑party manufacturers are responsible for funding the capital expenses incurred in connection with the manufacture of our products, except with regard to end-of-line testing equipment and the automated assembly lines for our power optimizers, as further described below (which resulted in capital expenditures of $5.2 million, $1.4 million, $13.6 million and $9.0 million for fiscal 2016, for the six months ended December 31, 2016, the year ended December 31, 2017 and the year ended December 31, 2018, respectively). We expect to continue this funding arrangement in the future, with respect to any expansions to such existing lines. We also procure strategic and critical components from various approved vendors on behalf of our contract manufacturers. At times, higher than anticipated demand has exceeded the production capacities of these manufacturers. In 2014 and early 2015, for example, such production shortfalls, as well as shortages in the supply of certain raw materials, required us to use air freight, rather than less expensive ocean freight, to deliver the majority of our products. The expansion of current manufacturing sites by our contract manufacturers allowed us to reduce these expenses in fiscal 2015 as well as to build sufficient inventory to continue our growth without the need to ship substantial amounts of products by air. In 2016, we managed to continuously increase the efficiency of our supply chain, reduce our reliance on air freight to a minimum and use ocean freight for the majority of our shipments.
 
37
In 2017 and 2018, global shortages in power components used in our products and in other industries, such as electrical motor drives and uninterrupted power systems (UPS) caused disruptions to our ongoing manufacturing. This phenomenon combined with increased demand for our products required us to use expensive air shipments in order to meet our delivery schedule, which negatively affected our gross profit. We expect component shortages to continue to affect us in upcoming quarters, a combination of increased component safety stocks, qualification of additional suppliers, and increased capacity of our existing vendors coupled with continued expansion of the current manufacturing sites by our contract manufacturers, and the development and deployment of our proprietary automated assembly line (described below), will provide sufficient manufacturing capacity to meet our forecasted demands with lower shipment volumes of products by air freight.
 
We completed development and manufacturing our proprietary automated assembly lines for our power optimizers. We expect to continue to invest in additional automated assembly lines in the future. We have designed and are responsible for funding all of the capital expenses associated with existing and future automated assembly lines. The current and expected capital expenses associated with these automated assembly lines will be funded out of our cash flows generation.
 
Key components of our logistics supply channel consist of third party distribution centers in the U.S., Europe, Australia, and Japan. Finished goods are either shipped to our customers directly from our contract manufacturers or shipped to third-party distribution centers and then, finally, shipped to our customers.
 
Cost of revenues also includes our operations and support department costs. The operations department is responsible for production management such as planning, procurement, supply chain, production methodologies, and machinery planning, logistics management and manufacturing support to our contract manufacturers, as well as the quality assurance of our products. Our support department provides customer and technical support at various levels through our call centers around the world as well as second and third-level support services which are provided by support personnel located in our headquarters. Our full‑time employee headcount in our operations, production and support departments has grown from 175 as of June 30, 2016, to 244 as of December 31, 2016, to 348 as of December 31, 2017 and to 663 as of December 31, 2018.
 
Gross profit may vary from quarter to quarter and is primarily affected by our average selling prices, product costs, product mix, customer mix, geographical mix, shipping method, warranty costs, and seasonality.
 
Operating Expenses
 
Operating expenses consist of research and development, sales and marketing, and general and administrative expenses. Personnel‑related costs are the most significant component of each of these expense categories and include salaries, benefits, payroll taxes, commissions and stock‑based compensation. Our full‑time employee headcount in our research and development, sales and marketing, and general and administrative departments has grown from 434 as of June 30, 2016, to 475 as of December 31, 2016, to 660 as of December 31, 2017 and 1,074 to as of December 31, 2018. We expect to continue to hire significant numbers of new employees to support our growth. The timing of these additional hires could materially affect our operating expenses in any particular period, both in absolute dollars and as a percentage of revenue. We expect to continue to invest substantial resources to support our growth and anticipate that each of the following categories of operating expenses will increase in absolute dollar amounts for the foreseeable future.
 
Research and development expenses, net
 
Research and development expenses, net include personnel‑related expenses such as salaries, benefits, stock‑based compensation, and payroll taxes. Our research and development employees are engaged in the design and development of power electronics, semiconductors, software, power line communications and networking and chemistry. Our research and development expenses also include third‑party design and consulting costs, materials for testing and evaluation, ASIC development and licensing costs, depreciation expense, and other indirect costs. We devote substantial resources to ongoing research and development programs that focus on enhancements to and cost efficiencies in our existing products and timely development of new products that utilize technological innovation, thereby maintaining our competitive position.
 
Research and development expenses are presented net of the amount of any grants we receive for research and development in the period in which we receive the grant. We previously received grants and other funding from the Binational Industrial Research and Development Foundation and the Israel Innovation Authority (the IIA). Certain of those grants required us to pay royalties on sales of certain of our products, which were recorded as cost of revenues. As of December 31, 2018, no such royalty obligations remained.
 
38
Sales and marketing expenses
 
Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of personnel‑related expenses such as salaries, sales commissions, benefits, payroll taxes, and stock‑based compensation. These expenses also include travel, fees of independent consultants, trade shows, marketing, costs associated with the operation of our sales offices, and other indirect costs. The expected increase in sales and marketing expenses is due to an expected increase in the number of sales and marketing personnel and the expansion of our global sales and marketing footprint, enabling us to increase our penetration of new markets. While most of our sales in fiscal 2012 (the period beginning July 1, 2011 and ending June 30, 2012) were in Europe, sales in the U.S., in absolute nominal value, have grown steadily since fiscal 2012 with sales from the U.S. generating revenue of $5.7 million compared to $505.5 million in 2018. Revenues generated in the U.S. represented 68.2 %, 66.8 %, 57.5% and 53.9% of our revenues in fiscal 2016, the six months ended December 31, 2016, the year ended December 31, 2017 and the year ended December 31, 2018, respectively. Sales in Europe, which represented most of our sales until fiscal 2013 (the period beginning July 1, 2012 and ending June 30, 2013) also increased and represented 22.7 %, 25.2 %, 32.7 % and 32.0% of our revenues in fiscal 2016, in the six months ended December 31, 2016, the year ended December 31, 2017 and the year ended December 31, 2018, respectively. We currently have a sales presence in the U.S., Canada, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Israel, Turkey, Japan, Australia, China, Sweden, Poland, India, Belgium, Korea and Taiwan. We intend to continue to expand our sales presence to additional countries.
 
General and administrative expenses
 
General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries, employee benefits, payroll taxes, and stock‑based compensation related to our executives, finance, human resources, information technology, and legal organizations, travel expenses, facilities costs, fees for professional services, and registration fees related to being a publicly-traded company. Professional services consist of audit and legal costs, remuneration to board members, tax, insurance, information technology, and other costs. General and administrative expenses also include allowance for doubtful accounts in the event of uncollectable account receivables balances.
 
Non‑Operating Expenses
 
Financial income (expenses)
 
Financial income (expenses) consists primarily of interest income, interest expense, gains or losses from foreign currency fluctuations and hedging transactions.
 
Interest income consists of interest from our investment in available for sale marketable securities.
 
Interest expense consists of interest related to loans taken by Kokam and advance payments received for performance obligations that extend for a period greater than one year, as part of the adoption of Accounting Standard Codification 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (ASC 606).
 
Our functional currency is the U.S. Dollar. With respect to certain of our subsidiaries, the functional currency is the applicable local currency. Financial expenses, net is net of financial income which consists primarily of the effect of foreign exchange differences between the U.S. Dollar and the New Israeli Shekel, the Euro, and other currencies, related to our monetary assets and liabilities, and the realization of gain from hedging transactions.
 
Taxes on income
 
We are subject to income taxes in the countries where we operate.
 
From incorporation through the end of fiscal 2014, we experienced operating losses, and, consequently, accumulated a significant amount of operating loss carryforwards, net, in several jurisdictions. By the end of fiscal 2015, we fully utilized our unused operating loss carryforwards with respect to U.S. federal tax obligations. In fiscal 2016, we recorded net income tax expenses of $0.4 million for federal and state tax in the U.S, which consisted of $1.8 million current income tax expenses and $1.4 million deferred tax assets. In the six months ended December 31, 2016, we recorded net income tax expenses of $1.6 million for federal and state tax in the U.S, which consisted of $1.1 million current income tax expenses and $0.5 million deferred tax liabilities. In fiscal 2017, we recorded net income tax expenses of $19.8 million for federal and state tax in the U.S., which consists of $19.9 million current income tax expenses and $0.1 million deferred tax. In the year ended December 31, 2018, we recorded net income tax expenses of $12.6 million for federal and state tax in the U.S., which consists of $13.9 million current income tax expenses and $1.3 million deferred tax benefit.
 
39
On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the “TCJA”) was signed into law, making significant changes to the US income tax law. Changes include, but are not limited to, a corporate tax rate decrease from 35% to 21% for tax years beginning after December 31, 2017, the transition of U.S. international taxation from a worldwide tax system to a territorial system, and a one-time transition tax on the mandatory deemed repatriation of foreign earnings as of December 31, 2017, which we elected to pay over the eight-year period provided in the TCJA. Additionally, the TCJA requires certain Global Intangible Low Taxed Income (“GILTI”) earned by controlled foreign corporations (“CFCs”) to be included in the gross income of the CFCs’ U.S. shareholder. GAAP allows us to either: (i) treat taxes due on future U.S. inclusions in taxable income related to GILTI as a current-period expense when incurred (the “period cost method”); or (ii) factor such amounts into its measurement of deferred taxes (the “deferred method”).
 
In December 2017, the SEC staff issued Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118, Income Tax Accounting Implications of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“SAB 118”), which allowed us to record provisional amounts during a measurement period not to extend beyond one year of the enactment date. As a result, we previously provided a provisional estimate of the effect of the TCJA in its financial statements. Accordingly, in 2017, we calculated our best estimate of the impact of the TCJA in its year end income tax provision in accordance with its understanding of the TCJA and guidance available as of the date of the respective filing and as a result we recorded $19.2 million as an additional income tax expense in the period in which the legislation was enacted.
 
In the fourth quarter of 2018, upon further analyses of the TCJA and proposed regulations by the U.S. Department of the Treasury and the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”), we completed our analysis to determine the effect of the TCJA with respect to the one-time transition tax and recorded a reduction of $1.3 million as of December 31, 2018. Additionally, we finalized our decision on treating the tax effects of GILTI as a periodic expense, evaluated the impact of the proposed regulations related to GILTI and recorded a provision in the amount of $12.0 million for such GILTI tax. Due to the timing of the TCJA and the complexity in applying its provisions, changes made in fourth quarter 2018 to our provisional amounts are based on our analysis of the TCJA and additional guidance issued by the U.S. Treasury Department, IRS, FASB, and other standard-setting and regulatory bodies.
 
SolarEdge Technologies Ltd., our Israeli subsidiary, is taxed under Israeli law. Income not eligible for benefits under the Investments Law is taxed at the corporate tax rate. The corporate tax rate in Israel was 26.5% in fiscal 2015 and 25% in fiscal 2016. Amendments of the Israeli Income Tax Ordinance (New Version), 1961 (the “Tax Ordinance”) decreased the corporate tax rate to 25% commencing on January 1, 2016, 24% starting January 1, 2017, and 23% starting January 1, 2018.
 
Our Israeli subsidiary elected tax year 2012 as a "Year of Election" for “Benefited Enterprise” under the Israeli Investments Law, which provides certain benefits, including tax exemptions and reduced tax rates. Income not eligible for Benefited Enterprise benefits is taxed at the then prevailing regular corporate tax rate. Upon meeting the requirements under the Israeli Investments Law, income derived from productive activity under the Benefited Enterprise status, would subject to certain terms and limits, will be exempt from tax for two years from the year in which the Israeli subsidiary first generated taxable income. Because SolarEdge Technologies Ltd. utilized all of its losses carryforwards in the six months ended in December 31, 2016, and as it was granted an approval by the Israeli Tax Authorities (“ITA”) in this regard, the two-year tax exemption has ended on December 31, 2018.
 
The Investment Law was amended in 2005 and was further amended as of January 1, 2011 and in August 2013 (the “2011 Amendment”). The 2011 Amendment canceled the availability of the benefits granted in accordance with the provisions of the Investments Law prior to 2011 and, instead, introduced new benefits for income generated by a “Preferred Company” through its “Preferred Enterprise” (both as defined in the 2011 Amendment). Under the 2011 Amendment, income derived by Preferred Companies from Preferred Enterprise would be subject to a uniform rate of corporate tax for an unlimited period as opposed to the incentives prior to the 2011 Amendment that were limited to income from Approved or Benefited Enterprise during the respective benefits period. According to the 2011 Amendment (considering the rates as amended in the 2017 Amendment as defined herein), the tax rate applicable to such income, referred to as “Preferred Income”, would be 7.5% in areas in Israel that are designated as Development Zone A and 16% elsewhere in Israel in the year 2017 and thereafter. Under the transitional provisions of the 2011 Amendment, companies may elect to irrevocably implement the 2011 Amendment while waiving benefits provided under the legislation prior to the 2011 Amendment or keep implementing the legislation prior to the 2011 Amendment.

In December 2016, Amendment 73 to the Investments Law (the “2017 Amendment") was published. According to the 2017 Amendment, special tax tracks for technological enterprises have been introduced, which are subject to rules that were issued by the Israeli Ministry of Finance. A Technological Preferred Enterprise, as defined in the 2017 Amendment, that is located in the central region of Israel, will be subject to tax at a rate of 12% on profits deriving from intellectual property (in Development Zone A - a tax rate of 7.5%).

40
On June 14, 2017, the Encouragement of Capital Investments Regulations (Preferred Technological Income and Capital Gain for Technological Enterprise), 2017 (the “Regulations”) were published. The Regulations describe, inter alia, the mechanism used to determine the calculation of the benefits under the PTE regime and determine certain requirements relating to documentation of intellectual property for the purpose of the PTE. According to these provisions, a company that complies with the terms under the PTE regime may be entitled to certain tax benefits with respect to certain income generated during the company’s regular course of business and derived from the preferred intangible asset (as determined in the Investments Law), excluding certain portion of income as prescribed therein.

As of January 2019, SolarEdge Technologies Ltd. elected to implement the 2011 Amendment.

Our production facilities in Israel are not located in Development Zone A.

We are in the process of evaluation the applicability of the PTE regime with respect to our business activities in Israel pursuant to the 2017 Amendment and the Regulations, and, accordingly, expect that SolarEdge Technologies Ltd. will be entitled to an effective tax at a rate of 13.99% under the 2017 Amendment.
 
The Law for the Encouragement of Industry (Taxes), 1969, (the “Industry Encouragement Law”), provides certain tax benefits for an ‘Industrial Company’ as such term is defined in the Industry Encouragement Law. An Industrial Company is entitled to certain tax benefits including, inter alia: (i) amortization over an eight-year period of the cost of purchased know-how and patents and rights to use a patent and know-how which are used for the development or advancement of the company; and (ii) accelerated depreciation rates on equipment and buildings. Eligibility for benefits under the Industry Encouragement Law is not subject to receipt of prior approval from any governmental authority. We believe that our Israeli subsidiary currently qualifies as an Industrial Company; however, there can be no assurance that it will continue to so qualify or that the benefits described above will be available to it in the future. Furthermore, the ITA may determine that we do not qualify as an Industrial Company, which could entail a loss of the benefits that relate to that status.

Israeli tax law (Section 20A of the Tax Ordinance) allows, under certain conditions, a tax deduction for certain research and development expenses as prescribed in the Tax Ordinance for the year in which they are paid, subject to appropriate approval by the relevant Israeli government ministry, determined by the field of research. Expenses incurred in scientific research that are not approved by the relevant Israeli government ministry will be deductible over a three-year period commencing from the tax year in which they are paid. Our Israeli subsidiary did not obtain to date such approval.

Results of Operations
 
The following tables set forth our consolidated statements of operations for the calendar years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, and for the six months ended December 31, 2015 and 2016. We have derived this data from our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report. This information should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this this Annual Report. The results of historical periods are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations for any future period.
 
Comparison of year ended December 31, 2017 and year ended December 31, 2018
 
   
Year ended December 31,
    
2017 to 2018
  
   
2017
    
2018
    
Change
  
   
(In thousands)
  
Revenues
  
$
607,045
    
$
937,237
    
$
330,192
      
54.4
%
Cost of revenues
    
392,279
      
618,001
      
225,722
      
57.5
%
Gross profit
    
214,766
      
319,236
      
104,470
      
48.6
%
Operating expenses:
                                
Research and development
    
54,966
      
82,245
      
27,279
      
49.6
%
Sales and marketing
    
50,032
      
68,307
      
18,275
      
36.5
%
General and administrative
    
18,682
      
29,264
      
10,582
      
56.6
%
Total operating expenses
    
123,680
      
179,816
      
56,136
      
45.4
%
Operating income
    
91,086
      
139,420
      
48,334
      
53.1
%
Financial income (expenses)
    
9,158
      
(2,297
)
    
11,455
      
N/A
  
Income before taxes on income
    
100,244
      
137,123
      
36,879
      
36.8
%
Taxes on income
    
16,072
      
9,077
      
(6,995
)
    
(43.5
)%
Net income
  
$
84,172
    
$
128,046
    
$
43,874
      
52.1
%
Net loss attributable to Non-controlling interests
    
-
      
787
      
787
      
N/A
  
Net income attributable to SolarEdge Technologies Inc.
  
$
84,172
    
$
128,833
    
$
44,661
      
53.1
%

41
Revenues
 
   
Year Ended
 December 31,
    

2017 to 2018
  
   
2017
    
2018
    
Change
  
   
(In thousands)
  
Revenues          
  
$
607,045
    
$
937,237
    
$
330,192
      
54.4
%
 
Revenues increased by $330.2 million, or 54.4%, in 2018 as compared to 2017, primarily due to an increase in the number of systems sold, with significant growth in revenues coming from the United States, Europe, Australia, Japan and Israel. Non-U.S. revenues comprised 46.1% of our revenues in 2018 as compared to 42.5% in 2017. In addition, the Gamatronic Acquisition and the Kokam Acquisition increased our revenues over the last months of 2018, which included sales of UPS units, batteries and storage systems in the aggregate amount of $23.0 million.
 
The number of power optimizers sold increased by approximately 4.0 million units, or 54.1%, from approximately 7.4 million units in 2017 to approximately 11.4 million units in 2018. The number of inverters sold increased by approximately 139,000 units, or 43.7%, from approximately 317,000 units in 2017 to approximately 456,000 units in 2018. Overall, our blended average selling price ("ASP") of solar products per watt decreased by $0.018, or 6.8%, in 2018 as compared to 2017, primarily due to:
 
·
a change in the mix of products, yielding a higher portion of sales of commercial products that are characterized with lower ASP per Watt in comparison to residential products;
 
·
we initiated price reductions of our commercial products in order to increase market share in this segment;
 
·
the introduction of new commercial products with higher capacity which carry a lower ASP per watt; and
 
·
selective price decreases of our residential products
 
Cost of Revenues and Gross Profit
 
   
Year Ended
 December 31,
    
2017 to 2018
  
   
2017
    
2018
    
Change
  
   
(In thousands)
  
Cost of revenues          
  
$
392 ,279
    
$
618,001
    
$
225,722
      
57.5
%
Gross profit          
  
$
214,766
    
$
319,236
    
$
104,470
      
48.6
%
 
42
Cost of revenues increased by $225.7 million, or 57.5%, in 2018 as compared to 2017, primarily due to:
 
·
an increase in the volume of products sold;
 
·
increased warranty expenses of $35.1 million associated with the rapid increase in our install base;
 
·
increased shipment and logistical costs of $16.1 million attributed, in part, to the growth in volumes shipped, an increase of customs tariff in the US and an increase in air shipments due to power component shortages;
 
·
increased fixed and variable costs related to the manufacturing of Kokam related products and the assembly of UPS products in the amount of $14.7 million; and
 
·
increased personnel-related costs of $13.1 million related to the expansion of our operations and support headcount which is growing in parallel to our growing install base worldwide and as result of the acquisition of our UPS and battery divisions ;
 
Gross profit as a percentage of revenue decreased from 35.4% in 2017 to 34.1% in 2018, primarily due to:
 
·
increased warranty and support services expenses and accruals;
 
·
price reduction to customers at a rate higher than our cost reduction;
 
·
lower gross profit on UPS and battery products due to underutilization of production facilities, as well as certain transactions for the sale of batteries with low gross profit, which had been entered into  prior to closing the Kokam Acquisition; and
 
·
amortization of intangible assets and cost of product adjustment related to the UPS assets acquisition and Kokam Acquisition;
 
These were partially offset by:
 
·
reductions in per-unit production costs that exceeded price erosion of our products;
 
·
increased efficiency in our supply chain; and
 
·
general economies of scale in our personnel-related costs and other costs associated with our support and operations departments.
 
Operating Expenses:
 
Research and Development, Net
 
   
Year Ended
 December 31
    
2017 to 2018
  
   
2017
    
2018
    
Change
  
   
(In thousands)
  
Research and development          
  
$
54,966
    
$
82,245
    
$
27,279
      
49.6
%
 
Research and development increased by $27.3 million, or 49.6%, in 2018 as compared to 2017, primarily due to:
 
·
an increase in personnel-related costs of $21.2 million as a result of an increased headcount of engineers, as well as hiring Gamatronic's employees and the consolidation of Kokam's employees. The increase in headcount reflects our continuing investment in enhancements of existing products as well as development associated with bringing new products to market;
 
·
depreciation expenses related to lab equipment and amortization expenses related to intangible assets increased by $2.1 million;
 
·
materials consumption for development increased by $1.5 million, part of it related to Kokam activities;
 
43
·
expenses related to other directly related overhead costs that increased by $1.1 million;
 
·
expenses related to consultants and sub‑contractors that increased by $1.1 million; and
 
·
Other expenses, including travel expenses increased by $0.3 million.
 
Sales and Marketing
 
   
Year Ended
 December 31,
    
2017 to 2018
  
   
2017
    
2018
    
Change
  
   
(In thousands)
  
Sales and marketing          
  
$
50,032
    
$
68,307
    
$
18,275
      
36.5
%
 
Sales and marketing expenses increased by $18.3 million, or 36.5%, in 2018 as compared to 2017, primarily due to:
 
·
an increase in personnel-related costs of $14.6 million as a result of (i) an increase in headcount supporting our growth in the U.S., Europe Asia and the rest of the world, (ii) salary expenses associated with employee equity compensation resulting from the impact of the increase in our stock price affecting the fair value of any share award, and (iii) hiring Gamatronic's employees and the consolidation of Kokam's employees;
 
·
expenses related to travel increased by $1.0 million;
 
·
expenses related to trade shows and marketing activities increased by $1.0 million;
 
·
expenses related to other overhead costs increased by $0.6 million;
 
·
depreciation expenses related to tangible assets and amortization expenses related to intangible assets increased by $0.6 million; and
 
·
expenses related to consultants and sub‑contractors increased by $0.5 million.
 
General and Administrative
 
   
Year Ended
 December 31,
    
2017 to 2018
  
   
2017
    
2018
    
Change
  
   
(In thousands)
  
General and administrative          
  
$
18,682
    
$
29,264
    
$
10,582
      
56.6
%
 
General and administrative expenses increased by $10.6 million, or 56.6%, in 2018 as compared to 2017, primarily due to:
 
·
an increase in personnel-related costs of $5.8 million related to (i) higher headcount in the legal, finance, human resources, and information technology department, functions required of a fast-growing public company, (ii) changes in management compensation and increased expenses related to equity-based compensation resulting from the impact of the increase in our stock price affecting the fair value of any share award and (iii) hiring Gamatronic's employees and the consolidation of Kokam's employees;
 
·
expenses related to external consultants and sub-contractors increased by $3.9 million due to legal proceedings initiated by us and other consulting expenses in relation to the Gamatronic Acquisition and the Kokam Acquisition;
 
·
expenses related to other overhead costs increased by $0.6 million;
 
·
expenses related to travel increased by $0.5 million;
 
·
increase of $0.4 million in 2018 due to the disposal of fixed assets; and
 
·
depreciation expenses increased by $0.3 million.
 
This increase was offset by a decrease in costs related to the accrual of doubtful and bad debts of $0.9 million.
 
44
Financial Income (Expenses)
 
   
Year Ended
 December 31,
    
2017 to 2018
  
   
2017
    
2018
    
Change
  
   
(In thousands)
  
Financial Income (Expenses)          
  
$
9,158
    
$
(2,297
)
  
$
(11,455
)
    
N/A
  
 
Financial income was $9.2 million in 2018 as compared to financial expenses of $2.3 million in 2017, primarily due to:
 
·
an increase of $13.3 million in foreign exchange fluctuations mostly between the Euro and the New Israeli Shekel against the U.S. Dollar; and
 
·
an increase of $2.4 million in interest expenses, mainly related to advance payments received for performance obligations that extend for a period greater than one year, as part of the adoption of Accounting Standards Codification 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (ASC 606).
 
These increases in financial expenses were offset by:
 
·
an increase of $2.2 million in interest income and accretion (amortization) of discount (premium) on marketable securities; and
 
·
a decrease of $2.0 million in costs related to hedging transactions in 2018, as compared to 2017.
 
Taxes on Income
 
   
Year Ended
 December 31,
    
2017 to 2018
  
   
2017
    
2018
    
Change
  
   
(In thousands)
  
Taxes on income          
  
$
16,072
    
$
9,077
    
$
(6,995
)
    
(43.5
)%
 
Tax on income decreased by $7.0 million, or 43.5 %, in 2018 as compared to 2017, primarily due to
 
·
a one-time transition tax net decrease of $1.3 million in 2018 as compared to an increase of $18.7 million in 2017 on the federal mandatory deemed repatriation of cumulative foreign earnings; and
 
·
a decrease of $1.6 million in deferred tax assets (presented as tax income).
 
These taxes on income were offset by:
 
·
a tax provision of $12.0 million in the year ended December 31, 2018, with respect to Global Intangible Low Taxed Income inclusion;
 
·
an increase of $1.7 million in other current tax expenses in the US; and
 
·
an increase of $0.9 million in current tax expenses in all jurisdictions.
 
Net Income
 
   
Year Ended
 December 31,
    
2017 to 2018
  
   
2017
    
2018
    
Change
  
   
(In thousands)
  
Net income          
  
$
84,172
    
$
128,046
    
$
43,874
      
52.1
%
 
As a result of the factors discussed above, net income increased by $43.9 million, or 52.1%, in 2018 as compared to 2017.
45
Comparison of year ended December 31, 2016 (unaudited) and year ended December 31, 2017 (audited)
 
   
Year ended December 31,
    
2016 to 2017
  
   
2016
(unaudited)
    
2017
    
Change
  
   
(In thousands)
  
Revenues
  
$
489,954
    
$
607,045
    
$
117,091
      
23.9
%
Cost of revenues
    
329,207
      
392,279
      
63,072
      
19.2
%
Gross profit
    
160,747
      
214,766
      
54,019
      
33.6
%
Operating expenses:
                                
Research and development, net
    
38,220
      
54,966
      
16,746
      
43.8
%
Sales and marketing
    
38,200
      
50,032
      
11,832
      
31.0
%
General and administrative
    
13,317
      
18,682
      
5,365
      
40.3
%
Total operating expenses
    
89,737
      
123,680
      
33,943
      
37.8
%
Operating income
    
71,010
      
91,086
      
20,076
      
28.3
%
Financial income (expenses)
    
(1,287
)
    
9,158
      
10,445
      
N/A
  
Income before taxes on income
    
69,723
      
100,244
      
30,521
      
43.8
%
Taxes on income
    
6,270
      
16,072
      
9,802
      
156.3
%
Net income
  
$
63,453
    
$
84,172
    
$
20,719
      
32.7
%
 
Revenues
 
   
Year Ended
 December 31,
    

2016 to 2017
  
   
2016
(unaudited)
    
2017
    
Change
  
   
(In thousands)
  
Revenues          
  
$
489,954
    
$
607,045
    
$
117,091
      
23.9
%
 
Revenues increased by $117.1 million, or 23.9%, in 2017 as compared to 2016, primarily due to an increase in the number of systems sold outside of the U.S. Specifically, non-U.S. revenues comprised 42.5% of our revenues in 2017 as compared to 34.0% in 2016, with significant growth in revenues coming from Germany and the Netherlands as well as from non-U.S. markets outside of Europe. The number of power optimizers sold increased by approximately 1.4 million units, or 24.5%, from approximately 5.9 million units in 2016 to approximately 7.3 million units in 2017. The number of inverters sold increased by approximately 82,000 units, or 35.1%, from approximately 234,000 units in 2016 to approximately 316,000 units in 2017. While selling price per product remained relatively stable in 2017, our blended average selling price per watt for units shipped decreased by $0.029, or 10.2%, in 2017 as compared to 2016, primarily due to increased sales of our commercial products which are characterized with lower average selling price per watt and a change in our customer mix, which included larger portion of sales to distribution channels and large customers to whom we provide volume discounts.
 
46
Cost of Revenues and Gross Profit
 
   
Year Ended
 December 31,
    
2016 to 2017
  
   
2016
(unaudited)
    
2017
    
Change
  
   
(In thousands)
  
Cost of revenues          
  
$
329,207
    
$
392 ,279
    
$
63,072
      
19.2
%
Gross profit          
  
$
160,747
    
$
214,766
    
$
54,019
      
33.6
%
 
Cost of revenues increased by $63.1 million, or 19.2%, in 2017 as compared to 2016, primarily due to:
 
·
an increase in the volume of products sold;
 
·
increased warranty expenses and warranty accruals of $5.3 million associated with the rapid increase in our install base;
 
·
increased shipment and logistical costs of $11.1 million attributed, in part, to the growth in volumes shipped, and to an increase in air shipments caused by  power component shortages; and
 
·
increased personnel-related costs of $8.9 million connected to the expansion of our operations and increased support headcount which is growing in parallel with our growing install base worldwide.
 
Gross profit as a percentage of revenue increased from 32.8% in 2016 to 35.4% in 2017, primarily due to:
 
·
reductions in per-unit production costs that exceeded price erosion of our products;
 
·
increased efficiency in our supply chain;
 
·
lower costs associated with warranty product replacements; and
 
·
general economies of scale in our personnel-related costs and other costs associated with our support and operations departments.
 
Operating Expenses:
 
Research and Development, Net
 
   
Year Ended
 December 31,
    
2016 to 2017
  
   
2016
(unaudited)
    
2017
    
Change
  
   
(In thousands)
  
Research and development, net          
  
$
38,220
    
$
54,966
    
$
16,746
      
43.8
%
 
Research and development, net increased by $16.7 million, or 43.8%, in 2017 as compared to 2016, primarily due to:
 
·
an increase in personnel-related costs of $11.7 million as a result of an increased headcount of engineers. The increase in headcount reflects our continuing investment in enhancements of existing products as well as development associated with bringing new products to market;
 
·
expenses related to other directly related overhead costs that increased by $2.2 million;
 
·
expenses related to consultants and sub‑contractors that increased by $1.1 million;
 
·
depreciation expenses related to lab equipment that increased by $1.0 million; and
 
·
materials consumption for development, travel expenses and other expenses that increased by $0.7 million.
 
47
Sales and Marketing
 
   
Year Ended
 December 31,
    
2016 to 2017
  
   
2016
(unaudited)
    
2017
    
Change
  
   
(In thousands)
  
Sales and marketing          
  
$
38,200
    
$
50,032
    
$
11,832
      
31.0
%
 
Sales and marketing expenses increased by $11.8 million, or 31.0%, in 2017 as compared to 2016, primarily due to:
 
·
an increase in personnel-related costs of $9.0 million as a result of an increase in headcount supporting our growth in the U.S., Europe, and Asia, as well as salary increases;
 
·
expenses related to consultants and sub‑contractors that increased by $0.9 million;
 
·
expenses related to trade shows and marketing activities that increased by $0.8 million;
 
·
expenses related to other directly related overhead costs that increased by $0.7 million; and
 
·
expenses related to travel that increased by $0.4 million.
 
General and Administrative
 
   
Year Ended
 December 31,
    
2016 to 2017
  
   
2016
(unaudited)
    
2017
    
Change
  
   
(In thousands)
  
General and administrative          
  
$
13,317
    
$
18,682
    
$
5,365
      
40.3
%
 
General and administrative expenses increased by $5.4 million, or 40.3%, in 2017 as compared to 2016, primarily due to:
 
·
an increase in personnel-related costs of $2.5 million related to (i) higher headcount in the legal, finance, human resources, and information technology department, functions required of a fast-growing public company and (ii) increased expenses related to equity-based compensation and changes in management compensation;
 
·
legal expenses increased by $1.8 million mainly due to legal proceedings initiated by us during 2017 and settled by the end of 2017;
 
·
costs related to the accrual of doubtful debts increased by $0.7 million; and
 
·
other overhead costs, costs related to being a public company and depreciation, all of which increased by $0.4 million.
 
Financial Income (Expenses)
 
   
Year Ended
 December 31,
    
2016 to 2017
  
   
2016
(unaudited)
    
2017
    
Change
  
   
(In thousands)
  
Financial Income (Expenses)          
  
$
(1,287
)
  
$
9,158
    
$
10,445
      
N/A
  
 
Financial income was $9.2 million in 2017 as compared to financial expenses of $1.3 million in 2016, primarily due to:
 
·
an increase of $10.6 million in foreign exchange fluctuations between the Euro and the New Israeli Shekel against the U.S. Dollar; and
 
·
an increase of $1.0 million in interest income, net of accretion (amortization) of discount (premium) on marketable securities.
 
These increases in financial income were offset by decreases of $1.2 million in costs related to hedging transactions in 2017, as compared to 2016.
 
48
Taxes on Income
 
   
Year Ended
 December 31,
    
2016 to 2017
  
   
2016
(unaudited)
    
2017
    
Change
  
   
(In thousands)
  
Taxes on income          
  
$
6,270
    
$
16,072
    
$
9,802
      
156.3
%
 
Taxes on income increased by $9.8 million, or 156.3%, in 2017 as compared to 2016, primarily due to
 
·
a one-time transition tax of $18.7 million on the mandatory deemed repatriation of cumulative foreign earnings as of December 31, 2017;
 
·
an increase of $0.6 million in current tax expenses;
 
·
an increase of $9.2 million in deferred tax assets (presented as tax income); and
 
·
$0.3 million of income related to the previous year’s tax credit.
 
Net Income
 
   
Year Ended
 December 31,
    
2016 to 2017
  
   
2016
(unaudited)
    
2017
    
Change
  
   
(In thousands)
  
Net income          
  
$
63,453
    
$
84,172
    
$
20,719
      
32.7
%
 
 As a result of the factors discussed above, net income increased by $20.7 million, or 32.7%, in 2017 as compared to 2016.
 
Comparison of the six months ended December 31, 2015 (unaudited) and the six months ended December 31, 2016
 
   
Six Months Ended December 31,
    
2015 to 2016
  
   
2015
 (unaudited)
    
2016
    
Change
  
   
(In thousands)
        
Revenues          
  
$
239,886
    
$
239,997
    
$
111
      
0.0
%
Cost of revenues          
    
167,777
      
159,097
      
(8,680
)
    
(5.2
)%
Gross profit          
    
72,109
      
80,900
      
8,791
      
12.2
%
Operating expenses:
                                
Research and development, net
    
15,290
      
20,279
      
4,989
      
32.6
%
Sales and marketing
    
17,077
      
20,444
      
3,367
      
19.7
%
General and administrative
    
5,606
      
6,790
      
1,184
      
21.1
%
Total operating expenses
    
37,973
      
47,513
      
9,540
      
25.1
%
Operating income          
    
34,136
      
33,387
      
(749
)
    
(2.2
)%
Financial expenses          
    
1,031
      
2,789
      
1,758
      
170.5
%
Income before taxes on income
    
33,105
      
30,598
      
(2,507
)
    
(7.6
)%
Taxes on income (tax benefit)
    
(5,432
)
    
5,217
      
10,649
      
N/A
  
Net income          
  
$
38,537
    
$
25,381
    
$
(13,156
)
    
(34.1
)%

49
Six Months Ended December 31, 2016 vs. Six Months Ended December 31, 2015 (unaudited):
 
·
Revenues for the six-month period ended December 31, 2016 remained stable when compared to revenues in the same period in the prior year.
 
·
An increase of $8.8 million in gross profit principally due to:
 
o
Reductions in per unit production costs
 
o
Installation of automatic assembly line for optimizers and self-manufacturing of sub components
 
o
Lower costs associated with warranty product replacements
 
o
Cash received from our insurance company covering a bad debt from a former customer that declared bankruptcy
 
·
An increase of $9.5 million in operating expenses principally due to:
 
o
Increase in personnel-related costs to support (1) our continuing investment in enhancements of existing products as well as development associated with bringing new products to market; (2) our growth in the U.S., European, and other markets such as Australia and Japan; and (3) higher headcount in the legal, finance, human resources, and information technology department functions required of a fast-growing publicly-traded company
 
·
An increase of $1.8 million in financial expenses mainly due to:
 
o
Foreign exchange fluctuations between the Euro and the New Israeli Shekel against the U.S. Dollar
 
·
An increase of $10.6 million in tax expenses principally due to:
 
o
A reversal of deferred tax assets recorded during fiscal 2016
 
o
Exhaustion of carry forwards of net operating loss balances related to our past losses
 
Liquidity and Capital Resources
 
The following table shows our cash flows from operating activities, investing activities, and financing activities for the stated periods:
 
   
Fiscal Year ended June 30,
    
Six Months Ended December 31,
    
Fiscal Year ended
December 31,
  
   
2016
    
2016
    
2017
    
2018
  
   
(In thousands)
  
Net cash provided by operating activities          
  
$
52,427
    
$
49,098
    
$
136,665
    
$
189,079
  
Net cash used in investing activities          
    
(125,837
)
    
(19,747
)
    
(85,407
)
    
(152,628
)
Net cash provided by financing activities          
    
2,779
      
1,284
      
7,240
      
(7,955
)
Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents
  
$
(70,631
)
  
$
30,635
    
$
58,498
    
$
28,496
  
 
50
As of December 31, 2018, our cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash were $193.3 million. This amount does not include $192.9 million invested in available for sale marketable securities and $6.0 million invested in short-term bank deposits. Our principal uses of cash are funding our operations and other working capital requirements. As of December 31, 2018, we have open commitments for capital expenditures in an amount of approximately $40.1 million. These commitments reflect purchases of automated assembly lines and other machinery related to our manufacturing. We believe that cash provided by operating activities as well as our cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash needs for at least the next 12 months and to fund our capital expenditure commitments.
 
Operating Activities
 
During 2018, cash provided by operating activities was $189.1 million derived mainly from net income of $128.0 million that included $45.1 million of non-cash expenses. An increase of $41.9 million warranty obligations, $37.0 million in deferred revenues, $31.5 million in trade payables and $4.6 million accruals for employees. This was offset by an increase of $60.5 million in trade receivables, $20.2 million in inventories, $7.1 million in deferred tax assets, $2.7 million in prepaid expenses and other accounts receivable and a decrease of $8.5 in accrued expenses and other account payable.
 
During 2017, cash provided by operating activities was $136.7 million derived mainly from net income of $84.2 million that included $26.8 million of non-cash expenses. An increase of $63.0 million in trade payables and other accounts payable, $20.4 million warranty obligations, $14.1 million in deferred revenues and $9.4 million accruals for employees. This was offset by an increase of $38.1 million in trade receivables, $21.9 million in prepaid expenses and other accounts receivable, $15.7 million in inventories, and $5.5 million in deferred tax assets.
 
During the six months ended December 31, 2016, cash provided by operating activities was $49.1 million derived mainly from net income of $25.4 million that included $10.0 million of non-cash expenses. An increase of $7.2 million in warranty obligations, $3.0 million accruals for employees and $1.3 million in deferred revenues and a decrease of $14.0 million in inventories, $3.7 million in deferred tax assets and $1.6 million in trade receivables was offset by a decrease of $16.4 million in trade payables and other accounts payable and $0.3 million in lease incentive obligations and an increase of $0.4 million in prepaid expenses and other accounts receivable.
 
During fiscal 2016, cash provided by operating activities was $52.4 million derived mainly from net income of $76.6 million that included $13.5 million of non-cash expenses. An increase of $19.3 million in warranty obligations, $8.6 million in deferred revenues and $3.3 million accruals for employees and a decrease of $10.5 million in prepaid expenses and other receivables was offset by an increase of $37.3 million in trade receivables, $7.4 million in inventories, $6.4 million in deferred tax assets, and a decrease of $28.3 million in trade payables and other accounts payable.
 
51
Investing Activities
 
During 2018, net cash used in investing activities was $152.6 million, of which $142.6 million was invested in available-for-sale marketable securities, $94.7 million was utilized for the acquisitions of the assets of Gamatronic and the Kokam Acquisition, $38.6 million related to capital investments in laboratory equipment, end of line testing equipment, automated assembly lines, manufacturing tools and leasehold improvements and $6.0 million was invested in short-term bank deposits. This was offset by $129.3 million from sales and maturities of available-for-sale marketable securities.
 
During 2017, net cash used in investing activities was $85.4 million, of which $143.7 million was invested in available-for-sale marketable securities, $21.4 million related to capital investments in laboratory equipment, end of line testing equipment, automated assembly lines, manufacturing tools and leasehold improvements and $0.6 million related to an increase in restricted cash. This was offset by $80.3 million from the maturities of available-for-sale marketable securities.
 
During the six months ended December 31, 2016, net cash used in investing activities was $19.7 million, of which $40.9 million was invested in available-for-sale marketable securities, $11.0 million related to capital investments in laboratory equipment, end of line testing equipment, automated assembly lines, manufacturing tools and leasehold improvements and $0.6 million related to intangible assets investment. This was offset by $32.8 million from the maturities of available-for-sale marketable securities.
 
During fiscal 2016, net cash used in investing activities was $125.8 million, of which $118.5 million was invested in available-for-sale marketable securities, $15.7 million related to capital investments in laboratory equipment, end of line testing equipment, automated assembly lines, manufacturing tools and leasehold improvements and $0.8 million related to intangible assets investment. This was offset by $6.4 million from the maturities of available-for-sale marketable securities and a $2.8 million repayment of a security deposit held to secure payments under our previous office lease and the expiration of a letter of credit, which was issued by us to one of our contract manufacturers.
 
Financing Activities
 
During 2018, net cash provided by financing activities was $8.0 million, of which $14.2 million related to the purchase of non-controlling interests and $3.8 million was used for repayment of loans we acquired as part of Koakm's Acquisition ("Kokam Loans"). This was offset by $10.0 million attributed to cash received from the exercise of employee and non-employee stock-base awards.
 
During 2017, net cash provided by financing activities was $7.2 million, all of which is attributed to cash received from the exercise of employee and non-employee stock-base awards.
 
During the six months ended December 31, 2016, net cash provided by financing activities was $1.3 million, all of which is attributed to cash received from the exercise of employee and non-employee stock-base awards.
 
During fiscal 2016, net cash provided by financing activities was $2.8 million, of which $3.0 million related to cash received from the exercise of employee and non-employee stock options, offset by $0.2 million attributed to issuance costs related to our initial public offering.
 
Debt Obligations
 
The Kokam Loans were acquired as part of the Kokam Acquisition. We acquired a number of bank loans in an aggregate amount of $20.1 million (the “Kokam Loans”). The Kokam Loans mature in various installments through May 2021, their annual interest rates are variable and as of December 31, 2018 range from 2.89% to 4.24%.
 
52
Contractual Obligations
 
The following table summarizes our outstanding contractual obligations as of December 31, 2018:
 
   
Payment Due By Period
  
   
Total
    
Less
Than
 1 Year
    
1 – 3
 Years
    
4 – 5
 Years
    
More
Than
 5 Years
  
   
(In thousands)
  
Operating leases(1)          
  
$
21,417
    
$
6,933
    
$
7,310
    
$
4,730
    
$
2,444
  
Purchase commitments under agreements(2)
    
262,979
      
262,979
      
-
      
-
      
-
  
Capital expenditures(3)
    
40,052
      
40,052
      
-
      
-
      
-
  
Total          
  
$
324,448
    
$
309,964
    
$
7,310
    
$
4,730
    
$
2,444
  
 
(1)
Represents future minimum lease commitments under non‑cancellable operating lease agreements through which we lease our operating facilities.
 
(2)
Represents non‑cancelable amounts associated with our manufacturing contracts. Such purchase commitments are based on our forecasted manufacturing requirements and typically provide for fulfillment within agreed‑upon or commercially standard lead‑times for the particular part or product. The timing and amounts of payments represent our best estimates and may change due to business needs and other factors.
 
(3)
Represents non‑cancelable amounts associated with purchases of automated assembly lines and other machinery related to our manufacturing.
 
Off‑Balance Sheet Arrangements
 
We did not have any off‑balance sheet arrangements in fiscal 2016, the six months ended December 31, 2016, the year ended December 31, 2017 or the year ended December 31, 2018.
 
Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Management Estimates
 
We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the U.S. (“GAAP”) The preparation of consolidated financial statements also requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, costs and expenses, and related disclosures. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could differ significantly from the estimates made by our management. To the extent that there are differences between our estimates and actual results, our future financial statement presentation, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows will be affected. We believe that the accounting policies discussed below are critical to understanding our historical and future performance, as these policies relate to the more significant areas involving management’s judgments and estimates. Critical accounting policies and estimates are those that we consider the most important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations because they require our most difficult, subjective or complex judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates about the effects of matters that are inherently uncertain.
 
Revenue Recognition
 
Effective January 1, 2018, we adopted the Accounting Standards Codification 606, Revenue from Contracts    with Customers (ASC 606) using the modified retrospective method applied to those contracts which were not substantially completed as of January 1, 2018. As a result of this adoption, we revised our accounting policy for revenue recognition as detailed below.
 
We generate revenues from the sale of DC optimized inverter systems for solar PV installations which include our power optimizers, inverters, and cloud‑based monitoring platform as well as other solar related products, UPS systems, Lithium-ion cells, batteries and energy storage solutions. Our worldwide customer base includes large solar installers, distributors, EPCs, PV module manufacturers, utility companies and other customers. Our products are fully functional at the time of shipment to the customer and do not require production, modification, or customization with the exception of some UPS and ESS systems that require installation and commissioning. We recognize revenue under the core principle that transfer of control to the customers should be depicted in an amount reflecting the consideration we expect to receive in revenue. In order to achieve that core principle, we apply the following five-step approach: (1) identify the contract with a customer, (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (3) determine the transaction price, (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and (5) recognize revenue when a performance obligation is satisfied. Provisions for rebates, sales incentives, and discounts to customers are accounted for as reductions in revenue in the same period that the related sales are recorded.
 
We generally sell our products to our customers pursuant to a customer’s standard purchase order and our customary terms and conditions. We do not offer rights to return our products other than for normal warranty conditions, and as such, revenue is recorded upon shipment of products to customers and transfer of title and risk of loss under standard commercial terms. We evaluate the creditworthiness of our customers to determine that appropriate credit limits are established prior to the acceptance and shipment of an order.
 
We provide our full web‑based monitoring platform free of charge and revenues associated with the service since that date are being recognized ratably over 25 years. In the absence of vendor‑specific objective evidence or third party comparable pricing for such service, management determines the revenue levels of this service based on the costs associated with providing the service plus appropriate margins that reflect management’s best estimate of the selling price. These revenues are minimal and we do not expect this to become a significant source of revenue in the near future.
 
53
The most significant impact of the standard on our financial statements relates to advance payments received for performance obligations that extend for a period greater than one year. Applying the new standard, such performance obligations are those that include a financing component, specifically: (i) warranty extension services, (ii) cloud-based monitoring, and (iii) communication services.
 
We recognize financing component expenses in our consolidated statement of income in relation to advance payments for performance obligations that extend for a period greater than one year. These financing component expenses are reflected in our deferred revenues balance. The cumulative adjustments have decreased the retained earnings by $3.9 million while increasing the deferred revenues by the same amount.
 
Product Warranty
 
We provide a standard limited product warranty for our solar products against defects in materials and workmanship under normal use and service conditions. Our standard warranty period is 25 years for our power optimizers, 12 years for our inverters, and 10 years for our storage interface. Other products are sold with standard limited warranties that typically range in duration from one to ten years, and in some cases for a longer period. In certain cases, customers can purchase an extended warranty for UPS products and our battery storage products that exceed the standard warranty period and extended warranties for inverters that increase the warranty period to up to 25 years.
 
Our products are designed to meet the warranty periods and our reliability procedures cover component selection, design, accelerated life cycle tests, and end-of-manufacturing line testing. However, since our history in selling power optimizers and inverters is substantially shorter than the warranty period, the calculation of warranty provisions is inherently uncertain.
 
We accrue for estimated warranty costs at the time of sale based on anticipated warranty claims and actual historical warranty claims experience. Warranty provisions, computed on a per‑unit sold basis, are based on our best estimate of such costs and are included in our cost of revenues. The warranty obligation is determined based on actual and predicted failure rates of the products, cost of replacement and service and delivery costs incurred to correct a product failure. Our warranty obligation requires management to make assumptions regarding estimated failure rates and replacement costs.
 
In order to predict the failure rate of each of our products, we have established a reliability model based on the estimated mean time between failures (“MTBF”). The MTBF represents the average elapsed time predicted for each product unit between failures during operation. Applying the MTBF failure rate over our install base for each product type and generation allows us to predict the number of failed units over the warranty period and estimates the costs associated with the product warranty. Predicted failure rates are updated periodically based on data returned from the field and new product versions, as are replacement costs which are updated to reflect changes in our actual production costs for our products, subcontractors’ labor costs, and actual logistics costs.
 
Since the MTBF model does not take into account additional non‑systematic failures such as failures caused by workmanship or manufacturing or design‑related issues, and since warranty claims are at times opened for cases in which the error has been triggered by an improper installation, we have developed a supplemental model to predict such cases and recognize the associated expenses ratably over the expected claim period. This model, which is based on actual root cause analysis of returned products, identification of the causes of claims and time until each identified problem is revealed, allows us to better predict actual warranty expenses and is updated periodically based on our experience, taking into account the installed base of approximately 34.1 million power optimizers and approximately 1.4 million inverters as of December 31, 2018.
 
If actual warranty costs differ significantly from these estimates, adjustments may be required in the future, which could adversely affect our gross profit and results of operations. Warranty obligations are classified as short-term and long-term warranty obligations based on the period in which the warranty is expected to be claimed. The warranty provision (short and long-term) was $51.2 million in fiscal 2016, $58.4 million as of December 31, 2016, $78.8 million as of December 31, 2017 and $121.8 million as of December 31, 2018.
 
Inventory Valuation
 
Our inventories comprise sellable finished goods, raw materials bought for own manufacturing or on behalf of our contract manufacturers, and faulty units returned under our warranty policy.
 
Sellable finished goods and raw material inventories are valued at the lower of cost or market, based on the moving average cost method. Certain factors could affect the realizable value of our inventories, including market and economic conditions, technological changes, existing product changes (mainly due to cost reduction activities), and new product introductions. We consider historic usage, expected demand, anticipated sales price, the effect of new product introductions, product obsolescence, product merchantability, and other factors when evaluating the value of inventories. Inventory write‑downs are equal to the difference between the cost of inventories and their estimated fair market value. Inventory write‑downs are recorded as cost of revenues in the accompanying statements of operations and were $2.5 million, $0.1 million, $1.4 million and $0.9 million, in fiscal 2016, the six months ended December 31, 2016, in the year ended December 31, 2017 and in the year ended December 31, 2018, respectively.
 
54
Faulty products returned under our warranty policy are often refurbished and used as replacement units in warranty cases. Such products are written off upon receipt.
 
We do not believe that there is a reasonable likelihood that there will be a material change in future estimates or assumptions that we use to record inventory at the lower of cost or market. However, if estimates regarding customer demand are inaccurate or changes in technology affect demand for certain products in an unforeseen manner, we may be exposed to losses that could be material.
 
Business Combination
 
We allocate the fair value of purchase consideration to the tangible assets acquired, liabilities assumed and intangible assets acquired based on their estimated fair value. The excess of the fair value of purchase consideration over the fair values of these identifiable assets and liabilities is recorded as goodwill. Such valuations require our management to make significant estimates and assumptions, especially with respect to intangible assets. Significant estimates in valuing certain intangible assets include, but are not limited to, future expected cash flows from acquired technology and other intangible assets, their useful lives and discount rates. Our management’s estimates of fair value are based upon assumptions believed to be reasonable, but which are inherently uncertain and unpredictable and, as a result, actual results may differ from estimates. During the measurement period, which is not to exceed one year from the acquisition date, we may record adjustments to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, with the corresponding offset to goodwill. Upon the conclusion of the measurement period, any subsequent adjustments are recorded to earnings.
 
Intangible and other long lived assets
 
We evaluate the recoverability of finite-lived intangible assets for possible impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. The evaluation is performed at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities. Recoverability of these assets is measured by a comparison of the carrying amounts to the future undiscounted cash flows the assets are expected to generate. If such review indicates that the carrying amount of intangible assets is not recoverable, the carrying amount of such assets is reduced to fair value. We have not recorded any impairment charges during the year ended December 31, 2018.
 
Acquired identifiable finite-lived intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis or accelerated method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. We believe the basis of amortization approximates the pattern in which the assets are utilized, over their estimated useful lives. We routinely review the remaining estimated useful lives of finite-lived intangible assets. In case we reduce the estimated useful life assumption for any asset, the remaining unamortized balance is amortized or depreciated over the revised estimated useful life.
 
Goodwill
 
We evaluate goodwill for impairment annually or more frequently when an event occurs or circumstances change that indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. In testing goodwill for impairment, we may elect to utilize a qualitative assessment to evaluate whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If the qualitative assessment indicates that goodwill impairment is more likely than not, than a two-step impairment test is performed. We test goodwill for impairment under the two-step impairment test by first comparing the book value of net assets to the fair value of the reporting unit. If the fair value is determined to be less than the book value or qualitative factors indicate that it is more likely than not that goodwill is impaired, a second step is performed to compute the amount of impairment as the difference between the estimated fair value of goodwill and the carrying value. We estimate the fair value of the reporting unit using discounted cash flows. Forecasts of future cash flows are based on our management best estimate of future net sales and operating expenses that are based primarily on expected category expansion, pricing, and general economic conditions.
 
We complete the required annual testing of goodwill for impairment for the reporting unit on October 1 of each year and accordingly, determines whether goodwill should be impaired. As of December 31, 2018, no impairment of goodwill has been identified.
 
55
Income taxes
 
We account for income taxes in accordance with ASC 740, “Income Taxes.” ASC 740, which prescribes the use of the liability method, whereby deferred tax asset and liability account balances are determined based on differences between financial reporting and tax basis of assets and liabilities, and are measured using the enacted tax rates that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse.
 
We account for uncertain tax positions in accordance with ASC 740. ASC 740-10 contains a two-step approach to recognizing and measuring uncertain tax positions. The first step is to evaluate the tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates that it is more likely than not that, on an evaluation of the technical merits, the tax position will be sustained on audit, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes. The second step is to measure the tax benefit as the largest amount that is more than 50% (cumulative probability) likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement.
 
ITEM 7A.         QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
 
We are exposed to market risk in the ordinary course of our business. Market risk represents the risk of loss that may impact our financial position due to adverse changes in financial market prices and rates. Our market risk exposure is primarily a result of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, customer concentrations, and interest rates. We do not hold or issue financial instruments for trading purposes.
 
Foreign Currency Exchange Risk
 
Approximately 24.0%, 27.7%, 37.4% and 41.2% of our revenues for fiscal 2016, the six months ended December 31, 2016, the year ended December 31, 2017 and the year ended December 31, 2018, respectively, were earned in non‑U.S. dollar denominated currencies, principally the Euro. Our expenses are generally denominated in the currencies in which our operations are located, primarily the U.S. dollar and New Israeli Shekel, and to a lesser extent, the Euro. Our New Israeli Shekel‑denominated expenses consist primarily of personnel and overhead costs. Our consolidated results of operations and cash flows are, therefore, subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates and may be adversely affected in the future due to changes in foreign exchange rates. A hypothetical 10% change in foreign currency exchange rates between the Euro and the U.S. dollar would increase or decrease our net income by $23.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. A hypothetical 10% change in foreign currency exchange rates between the New Israeli Shekel and the U.S. dollar would increase or decrease our net income by $9.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2018.
 
For purposes of our consolidated financial statements, local currency assets and liabilities are translated at the rate of exchange to the U.S. dollar on the balance sheet date and local currency revenues and expenses are translated at the exchange rate as of the date of the transaction or at the average exchange rate to the U.S. dollar during the reporting period.
 
To date, we have used derivative financial instruments, specifically foreign currency forward contracts, to manage exposure to foreign currency risks by hedging a portion of our account receivable balances denominated in Euros expected to be paid within six months. Our foreign currency forward contracts are expected to mitigate exchange rate changes related to the hedged assets. We do not use derivative financial instruments for speculative or trading purposes.
 
We had cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash of $75.0 million, $105.6 million, $164.7 million and $193.3 million at the end of fiscal 2016, the year ending December 31, 2016, the year ending December 31, 2017 and the year ending December 31, 2018, respectively, which was held for working capital purposes. In addition, we had available-for-sale marketable securities with an estimated fair value of $118.7 million, $180.4 million and $192.9 million on June 30, 2016, December 31, 2016, December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2018, respectively, and short-term bank deposit of $6.0 million as of December 31, 2018.
 
We entered into forward contracts and put and call options to hedge the exchange impacts on assets and liabilities denominated in other than the U.S. dollar. As of December 31, 2018, we had no outstanding forward contracts or put and call options. We use derivative financial instruments, such as foreign exchange forward contracts, to mitigate the risk of changes in foreign exchange rates on accounts receivable and forecast cash flows denominated in certain foreign currencies. We may not be able to purchase derivative instruments adequate to fully insulate ourselves from foreign currency exchange risks and over the past year we have incurred losses as a result of exchange rate fluctuations on exposures that have not been covered by our hedging strategy.
 
56
Additionally, our hedging activities may also contribute to increased losses as a result of volatility in foreign currency markets. If foreign exchange currency markets continue to be volatile, such fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates could materially and adversely affect our profit margins and results of operations in future periods. Also, the volatility in the foreign currency markets may make it difficult to hedge our foreign currency exposures effectively.
 
Concentrations of Major Customers
 
Our trade accounts receivables potentially expose us to a concentration of credit risk with our major customers. For the year ended December 31, 2018, one major customer accounted for 19.4% of total revenues, and as of December 31, 2018, two major customers accounted for approximately 41.3% of our consolidated trade receivables balance. For the year ended December 31, 2017, one major customer accounted for 14.8% of total revenues, and as of December 31, 2017, two major customers accounted for approximately 35.2% of our consolidated trade receivables balance. We currently do not foresee a credit risk associated with these receivables.
 
Inflation
 
We do not believe that inflation had a material effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations in the last three years. If our costs were to become subject to significant inflationary pressures, we may not be able to fully offset such higher costs through price increases. Our inability or failure to do so could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
 
Commodity Price Risk
 
We are subject to risk from fluctuating market prices of certain commodity raw materials, including copper, which are used in our products. Prices of these raw materials may be affected by supply restrictions or other market factors from time to time, and we do not enter into hedging arrangements to mitigate commodity risk. Significant price changes for these raw materials could reduce our operating margins if we are unable to recover such increases from our customers, and could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
 
57
ITEM 8.            FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA.
 
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
 
Consolidated Financial Statements
   
F-2
   
F-5
   
F-7
   
F-8
   
F-9
   
F-11
   
F-13
 
Unaudited Quarterly Results of Operations
 
The following table sets forth our unaudited quarterly consolidated statements of operations data for each of the fiscal years covered by the financial statements provided with this filing. The data presented below has been prepared on the same basis as the audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report and, in the opinion of management, reflects all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair presentation of this data. This information should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report. The results of historical periods are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations for a full year or any future period.
 
   
Mar. 31,
 2017
    
June 30,
 2017
    
Sept. 30,
 2017
    
Dec. 31,
 2017
    
Mar. 31,
 2018
    
June 30,
 2018
    
Sept. 30,
 2018
    
Dec. 31,
 2018
  
   
(In thousands, unaudited)
  
Revenues          
  
$
115,054
    
$
136,099
    
$
166,552
    
$
189,340
    
$
209,871
    
$
227,118
    
$
236,578
    
$
263,670
  
Cost of revenues          
    
76,378
      
89,033
      
108,498
      
118,370
      
130,274
      
145,172
      
158,596
      
183,959
  
Gross profit          
    
38,676
      
47,066
      
58,054
      
70,970
      
79,597
      
81,946
      
77,982
      
79,711
  
Operating expense
                                                                
Research and development
    
11,458
      
12,725
      
14,363
      
16,420
      
17,875
      
19,551
      
20,109
      
24,710
  
Sales and marketing
    
10,775
      
11,961
      
13,217
      
14,079
      
16,205
      
15,954
      
16,938
      
19,210
  
General and administrative
    
4,439
      
3,265
      
5,078
      
5,900
      
4,753
      
5,776
      
6,898
      
11,837
  
Total operating expenses
    
26,672
      
27,951
      
32,658
      
36,399
      
38,833
      
41,281
      
43,945
      
55,757
  
Operating income          
    
12,004
      
19,115
      
25,396
      
34,571
      
40,764
      
40,665
      
34,037
      
23,954
  
Financial income (expenses)
    
1,410
      
3,595
      
2,666
      
1,487
      
584
      
(2,480
)
    
(689
)
    
288
  
Income before taxes on income
    
13,414
      
22,710
      
28,062
      
36,058
      
41,348
      
38,185
      
33,348
      
24,242
  
Taxes on income (tax benefit)
    
(761
)
    
186
      
91
      
16,556
      
5,662
      
3,617
      
(12,295
)
    
12,093
  
Net income          
  
$
14,175
    
$
22,524
    
$
27,971
    
$