ffwm-10k_20181231.htm

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports); and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of June 30, 2018, the aggregate market value of the common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant, computed by reference to the average high and low sales prices on the NASDAQ Global Stock Market as of the close of business on June 30, 2018, was approximately $725 million.

As of February 25, 2019, there were 44,501,613 shares of registrant’s common stock outstanding.

Except as otherwise stated herein, Part III of the Form 10-K are incorporated by reference from the Registrant’s Definitive Proxy Statement which is expected to be filed with the Commission on or before April 30, 2019 for its 2019 Annual Meeting of Shareholders.

In addition to historical information, this report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). Forward-looking statements are those that predict or describe future events or trends or that do not relate solely to historical matters. However, our actual results and financial performance in the future will be affected by known and currently unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results or financial performance in the future to differ materially from the results or financial performance that may be expressed, predicted or implied by such forward-looking statements. Such risks, uncertainties and other factors include, among others, those set forth below in Item 1A Risk Factors, and readers of this report are urged to read the cautionary statements contained in that section of this report. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by words like “may,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “believes,” “intends,” “expects,” “anticipates,” “plans,” “estimates,” “predicts,” “potential,” “project” and “continue” and similar expressions. Readers of this report are cautioned not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the respective dates on which such statements were made and which are subject to risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause actual results and the timing of certain events to differ materially from future results expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements.

First Foundation Inc. expressly disclaims any intent or any obligation to release publicly any revisions or updates to any of the forward-looking statements contained in this report to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this report or the occurrence of currently unanticipated events or developments or to conform such forward-looking statements to actual results or to changes in its opinions or expectations, except as may be required by applicable law.

Unless we state otherwise or the context otherwise requires, references in this Annual Report on Form 10-K to “we,” “our,” and “us” refer to First Foundation Inc., a Delaware corporation, (“FFI” or the “Company”) and its consolidated subsidiaries, First Foundation Advisors (“FFA”) and First Foundation Bank (“FFB” or “Bank”), and FFB’s wholly owned subsidiaries, First Foundation Insurance Services (“FFIS”) and Blue Moon Management, LLC.

We are a financial services company that provides a comprehensive platform of financial services to individuals, businesses and other organizations. We currently conduct our operations in California, Nevada and Hawaii. Our integrated platform provides investment advisory and wealth management services, banking products and services, trust services, and life insurance services to effectively and efficiently meet the financial needs of our clients. We provide business banking products and services to small to moderate-sized businesses and professional firms, and consumer banking products and services to individuals and families. As of December 31, 2018, we had $5.8 billion of total assets, $4.3 billion of loans, $4.5 billion of deposits and $3.9 billion of assets under management (“AUM”). Our investment advisory and wealth management, trust and insurance services provide us with substantial, fee-based, recurring revenues, such that in 2018, our non-interest income was 19% of our total revenues.

Our operating strategy is to build strong and stable long-term client relationships, one at a time, by delivering high quality banking and trust products and services and investment management. The primary role of our bankers, relationship managers and loan officers, in addition to attracting new clients, is to develop and maintain a strong relationship with their clients and to coordinate the services we provide to their clients. We take a team approach to delivering our platform of services to our clients. Our bankers, relationship managers and loan officers work as a team to deliver our products and services, with each member of the team responsible for managing the delivery of products and services in their area of expertise. This allows us to provide more tailored solutions while operating in a safe and sound manner. We have created compensation structures that encourage and reward our bankers, relationship managers and loan officers to work together as a team to provide the client with the products and services they desire. We believe we will be able to maintain a client-focused approach by recruiting and retaining experienced and qualified staff.

We intend to continue to grow our business by (i) marketing our services directly to prospective new clients; (ii) obtaining new client referrals from existing clients, professional and fiduciary referrals and through referral agreements with asset custodial firms; (iii) adding experienced bankers, relationship managers and loan officers who may have established client relationships that we can serve; (iv) cross-selling our services among our wealth management and banking clients; (v) making opportunistic acquisitions of complementary businesses and/or establishing de novo offices in select markets within and outside our existing market areas.

Our broad range of financial products and services are more consistent with those offered by larger financial institutions, while our high level of personalized service, accessibility and responsiveness to our clients are more typical of the services offered by boutique investment advisory and wealth management firms and community banks. We believe this combination of an integrated platform of comprehensive financial services and products and personalized and responsive service differentiates us from many of our competitors and has contributed to the growth of our client base and our business.

FFI is a bank holding company incorporated in Delaware. As a bank holding company, we are subject to regulation and examination by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the “Federal Reserve Board” or “FRB”) and the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco (“FRBSF”) under delegated authority from the FRB. FFB is a California state chartered bank and is subject to regulation and examination by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) and the California Department of Business Oversight (“DBO”). FFB also is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank of San Francisco (“FHLB”), which provides it with a source of funds in the form of short-term and long-term borrowings. FFA is a California corporation that began operating as a fee-based registered investment advisor under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, (“Investment Advisers Act”) in 1990, and is subject to regulation by the Securities and Exchange Commission, (“SEC”), under that Act.

Through FFB, we offer a wide range of loan products, deposit products, business and personal banking services and trust services. The yields we realize on our loans and other interest-earning assets and the interest rates we pay to attract and retain deposits are the principal determinants of our banking revenues.

We also provide trust services to clients using its California and Nevada trust powers. Those services, which consist primarily of the management of trust assets, complement the investment and wealth management services that FFA offers to our clients. FFIS

was established to provide life agency insurance services. Additionally, trust service fees and life insurance brokerage fees provide additional sources of noninterest income for us.

FFB’s operations comprise the banking, trust and insurance segments of our business. At December 31, 2018, FFB had $5.8 billion of total assets, $4.3 billion of loans, $4.5 billion of deposits and $742 million of trust AUM.

FFA is a fee-based investment advisor which provides investment advisory and wealth management services primarily to high net-worth individuals, their families and their family businesses, and other affiliated organizations. FFA strives to provide its clients with a high level of personalized service by its staff of experienced relationship managers. FFA’s operations comprise the investment advisory and wealth management segments of our business. As of December 31, 2018, FFA had $3.9 billion of AUM.

Through FFB, we offer a wide range of loan products, deposit products, business and personal banking services and trust services. Our loan products are designed to meet the credit needs of our clients in a manner that, at the same time, enables us to effectively manage the credit and interest rate risks inherent in our lending activities. Our lending products are the primary drivers of revenues and earnings for the consolidated entity. As such, we are committed to offer market competitive lending products that: meet the needs of our clients; are underwritten in a prudent manner; and provide an adequate return based on their size and credit risk. Deposits represent our principal source of funds for making loans and investments and acquiring other interest-earning assets.

We maintain a client-focused approach by recruiting and retaining experienced and qualified banking personnel, who are described as private client relationship managers, commercial bankers, small business bankers, regional directors of loan production for multifamily and non-owner occupied commercial real estate, and branch managers. FFB has bankers in each location across the platform sourcing loan and deposit business to cultivate and develop quality banking relationships from existing and potential clients. FFB’s banking platform is focused on program-specific products and clients.

The following table sets forth information regarding the types of loans that we make, by amounts and as a percentage of our total loans outstanding at December 31:

	2018					2017
(dollars in thousands)	Balance		% of Total			Balance		% of Total
Recorded Investment balance:
Loans secured by real estate:
Residential properties:
Multifamily	$	1,956,935		45.7	%	$	1,935,429		52.9	%
Single family		904,828		21.1	%		645,816		17.7	%
Total loans secured by residential properties		2,861,763		66.8	%		2,581,245		70.6	%
Commercial properties		869,169		20.3	%		696,748		19.1	%
Land		80,187		1.9	%		37,160		1.0	%
Total real estate loans		3,811,119		89.0	%		3,315,153		90.7	%
Commercial and industrial loans		449,805		10.5	%		310,779		8.5	%
Consumer loans		22,699		0.5	%		29,330		0.8	%
Total loans	$	4,283,623		100.0	%	$	3,655,262		100.0	%

We have established a lending platform that provides financing solutions to our strong and stable client relationships, including individuals, entities and businesses. The primary objective of each of the lending channels is to provide exceptional client service to differentiate us from our competitors, Each lending channel features standardized pricing, uniform sizing and a streamlined process resulting in a high through-put application-to-funding ratio. Each of our office locations are focused on serving the businesses and clients within their market area. Our lending activities serve the credit needs of individuals, owners of multifamily and commercial real estate properties, small to moderate size businesses and professional firms in our market areas. As a result we offer a variety of loan products consisting of multifamily and single family residential real estate loans, commercial real estate loans, commercial term loans and lines of credit, and consumer loans.

We have a lending platform focused on three primary channels: 1) Commercial Real Estate (‘CRE”), defined as multifamily residential, non-owner occupied commercial real estate, construction and land; 2) Commercial and Industrial (“C&I”) defined as term and revolving credit/lines of credit for small to moderate-sized businesses and professional firms, owner occupied commercial real estate; and 3) Consumer defined as loan products to individuals, including single family residential real estate loans and home equity

lines of credit and other consumer-related loans focused on our current and prospective clients of our platform.

CRE Loan Channel: Loans originated under the CRE loan channel are supported by the underlying cash flow from operations of the related real estate collateral. The loan types under this channel consist of multifamily residential, non-owner occupied CRE and construction and land.

Residential Mortgage Loans – Multi-family: We make multi-family residential mortgage loans for terms up to 30 years for 5+ unit properties. These loans generally are adjustable rate loans with interest rates tied to a variety of independent indexes; although in many cases these loans have initial fixed rate periods ranging from 3 to 10 years and adjust thereafter based on an applicable index. These loans generally have interest rate floors, payment caps, and prepayment penalties. The loans are underwritten based on a variety of underwriting criteria, including an evaluation of the subject real estate collateral cash flow, the character and creditworthiness of the borrower and guarantors, loan-to-value and debt service coverage ratios, borrower liquidity and credit history. In addition, we perform stress testing for changes in interest rates, capitalization rates and other factors and review general economic trends such as rental rates, values and vacancy rates. We typically require full or limited recourse from the owners of the entities to which we make such loans.

CRE Loans – Non-owner Occupied: Our commercial real estate loans are secured by first trust deeds on nonresidential real property with terms up to 10 years. We typically focus on multi-tenant industrial, office and retail real estate collateral with strong, stable tenancy, strong, stable historical cash flow and located in stable, strong demand submarket locations. The bank will consider special purpose lending on a limited basis for our existing client base. These loans generally are adjustable rate loans with interest rates tied to a variety of independent indexes; although in many cases these loans have initial fixed rate periods ranging from 3 to 10 years and adjust thereafter based on an applicable index. These loans generally have interest rate floors, payment caps, and prepayment penalties. The loans are underwritten based on a variety of underwriting criteria, including an evaluation of the subject real estate collateral cash flow, the character and creditworthiness of the borrower and guarantors, loan-to-value and debt service coverage ratios, borrower liquidity and credit history. In addition, we perform stress testing for changes in interest rates, capitalization rates and other factors and review general economic trends such as lease rates, values and absorption rates. We typically require full recourse from the owners of the entities to which we make such loans.

Construction and Land Loans: Construction and land loans are provided to borrowers with extensive construction experience and as an accommodation to existing or potential clients of the platform; or were obtained through acquisition of other banks. There is not a separate sales effort to generate construction and land loans. These loans are custom tailored to fit the individual needs of each specific request. The bank typically considers construction loan requests for urban infill multifamily properties and owner-occupied single family primary residences in the submarket locations the bank is experienced in and offers permanent real estate loans. Construction and land loans are secured by first trust deeds on real property. These loans generally are adjustable rate loans with interest rates tied to a variety of independent indexes; although in some rare cases these loans have fixed interest rates for short periods and adjust thereafter based on an applicable index. These loans generally have interest rate floors, payment caps, and prepayment penalties. The loans are underwritten based on a variety of underwriting criteria, including an evaluation of the character and creditworthiness of the borrower and guarantors, loan to value and debt service coverage ratios, borrower liquidity and credit history. In addition, we perform stress testing for changes in interest rates, capitalization rates and other factors and review general economic trends such as lease rates, values and absorption rates. We typically require full recourse from the owners of the entities to which we make such loans.

C&I Loan Channel: Loans originated under the C&I loan channel are generally supported by the cash flows generated from the business operations of the entity to which the loan is made, and, except for loans secured by owner occupied CRE, are generally secured by non-real estate assets, such as equipment, inventories or accounts receivable. The C&I loan channel is focused on developing quality full service business banking relationships, including loans and deposits, by offering commercial products for small to moderate-sized businesses across the banking platform. This allows us to provide support for small to mid-sized businesses in our market areas. The typical C&I loan client utilizes more than one element of our platform, including almost all such clients using our deposit products and services. The bank typically focuses on C&I clients that are manufacturers, distributors, wholesalers, importers and professional service companies.

Commercial Real Estate Loans - Owner Occupied: Owner occupied CRE loans and commercial loans are generally made to businesses that have demonstrated a history of profitable operations. To qualify for such loans, prospective borrowers generally must have operating cash flow sufficient to meet their obligations as they become due, good payment histories, proper balance sheet management of key cash flow drivers, and experienced management. Our commercial real estate loans are secured by first trust deeds on nonresidential real property, typically office, industrial or warehouse. These loans generally are adjustable rate loans with interest rates tied to a variety of independent indexes; although in some cases these loans have fixed interest rates for periods ranging from 3 to 15 years and adjust thereafter based on an applicable indices and terms. These loans generally have interest rate floors, payment caps, and prepayment penalties. The loans are underwritten based on a variety of underwriting criteria, including an evaluation of the character and creditworthiness of the borrower and guarantors, loan-to-value and debt service coverage ratios, borrower liquidity and

credit history and the trends in balance sheet and income statement management. In addition, we perform stress testing for changes in interest rates, capitalization rates and other factors and review general economic trends such as lease rates, values and absorption rates. We typically require full recourse from the owners of the entities to which we make such loans.

Commercial Loans: We offer commercial term loans and commercial lines of credit to our clients. Commercial loans generally are made to businesses that have demonstrated a history of profitable operations. To qualify for such loans, prospective borrowers generally must have operating cash flow sufficient to meet their obligations as they become due, good payment histories, proper balance sheet management of key cash flow drivers, and experienced management. Commercial term loans are either fixed rate loans or adjustable rate loans with interest rates tied to a variety of independent indexes and are made for terms ranging from one to seven years subject to the useful life of the asset financed. Commercial lines of credit are adjustable rate loans with interest rates usually tied to the Wall Street Journal prime rate or LIBOR rates, are made for terms ranging from one to two years, and contain various covenants, including possible requirements that the borrower reduce its credit line borrowings to zero for specified time periods during the term of the line of credit, maintains liquidity requirements with advances tied to periodic reviews and approved based upon a percentage of accounts receivable, and inventory or unmonitored lines for very small lines or credit or those with significant financial strength and liquidity. Commercial loans are underwritten based on a variety of underwriting criteria, including an evaluation of the character and creditworthiness of the borrower and guarantors, debt service coverage ratios, historical and projected client income, borrower liquidity and credit history, and the trends in income and balance sheet management. In addition, we perform stress testing for changes in interest rates and other factors and review general economic trends in the client’s industry. We typically require full recourse from the owners of the entities to which we make such loans.

Equipment Financing: We offer equipment financing to provide financing solutions, including equipment finance agreements and leases for a full range of business equipment, and sourcing the business through third party originators, including equipment brokers, lessors and other referral sources. The majority of the equipment financing business will be for acquiring machines, tools, vehicles, furniture, tenant improvement remodeling/expansion/upgrade and computers. The typical equipment finance loan will be smaller in size, typically less than $100,000; will have terms ranging from 3 to 7 years; will carry fixed rates; and will be secured by the underlying equipment and the operations of the borrower.

Small Business Lending and USDA Lending: The Bank is approved as a Small Business Administration (“SBA”) lender and as a United States Department of Agriculture (“USDA”) lender. We are committed to our small business commercial lending to serve our communities and small businesses that operate in our network of retail branch locations. We have recently expanded the SBA lending programs. As government guaranteed programs, we need to comply with underwriting guidelines, servicing and monitoring requirements, and terms and conditions set forth under the related programs standard operating procedures. SBA loans follow our underwriting guidelines established for non-SBA commercial and industrial loans and meet the underwriting criteria set forth by the SBA. We have also established a small balance portfolio loan program, up to a maximum loan amount of $250,000, to meet the requirements of our small business clients through a streamlined underwriting process.

Consumer Channel: The Consumer channel for FFB offers single family residential loans, home equity lines of credit, personal lines of credit and other consumer related products. We do not have a separate marketing program for this channel, rather this channel is directed to a limited amount of fully-vetted broker relationships and as an accommodation for clients or prospective clients of our platform. We expect single family loans to comprise a substantial majority of the balances in this channel.

Residential Mortgage Loans – Single-family: We offer single family residential mortgage loans that in most cases take the form of non-conforming jumbo and super-jumbo loans and FFB does not currently sell or securitize any of its single family residential mortgage loan originations. FFB does not originate loans defined as high cost by state or federal banking regulators. The majority of FFB’s single family residential loan originations are collateralized by first mortgages on real properties located in Southern California. These loans are generally adjustable rate loans with initial fixed rate periods ranging from 3 to 10 year terms and terms of the loan not exceeding 30 years. These loans generally have interest rate floors and payment caps. The loans are underwritten based on a variety of underwriting criteria, including an evaluation of the character and creditworthiness of the borrower and guarantors, loan-to-value and debt to income ratios, borrower liquidity, income verification and credit history. In addition, we perform stress testing for changes in interest rates and other factors and review general economic trends such as market values.

Consumer Loans: We offer consumer loans and line of credit products as an accommodation to clients of our primary business lines, including personal installment loans and lines of credit, and home equity lines of credit designed to meet the needs of our clients. Consumer loans are either fixed rate loans or adjustable rate loans with interest rates tied to a variety of independent indexes and are made for terms ranging from one to ten years. The loans are underwritten based on a variety of underwriting criteria, including an evaluation of the character, creditworthiness and credit history of the borrower and guarantors, debt to income ratios, borrower liquidity, income verification, and the value of any collateral securing the loan. Historically, a high percentage of home equity lines of credit originated by FFB have been in first trust deed position. Repayment of consumer loan are largely dependent on the borrower’s ongoing cash flows and financial stability and, as a result, generally pose higher credit risks than the other loans that we make.

For all of our loan offerings, we utilize a comprehensive approach in our underwriting process. This includes the requirement that all factors considered in our underwriting be appropriately documented. In our underwriting, our primary focus is always on the primary, secondary and tertiary sources of repayment, which include the subject real estate collateral cash flow, the business/borrower’s ability to repay and value of the subject collateral securing the loan. However, because our underwriting process allows us to view the totality of the borrower’s capacity to repay, concerns or issues in one area can be compensated for by other favorable financial criteria. This personalized and detailed approach allows us to better understand and meet our clients’ borrowing needs. We handle substantially all of our loan processing, underwriting and servicing at our administrative office in Irvine, California.

The following table sets forth information regarding the type of deposits which our clients maintained with us and the average interest rates on those deposits as of December 31:

Deposit Products: We offer a wide range of deposit products, including personal and business checking, savings accounts, interest-bearing negotiable order of withdrawal accounts, money market accounts and time certificates of deposit. Our pricing strategy is to maintain deposit pricing at levels consistent with our competitors. This generally allows us to maintain our current deposit relationships. From time to time, we will offer promotional rates to attract new clients to our platform. Our pricing strategy is intended to complement our other products and services so that we can attract and retain clients without always paying the highest rates. As of December 31, 2018, our eight largest bank depositors accounted for, in the aggregate, 21% of our total deposits. See Item 1A—Risk Factors.

Deposit Delivery Channels: Our deposit products and services are delivered through the following delivery channels:

Trust Services: FFB is licensed to provide trust services to clients in California, Nevada and Hawaii. Those services, which consist primarily of the management of trust assets, complement the investment advisory and wealth management services that FFA offers to our clients and, as a result, provide us with cross-selling opportunities. At December 31, 2018, trust AUM totaled $742 million.

Insurance Services: Through FFIS, we offer life insurance products provided by unaffiliated insurance carriers from whom we collect a brokerage fee.

FFA is a fee-based investment advisor which provides investment advisory and wealth management services primarily for individuals and their families, family businesses and other affiliated organizations (including public and closely-held corporations, family foundations and private charitable organizations). Through FFA, we provide clients with personalized services designed to enable them to reach their personal and financial goals by coordinating our investment advisory and wealth management services with risk management and estate and tax planning services that are provided by outside service providers, for which we do not receive commissions or referral fees. FFA’s clients benefit from certain cost efficiencies available to institutional managers, such as block trading, access to institutionally priced no-load mutual funds, ability to seek competitive bid/ask pricing for bonds, low transaction costs and management fees charged as a percentage of the assets managed, with tiered pricing for larger accounts.

Our investment advisory and wealth management team strives to create diversified investment portfolios for its clients that are individually designed, monitored and adjusted based on the discipline of fundamental investment analysis. We focus on creating investment portfolios that are commensurate with a client’s objectives, risk tolerance and time horizon, using traditional investments such as individual stocks and bonds and mutual funds. We also provide comprehensive and ongoing advice and coordination regarding estate planning, retirement planning and charitable and business ownership issues.

AUM at FFA has grown at a compound annual growth rate of 5% over the four year period ending December 31, 2018. Changes in our AUM reflects additions from new clients, the gains or losses recognized from investment results, additional funds received from existing clients, withdrawals of funds by clients, and terminations.

We do not provide custodial services for our clients through FFA. Instead, client investment accounts are maintained under custodial arrangements with large, well established brokerage firms, either directly or through FFB. However, we notify our clients that they are not obligated to use those services and that they are free to select securities brokerage firms and custodial service providers of their own choosing. We have entered into referral agreements with certain of the asset custodial firms that provide custodial services to our clients. Under these arrangements, the asset custodial firms provide referrals of prospective new clients whose wealth warrants the more personalized and expansive breadth of financial services that we are able to provide in exchange for a fee. This fee is either a percentage of the fees we charge to the client or a percentage of the AUM of the client. The asset custodial firms are entitled to continue to receive these fees for as long as we continue to provide services to the referral client. These referral agreements do not require the client to maintain their assets at the custodial firm and are fully disclosed to the client prior to our providing services to them.

The banking and investment advisory and wealth management businesses in California, Nevada and Hawaii, generally, and in our market areas, in particular, are highly competitive. A relatively small number of major national and regional banks, operating over wide geographic areas, including Wells Fargo, JP Morgan Chase, US Bank, Comerica, Union Bank and Bank of America, dominate our banking markets. Those banks, or their affiliates, may also offer investment advisory and wealth management services. We also compete with large, well known banking and wealth management firms, including City National, First Republic, Northern Trust and Boston Private. Those banks and investment advisory and wealth management firms generally have much greater financial and capital resources than we do and as a result of their ability to conduct extensive advertising campaigns and their relatively long histories of operations in our markets, are generally better known than us. In addition, by virtue of their greater total capitalization, the large banks have substantially higher lending limits than we do, which enables them to make much larger loans and to offer loan products that we are not able to offer to our clients.

We compete with these much larger banks and investment advisory and wealth management firms primarily on the basis of the personal and “one-on-one” service that we provide to our clients, which many of these competitors are unwilling or unable to provide, other than to their wealthiest clients, due to costs involved or their “one size fits all” approaches to providing financial services to their clients. We believe that our principal competitive advantage is our ability to offer our services through one integrated platform, enabling us to provide our clients with the efficiencies and benefits of dealing with a cohesive group working together to assist our clients to meet their personal investment and financial goals. We believe that only the largest financial institutions in our area provide similar integrated platforms of products and services, which they sometimes reserve for their wealthiest and institutional clients. In addition, while we also compete with many local and regional banks and numerous local and regional investment advisory and wealth management firms, we believe that only a very few of these banks offer investment advisory or wealth management services and that a very few of these investment advisory and wealth management firms offer banking services and, therefore, these competitors are not able to provide such an integrated platform of comprehensive financial services to their clients. This enables us to compete effectively for clients who are dissatisfied with the level of service provided at larger financial institutions, yet are not able to receive an integrated platform of comprehensive financial services from other regional or local financial services organizations.

While we provide our clients with the convenience of technological access services, such as remote deposit capture, internet banking and mobile banking, we compete primarily by providing a high level of personal service. As a result, we do not try to compete exclusively on pricing. However, because we are located in a highly competitive market place and because we are seeking to grow our businesses, we attempt to maintain our pricing in line with our principal competitors.

Federal and state laws extensively regulate bank holding companies and banks. This regulation is intended primarily for the protection of depositors, customers and the FDIC’s deposit insurance fund and is not for the benefit of our stockholders. Set forth below are summary descriptions of the material laws and regulations that affect or bear on our operations. The summaries are not intended, and do not purport, to be complete and are qualified in their entirety by reference to the described laws and regulations.

First Foundation Inc. is a registered bank holding company subject to regulation under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended (the “Holding Company Act”). Pursuant to the Holding Company Act, we are subject to supervision and periodic examination by, and are required to file periodic reports with the Federal Reserve.

As a bank holding company, we are allowed to engage, directly or indirectly, only in banking and other activities that the Federal Reserve has determined, or in the future may deem, to be so closely related to banking or managing or controlling banks as to be a proper incident thereto. Business activities that the Federal Reserve has designated as being closely related to banking include the provision of investment advisory, securities brokerage, insurance agency and data processing services, among others. A bank holding company meeting certain eligibility requirements may elect to qualify as a “financial holding company,” allowing it and its non-bank affiliated companies to engage in a broader range of financial activities including securities underwriting, dealing and market making; sponsoring mutual funds and investment companies; engaging in insurance underwriting; and engaging in merchant banking activities. We have not elected to be a financial holding company.

Under Federal Reserve regulations, a bank holding company is required to serve as a source of financial and managerial strength to its subsidiary banks and may not conduct its operations in an unsafe or unsound manner. In addition, it is the Federal Reserve’s policy that a bank holding company, in serving as a source of strength to its subsidiary banks, should stand ready to use available resources to provide adequate capital funds to its subsidiary banks during periods of financial stress or adversity and should maintain the financial flexibility and capital-raising capacity to obtain additional resources for assisting its subsidiary banks. For that reason, among others, the Federal Reserve requires all bank holding companies to maintain capital at or above certain prescribed levels. A bank holding company’s failure to meet these requirements will generally be considered by the Federal Reserve to be an unsafe and unsound banking practice or a violation of the Federal Reserve’s regulations or both, which could lead to the imposition of restrictions (including restrictions on growth) on, or a regulatory enforcement order against, the bank holding company.

Additionally, among its powers, the Federal Reserve may require any bank holding company to terminate an activity or terminate control of, or liquidate or divest itself of, any subsidiary or affiliated company that the Federal Reserve determines constitutes a significant risk to the financial safety, soundness or stability of the bank holding company or any of its banking subsidiaries. The Federal Reserve also has the authority to regulate aspects of a bank holding company’s debt. Subject to certain exceptions, bank holding companies also are required to file written notice and obtain approval from the Federal Reserve prior to purchasing or redeeming their common stock or other equity securities. A bank holding company and its non-banking subsidiaries also are prohibited from implementing so-called tying arrangements whereby clients may be required to use or purchase services or products from the bank holding company or any of its non-bank subsidiaries in order to obtain a loan or other services from any of the holding company’s subsidiary banks.

Because FFB is a California state chartered bank, the Company is deemed to be a bank holding company within the meaning of Section 1280 of the California Financial Code. As such, we are subject to examination by, and may be required to file reports with, the DBO.

FFB is subject to primary supervision, periodic examination and regulation by the FDIC, which is its primary federal banking regulator, and the DBO, because FFB is a California state chartered bank.

Various requirements and restrictions under Federal and California banking laws affect the operations of FFB. These laws and the implementing regulations can determine the extent of supervisory control to which a bank will be subject by its federal and state bank regulators. These laws and regulations cover most aspects of a bank’s operations, including:

California law permits state chartered commercial banks to engage in any activity permissible for national banks. Those permissible activities include conducting many so-called “closely related to banking” or “nonbanking” activities either directly or through their operating subsidiaries.

As a bank holding company, we must obtain the prior approval of the Federal Reserve to acquire more than five percent of the outstanding shares of voting securities or substantially all of the assets, by merger or purchase, of (i) any bank or other bank holding company and (ii) any other entities engaged in banking-related businesses or that provide banking-related services. In addition, FFB must obtain the prior approval of the FDIC and the DBO before acquiring or merging with any other depository institution.

In December 2010, the International Basel Committee on Banking Supervision issued a new set of international guidelines for determining regulatory capital, known as “Basel III”. In 2012, the federal bank regulatory agencies adopted rules (the “New Capital Rules”) establishing a new comprehensive capital framework for U.S. banking organizations. The New Capital Rules implement Basel III and certain provisions of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (the “Dodd-Frank Act”). The New Capital Rules substantially revised the risk-based capital requirements applicable to U.S. banking organizations, including the Company and FFB, from the prior U.S. risk-based capital rules, redefined the components of capital and addressed other issues affecting the capital ratios applicable to banking organizations. The New Capital Rules also replaced the existing approach used in risk-weighting of a banking organization’s assets with a more risk-sensitive approach. The New Capital Rules became effective for the Company and FFB on January 1, 2015 (subject, in the case of certain of those rules, to phase-in periods).

Among other things, the New Capital Rules (i) introduce a new capital measure called “Common Equity Tier 1” (“CET-1”), (ii) specify that Tier 1 capital consists of CET-1 and “Additional Tier 1 capital” instruments meeting specified requirements, and (iii) make most deductions and adjustments to regulatory capital measures applicable to CET-1 and not to the other components of capital, and expanded the scope of the deductions and adjustments from capital compared to the prior capital rules, thus potentially requiring banking organizations to achieve and maintain higher levels of CET-1 in order to meet minimum capital ratios.

The New Capital Rules prescribe a standardized approach for calculating risk-weighted assets depending on the nature of assets, generally ranging from 0% for U.S. Government and agency securities, to 600% for certain equity exposures, and resulting in higher risk weights for a variety of asset categories.

The New Capital Rules also introduce a “capital conservation buffer” that is designed to absorb losses during periods of economic stress. If a banking organization does not maintain a capital conservation buffer consisting of an addition 2.5% of CET-1 on top of the minimum risk-weighted asset ratio, it will face constraints on dividends, equity repurchases and executive compensation, depending on the amount of the shortfall. The capital conservation buffer was phased in beginning on January 1, 2016 at 0.625%, and increased by 0.625% on each subsequent January 1, until reaching 2.5% on January 1, 2019.

Under the New Capital Rules, the minimum capital ratios (including the applicable increment of the capital conservation buffer) applicable to the Company and FFB as of January 1, 2018 were as follows:

As of January 1, 2019, the above ratios (other than the leverage ratio) were increased by 0.625% to 7.0%, 8.5% and 10.5%, respectively. Including the capital conservation buffer which was fully phased in on January 1, 2019, the New Capital Rules require most bank holding companies and banks, including the Company and FFB, to meet the following risk-based capital requirements (i) a minimum CET-1-to-risk-weighted asset ratio of at least 7.0% (4.5% plus the 2.5% capital conservation buffer), (ii) a Tier 1 capital-to-risk-weighted asset ratio to 8.5% (6.0% plus the capital conservation buffer) and (iii) Total capital-to-risk weighted asset ratio to 10.5% (8.0% plus the capital conservation buffer).

In addition, the New Capital Rules provide for a number of deductions from and adjustments to CET-1. These include, for example, the requirement that mortgage servicing rights, deferred tax assets dependent upon future taxable income, and significant investments in common equity issued by nonconsolidated financial entities, be deducted from CET-1 to the extent that any one such category exceeds 10% of CET-1 or all such categories, in the aggregate, exceed 15% of CET-1. While the New Capital Rules require the impact of certain items of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (“AOCI”) to be included in capital for purposes of determining regulatory capital ratios, most banking organizations, including the Company and FFB, were entitled to make a one-time permanent election to continue to exclude these items from capital. In 2015, we elected to continue this exclusion.

The New Capital Rules require that trust preferred securities be phased out from Tier 1 capital by January 1, 2016, except in the case of banking organizations with total consolidated assets of less than $15 billion, which will be permitted to include trust preferred securities issued prior to May 19, 2010 in Tier 1 capital, subject to a limit of 25% of tier 1 capital elements.

The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991 ( “FDICIA”), established a framework for regulation of federally insured depository institutions, including banks, and their parent holding companies and other affiliates, by their federal banking regulators. Among other things, FDICIA requires the relevant federal banking regulator to take “prompt corrective action” with respect to a depository institution if that institution does not meet certain capital adequacy standards, including requiring the prompt submission by that bank of an acceptable capital restoration plan if its bank regulator has concluded that it needs additional capital.

Supervisory actions by a bank’s federal regulator under the prompt corrective action rules generally depend upon an institution’s classification within one of five capital categories, which is determined on the basis of a bank’s Tier 1 leverage ratio, Tier 1 capital ratio and total capital ratio. Tier 1 capital consists principally of common stock and nonredeemable preferred stock and retained earnings.

FDICIA regulations implementing the prompt corrective action framework, which were revised to reflect the New Capital Rules effective January 1, 2015, establish minimum capital requirements for five capital categories. An insured depository institution’s capital category depends upon whether its capital levels meet these capital thresholds and potentially other determinations of the institution’s primary federal banking regulator. These regulations provide that a bank would be classified as: “well capitalized” if it had a total risk-based capital ratio of 10.0% or greater, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 8.0% or greater, a CET-1 ratio of 6.5% or greater, and a Tier 1 leverage ratio of 5.0% or greater, and was not subject to any order or written directive by any such regulatory

agency to meet and maintain a specific capital level for any capital measure; “adequately capitalized” if it had a total risk-based capital ratio of 8.0% or greater, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 6.0% or greater, a CET-1 ratio of 4.5% or greater and a Tier 1 leverage ratio of 4.0% or greater; “undercapitalized” if it had a total risk-based capital ratio that is less than 8.0%, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of less than 6.0%, a CET-1 ratio of less than 4.5% and a Tier 1 leverage ratio of less than 4.0%; “significantly undercapitalized” if it had a total risk-based capital ratio of less than 6.0%, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of less than 4.0%, a CET-1 ratio of less than 3.0% or a Tier 1 leverage ratio of less than 3.0%; and “critically undercapitalized” if its tangible equity was equal to or less than 2.0% of average quarterly tangible assets. A bank that is classified as well-capitalized, adequately capitalized or undercapitalized based on its capital levels may be treated as though it were in the next lower capital category if the appropriate federal banking agency, after notice and opportunity for a hearing, determines that an unsafe or unsound condition or practice warrants such treatment.

A bank’s capital classification affects the frequency of examinations of the bank by its primary federal bank regulatory agency, the ability of the bank to engage in certain activities and the deposit insurance premiums that are payable by the bank. Under FDICIA, the federal banking regulators are required to conduct a full-scope, on-site examination of every bank with more than $3.0 billion in assets at least once every 12 months.

An undercapitalized bank is generally prohibited from paying dividends or management fees to its holding company. In addition, an undercapitalized bank that fails to submit, or fails to obtain the approval by its federal banking regulator of a capital restoration plan will be treated as if it is “significantly undercapitalized.” In that event, the bank’s federal banking regulator may impose a number of additional requirements and restrictions on the bank, including orders or requirements (i) to sell sufficient voting stock to become “adequately capitalized,” (ii) to reduce its total assets, and (iii) cease the receipt of deposits from correspondent banks. “Critically undercapitalized” institutions are subject to the appointment of a receiver or conservator. If an undercapitalized bank is a subsidiary of a bank holding company, then, for its capital restoration plan to be approved, the bank’s parent holding company must guarantee that the bank will comply with, and provide assurances of the performance by the bank of, its capital restoration plan. Under such a guarantee and assurance of performance, if the bank fails to comply with its capital restoration plan, the parent holding company may become subject to liability for such failure in an amount up to the lesser of (i) 5.0% of its bank subsidiary’s total assets at the time it became undercapitalized, or (ii) the amount that is necessary (or would have been necessary) to bring the bank into compliance with all applicable capital standards as of the time it failed to comply with the plan.

If a bank is classified as “significantly undercapitalized” or “critically undercapitalized,” its federal banking regulator would be required to take one or more prompt corrective actions that would, among other things require the bank to (i) raise additional capital by means of sales of common stock or nonredeemable preferred shares, (ii) improve its management, (iii) limit the interest rates it may pay on deposits, (iv) altogether prohibit transactions by the bank with its affiliates, (v) terminate certain activities that pose undue or unreasonable risks, and (vi) restrict the compensation being paid to its executive officers. If a bank is classified as critically undercapitalized, FDICIA requires the bank to be placed into conservatorship or receivership within 90 days, unless its federal banking regulatory agency determines that there are other measures that would enable the bank, within a relatively short period of time, to increase its capital in an amount sufficient to improve its capital classification under the prompt corrective action framework.

Banking institutions may be subject to potential enforcement actions by the federal banking regulators for unsafe or unsound practices or for violating any law, rule, regulation, or any condition imposed in writing by its primary federal banking regulatory agency or any written agreement with that agency. The federal banking agencies have adopted guidelines designed to identify and address potential safety and soundness concerns that could, if not corrected, lead to deterioration in the quality of a bank’s assets, liquidity or capital. Those guidelines set forth operational and managerial standards relating to such matters as internal controls, information systems and internal audit systems; risk management; loan documentation; credit underwriting; asset growth; earnings; and compensation, fees and benefits.

In addition, the federal banking agencies have adopted safety and soundness guidelines with respect to the quality of loans and other assets of insured depository institutions. These guidelines provide standards for establishing and maintaining a system to identify problem loans and other problem assets and to prevent those assets from deteriorating. Under these standards, an FDIC-insured depository institution is expected to conduct periodic asset quality reviews to identify problem loans and any other problem assets, estimate the inherent losses in those loans and other assets and establish reserves that are sufficient to absorb those estimated losses; compare problem loans and other problem asset totals to capital; take appropriate corrective action to resolve problem loans and other problem assets; consider the size and potential risks of material asset concentrations; and provide periodic quality reports with respect to their loans and other assets which provide adequate information for the bank’s management and the board of directors to assess the level of risk to its loans and other assets.

These guidelines also establish standards for evaluating and monitoring earnings and for ensuring that earnings are sufficient for the maintenance of adequate capital and reserves.

If, as a result of an examination of a bank holding company or a bank, its federal banking regulatory agency, determined that the financial condition, capital resources, asset quality, earnings prospects, management, liquidity, or other aspects of its operations had become unsatisfactory or that the bank or its management was in violation of any law or regulation, that agency would have the authority to take a number of different remedial actions as it deems appropriate under the circumstances. These actions include the power to enjoin any “unsafe or unsound” banking practices; to require that affirmative action be taken to correct any conditions resulting from any violation of law or unsafe or unsound practice; to issue an administrative order that can be judicially enforced; to require that it increase its capital; to restrict its growth; assess civil monetary penalties against the it or its officers or directors; to remove officers and directors of the bank; and if the federal agency concludes that such conditions at the bank cannot be corrected or there is an imminent risk of loss to depositors, to terminate a bank’s deposit insurance, which in the case of a California state chartered bank would result in revocation of its charter and require it to cease its banking operations. Under California law the DBO has many of these same remedial powers with respect to FFB.

It is the policy of the Federal Reserve that bank holding companies should generally pay dividends on common stock only out of income available over the past year, and only if prospective earnings retention is consistent with the holding company’s expected future needs for capital and liquidity and to maintain its financial condition. It is also a Federal Reserve policy that bank holding companies should not maintain dividend levels that undermine their ability to be a source of financial strength for their banking subsidiaries. Additionally, the Federal Reserve has indicated that bank holding companies should carefully review their dividend policies and has discouraged dividend payment ratios that are at maximum allowable levels unless both asset quality and capital are very strong. Similar Federal Reserve policies and limitations apply to a bank holding company’s repurchase of its capital stock.

Cash dividends from FFB are one of the principal sources of cash (in addition to any cash dividends that might be paid to us by FFA) that is available to the Company for its operations and to fund any cash dividends or stock repurchases that our board of directors might declare or approve in the future. The Company is a legal entity separate and distinct from FFB and FFB is subject to various statutory and regulatory restrictions on its ability to pay cash dividends to the Company. Under the California law, a bank’s ability to pay cash dividends to us is limited to the lesser of: (i) the bank’s retained earnings or (ii) the bank’s income for its last three fiscal years (less any distributions to shareholders made during such period). However, with the prior approval of the DBO, a bank may pay cash dividends in an amount not to exceed the greatest of the: (1) retained earnings of the bank; (2) net income of the bank for its last fiscal year; or (3) net income of the bank for its current fiscal year. In addition, under FDIC regulations, FFB is generally prohibited from paying cash dividends in amounts that would cause FFB to become undercapitalized. Additionally, the FDIC and the DBO have the authority to prohibit FFB from paying cash dividends, if either of those agencies deems the payment of dividends by FFB to be an unsafe or unsound practice.

The FDIC also has established guidelines with respect to the maintenance of appropriate levels of capital by banks under its jurisdiction. Compliance with the standards set forth in those guidelines and the restrictions that are or may be imposed under the prompt corrective action provisions of federal law could limit the amount of dividends which FFB may pay.

With certain limited exceptions, the maximum amount of unsecured obligations that any borrower (including certain related entities) may owe to a California state bank at any one time may not exceed 15% of the sum of the bank’s shareholders’ equity, allowance for loan and lease losses, capital notes and debentures. The combined secured and unsecured obligations of any borrower may not exceed 25% of the sum of the bank’s shareholders’ equity, allowance for loan and lease losses, capital notes and debentures.

The deposits of FFB are insured by the FDIC’s Deposit Insurance Fund (the “DIF”), up to applicable limits. The Dodd-Frank Act permanently increased the maximum deposit insurance amount for banks, savings institutions and credit unions to $250,000 per depositor and raised the minimum reserve ratio of the DIF to 1.35%.

The FDIC uses a risk-based assessment system that imposes insurance premiums based upon a risk matrix that takes into account a bank's CAMELS supervisory rating. The risk matrix utilizes different risk categories distinguished by capital levels and

supervisory ratings. As a result of the Dodd-Frank Act, the base for insurance assessments is now consolidated average assets less average tangible equity. Assessment rates are calculated using formulas that take into account the risk of the institution being assessed. FDIC deposit insurance expense also includes FICO assessments related to outstanding FICO bonds.

The FDIC may terminate deposit insurance upon a finding that the institution has engaged in unsafe and unsound practices, is in an unsafe or unsound condition to continue operations, or has violated any applicable law, regulation, rule, order or condition imposed by the FDIC. The Company’s management is not aware of any practice, condition, or violation that might lead to the termination of its deposit insurance.

In June 2010, the Federal Reserve and the FDIC issued comprehensive guidelines on incentive compensation policies intended to ensure that the incentive compensation policies of banking organizations do not undermine the safety and soundness of the organizations by encouraging excessive risk-taking. The guidelines apply to those employees of a banking organization that have the ability to materially affect the risk profile of a banking organization, either individually or as part of a group. Generally, the guidelines (i) prohibit incentive compensation that encourages risk-taking beyond the organization’s ability to effectively identify and manage risks, (ii) prohibit incentive compensation arrangements that are inconsistent with effective internal controls and risk management, and (iii) mandate that incentive compensation programs be supported by strong corporate governance principles and practices, including active and effective oversight by the banking organization’s board of directors. The federal banking regulatory agencies have the authority to bring enforcement actions against a banking organization if the agency concludes that its incentive compensation arrangements, or related risk-management control or governance processes, pose an undue risk to the organization's safety and soundness and that the organization is not taking prompt and effective measures to correct the deficiencies.

In addition, the Dodd-Frank Act directs federal banking regulators to promulgate rules prohibiting incentive-based compensation arrangements that would encourage imprudent risk-taking by executives of depository institutions and their holding companies that have assets of more than $1.0 billion. Proposed rules were issued in 2011 but have not become final.

In February 2014, the Company adopted an incentive compensation clawback policy. Among other things, the policy provides that, if any of the Company’s previously published financial statements are restated due to material noncompliance with any financial reporting requirements under the federal securities laws, the Company will seek to recover the amount by which any incentive compensation paid in the previous three years to any executive officer exceeds the incentive compensation which the Company’s audit committee determines would have been paid to such executive officer had such compensation been determined on the basis of the restated financial statements.

FFB is a member of the FHLB. Among other benefits, each regional Federal Home Loan Bank serves as a reserve or central bank for its members within its assigned region and makes available loans or advances to its member banks. Each regional Federal Home Loan Bank is financed primarily from the sale of consolidated obligations of the overall Federal Home Loan Bank system. As an FHLB member, FFB is required to own a certain amount of capital stock in the FHLB. At December 31, 2018, FFB was in compliance with the FHLB’s stock ownership requirement. Historically, the FHLB has paid dividends on its capital stock to its members.

Restrictions on Transactions between FFB and the Company and its other Affiliates

FFB is subject to Sections 23A and 23B of, and Federal Reserve Regulation W under, the Federal Reserve Act, which impose restrictions on (i) any extensions of credit to, or the issuance of a guarantee or letter of credit on behalf of, the Company or any of its other subsidiaries; (ii) the purchase of or investments in Company stock or other Company securities; (iii) the taking of Company securities as collateral for the loans that FFB makes; (iv) the purchase of assets from the Company or any of its other subsidiaries and (v) transactions between a bank and its financial subsidiaries, as well as other affiliates. These restrictions prevent the Company and any of its subsidiaries from obtaining borrowings or extensions of credit from FFB, unless the borrowings are secured by marketable obligations in designated amounts, and such secured loans and any investments by FFB in the Company or any of its subsidiaries are limited, individually, to 10% of FFB’s capital and surplus (as defined by federal regulations), and in the aggregate are limited to 20%, of FFB’s capital and surplus.

The Dodd-Frank Act extends the application of Section 23A of the Federal Reserve Act to derivative transactions, repurchase agreements and securities lending and borrowing transactions that create credit exposure to an affiliate or an insider of a bank. Any such transactions with any affiliates must be fully secured. In addition, the exemption from Section 23A for transactions with financial subsidiaries has been eliminated.

California law also imposes restrictions with respect to transactions involving the Company and any other persons that may be deemed under that law to control FFB.

The Federal Reserve and the FDIC have published guidelines that call for the adoption of heightened risk mitigation measures by insured banks with a concentration of commercial real estate loans in its loan portfolio. The guidelines provide that a bank will be deemed to have a concentration of commercial real estate loans if (i) the total reported loans for construction, land development and other land represent 100% or more of the bank's total capital, or (ii) the total reported loans secured by multifamily and non-farm residential properties, plus loans for construction, land development and other land, represent 300% or more of the bank’s total capital and the bank’s commercial real estate loan portfolio has increased by 50% or more during the prior 36 months. If such a concentration exists, the guidelines call for the bank (x) to implement heightened risk assessment and risk management practices, including board and management oversight and strategic planning, (y) to implement and maintain stringent loan underwriting standards, and to use market analyses and stress testing tools to monitor the condition of the bank’s commercial real estate loan portfolio and to assess the impact that adverse economic conditions affecting the real estate markets could have on the bank’s financial condition and (z) if determined to be necessary on the basis of the results of such stress tests, to increase its allowance for loan losses and its capital.

Federal and state banking regulatory agencies have issued various policy statements focusing on the importance of technology risk management and supervision in evaluating the safety and soundness of the banks they regulate. According to those policy statements, the use by banking organizations of technology-related products, services, processes and delivery channels, such as the internet, exposes them to a number of risks which include operational, compliance, security, privacy, and reputational risk. The banking regulators generally expect the banking organizations they regulate to prudently manage technology-related risks as part of their comprehensive risk management policies in order to identify, monitor, measure and control risks associated with the use of technology.

Pursuant to the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (“GLBA”), the federal banking agencies have adopted rules and established standards to be followed in implementing safeguards that are designed to ensure the security and confidentiality of customer records and information, protection against any anticipated threats or hazards to the security or integrity of such records and protection against unauthorized access to or use of such records or information in a way that could result in substantial harm or inconvenience to a customer. Among other requirements, these rules require each bank organization to implement a comprehensive written information security program that includes administrative, technical and physical safeguards relating to customer information. GLBA also requires banking organizations to provide each of their customers with a notice of their privacy policies and practices and prohibits a banking organization from disclosing nonpublic personal information about a customer to nonaffiliated third parties unless the banking organization satisfies various notice and “opt-out” requirements and the customer has not chosen to opt out of the disclosure. Additionally, the federal banking agencies are authorized to issue regulations as necessary to implement those notice requirements and non-disclosure restrictions.

The Community Reinvestment Act (“CRA”) requires the federal banking regulatory agencies to evaluate the record of a bank in meeting the credit needs of its local communities, including those of low and moderate income neighborhoods in its service area. A bank’s compliance with its CRA obligations is based on a performance-based evaluation system which determines the bank’s CRA ratings on the basis of its community lending and community development performance. A bank may have substantial penalties imposed on it and generally will be required to take corrective measures in the event it fails to meet its obligations under CRA. Federal banking agencies also may take compliance with CRA and other fair lending laws into account when regulating and supervising other activities of a bank or its bank holding company. Moreover, when a bank or bank holding company files an application for approval to acquire a bank or another bank holding company, the federal banking regulatory agency reviewing the application will consider CRA assessment of the subsidiary bank or banks of the applicant bank holding company. A lower CRA rating may be the basis for requiring the applicant’s bank subsidiary to take corrective actions to improve its CRA performance as a condition to the approval of the acquisition or as a basis for denying the application altogether.

The Company and the Bank are subject to the Bank Secrecy Act, as amended by the USA PATRIOT Act, which gives the federal government powers to address money laundering and terrorist threats through enhanced domestic security measures, expanded surveillance powers and mandatory transaction reporting obligations. For example, the Bank Secrecy Act and related regulations

require that we report currency transactions that exceed certain thresholds and transactions determined to be suspicious, establish due diligence requirements for accounts and take certain steps to verify customer identification when accounts are opened. The Bank Secrecy Act requires financial institutions to develop and maintain a program reasonably designed to ensure and monitor compliance with its requirements, to train employees to comply with and to test the effectiveness of the program. Any failure to meet the requirements of the Bank Secrecy Act can result in the imposition of substantial penalties and in adverse regulatory action against the offending bank. FFI and FFB have each adopted policies and procedures to comply with the Bank Secrecy Act.

The Company and FFB are subject to a broad range of federal and state consumer protection laws and regulations prohibiting unfair or fraudulent business practices, untrue or misleading advertising and unfair competition. Those laws and regulations include:

The Dodd-Frank Act also contains a variety of provisions intended to reform consumer mortgage practices. The provisions include (1) a requirement that lenders make a determination that at the time a residential mortgage loan is consummated the consumer has a reasonable ability to repay the loan and related costs, (2) a ban on loan originator compensation based on the interest rate or other terms of the loan (other than the amount of the principal), (3) a ban on prepayment penalties for certain types of loans, (4) bans on arbitration provisions in mortgage loans and (5) requirements for enhanced disclosures in connection with the making of a loan. The Dodd-Frank Act also imposes a variety of requirements on entities that service mortgage loans.

The Dodd-Frank Act created a new, independent federal agency, called the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (the “CFPB”), which has been granted broad rulemaking, supervisory and enforcement powers under various federal consumer financial protection laws, including the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, Truth in Lending Act, Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act, Fair Credit Reporting Act, Fair Debt Collection Act, the Consumer Financial Privacy provisions of the GLBA and certain other statutes. The CFPB has examination and primary enforcement authority with respect to the compliance by depository institutions with $10 billion or more in assets with federal consumer protection laws and regulations. Smaller institutions are subject to rules promulgated by the CFPB, but continue to be examined and supervised by federal banking regulators for consumer compliance purposes. The CFPB has authority to prevent unfair, deceptive or abusive practices in connection with the offering of consumer financial products. The Dodd-Frank Act also (i) authorizes the CFPB to establish certain minimum standards for the origination of residential mortgages, including a determination of the borrower’s ability to repay, and (ii) will allow borrowers to raise certain defenses to foreclosure if they receive any loan other than a “qualified mortgage” as defined by the CFPB. The Dodd-Frank Act permits states to adopt consumer protection laws and standards that are more stringent than those adopted at the federal level and, in certain circumstances, permits state attorneys general to enforce compliance with both the state and federal financial consumer protection laws and regulations.

In December 2013, the federal bank regulatory agencies adopted final rules that implement a part of the Dodd-Frank Act commonly referred to as the “Volcker Rule.” Under these rules and subject to certain exceptions, banking entities are restricted from engaging in activities that are considered proprietary trading and from sponsoring or investing in certain entities, including hedge or private equity funds that are considered “covered funds.” These rules became effective on April 1, 2014, although certain provisions are subject to delayed effectiveness under rules promulgated by the FRB. These new rules may require us to conduct certain internal analysis and reporting to ensure continued compliance. The Company held no investment positions at December 31, 2018 which were subject to the final rule.

FFA is a registered investment advisor under the Investment Advisers Act and the SEC’s regulations promulgated thereunder. The Investment Advisers Act imposes numerous obligations on registered investment advisors, including fiduciary, recordkeeping, operational, and disclosure obligations. FFA is also subject to regulation under the securities laws and fiduciary laws of certain states and to Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”), and to regulations promulgated thereunder, insofar as it is a “fiduciary” under ERISA with respect to certain of its clients. ERISA and the applicable provisions of the Code, impose certain duties on persons who are fiduciaries under ERISA, and prohibit certain transactions by the fiduciaries (and certain other related parties) to such plans. The foregoing laws and regulations generally grant supervisory agencies broad administrative powers, including the power to limit or restrict FFA from conducting its business in the event that it fails to comply with such laws and regulations. Possible sanctions that may be imposed in the event of such noncompliance include the suspension of individual employees, limitations on the business activities for specified periods of time, revocation of registration as an investment advisor and/or other registrations, and other censures and fines. Changes in these laws or regulations could have a material adverse impact on the profitability and mode of operations of FFI and its subsidiaries.

Congress may enact legislation from time to time that affects the regulation of the financial services industry, and state legislatures may enact legislation from time to time affecting the regulation of financial institutions chartered by or operating in those states. Federal and state regulatory agencies also periodically propose and adopt changes to their regulations or change the manner in which existing regulations are applied. The substance or impact of pending or future legislation or regulations, or the application thereof, cannot be predicted, although enactment of the proposed legislation could impact the regulatory structure under which we operate and may significantly increase our costs, impede the efficiency of our internal business processes, require us to increase our regulatory capital or modify our business strategy, limit our ability to pursue business opportunities or activities or alter the competitive balance between banks and non-bank financial service providers.

We have completed five acquisitions since 2012. In June 2018, we completed the acquisition of PBB Bancorp, the holding company for Premier Business Bank. In November 2017, we completed the acquisition of Community 1st Bancorp, the holding company for Community 1st Bank. In December 2016, we completed the acquisition of two branches located in Orange County, California from Pacific Western Bank. In June 2015, we completed the acquisition of Pacific Rim Bank. In August 2012, we completed the acquisition of Desert Commercial Bank.

The Company’s annual reports on Form 10-K, proxy statements, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13 (a) or 15 (d) of the Exchange Act are accessible for free at the Investor Relations section of our website at www.ff-inc.com as soon as reasonably practicable after the Company electronically files such material with, or furnishes it to, the SEC. All website addresses given in this report are for information only and are not intended to be an active link or to incorporate any website information into this report.

Our business is subject to a number of risks and uncertainties that could prevent us from achieving our business objectives and could hurt our future financial performance and the price performance of our common stock. Such risks and uncertainties also could cause our future financial condition and future financial performance to differ significantly from our current expectations, which are described in the forward-looking statements contained in this report. Those risks and uncertainties, many of which are outside of our ability to control or prevent, include the following:

Loan defaults and the incurrence of losses on loans are inherent risks in our business. Loan losses necessitate loan charge-offs and write-downs in the carrying values of a banking organization’s loans and, therefore, can adversely affect its results of operations and financial condition. Accordingly, our results of operations will be directly affected by the volume and timing of loan losses, which for a number of reasons can vary from period to period. The risks of loan losses are exacerbated by economic recessions and downturns, or by other events that can lead to local or regional business downturns. If business and economic conditions weaken generally or specifically in the principal markets in which we do business, more of our borrowers may fail to perform in accordance with the terms of their loans, in which event loan charge-offs and asset write-downs could increase, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

In accordance with regulatory requirements and generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, we maintain an allowance for loan and lease losses (“ALLL”) to provide for loan and lease defaults and non-performance and a reserve for unfunded loan commitments, which, when combined, we refer to as the allowance for credit losses. Our allowance for credit losses may not be adequate to absorb actual credit losses, and future provisions for credit losses could materially and adversely affect our operating results. Our allowance for credit losses is based on prior experience and an evaluation of the risks inherent in our then-current portfolio. The amount of future losses may also vary depending on changes in economic, operating and other conditions, including changes in interest rates that may be beyond our control, and these losses may exceed current estimates. Federal and state regulators, as an integral part of their examination process, review our loans and leases and allowance for credit losses. While we believe our allowance for credit losses is appropriate for the risk identified in our loan and lease portfolio, we cannot provide assurance that we will not further increase the allowance for credit losses, that it will be sufficient to address losses, or that regulators will not require us to increase this allowance. Any of these occurrences could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

The FASB has recently issued an accounting standard update that will result in a significant change in how we recognize credit losses and may have a material impact on our results of operations, financial condition or liquidity.

In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. ASU 2016-13 requires banking organizations to determine the adequacy of their ALLL with an expected loss model, which is referred to as the current expected credit loss (“CECL”) model. Under the CECL model, banking organizations will be required to present certain financial assets carried at amortized cost, such as loans held for investment and held-to-maturity debt securities, at the net amount expected to be collected. The measurement of expected credit losses is to be based on information about past events, including historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and

supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amount. This measurement will take place at the time the financial asset is first added to the balance sheet and periodically thereafter. This differs significantly from the “incurred loss” model required under current GAAP, which delays recognition until it is probable a loss has been incurred. ASU 2016-13 is expected to be effective for public business entities for fiscal years after December 15, 2019. CECL will change the manner in which we determine the adequacy of our ALLL. We are evaluating the impact the CECL model will have on our accounting, but we may recognize a one-time cumulative-effect adjustment to the ALLL as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the new standard is effective. We cannot yet determine the magnitude of any such one-time cumulative adjustment or of the overall impact of the new standard on our financial condition or results of operations. The federal banking regulators, including the Federal Reserve Board, have adopted a rule that gives a banking organization the option to phase in over a three-year period the day-one adverse effects of CECL on its regulatory capital.

Our business and operations may be adversely affected in numerous and complex ways by economic conditions.

Our businesses and operations, which primarily consist of lending money to customers in the form of loans, borrowing money from customers in the form of deposits, investing in securities and investment management, are sensitive to general business and economic conditions in the United States. If the United States economy weakens, our growth and profitability from our lending, deposit and investment operations could be constrained. Uncertainty about the federal fiscal policymaking process, the fiscal outlook of the federal government, and future tax rates is a concern for businesses, consumers and investors in the United States. In addition, economic conditions in foreign countries could affect the stability of global financial markets, which could hinder United States economic growth. Weak economic conditions may be characterized by deflation, fluctuations in debt and equity capital markets, a lack of liquidity and/or depressed prices in the secondary market for loans, increased delinquencies on mortgage, consumer and commercial loans, residential and commercial real estate price declines and lower home sales and commercial activity. The current economic environment is also characterized by interest rates at historically low levels, which impacts our ability to attract deposits and to generate attractive earnings through our investment portfolio. All of these factors are detrimental to our business, and the interplay between these factors can be complex and unpredictable. Adverse economic conditions and government policy responses to such conditions could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Our banking, investment advisory and wealth management operations are geographically concentrated in California, Nevada and Hawaii, leading to significant exposure to those markets.

Our business activities and credit exposure, including real estate collateral for many of our loans, are concentrated in California, Nevada and Hawaii, as approximately 98% of the loans in our loan portfolio were made to borrowers who live and/or conduct business in those states. This geographic concentration imposes risks from lack of geographic diversification. Difficult economic conditions, including state and local government deficits, in any of California, Nevada or Hawaii may affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and future prospects, where adverse economic developments, among other things, could affect the volume of loan originations, increase the level of nonperforming assets, increase the rate of foreclosure losses on loans and reduce the value of our loans and loan servicing portfolio. Any regional or local economic downturn that affects California, Nevada or Hawaii or existing or prospective borrowers or property values in such areas may affect us and our profitability more significantly and more adversely than our competitors whose operations are less geographically concentrated.

Changes in interest rates could reduce our net interest margins and net interest income.

Income and cash flows from our banking operations depend to a great extent on the difference or “spread” between the interest we earn on interest-earning assets, such as loans and investment securities, and the rates at which we pay interest on interest-bearing liabilities, such as deposits and borrowings. Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors that are beyond our control, including (among others) general and regional and local economic conditions, the monetary policies of the Federal Reserve Board, bank regulatory requirements, competition from other banks and financial institutions and a change over time in the mix of our loans, investment securities, on the one hand, and on our deposits and other liabilities, on the other hand. Changes in monetary policy will, in particular, influence the origination and market value of and the yields we can realize on loans and investment securities and the interest we pay on deposits. Our net interest margins and earnings also could be adversely affected if we are unable to adjust our interest rates on loans and deposits on a timely basis in response to changes in economic conditions or monetary policies. For example, if the rates of interest we pay on deposits, borrowings and other interest-bearing liabilities increase faster than we are able to increase the rates of interest we charge on loans or the yields we realize on investments and other interest-earning assets, our net interest income and, therefore, our earnings will decrease. In particular, the rates of interest we charge on loans may be subject to longer fixed interest periods compared to the interest we must pay on deposits. On the other hand, increasing interest rates generally lead to increases in net interest income; however, such increases also may result in a reduction in loan originations, declines in loan prepayment rates and reductions in the ability of borrowers to repay their current loan obligations, which could result in increased loan defaults and charge-offs and could require increases to our ALLL, thereby offsetting either partially or totally the increases in net interest income resulting from the increase in interest rates. Additionally, we could be prevented from increasing the interest rates we charge on loans or from reducing the interest rates we offer on deposits due to “price” competition from other banks and financial

institutions with which we compete. Conversely, in a declining interest rate environment, our earnings could be adversely affected if the interest rates we are able to charge on loans or other investments decline more quickly than those we pay on deposits and borrowings.

Customer service costs, which are reimbursements of costs incurred by our clients and are related primarily to our noninterest bearing demand deposits, are impacted by changes in interest rates. In a rising interest rate environment, the amounts we make available for reimbursement to our clients increases, resulting in higher costs to us. The amount of the reimbursement and the impact of interest rate increases may vary by client.

Real estate loans represent a high percentage of the loans we make, making our results of operations vulnerable to downturns in the real estate market.

At December 31, 2018, loans secured by multifamily and commercial real estate represented approximately 66% of our outstanding loans. The repayment of such loans is highly dependent on the ability of the borrowers to meet their loan repayment obligations to us, which can be adversely affected by economic downturns that can lead to (i) declines in the rents and, therefore, in the cash flows generated by those real properties on which the borrowers depend to fund their loan payments to us, and (ii) decreases in the values of those real properties, which make it more difficult for the borrowers to sell those real properties for amounts sufficient to repay their loans in full. As a result, our operating results are more vulnerable to adverse changes in the real estate market than other financial institutions with more diversified loan portfolios and we could incur losses in the event of changes in economic conditions that disproportionately affect the real estate markets.

Liquidity risk could adversely affect our ability to fund operations and hurt our financial condition.

Liquidity is essential to our banking business, as we use cash to make loans and purchase investment securities and other interest-earning assets and to fund deposit withdrawals that occur in the ordinary course of our business. Our principal sources of liquidity include earnings, deposits, FHLB borrowings, sales of loans or investment securities held for sale, repayments by clients of loans we have made to them, and the proceeds from sales by us of our equity securities or from borrowings that we may obtain. If our ability to obtain funds from these sources becomes limited or the costs of those funds increase, whether due to factors that affect us specifically, including our financial performance, or due to factors that affect the financial services industry in general, including weakening economic conditions or negative views and expectations about the prospects for the financial services industry as a whole, then our ability to grow our banking and investment advisory and wealth management businesses would be harmed, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We may not be able to maintain a strong core deposit base or other low-cost funding sources.

We depend on checking, savings and money market deposit account balances and other forms of customer deposits as our primary source of funding for our lending activities. Future growth in our banking business will largely depend on our ability to maintain and grow a strong deposit base. There is no assurance that we will be able to grow and maintain our deposit base. The account and deposit balances can decrease when customers perceive alternative investments, such as the stock market or real estate, as providing a better risk/return tradeoff. If customers move money out of bank deposits and into investments (or similar deposit products at other institutions that may provide a higher rate of return), we could lose a relatively low cost source of funds, increasing our funding costs and reducing our net interest income and net income. Additionally, any such loss of funds could result in lower loan originations, which could materially negatively impact our growth strategy.

As of December 31, 2018, our eight largest bank depositors accounted for, in the aggregate, 21% of our total deposits. As a result, a material decrease in the volume of those deposits by a relatively small number of our depositors could reduce our liquidity, in which event it could became necessary for us to replace those deposits with higher-cost deposits, the sale of securities or FHLB borrowings, which would adversely affect our net interest income and, therefore, our results of operations.

Although we plan to grow by acquiring other banks, there is no assurance that we will succeed in doing so.

One of the key elements of our business plan is to grow our banking franchise and increase our market share, and for that reason, we intend to take advantage of opportunities to acquire other banks. However, there is no assurance that we will succeed in doing so. Our ability to execute on our strategy to acquire other banks may require us to raise additional capital and to increase FFB’s capital position to support the growth of our banking franchise, and will also depend on market conditions, over which we have no

control. Moreover, any bank acquisitions will require the approval of our bank regulators and there can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain such approvals on acceptable terms, if at all.

Certain events may arise after the date of an acquisition, or we may learn of certain facts, events or circumstances after the closing of an acquisition, that may affect our financial condition or performance or subject us to risk of loss. These events include, but are not limited to: our success in integrating the operations, retaining key employees and customers, achieving anticipated synergies, meeting expectations and otherwise realizing the undertaking's anticipated benefits; litigation resulting from circumstances occurring at the acquired entity prior to the date of acquisition; loan downgrades and credit loss provisions resulting from underwriting of certain acquired loans determined not to meet our credit standards; personnel changes that cause instability within a department; delays in implementing new policies or procedures or the failure to apply new policies or procedures; and other events relating to the performance of our business. In addition, if we determined that the value of an acquired business had decreased and that the related goodwill was impaired, an impairment of goodwill charge to earnings would be recognized. Acquisitions involve inherent uncertainty and we cannot determine all potential events, facts and circumstances that could result in loss or increased costs or give assurances that our due diligence or mitigation efforts will be sufficient to protect against any such loss or increased costs.

Acquiring other banks, businesses, or branches involves various other risks commonly associated with acquisitions, including, among other things, potential disruptions to our business, potential diversion of our management’s time and attention, difficulty in estimating the value of the target company and potential changes in banking or tax laws or regulations that may affect the target company.

Acquisitions typically involve the payment of a premium over book and market values, and, therefore, some dilution of our tangible book value and net income per common share may occur in connection with any future transaction. Furthermore, failure to realize the expected revenue increases, cost savings, increases in geographic or product presence, and/or other projected benefits from an acquisition could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Growing our banking business may not increase our profitability and may adversely affect our future operating results.

Since we commenced our banking business in October 2007, we have grown our banking franchise and now have 20 branch offices and 2 loan production offices in California, Nevada and Hawaii. We plan to continue to grow our banking business both organically and through acquisitions of other banks. However, the implementation of our growth strategy poses a number of risks for us, including:

We may not have the ability to attract capital necessary to maintain regulatory ratios and fund growth.

We may need to raise additional capital in the future to provide us with sufficient capital resources and liquidity to meet our commitments and business needs, particularly if our asset quality or earnings were to deteriorate. Our ability to raise additional capital, if needed, will depend on several things, especially conditions in the capital markets at that time, that are outside of our control, as well as our own financial performance. Economic conditions and the loss of confidence in financial institutions may increase our cost of funds and limit our access to some customary sources of capital. We cannot provide assurances that such capital will be available on acceptable terms or at all. Any occurrence that may limit our access to the capital markets, such as a decline in the confidence of debt purchasers, our depositors, or counterparties participating in the capital markets may adversely affect our capital costs, ability to raise capital, and liquidity. Moreover, if we need to raise capital in the future, we may have to do so when many other financial institutions are also seeking to raise capital which, in turn, would require that we compete with those other institutions for investors.

An inability to raise additional capital on acceptable terms when needed could have a materially adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and liquidity.

New lines of business or new products and services may subject us to additional risks.

From time to time, we may implement new lines of business or offer new products and services within existing lines of business. There are substantial risks and uncertainties associated with these efforts. We may invest significant time and resources in developing and marketing new lines of business and/or new products and services. Initial timetables for the introduction and development of new lines of business and/or new products or services may not be achieved and price and profitability targets may not prove feasible or may be dependent on identifying and hiring a qualified person to lead the division. In addition, existing management personnel may not have the experience or capacity to provide effective oversight of new lines of business and/or new products and services.

External factors, such as compliance with regulations, competitive alternatives, and shifting market preferences, may also impact the successful implementation of a new line of business or a new product or service. Furthermore, any new line of business and/or new product or service could have a significant impact on the effectiveness of our system of internal controls. Failure to successfully manage these risks in the development and implementation of new lines of business or new products or services could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

A reduction in demand for our products and our failure to adapt to such a reduction could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The demand for the products that we offer may be reduced due to a variety of factors, such as demographic patterns, changes in customer preferences or financial conditions, regulatory restrictions that decrease customer access to particular products, or the availability of competing products. Should we fail to adapt to significant changes in our customers’ demand for, or access to, our products, our revenues could decrease significantly and our operations could be harmed. Even if we do make changes to existing products or introduce new products to fulfill customer demand, customers may resist such changes or may reject such products. Moreover, the effect of any product change on the results of our business may not be fully ascertainable until the change has been in effect for some time, and, by that time, it may be too late to make further modifications to such product without causing further harm to our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

We face intense competition from other banks and financial institutions and other wealth and investment management firms that could hurt our business.

We conduct our business operations in markets where the banking business is highly competitive and is dominated by large multi-state and in-state banks with operations and offices covering wide geographic areas. We also compete with other financial service businesses, including investment advisory and wealth management firms, mutual fund companies, financial technology companies, and securities brokerage and investment banking firms that offer competitive banking and financial products and services as well as products and services that we do not offer. Larger banks and many of those other financial service organizations have greater financial and marketing resources than we do that enable them to conduct extensive advertising campaigns and to shift resources to regions or activities of greater potential profitability. They also have substantially more capital and higher lending limits than we do, which enable them to attract larger clients and offer financial products and services that we are unable to offer, putting us at a disadvantage in competing with them for loans and deposits and investment management clients. If we are unable to compete effectively with those banking or other financial services businesses, we could find it more difficult to attract new and retain existing clients and our net interest margins, net interest income and investment management advisory fees could decline, which would materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and prospects, and could cause us to incur losses in the future.

In addition, our ability to successfully attract and retain investment advisory and wealth management clients is dependent on our ability to compete with competitors’ investment products, level of investment performance, client services and marketing and distribution capabilities. If we are not successful in retaining existing and attracting new investment management clients, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.

The loss of key personnel or inability to attract additional personnel could hurt our future financial performance.

We currently depend heavily on the contributions and services provided by Rick Keller, our Executive Chairman, Scott Kavanaugh, Chief Executive Officer of FFI and FFB, David DePillo, President of FFB, John Hakopian, President of FFA, and John Michel, Chief Financial Officer of FFI, FFB and FFA, as well as a number of other key management personnel. Our future success also will depend, in part, on our ability to retain our existing, and attract additional, qualified private banking officers, relationship managers and investment advisory personnel. Competition for such personnel is intense. If we are not successful in retaining and

attracting key personnel, our ability to retain existing clients or attract new clients could be adversely affected and our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects could be significantly harmed.

We are required to make significant estimates and assumptions in the preparation of our financial statements and our estimates and assumptions may not be accurate.

The preparation of our consolidated financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America requires our management to make significant estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of income and expense during the reporting periods. Critical estimates are made by management in determining, among other things, the allowance for loan losses, amounts of impairment of assets, and valuation of income taxes. If our underlying estimates and assumptions prove to be incorrect, our financial condition and results of operations may be materially adversely affected.

The fair value of our investment securities can fluctuate due to factors outside of our control.

Factors beyond our control can significantly influence and cause adverse changes to occur in the fair values of securities in our investment securities portfolio. These factors include, but are not limited to, rating agency actions in respect of the investment securities in our portfolio, defaults by the issuers of such securities, concerns with respect to the enforceability of the payment or other key terms of such securities, changes in market interest rates and continued instability in the capital markets. Any of these factors, as well as others, could cause other-than-temporary impairments and realized and/or unrealized losses in future periods and declines in other comprehensive income, which could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects. In addition, the process for determining whether an impairment of a security is other-than-temporary usually requires complex, subjective judgments, which could subsequently prove to have been wrong, regarding the future financial performance and liquidity of the issuer of the security, the fair value of any collateral underlying the security and whether and the extent to which the principal of and interest on the security will ultimately be paid in accordance with its payment terms.

A loss or material reduction of access to securitization markets for multifamily loans may adversely impact our business model, profitability and growth.

We have sold multifamily loans through the securitization market from time to time and may seek to do so in the future. The securitization market, along with credit markets in general, experienced unprecedented disruptions during the economic downturn from 2008 to 2010. Although market conditions have since improved, for a number of years following the economic downturn, certain issuers experienced increased risk premiums while there was a relatively lower level of investor demand for certain asset-backed securities (particularly those securities backed by nonprime collateral). In addition, the risk of volatility surrounding the global economic system and uncertainty surrounding regulatory reforms such as the Dodd-Frank Act continue to create uncertainty around access to the capital markets. The shift of power in the United States government following the 2016 election increased uncertainty as the current administration seeks to unwind or reverse regulatory reforms impacting the financial industry which were put in place during the prior administration. As a result, there can be no assurance that we will continue to be successful in selling multifamily loans through the securitization market. Adverse changes in the securitization market generally could materially adversely affect our ability to securitize loans on a timely basis or upon terms acceptable to us. This could increase our cost of funding, reduce our margins or cause us to hold assets until investor demand improves.

Technology and marketing costs may negatively impact our future operating results.

The financial services industry is constantly undergoing technological changes in the types of products and services provided to clients to enhance client convenience. Our future success will depend upon our ability to address the changing technological needs of our clients and to compete with other financial services organizations which have successfully implemented new technologies. The costs of implementing technological changes, new product development and marketing costs may increase our operating expenses without a commensurate increase in our business or revenues, in which event our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be materially and adversely affected.

Fraudulent activity, breaches of our information security systems, and cybersecurity attacks could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or future prospects.

As a financial institution, we are susceptible to fraudulent activity, information security breaches and cybersecurity-related incidents that may be committed against us or our clients and that may result in financial losses or increased costs to us or our clients, disclosure or misuse of confidential information belonging to us or personal or confidential information belonging to our clients, misappropriation of assets, litigation, or damage to our reputation. Fraudulent activity may take many forms, including check “kiting” or fraud, electronic fraud, wire fraud, “phishing” and other dishonest acts. Information security breaches and cybersecurity-related

incidents may include fraudulent or unauthorized access to data processing or data storage systems used by us or by our clients, denial or degradation of service attacks, and malware or other cyber-attacks. The financial services industry has experienced increases in electronic fraudulent activity, security breaches and cyber-attacks, including in the commercial banking sector, with cyber-criminals targeting commercial bank and brokerage accounts on an increasing basis. Moreover, in recent periods, several governmental agencies and large corporations, including financial service organizations, credit reporting agencies and retail companies, have suffered major data breaches, in some cases exposing not only their confidential and proprietary corporate information, but also sensitive financial and other personal information of their clients or customers and their employees or other third parties, and subjecting those agencies and corporations to potential fraudulent activity and their clients, customers and other third parties to identity theft and fraudulent activity in their credit card and banking accounts. Therefore, security breaches and cyber-attacks can cause significant increases in operating costs, including the costs of compensating clients and customers for any resulting losses they may incur and the costs and capital expenditures required to correct the deficiencies in and strengthen the security of data processing and storage systems.

Although we invest in systems and processes that are designed to detect and prevent security breaches and cyber-attacks and we conduct periodic tests of our security systems and processes, there is no assurance that we will succeed in anticipating or adequately protecting against or preventing all security breaches and cyber-attacks from occurring due to a number of possible causes, many of which will be outside of our control, including the changing nature and increasing frequency of such attacks, the increasing sophistication of cyber-criminals, and possible weaknesses that go undetected in our data systems notwithstanding the testing we conduct of those systems. If we are unable to detect or prevent a security breach or cyber-attack from occurring, then we and our clients could incur losses or damages; and we could sustain damage to our reputation, lose clients and business, suffer disruptions to our business and incur increased operating costs, and be exposed to additional regulatory scrutiny or penalties and to civil litigation and possible financial liability, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We rely on communications, information, operating and financial control systems technology and related services from third-party service providers and there can be no assurance that we will not suffer an interruption in those systems.

We rely heavily on third-party service providers for much of our communications, information, operating and financial control systems technology, including our internet banking services and data processing systems. Any failure or interruption of, or security breaches in, these systems could result in failures or interruptions in our operations or in the client services we provide. Additionally, interruptions in service and security breaches could damage our reputation, lead existing clients to terminate their business relationships with us, make it more difficult for us to attract new clients and subject us to additional regulatory scrutiny and possibly financial liability, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

The Company could be subject to tax audits, challenges to its tax positions, or adverse changes or interpretations of tax laws.

The Company is subject to federal and applicable state income tax laws and regulations. Income tax laws and regulations are often complex and require significant judgment in determining the Company’s effective tax rate and in evaluating its tax positions. The Company’s determination of its tax liability is subject to review by applicable tax authorities. Any audits or challenges of such determinations may adversely affect the Company’s effective tax rate, tax payments or financial condition. Recently enacted U.S. tax legislation made significant changes to federal tax law, including the taxation of corporations, by, among other things, reducing the corporate income tax rate, disallowing certain deductions that had previously been allowed, and altering the expensing of capital expenditures. The implementation and evaluation of these changes may require significant judgment and substantial planning on behalf of the Company. These judgments and plans may require the Company to take new and different tax positions that if challenged could adversely affect the Company’s effective tax rate, tax payments or financial condition. In addition, the new tax legislation remains subject to potential amendments, technical corrections, and further regulatory guidance and interpretation, any of which could lessen or increase certain adverse impacts on the Company. Furthermore, as the new tax legislation goes into effect, future changes may occur at the federal or state level that could result in unfavorable adjustments to the Company’s tax liability.

Our ability to attract and retain clients and key employees could be adversely affected if our reputation is harmed.

Our ability (and the ability of FFB and FFA) to attract and retain clients and key employees could be adversely affected if our reputation is harmed. Any actual or perceived failure to address various issues could cause reputational harm, including a failure to address any of the following types of issues: legal and regulatory requirements; cybersecurity and the proper maintenance or protection of the privacy of client and employee financial or other personal information; record keeping deficiencies or errors; money-laundering; potential conflicts of interest and ethical issues. Moreover, any failure to appropriately address any issues of this nature could give rise to additional regulatory restrictions, and legal risks, which could lead to costly litigation or subject us to enforcement actions, fines, or penalties and cause us to incur related costs and expenses. In addition, our banking, investment advisory and wealth

management businesses are dependent on the integrity of our banking personnel and our investment advisory and wealth managers. Lapses in integrity could cause reputational harm to our businesses that could lead to the loss of existing clients and make it more difficult for us to attract new clients and, therefore, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We may incur significant losses due to ineffective risk management processes and strategies.

We seek to monitor and control our risk exposures through a risk and control framework encompassing a variety of separate but complementary financial, credit, operational and compliance systems, and internal control and management review processes. However, those systems and review processes and the judgments that accompany their application may not be effective and, as a result, we may not anticipate every economic and financial outcome in all market environments or the specifics and timing of such outcomes, particularly in the event of the kinds of dislocations in market conditions experienced in recent years, which highlight the limitations inherent in using historical data to manage risk. If those systems and review processes prove to be ineffective in identifying and managing risks, we could be subjected to increased regulatory scrutiny and regulatory restrictions could be imposed on our business, including on our potential future business lines, as a result of which our business and operating results could be adversely affected.

Historically, California, in which a substantial portion of our business is located, has been susceptible to natural disasters, such as earthquakes, drought, floods and wild fires. The nature and level of natural disasters cannot be predicted. These natural disasters could harm our operations through interference with communications, including the interruption or loss of our computer systems, which could prevent or impede us from gathering deposits, originating loans and processing and controlling our flow of business, as well as through the destruction of facilities and our operational, financial and management information systems. Additionally, natural disasters could negatively impact the values of collateral securing our borrowers’ loans and interrupt our borrowers’ abilities to conduct their business in a manner to support their debt obligations, either of which could result in losses and increased provisions for loan losses for us.

We are exposed to risk of environmental liabilities with respect to real properties that we may acquire.

From time to time, in the ordinary course of our business, we acquire, by or in lieu of foreclosure, real properties which collateralize nonperforming loans. As an owner of such properties, we could become subject to environmental liabilities and incur substantial costs for any property damage, personal injury, investigation and clean-up that may be required due to any environmental contamination that may be found to exist at any of those properties, even if we did not engage in the activities that led to such contamination and those activities took place prior to our ownership of the properties. In addition, if we are the owner or former owner of a contaminated site, we may be subject to common law claims by third parties seeking damages for environmental contamination emanating from the site. If we were to become subject to significant environmental liabilities or costs, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be materially and adversely affected.

Our investment advisory and wealth management business may be negatively impacted by changes in economic and market conditions.

Our investment advisory and wealth management business may be negatively impacted by changes in general economic and market conditions because the performance of that business is directly affected by conditions in the financial and securities markets. The performance of the financial markets and the businesses operating in the securities industry can be highly volatile within relatively short periods of time and is directly affected by, among other factors, domestic and foreign economic conditions and general trends in business and finance, and by the threat, as well as the occurrence, of global conflicts, all of which are beyond our ability to control. We cannot assure you that broad market performance will be favorable in the future. Declines or a lack of sustained growth in the financial markets may adversely affect the market value and performance of the investment securities that we manage, which could lead to reductions in our investment management and advisory fees and, therefore, may result in a decline in the performance of our investment advisory and wealth management business. Additionally, if FFA’s performance were to decline, that could lead some of our clients to reduce their assets under management by us and make it more difficult for us to retain existing clients and attract new clients. If any of these events or circumstances were to occur, the operating results of our investment advisory and wealth management business and, therefore, our earnings could be materially and adversely affected.

The investment management contracts we have with our clients are terminable without cause and on relatively short notice by our clients, which makes us vulnerable to short term declines in the performance of the securities under our management.

Like most investment advisory and wealth management businesses, the investment advisory contracts we have with our clients are typically terminable by the client without cause upon less than 30 days’ notice. As a result, even short term declines in the performance of the securities we manage, which can result from factors outside our control, such as adverse changes in market or economic condition or the poor performance of some of the investments we have recommended to our clients, could lead some of our clients to move assets under our management to other asset classes such as broad index funds or treasury securities, or to investment advisors which have investment product offerings or investment strategies different than ours. Therefore, our operating results are heavily dependent on the financial performance of our investment portfolios and the investment strategies we employ in our investment advisory businesses and even short-term declines in the performance of the investment portfolios we manage for our clients, whatever the cause, could result in a decline in assets under management and a corresponding decline in investment management fees, which would adversely affect our results of operations.

The market for investment managers is extremely competitive and the loss of a key investment manager to a competitor could adversely affect our investment advisory and wealth management business.

We believe that investment performance is one of the most important factors that affect the amount of assets under our management and, for that reason, the success of FFA’s business is heavily dependent on the quality and experience of our investment managers and their track records in terms of making investment decisions that result in attractive investment returns for our clients. However, the market for such investment managers is extremely competitive and is increasingly characterized by frequent movement of investment managers among different firms. In addition, our individual investment managers often have direct contact with particular clients, which can lead to a strong client relationship based on the client’s trust in that individual manager. As a result, the loss of a key investment manager to a competitor could jeopardize our relationships with some of our clients and lead to the loss of client accounts, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We may be adversely affected by the soundness of certain securities brokerage firms.

FFA does not provide custodial services for its clients. Instead, client investment accounts are maintained under custodial arrangements with large, well established securities brokerage firms, either directly or through arrangements made by FFA with those firms. As a result, the performance of, or even rumors or questions about the integrity or performance of, any of those brokerage firms could adversely affect the confidence of FFA’s clients in the services provided by those firms or otherwise adversely impact their custodial holdings. Such an occurrence could negatively impact the ability of FFA to retain existing or attract new clients and, as a result, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

The banking industry is highly regulated, and legislative or regulatory actions taken now or in the future may have a significant adverse effect on our operations.

The banking industry is extensively regulated and supervised under both federal and state laws and regulations that are intended primarily to protect customers, depositors, the FDIC’s Deposit Insurance Fund, and the banking system as a whole, not our stockholders. We are subject to the regulation and supervision of the Federal Reserve Board, the FDIC and the DBO. The banking laws, regulations and policies applicable to us govern matters ranging from the maintenance of adequate capital, safety and soundness, mergers and changes in control to the general business operations conducted by us, including permissible types, amounts and terms of loans and investments, the amount of reserves held against deposits, restrictions on dividends, imposition of specific accounting requirements, establishment of new offices and the maximum interest rate that may be charged on loans.

We are subject to changes in federal and state banking statutes, regulations and governmental policies, or the interpretation or implementation of them, including regulations to be implemented as a result of the enactment of the Dodd-Frank Act. Any changes in any federal or state banking statute, regulation or governmental policy, including changes which may occur in 2019 and beyond during the current administration, could affect us in substantial and unpredictable ways, including ways that may adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition or prospects. Compliance with laws and regulations can be difficult and costly, and changes to laws and regulations often impose additional compliance costs. In addition, federal and state banking regulators have broad authority to supervise our banking business and that of our subsidiaries, including the authority to prohibit activities that represent unsafe or unsound banking practices or constitute violations of statute, rule, regulation, or administrative order. Failure to comply with any such laws, regulations or regulatory policies could result in sanctions by regulatory agencies, restrictions on our business activities, civil money penalties or damage to our reputation, all of which could adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition or prospects.

Federal and state banking agencies periodically conduct examinations of our business, including compliance with laws and regulations, and our failure to comply with any supervisory actions which we are, or may become, subject to as a result of such examinations may adversely affect us.

The Federal Reserve Board, the FDIC, and the DBO may conduct examinations of our business, including for compliance with applicable laws and regulations. As a result of an examination, regulatory agencies may determine that the financial condition, capital resources, asset quality, asset concentrations, earnings prospects, management, liquidity, sensitivity to market risk, or other aspects of any of our operations are unsatisfactory, or that we or our management are in violation of any law, regulation or guideline in effect from time to time. Regulatory agencies may take a number of different remedial actions, including the power to enjoin “unsafe or unsound” practices, to require affirmative actions to correct any conditions resulting from any violation or practice, to issue an administrative order that can be judicially enforced, to direct an increase in our capital, to restrict our growth, to change the composition of our concentrations in portfolio or balance sheet assets, to assess civil monetary penalties against officers or directors, to remove officers and directors and, if such conditions cannot be corrected or there is an imminent risk of loss to depositors, the FDIC may terminate our deposit insurance. A regulatory action against us could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

As a result of the Dodd-Frank Act and associated rulemaking, we have become subject to stringent capital requirements.

The Dodd-Frank Act required, among other things, that the federal banking agencies establish minimum leverage and risk-based capital requirements for insured banks and their holding companies. In July 2013, the federal banking agencies adopted the New Capital Rules, implementing the Basel III capital standards and establishing the minimum capital levels required under the Dodd-Frank Act, which apply to all U.S. banks, subject to various transition periods. We were required to comply with the New Capital Rules by January 1, 2015 with capital conservation buffer and deductions from common equity tier 1 capital phased in through 2019. The New Capital Rules establishes a common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of 6.5% of risk-weighted assets, tier 1 capital ratio of 8.0%, and total capital ratio of 10.0%, and leverage ratio of 5.0% for a financial institution to be considered “well capitalized” for regulatory purposes. Additionally, the New Capital Rules require an institution to maintain a common equity Tier 1 capital conservation buffer which, as of January 1, 2019, is 2.5% over the minimum risk-based capital requirement to avoid restrictions on the ability to pay dividends, discretionary bonuses, and to engage in share repurchases. The New Capital Rules increase the required capital for certain categories of assets, including high volatility construction real estate loans and certain exposures related to securitizations; however, the New Capital Rules retains the current capital treatment of residential mortgages. Under the New Capital Rules, we made a one-time, permanent election to continue to exclude accumulated other comprehensive income from capital. Implementation of these capital requirements, or any other new regulations, may adversely affect our ability to pay dividends, or require us to reduce business levels or raise capital, including in ways that may adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition or prospects.

New and future rulemaking by the CFPB and other regulators, as well as enforcement of existing consumer protection laws, may have a material and adverse effect on our operations and operating costs.

The CFPB has the authority to implement and enforce a variety of existing federal consumer protection statutes and to issue new regulations but, with respect to institutions of our size, does not have primary examination and enforcement authority with respect to such laws and regulations. The authority to examine depository institutions with $10.0 billion or less in assets, like us, for compliance with federal consumer laws remains largely with our primary federal regulator, the FDIC. However, the CFPB may participate in examinations of smaller institutions on a “sampling basis” and may refer potential enforcement actions against such institutions to their primary regulators. In some cases, regulators such as the Federal Trade Commission and the Department of Justice also retain certain rulemaking or enforcement authority, and we also remain subject to certain state consumer protection laws. As an independent bureau within the Federal Reserve Board, the CFPB may impose requirements more severe than the previous bank regulatory agencies. The CFPB has placed significant emphasis on consumer complaint management and has established a public consumer complaint database to encourage consumers to file complaints they may have against financial institutions. We are expected to monitor and respond to these complaints, including those that we deem frivolous, and doing so may require management to reallocate resources away from more profitable endeavors.

We are subject to numerous laws designed to protect consumers, including the Community Reinvestment Act and fair lending laws, and failure to comply with these laws could lead to a wide variety of sanctions.

The Community Reinvestment Act, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Fair Housing Act and other fair lending laws and regulations impose nondiscriminatory lending requirements on financial institutions. The Department of Justice, the CFPB and other federal agencies are responsible for enforcing these laws and regulations. A successful regulatory challenge to an institution’s performance under the Community Reinvestment Act or fair lending laws and regulations could result in a wide variety of sanctions, including damages and civil money penalties, injunctive relief, restrictions on mergers and acquisitions activity, restrictions on expansion, and restrictions on entering new business lines. Private parties may also have the ability to challenge an institution’s

performance under fair lending laws in private class action litigation. Any such actions could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We face a risk of noncompliance and enforcement action with the Bank Secrecy Act and other anti-money laundering statutes and regulations.

The federal Bank Secrecy Act, the USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 and other laws and regulations require financial institutions, among other duties, to institute and maintain effective anti-money laundering programs and file suspicious activity and currency transaction reports as appropriate. The federal Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, established by the Treasury to administer the Bank Secrecy Act, is authorized to impose significant civil money penalties for violations of those requirements and has recently engaged in coordinated enforcement efforts with the individual federal banking regulators, as well as the U.S. Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration and Internal Revenue Service. There is also increased scrutiny of compliance with the rules enforced by the Office of Foreign Assets Control. If our policies, procedures and systems are deemed deficient or the policies, procedures and systems of any financial institutions that we may acquire in the future are deemed deficient, we would be subject to liability, including fines and regulatory actions such as restrictions on our ability to pay dividends and the necessity to obtain regulatory approvals to proceed with certain aspects of our business plan, which would negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. Failure to maintain and implement adequate programs to combat money laundering and terrorist financing could also have serious reputational consequences for us. Any of these results could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Regulations relating to privacy, information security and data protection could increase our costs, affect or limit how we collect and use personal information and adversely affect our business opportunities.

We are subject to various privacy, information security and data protection laws, including requirements concerning security breach notification, and we could be negatively impacted by these laws. For example, our business is subject to the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act which, among other things: (i) imposes certain limitations on our ability to share non-public personal information about our customers with non-affiliated third parties; (ii) requires that we provide certain disclosures to customers about our information collection, sharing and security practices and afford customers the right to “opt out” of any information sharing by us with non-affiliated third parties (with certain exceptions) and (iii) requires that we develop, implement and maintain a written comprehensive information security program containing safeguards appropriate based on our size and complexity, the nature and scope of our activities, and the sensitivity of customer information we process, as well as plans for responding to data security breaches. Various state and federal banking regulators and states and foreign countries have also enacted data security breach notification requirements with varying levels of individual, consumer, regulatory or law enforcement notification in certain circumstances in the event of a security breach. Moreover, legislators and regulators in the United States and other countries are increasingly adopting or revising privacy, information security and data protection laws that potentially could have a significant impact on our current and planned privacy, data protection and information security-related practices, our collection, use, sharing, retention and safeguarding of consumer or employee information, and some of our current or planned business activities. This could also increase our costs of compliance and business operations and could reduce income from certain business initiatives. This includes increased privacy-related enforcement activity at the federal level, by the Federal Trade Commission, as well as at the state level, such as with regard to mobile applications.

Compliance with current or future privacy, data protection and information security laws (including those regarding security breach notification) affecting customer or employee data to which we are subject could result in higher compliance and technology costs and could restrict our ability to provide certain products and services, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial conditions or results of operations. Our failure to comply with privacy, data protection and information security laws could result in potentially significant regulatory or governmental investigations or actions, litigation, fines, sanctions and damage to our reputation, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

FFA’s business is highly regulated, and the regulators have the ability to limit or restrict, and impose fines or other sanctions on, FFA’s business.

FFA is registered as an investment adviser with the SEC under the Investment Advisers Act and its business is highly regulated. The Investment Advisers Act imposes numerous obligations on registered investment advisers, including fiduciary, record keeping, operational and disclosure obligations. Moreover, the Investment Advisers Act grants broad administrative powers to regulatory agencies such as the SEC to regulate investment advisory businesses. If the SEC or other government agencies believe that FFA has failed to comply with applicable laws or regulations, these agencies have the power to impose fines, suspensions of individual employees or other sanctions, which could include revocation of FFA’s registration under the Investment Advisers Act. We are also subject to the provisions and regulations of ERISA to the extent that we act as a “fiduciary” under ERISA with respect to certain of our clients. ERISA and the applicable provisions of the federal tax laws, impose a number of duties on persons who are fiduciaries under ERISA and prohibit certain transactions involving the assets of each ERISA plan which is a client, as well as certain transactions by the fiduciaries (and certain other related parties) to such plans. Additionally, like other investment advisory and wealth management companies, FFA also faces the risks of lawsuits by clients. The outcome of regulatory proceedings and lawsuits is uncertain and difficult to predict. An adverse resolution of any regulatory proceeding or lawsuit against FFA could result in substantial costs or reputational harm to FFA and, therefore, could have an adverse effect on the ability of FFA to retain key relationship and wealth managers, and to retain existing clients or attract new clients, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Our stockholders are only entitled to receive such dividends as our board of directors may declare out of funds legally available for such payments. Although we declared an initial cash dividend on our common stock in the first quarter of 2019, we may reduce or eliminate our common stock dividend in the future. Our ability to pay dividends to our stockholders is restricted by Delaware and federal law and the policies and regulations of the Federal Reserve Board, which is our federal banking regulator. Our ability to pay dividends to stockholders is also dependent on the payment to us of cash dividends by our subsidiaries, FFA and FFB, which are the primary sources of cash for our payment of dividends. FFA and FFB are corporations that are separate and distinct from us and, as a result, they are subject to separate statutory or regulatory dividend restrictions that can affect their ability to pay cash dividends to us. FFA’s ability to pay cash dividends to us is restricted under California corporate law. FFB’s ability to pay dividends to us is limited by various banking statutes and regulations and California law. Moreover, based on their assessment of the financial condition of FFB or other factors, the FDIC or the DBO could find that payment of cash dividends by FFB to us would constitute an unsafe or unsound banking practice, in which event they could restrict FFB from paying cash dividends, even if FFB meets the statutory requirements to do so. See the section entitled “Dividend Policy and Restrictions on the Payment of Dividends” in Item 5 of this report below for additional information about our dividend policy and the dividend restrictions that apply to us and to FFB and FFA. A reduction or discontinuance of dividends on our common stock could have a material adverse effect on our business, including the market price of our common stock.

We cannot assure you that the market prices and trading volumes of our common stock will not fluctuate or decline significantly in the future. Some of the factors that could negatively affect the prices of our shares or result in fluctuations in those prices or in trading volume of our common stock could include the following, many of which are outside of our control:

These broad market and industry factors may decrease the market price of our common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance. The stock market in general has from time to time experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations, including in recent months. In addition, in the past, following periods of volatility in the overall market and the market price of a company’s securities, securities class action litigation has often been instituted against these companies. This litigation, if instituted against us, could result in substantial costs and a diversion of our management’s attention and resources.

Share ownership by our officers and directors and certain agreements may make it more difficult for third parties to acquire us or effectuate a change of control that might be viewed favorably by other stockholders.

As of February 26, 2019 our executive officers and directors owned, in the aggregate, approximately 13% of our outstanding shares. As a result, if our executive officers and directors were to oppose a third party’s acquisition proposal for, or a change in control of, the Company, our executive officers and directors may have sufficient voting power to be able to block or at least delay such an acquisition or change in control from taking place, even if other stockholders would support such a sale or change of control. In addition, a number of our executive officers have change of control agreements which could increase the costs and, therefore, lessen the attractiveness of an acquisition of the Company to a potential acquiring party.

Our corporate governance documents, and certain corporate and banking laws applicable to us, could make a takeover attempt, which may be beneficial to our stockholders, more difficult.

Our Board of Directors has the power under our certificate of incorporation to issue additional shares of common stock and create and authorize the sale of one or more series of preferred stock without having to obtain stockholder approval for such action. As a result, our Board could authorize the issuance of shares of a series of preferred stock to implement a stockholders rights plan (often referred to as a “poison pill”) or could sell and issue preferred shares with special voting rights or conversion rights, which could deter or delay attempts by our stockholders to remove or replace management, and attempts of third parties either to engage in proxy contests or to acquire control of the Company. In addition, our charter documents:

These provisions could delay or prevent an acquisition of the Company or other transaction that some of our stockholders may believe is beneficial to them. Furthermore, federal and state banking laws and regulations applicable to us require anyone seeking to acquire more than 10% of our outstanding shares or otherwise effectuate a change of control of the Company or of FFB, to file an application with, and to receive approval from, the Federal Reserve Board, the DBO, and the FDIC to do so. These laws and regulations may discourage potential acquisition proposals and could delay or prevent a change of control of the Company, including by means of a transaction in which our stockholders might receive a premium over the market price of our common stock.

We may issue additional equity securities, or engage in other transactions which could dilute our book value or affect the priority of our common stock, which may adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

Our Board of Directors may determine from time to time to raise additional capital by issuing additional shares of our common stock or other securities. In addition, we may issue additional securities in connection with future acquisitions we may make. We are not restricted from issuing additional shares of common stock, including securities that are convertible into or exchangeable for, or that represent the right to receive, common stock. We cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing, or nature of any future offerings or issuances of additional stock in connection with acquisitions, or the prices at which such offerings may be affected. Such offerings could be dilutive to common stockholders. New investors also may have rights, preferences and privileges that are senior to, and that adversely affect, our then-current common stockholders. Additionally, if we raise additional capital by making additional offerings of debt or preferred equity securities, upon liquidation, holders of our debt securities and shares of preferred stock, and lenders with respect to other borrowings, will receive distributions of our available assets prior to the holders of our common stock. Additional equity offerings may dilute the holdings of our existing stockholders or reduce the market price of our common stock, or both. Holders of our common stock are not entitled to preemptive rights or other protections against dilution.

A failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could have a material adverse effect on our business and stock prices.

If we are unable to maintain the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting in the future, we may be unable to report our financial results accurately and on a timely basis. In such an event, investors and clients may lose confidence in the

accuracy and completeness of our financial statements, as a result of which our liquidity, access to capital markets, and perceptions of our creditworthiness could be adversely affected and the market prices of our common stock could decline. In addition, we could become subject to investigations by NASDAQ, the SEC, or the Federal Reserve Board, or other regulatory authorities, which could require us to expend additional financial and management resources. As a result, an inability to maintain the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting in the future could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common stock will depend in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. If one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our stock or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our stock could decrease, which might cause our stock price and trading volume to decline.

An investment in our common stock is not an insured deposit and is not guaranteed by the FDIC, so you could lose some or all of your investment.

An investment in our common stock is not a bank deposit and is not insured against loss or guaranteed by the FDIC, any other deposit insurance fund or by any other public or private entity. An investment in our common stock is inherently risky for the reasons described herein. As a result, if you acquire our common stock, you could lose some or all of your investment.

Additional risks that we currently do not know about or that we currently believe to be immaterial may also impair our business, financial condition, operating results and future prospects.

The corporate headquarters for FFI and each of its subsidiaries is located in Irvine, California. The Company has offices in California in Irvine, Indian Wells, Pasadena, El Centro, West Los Angeles, El Segundo, Laguna Hills, Seal Beach, Auburn, Oakland, Sacramento, Roseville, Burlingame, Big Bear, Running Springs, Palos Verdes, Rolling Hills, Lucerne and San Diego and in Las Vegas, Nevada, and in Honolulu, Hawaii. All of these offices, except for the office in Auburn, California and Big Bear, California, are leased pursuant to non-cancelable operating leases that will expire between 2019 and 2026. The building for the office in Auburn, California is owned by us and is on land that is leased under a non-cancellable lease that expires in 2028. The building and land for the office in Big Bear are owned by us.

In the ordinary course of business, we are subject to claims, counter claims, suits and other litigation of the type that generally arise from the conduct of financial services businesses. We are not aware of any threatened or pending litigation that we expect will have a material adverse effect on our business operations, financial condition or results of operations.

On November 3, 2014, our common stock became listed and commenced trading on the NASDAQ Global Stock Market under the trading symbol “FFWM”. As of February 25, 2019, a total of 44,501,613 shares of our common stock were issued and outstanding which were held of record by approximately 3,500 shareholders.

In the first quarter of 2019, we announced the declaration of a cash dividend and it is the current intention of the Company to continue to pay dividends on an ongoing basis.

Our ability to pay dividends to our stockholders is subject to the restrictions set forth in the Delaware General Corporation Law (the “DGCL”) and the regulatory authority of the Federal Reserve. The DGCL provides that a corporation, unless otherwise restricted by its certificate of incorporation, may declare and pay dividends out of its surplus or, if there is no surplus, out of net profits for the fiscal year in which the dividend is declared and/or for the preceding fiscal year, as long as the amount of capital of the corporation is not less than the aggregate amount of the capital represented by the issued and outstanding stock of all classes having a preference upon the distribution of assets. Surplus is defined as the excess of a corporation’s net assets (i.e., its total assets minus its total liabilities) over the capital associated with issuances of its common stock. Moreover, the DGCL permits a board of directors to reduce its capital and transfer such amount to its surplus. In determining the amount of surplus of a Delaware corporation, the assets of the corporation, including stock of subsidiaries owned by the corporation, must be valued at their fair market value as determined by the board of directors, regardless of their historical book value. In addition, since we are a bank holding company subject to regulation by the FRB, it may become necessary for us to obtain the approval of the FRB before we can pay cash dividends to our stockholders.

Cash dividends from our two wholly-owned subsidiaries, FFB and FFA, represent the principal source of funds available to us, which we might use to pay cash dividends to our shareholders or for other corporate purposes. Since FFA and FFB are California corporations, they are subject to dividend payment restrictions under the California General Corporation Law (the “CGCL”). The laws of the State of California, as they pertain to the payment of cash dividends by California state chartered banks, limit the amount of funds that FFB would be permitted to dividend to us more strictly than does the CGCL. In particular, under California law, cash dividends by a California state chartered bank may not exceed, the lesser of (i) the sum of its net income for the last three fiscal years (after deducting all dividends paid during the period), or (ii) the amount of its retained earnings.

Also, because the payment of cash dividends has the effect of reducing capital, capital requirements imposed on FFB by the DBO and the FDIC may operate, as a practical matter, to preclude the payment, or limit the amount of, cash dividends that might otherwise be permitted to be made under California law; and the DBO and the FDIC, as part of their supervisory powers, generally require insured banks to adopt dividend policies which limit the payment of cash dividends much more strictly than do applicable state laws.

Additionally, under the terms of the holding company line of credit agreement, FFI may only declare and pay a dividend if the total amount of dividends and stock repurchases during the current twelve months does not exceed 50% of FFI’s net income for the same twelve month period

Sections 23A and 23B of the Federal Reserve Act, and the implementing regulations thereunder, limit transactions between a bank and its affiliates and limit a bank’s ability to transfer to its affiliates the benefits arising from the bank’s access to insured deposits, the payment system and the discount window and other benefits of the Federal Reserve System. Those Sections of the Act and the implementing regulations impose quantitative and qualitative limits on the ability of a bank to extend credit to, or engage in certain other transactions with, an affiliate (and a non-affiliate if an affiliate benefits from the transaction).

On June 1, 2018, we completed the acquisition of PBB Bancorp and its wholly owned subsidiary Premier Business Bank (collectively “PBB”). Pursuant to the merger agreement, each outstanding share of PBB common stock was converted into the right to receive 1.05 shares of FFI common stock. At the closing of this acquisition, we issued an aggregate of 5,234,593 shares of FFI common stock, which had a value of $19.39 per share based on the closing price per share of FFI common stock on May 31, 2018. These shares were issued in reliance upon an exemption from the registration requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended

The Company adopted a stock repurchase plan on October 30, 2018 for the repurchase of up to 2,200,000 shares of its common stock from time to time as market conditions allow. The 2,200,000 shares authorized for repurchase under this plan represented approximately 5% of our outstanding common shares as of October 30, 2018. This plan has no stated expiration date for the repurchases. As of December 31, 2018, the Company had purchased 35,300 shares under this plan. The following table presents stock repurchases we made during the fourth quarter of 2018:

The following graph shows a comparison from November 3, 2014 (the date our common stock commenced trading on the NASDAQ Global Market) through December 31, 2018 of the cumulative total return for our common stock, compared against (i) the Russell 2000 Index, which measures the performance of the smallest 2,000 members, by market cap, of the Russell Index; (ii) the Russell 3000 Index, which measures the performance of the smallest 3,000 members, by market cap, of the Russell Index; and (iii) an index published by SNL Securities and known as the SNL Western Bank Index, which is comprised of 47 banks and bank holding companies (including the Company), the shares of which are listed on NASDAQ or the New York Stock Exchange and most of which are based in California and the remainder of which are based in nine other western states.

The stock performance graph assumes that $100 was invested in Company common stock at the close of market on November 3, 2014, and, at that same date, in the Russell 2000 Index, the Russell 3000 Index and the SNL Western Bank Index and that any dividends paid in the indicated periods were reinvested. Shareholder returns shown in the stock performance graph are not necessarily indicative of future stock price performance.

The above performance graph shall not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act or otherwise subject to the liabilities under that section and shall not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any of our filings under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act.

With the exception of the certain items included in the selected performance and capital ratios, the following selected consolidated financial information as of and for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and the selected consolidated financial information as of and for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements not appearing in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

You should read the following selected financial and operating data in conjunction with other information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including the information set forth in the sections entitled “Capitalization” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”, as well as our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The average balances used in computing certain ratios, have been computed using daily averages, except for average equity, which is computed using the average of beginning and end of month balances.

	As of and for the Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands, except share and per share data)	2018			2017			2016			2015			2014
Selected Income Statement Data:
Net interest income	$	155,610		$	113,618		$	89,449		$	64,471		$	42,814
Provision for loan losses		4,220			2,762			4,681			2,673			235
Noninterest Income:
Asset management, consulting and other fees		28,748			26,710			24,384			23,486			21,798
Other⁽¹⁾		7,023			12,009			10,176			5,287			2,951
Noninterest expense		127,075			98,976			80,994			61,458			52,507
Income before taxes		60,086			50,599			38,334			22,832			14,821
Net income		42,958			27,582			23,303			13,378			8,394
Share and Per Share Data:⁽²⁾
Net income per share:
Basic	$	1.02		$	0.80		$	0.72		$	0.60		$	0.54
Diluted		1.01			0.78			0.70			0.58			0.51
Shares used in computation:
Basic		42,092,361			34,482,630			32,365,800			22,310,014			15,474,072
Diluted		42,567,108			35,331,059			33,471,816			23,151,710			16,332,686
Tangible book value per share⁽³⁾	$	10.33		$	9.46		$	8.62		$	8.05		$	6.33
Shares outstanding at end of period⁽⁴⁾		44,496,007			38,207,766			32,719,632			31,961,052			15,690,364
Selected Balance Sheet Data:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	67,312		$	120,394		$	597,946		$	215,748		$	29,692
Loans, net of deferred fees⁽⁵⁾		4,782,312			3,799,707			2,791,251			1,754,883			1,166,392
Allowance for loan and lease losses (“ALLL”)		19,000			18,400			15,400			10,600			10,150
Total assets		5,840,412			4,541,185			3,975,403			2,592,579			1,355,424
Noninterest-bearing deposits		1,074,661			1,097,196			661,781			299,794			246,137
Interest-bearing deposits		3,458,307			2,346,331			1,765,014			1,222,382			716,817
Borrowings⁽⁶⁾		708,000			678,000			1,250,000			796,000			282,886
Shareholders’ equity⁽⁴⁾		559,184			394,951			284,264			259,736			99,496
Selected Performance and Capital Ratios:
Return on average assets		0.81	%		0.70	%		0.80	%		0.76	%		0.71	%
Return on average equity		9.1	%		8.5	%		8.4	%		8.1	%		9.1	%
Return on average tangible equity⁽³⁾		10.6	%		8.6	%		8.5	%		8.1	%		9.1	%
Net yield on interest-earning assets		2.99	%		2.93	%		3.13	%		3.39	%		3.70	%
Efficiency ratio⁽⁷⁾		64.4	%		63.3	%		65.3	%		70.7	%		76.0	%
Noninterest income as a % of total revenues		18.7	%		25.4	%		27.9	%		33.1	%		36.6	%
Tangible common equity to tangible assets⁽³⁾		8.01	%		8.02	%		7.10	%		9.93	%		7.33	%
Tier 1 leverage ratio		8.39	%		8.44	%		8.76	%		11.81	%		7.32	%
Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio		10.67	%		11.99	%		12.80	%		17.44	%		11.02	%
Total risk-based capital ratio		11.16	%		12.61	%		13.52	%		18.19	%		12.23	%
Other Information:
Assets under management (end of period)	$	3,934,700		$	4,296,077		$	3,586,672		$	3,471,237		$	3,221,674
NPAs to total assets		0.21	%		0.31	%		0.25	%		0.32	%		0.11	%
Charge-offs to average loans		0.08	%		0.00	%		0.00	%		0.15	%		0.00	%
Ratio of ALLL to loans⁽⁸⁾		0.51	%		0.54	%		0.60	%		0.61	%		0.87	%
Number of banking offices⁽⁹⁾		20			14			11			9			8

The following discussion and analysis is intended to facilitate the understanding and assessment of significant changes and trends in our businesses that accounted for the changes in our results of operations in the year ended December 31, 2018, as compared to our results of operation in the year ended December 31, 2017; in our results of operations in the year ended December 31, 2017, as compared to our results of operations in the year ended December 31, 2016, and our financial condition at December 31, 2018 as compared to our financial condition at December 31, 2017. This discussion and analysis is based on and should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes thereto contained elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In addition to historical information, this discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions that could cause results to differ materially from management’s expectations. Some of the factors that could cause results to differ materially from expectations are discussed in the sections entitled “Risk Factors” and “Forward-Looking Statements” contained elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”) and accounting practices in the banking industry. Certain of those accounting policies are considered critical accounting policies, because they require us to make estimates and assumptions regarding circumstances or trends that could materially affect the value of those assets, such as economic conditions or trends that could impact our ability to fully collect our loans or ultimately realize the carrying value of certain of our other assets. Those estimates and assumptions are made based on current information available to us regarding those economic conditions or trends or other circumstances. If changes were to occur in the events, trends or other circumstances on which our estimates or assumptions were based, or other unanticipated events were to occur that might affect our operations, we may be required under GAAP to adjust our earlier estimates and to reduce the carrying values of the affected assets on our balance sheet, generally by means of charges against income, which could also affect our results of operations in the fiscal periods when those charges are recognized.

Utilization and Valuation of Deferred Income Tax Benefits. We record as a “deferred tax asset” on our balance sheet an amount equal to the tax credit and tax loss carryforwards and tax deductions (collectively “tax benefits”) that we believe will be available to us to offset or reduce income taxes in future periods. Under applicable federal and state income tax laws and regulations, tax benefits related to tax loss carryforwards will expire if they cannot be used within specified periods of time. Accordingly, the ability to fully use our deferred tax asset related to tax loss carryforwards to reduce income taxes in the future depends on the amount of taxable income that we generate during those time periods. At least once each year, or more frequently, if warranted, we make estimates of future taxable income that we believe we are likely to generate during those future periods. If we conclude, on the basis of those estimates and the amount of the tax benefits available to us, that it is more likely, than not, that we will be able to fully utilize those tax benefits prior to their expiration, we recognize the deferred tax asset in full on our balance sheet. On the other hand, if we conclude on the basis of those estimates and the amount of the tax benefits available to us that it has become more likely, than not, that we will be unable to utilize those tax benefits in full prior to their expiration, then, we would establish a valuation allowance to reduce the deferred tax asset on our balance sheet to the amount with respect to which we believe it is still more likely, than not, that we will be able to use to offset or reduce taxes in the future. The establishment of such a valuation allowance, or any increase in an existing valuation allowance, would be effectuated through a charge to the provision for income taxes or a reduction in any income tax credit for the period in which such valuation allowance is established or increased.

Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses. Our ALLL is established through a provision for loan losses charged to expense and may be reduced by a recapture of previously established loss reserves, which are also reflected in the statement of income. Loans are charged against the ALLL when management believes that collectability of the principal is unlikely. The ALLL is an amount that management believes will be adequate to absorb estimated losses on existing loans that may become uncollectible based on an evaluation of the collectability of loans and prior loan loss experience. This evaluation also takes into consideration such factors as changes in the nature and volume of the loan portfolio, overall portfolio quality, review of specific problem loans, current economic conditions and certain other subjective factors that may affect the borrower’s ability to pay. While we use the best information available to make this evaluation, future adjustments to our ALLL may be necessary if there are significant changes in economic or other conditions that can affect the collectability in full of loans in our loan portfolio.

We have two business segments, “Banking” and “Investment Management and Wealth Planning” (“Wealth Management”). Banking includes the operations of FFB and FFIS and Wealth Management includes the operations of FFA. The financial position and operating results of the stand-alone holding company, FFI, are included under the caption “Other” in certain of the tables that follow, along with any consolidation elimination entries.

We continued strong growth during 2018 with loan originations of $1.8 billion, and deposit growth, including the deposits acquired from PBB, of $1.1 billion. Total revenues (net interest income and noninterest income) increased by 26%.

The results of operations for Banking and Wealth Management reflect the benefits of this growth. Income before taxes for Banking increased $10.2 million from $53.5 million in 2017 to $63.7 million in 2018. Income before taxes for Wealth Management increased from $3.1 million in 2017 to $3.6 million in 2018. On a consolidated basis, income before taxes increased $9.5 million from $50.6 million in 2017 to $60.1 million in 2018.

On June 1, 2018 we completed the acquisition of PBB. In connection with this acquisition, we issued an aggregate of 5,234,593 shares of FFI common stock, and acquired $523 million in loans, $478 million in deposits, and recorded a core deposit intangible of $6.7 million and goodwill of $60.9 million.

The Bank entered into two swap agreements in the fourth quarter of 2018 to reduce the interest rate risk of its portfolio of loans held for sale, which it expects to sell in the third quarter of 2019. FFB elected to utilize hedge accounting for these swaps, and as a result, recorded a liability related to the swaps of $5.2 million and an offsetting mark to market increase of $4.8 million in its loans held for sale as of December 31, 2018. As required under hedge accounting guidelines, the difference of $0.4 million was recorded as a reduction of loan interest income. In the third quarter of 2018 we completed a remix of our balance sheet whereby we sold $622 million of multifamily loans through a securitization and separately purchased $331 million of securities issued in the securitization. As part of this process, to mitigate against increases in interest rates on these loans, we entered into a swap agreement, which was closed out upon completion of the sale of loans. As a result of the swap, our interest income on loans was reduced by $0.8 million for the period in which the swap was in place, while the value of the swap at close-out was $5.9 million, which offset decreases in the value of the loans sold during the period in which the swap was in place.

On October 30, 2018, we announced the initiation of a stock repurchase program under which we can repurchase up to 2.2 million shares of our common stock, subject to certain regulatory restrictions. As a result, we will not be selling stock under the “at-the-market” equity offering while we are purchasing shares of our common stock under the stock repurchase program. During the first quarter of 2018, the Company sold 625,730 million shares of its common stock through the at-the-market offering at an average price of $18.46 per share, generating net proceeds of $11.3 million. During the fourth quarter of 2018, the Company purchased 35,300 shares at a cost of $0.5 million under the stock repurchase program.

Our net income for 2018 was $43 million, as compared to $27.6 million for 2017. The primary sources of revenue for Banking are net interest income, fees from its deposits, trust and insurance services, gains on sales of loans, certain loan fees, and consulting fees. The primary sources of revenue for Wealth Management are asset management fees assessed on the balance of AUM. Compensation and benefit costs, which represent the largest component of noninterest expense, accounted for 49% and 76%, respectively, of the total noninterest expense for Banking and Wealth Management in 2018.

The following tables show key operating results for each of our business segments for the years ended December 31:

(dollars in thousands)	Banking		Wealth Management		Other			Total
2018:
Interest income	$	207,306	$	—	$	—		$	207,306
Interest expense		49,935		—		1,761			51,696
Net interest income		157,371		—		(1,761	)		155,610
Provision for loan losses		4,220		—		—			4,220
Noninterest income		11,322		25,247		(798	)		35,771
Noninterest expense		100,778		21,670		4,627			127,075
Income (loss) before taxes on income	$	63,695	$	3,577	$	(7,186	)	$	60,086
2017:
Interest income	$	136,801	$	—	$	—		$	136,801
Interest expense		22,530		—		653			23,183
Net interest income		114,271		—		(653	)		113,618
Provision for loan losses		2,762		—		—			2,762
Noninterest income		16,016		23,556		(853	)		38,719
Noninterest expense		73,990		20,469		4,517			98,976
Income (loss) before taxes on income	$	53,535	$	3,087	$	(6,023	)	$	50,599

General. Our net income and income before taxes in 2018 were $43.0 million and $60.1 million, respectively, as compared to $27.6 million and $50.6 million, respectively, in 2017. The $9.5 million increase in income before taxes was due to a $10.2 million increase in income before taxes for Banking and a $0.5 million increase in income before taxes for Wealth Management which was partially offset by a $1.1 million increase in corporate interest expenses. The increase in Banking was due to higher net interest income, which was partially offset by a higher provision for loan losses, lower noninterest income and higher noninterest expenses. The increase in Wealth Management was due to higher noninterest income, which was partially offset by higher noninterest expenses. Corporate interest expenses increased $1.1 million due to increases in balances outstanding and increased rates on our holding company line of credit.

Our effective tax rate for 2018 was 28.5% as compared to 45.5% for 2017, and as a result of reduced federal tax rates under the Tax Act, our statutory tax rate decreased from 41.5% in 2017 to 29.0% in 2018. In the fourth quarter of 2017, we recorded a $5.4 million tax charge, attributable to the remeasurement of the net deferred tax asset as a result of the reduced corporate tax rate under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act enacted in the fourth quarter of 2017, that was partially offset by a 743 basis point reduction in our effective tax rate related to excess tax benefits resulting from the exercise of stock awards.

Net Interest Income. The following tables set forth information regarding (i) the total dollar amount of interest income from interest-earning assets and the resultant average yields on those assets; (ii) the total dollar amount of interest expense and the average rate of interest on our interest-bearing liabilities; (iii) net interest income; (iv) net interest rate spread; and (v) net yield on interest-earning assets for the years ended December 31:

	2018							2017
(dollars in thousands)	Average Balances		Interest		Average Yield /Rate			Average Balances		Interest		Average Yield /Rate
Interest-earning assets:
Loans	$	4,453,822	$	186,211		4.18	%	$	3,277,530	$	121,707		3.71	%
Securities		594,514		16,855		2.84	%		498,198		12,407		2.49	%
FHLB stock, fed funds and deposits		151,884		4,240		2.79	%		95,941		2,687		2.80	%
Total interest-earning assets		5,200,220		207,306		3.99	%		3,871,669		136,801		3.53	%
Noninterest-earning assets:
Nonperforming assets		11,187							7,346
Other		110,958							32,227
Total assets	$	5,322,365						$	3,911,242
Interest-bearing liabilities:
Demand deposits	$	333,483		2,779		0.83	%	$	265,378		1,503		0.57	%
Money market and savings		1,139,569		10,491		0.92	%		1,033,174		8,256		0.80	%
Certificates of deposit		1,410,109		25,506		1.81	%		803,150		7,684		0.96	%
Total interest-bearing deposits		2,883,161		38,776		1.34	%		2,101,702		17,443		0.83	%
Borrowings		612,817		12,920		2.11	%		532,914		5,740		1.08	%
Total interest-bearing liabilities		3,495,978		51,696		1.48	%		2,634,616		23,183		0.88	%
Noninterest-bearing liabilities:
Demand deposits		1,329,873							943,749
Other liabilities		23,700							13,701
Total liabilities		4,849,551							3,592,066
Stockholders’ equity		472,814							319,176
Total liabilities and equity	$	5,322,365						$	3,911,242
Net Interest Income			$	155,610						$	113,618
Net Interest Rate Spread						2.51	%						2.65	%
Net Yield on Interest-earning Assets						2.99	%						2.93	%

Net interest income is impacted by the volume (changes in volume multiplied by prior rate), interest rate (changes in rate multiplied by prior volume) and mix of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. The following table provides a breakdown of the changes in net interest income due to volume and rate changes between 2018 as compared to 2017.

Net interest income for Banking increased 38% from $114.3 million in 2017, to $157.4 million in 2018 due to a 34% increase in interest-earning assets and an increase in the net yield on interest earning assets. On a consolidated basis our net yield on interest earning assets was 2.99% for 2018 as compared to 2.93% during 2017. This increase was due to a 41% increase in noninterest bearing deposits and a 48% increase in our average equity balance which were partially offset by a decrease in the net interest rate spread from

2.65% in 2017 to 2.51% in 2018. The decrease in the net interest rate spread was due to an increase in the cost of interest-bearing liabilities, which was partially offset by an increase in the yield on interest-earnings assets. The yield on interest-earning assets increased to 3.99% in 2018 from 3.53% in 2017 as (i) new originations and acquired loans added to the portfolio bear interest rates higher than the current portfolio rates as a result of increases in market rates, (ii) the realization of $3.7 million of credit and yield discounts on the payoff of acquired loans and (iii) higher yields on securities due to purchases of securities in 2018 with yields higher than those in our existing securities portfolio, which were partially offset by a net $1.2 million decrease in interest income due to accounting for swaps in place during 2018. The increase in the cost of interest-bearing liabilities was due to increased costs of interest-bearing deposits, resulting from increases in deposit market rates, and increased costs of borrowings as the average rate on FHLB advances increased from 0.98% in 2017 to 1.92% in 2018. The average balance outstanding under the holding company line of credit increased from $13.7 million in 2017 to $31.5 million in 2018, and the average rate increased by 82 basis points, resulting in a $1.1 million increase in corporate interest expense.

Provision for loan losses. The provision for loan losses represents our estimate of the amount necessary to be charged against the current period’s earnings to maintain the ALLL at a level that we consider adequate in relation to the estimated losses inherent in the loan portfolio. The provision for loan losses is impacted by changes in loan balances as well as changes in estimated loss assumptions and charge-offs and recoveries. The amount of the provision also takes into consideration such factors as changes in the nature and volume of the loan portfolio, overall portfolio quality, review of specific problem loans, current economic conditions and certain other subjective factors that may affect the ability of borrowers to meet their repayment obligations to us. For 2018 and 2017, we recorded provisions for loan losses of $4.2 million and $2.8 million, respectively. The increase in the provision for loan losses for 2018 as compared to 2017 reflects the increase in loan balances during 2018 when compared to the increase in loan balances during 2017. We recognized $3.6 million in loan chargeoffs, net of recoveries, in 2018, as compared to $0.2 million in recoveries in 2017.

Noninterest income. Noninterest income for Banking includes fees charged to clients for trust services and deposit services, consulting fees, prepayment and late fees charged on loans, gain on sale of loans, gains and losses from capital market activities and insurance commissions. The following table provides a breakdown of noninterest income for Banking for the years ended December 31:

Noninterest income in Banking in 2018 was $11.3 million as compared to $16.0 million in 2017, as decreases in the gain on sale of loans was offset by higher loan, deposit and trust fees. In 2017 we realized a $7.0 million gain on sale of loans as compared to $0.4 million in 2018 as rising market interest rates resulted in lower gains on sale. As a result of increases related to the acquisitions of C1B and PBB, loan fees and deposit fees increased from $3.9 million in 2017 to $5.3 million in 2018. Due to increased levels of AUM, trust fees increased by $0.5 million in 2018 as compared to 2017.

Noninterest income for Wealth Management includes fees charged to high net-worth clients for managing their assets and for providing financial planning consulting services. The following table provides the amounts of noninterest income for Wealth Management for the years ended December 31:

Noninterest income for Wealth Management increased by $1.7 million in 2018 when compared to 2017 due to higher levels of AUM.

Noninterest Expense. The following table provides a breakdown of noninterest expense for Banking and Wealth Management for the years ended December 31:

Noninterest expense in Banking increased from $74.0 million in 2017 to $100.8 million in 2018, due to increases in staffing and costs associated with the Bank’s expansion, including the acquisition of C1B in November of 2017 and PBB in June of 2018, and the growth of its balances of loans and deposits. Compensation and benefits for Banking increased $10.4 million or 26% during 2018 as compared to 2017 due to salary increases and an increase in the number of FTE in Banking, which increased to 385.8 in 2018 from 310.9 in 2017 as a result of the increased staffing related to the acquisitions of C1B and PBB and additional personnel added to support the growth in loans and deposits. A $4.3 million increase in occupancy and depreciation for Banking in 2018 as compared to 2017 was due to costs related to the acquisitions of C1B and PBB and increases in our data processing costs due to increased volumes and the implementation of enhancements. The $0.5 million increase in professional services and marketing in Banking in 2018 as compared to 2017 was due to higher costs incurred in 2018 related to the integration of the operations of C1B and PBB which were partially offset by lower legal costs. Customer service costs for Banking increased $8.0 million in 2018 as compared to 2017 due primarily to increases in the earnings credit rates paid on the deposit balances, which reflect the increases in short term market rates during 2018 when compared to 2017. The $3.6 million increase in other expenses for Banking in 2018 when compared to 2017 were due to the higher acquisition costs, as the $3.8 million of acquisition costs related to the PBB acquisition in 2018 were higher than the $2.6 million of acquisition costs related to the C1B acquisition in 2017, and to additional activities related to the acquisitions, primarily amortization of core deposit intangibles and FDIC insurance.

The $1.2 million increase in noninterest expense for Wealth Management was due to salary increases, legal costs and increases in referral fees due to higher levels of AUM.

Our net income for 2017 was $27.6 million, as compared to $23.3 million for 2016. The primary sources of revenue for Banking are net interest income, fees from its deposits, trust and insurance services, gains on sales of loans, certain loan fees, and consulting fees. The primary sources of revenue for Wealth Management are asset management fees assessed on the balance of AUM. Compensation and benefit costs, which represent the largest component of noninterest expense, accounted for 53% and 78%, respectively, of the total noninterest expense for Banking and Wealth Management in 2017.

The following tables show key operating results for each of our business segments for the years ended December 31:

(dollars in thousands)		Banking			Wealth Management			Other				Total
2017:
Interest income	$		136,801	$		—	$		—		$		136,801
Interest expense			22,530			—			653				23,183
Net interest income			114,271			—			(653	)			113,618
Provision for loan losses			2,762			—			—				2,762
Noninterest income			16,016			23,556			(853	)			38,719
Noninterest expense			73,990			20,469			4,517				98,976
Income (loss) before taxes on income	$		53,535	$		3,087	$		(6,023	)	$		50,599
2016:
Interest income	$		100,642	$		—	$		—		$		100,642
Interest expense			11,193			—			—				11,193
Net interest income			89,449			—			—				89,449
Provision for loan losses			4,681			—			—				4,681
Noninterest income			13,832			21,348			(620	)			34,560
Noninterest expense			58,422			19,232			3,340				80,994
Income (loss) before taxes on income	$		40,178	$		2,116	$		(3,960	)	$		38,334

General. Our net income and income before taxes in 2017 were $27.6 million and $50.6 million, respectively, as compared to $23.3 million and $38.3 million, respectively, in 2016. The increase in income before taxes was the result of a $13.4 million increase in income before taxes for Banking and a $1.0 million increase in income before taxes for Wealth Management, which were partially offset by a $2.1 million increase in corporate expenses. The increase in Banking was due to higher net interest income, a lower provision for loan losses and higher noninterest income which were partially offset by higher noninterest expenses. The increase in Wealth Management was due to higher noninterest income which was partially offset by higher noninterest expense. Corporate interest expenses are related to the holding company line of credit which did not exist in 2016. Corporate noninterest expenses increased in 2017 by $1.2 million when compared to 2016 due to costs related to strategic activities, including the Company’s at the market stock offering and acquisition related activities, higher charitable contributions and other increases in costs, including legal and marketing.

Our effective tax rate for 2017 was 45.5% as compared to 39.2% for 2016, and as compared to a statutory rate of approximately 41.5%. In the fourth quarter of 2017, we recorded a $5.4 million tax charge, attributable to the remeasurement of the net deferred tax asset as a result of the reduced corporate tax rate under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act enacted in the fourth quarter of 2017. During 2017 and 2016, we realized 743 and 267 basis point reductions in our effective tax rate, respectively, related to excess tax benefits resulting from the exercise of stock awards.

Net Interest Income: The following tables set forth information regarding (i) the total dollar amount of interest income from interest-earning assets and the resultant average yields on those assets; (ii) the total dollar amount of interest expense and the average rate of interest on our interest-bearing liabilities; (iii) net interest income; (iv) net interest rate spread; and (v) net yield on interest-earning assets for the years ended December 31:

	2017							2016
(dollars in thousands)	Average Balances		Interest		Average Yield /Rate			Average Balances		Interest		Average Yield /Rate
Interest-earning assets:
Loans	$	3,277,530	$	121,707		3.71	%	$	2,263,292	$	85,080		3.76	%
Securities		498,198		12,407		2.49	%		525,480		12,781		2.43	%
FHLB stock, fed funds and deposits		95,941		2,687		2.80	%		64,626		2,781		4.30	%
Total interest-earning assets		3,871,669		136,801		3.53	%		2,853,398		100,642		3.53	%
Noninterest-earning assets:
Nonperforming assets		7,346							7,261
Other		32,227							33,696
Total assets	$	3,911,242						$	2,894,355
Interest-bearing liabilities:
Demand deposits	$	265,378		1,503		0.57	%	$	214,120		978		0.46	%
Money market and savings		1,033,174		8,256		0.80	%		704,644		4,663		0.66	%
Certificates of deposit		803,150		7,684		0.96	%		525,685		3,275		0.62	%
Total interest-bearing deposits		2,101,702		17,443		0.83	%		1,444,449		8,916		0.62	%
Borrowings		532,914		5,740		1.08	%		507,025		2,277		0.45	%
Total interest-bearing liabilities		2,634,616		23,183		0.88	%		1,951,474		11,193		0.57	%
Noninterest-bearing liabilities:
Demand deposits		943,749							650,956
Other liabilities		13,701							15,809
Total liabilities		3,592,066							2,618,239
Stockholders’ equity		319,176							276,116
Total liabilities and equity	$	3,911,242						$	2,894,355
Net Interest Income			$	113,618						$	89,449
Net Interest Rate Spread						2.65	%						2.96	%
Net Yield on Interest-earning Assets						2.93	%						3.13	%

Net interest income increased 27% from $89.4 million in 2016, to $113.6 million in 2017 because of a 36% increase in interest-earning assets, which was partially offset by a decrease in our net interest rate spread. The decrease in the net interest rate spread from 2.96% in 2016 to 2.65% in 2017 was due to an increase in the cost of interest-bearing liabilities. The yield on interest-earning assets was 3.53% for both 2017 and 2016 as a decrease in the yield on loans due to prepayments of higher yielding loans and the addition of loans at market rates in the latter half of 2016 which were lower than the then-current yield on our loan portfolio, were offset by an increase in the proportion of higher yielding loans to total assets in 2017. The cost of interest-bearing liabilities increased from 0.57% to 0.88% due to increased costs of interest-bearing deposits, resulting from increases in deposit market rates and increased costs of borrowings as the average rate on FHLB advances increased from 0.45% in 2016 to 0.99% in 2017. In addition, the Company borrowed on its holding company line of credit during 2017.

Provision for loan losses. The provision for loan losses represents our determination of the amount necessary to be charged against the current period’s earnings to maintain the ALLL at a level that is considered adequate in relation to the estimated losses inherent in the loan portfolio. The provision for loan losses is impacted by changes in loan balances as well as changes in estimated loss assumptions and charge-offs and recoveries. The amount of our provision for loan losses also takes into consideration such factors as changes in the nature and volume of the loan portfolio, overall portfolio quality, review of specific problem loans, current economic conditions and certain other subjective factors that may affect the ability of borrowers to meet their repayment obligations to us. For 2017 and 2016, we recorded provisions for loan losses of $2.8 million and $4.7 million, respectively. The lower provision for loan losses reflects improving credit trends in our loan portfolio. We realized $0.2 million and $0.1 million in recoveries in 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Noninterest income: Noninterest income for Banking includes fees charged to clients for trust services and deposit services, consulting fees, prepayment and late fees charged on loans, gain on sale of loans and REO, gains and losses from capital market activities and insurance commissions. The following table provides a breakdown of noninterest income for Banking for the years ended December 31:

Noninterest income in Banking increased $2.2 million from $13.8 million in 2016 to $16.0 million in 2017. Loan related fees, including loan servicing fees, were $1.7 million higher in 2017 as compared to 2016 due to increased balances of loans serviced for others and increased loan activity. In addition, trust fees increased $0.6 million due primarily to higher levels of AUM in the Bank’s trust operations. During 2017, we realized $7.0 million in gains on sales of loans as compared to $7.8 million in gains on the sale of multifamily loans and $1.0 million in losses from capital market activities during 2016.

The $2.2 million increase in noninterest income in Wealth Management in 2017 as compared to 2016 was primarily due to increases in asset management fees of 11%. The increases in asset management fees were primarily due to an 11% increase in the AUM balances used for computing the asset management fees in 2017, as compared to AUM balances used for computing the asset management fees in 2016.

Noninterest Expense: The following table provides a breakdown of noninterest expense for Banking and Wealth Management for the years ended December 31:

Noninterest expense in Banking increased from $58.4 million in 2016 to $74.0 million in 2017 due to $2.6 million of one-time costs related to the acquisition of C1B, increases in staffing and costs associated with the Bank’s expansion, including the acquisition of C1B and the growth of its balances of loans and deposits, which was partially offset by lower legal costs. Compensation and benefits for Banking increased $6.3 million or 19%, during 2017 as compared to 2016 as the number of FTE in Banking increased to 310.9 from 260.2 as a result of the increased staffing related to the C1B acquisition, the December 2016 acquisition of two banking offices and additional personnel added to support the growth in loans and deposits. The $3.3 million increase in occupancy and depreciation for Banking in 2017 as compared to 2016 was due to costs associated with our expansion into additional corporate space, the C1B acquisition, the December 2016 acquisition of two banking offices, the opening of new offices during 2016 and increases in our data processing costs due to increased volumes and the implementation of enhancements. Litigation related costs for Banking were $2.8 million lower in 2017 as compared to 2016 due to the reimbursement in 2017 from our insurance providers of $1.8 million of previously incurred legal costs and costs incurred for a trial in 2016. The $5.4 million increase in customer service costs were primarily related to the increases in noninterest demand deposits of large fiduciaries who manage complicated deposit relationships. The $3.2 million increase in other expenses in Banking in 2017 as compared to 2016 was due to $2.6 million of one-time costs related to the acquisition of C1B and a $0.4 million increase in FDIC insurance fees.

Noninterest expense in Wealth Management increased $1.2 million in 2017 as compared to 2016, primarily due to increases in compensation and benefits related to a 6% increase in FTE and cost of living increases.

The following table shows the financial position for each of our business segments, and of FFI and elimination entries used to arrive at our consolidated totals which are included in the column labeled Other, at December 31:

(dollars in thousands)	Banking		Wealth Management		Other and Eliminations			Total
2018:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	67,148	$	4,636	$	(4,472	)	$	67,312
Securities AFS		809,569		—		—			809,569
Loans Held For Sale		507,643		—		—			507,643
Loans, net		4,274,669		—		—			4,274,669
Premises and equipment		8,221		788		136			9,145
FHLB Stock		20,307		—		—			20,307
Deferred taxes		12,905		103		243			13,251
REO		815		—		—			815
Goodwill and Intangibles		99,482		—		—			99,482
Other assets		35,906		605		1,708			38,219
Total assets	$	5,836,665	$	6,132	$	(2,385	)	$	5,840,412
Deposits	$	4,544,168	$	—	$	(11,200	)	$	4,532,968
Borrowings		703,000		—		5,000			708,000
Intercompany balances		3,689		467		(4,156	)		—
Other liabilities		34,886		2,830		2,544			40,260
Shareholders’ equity		550,922		2,835		5,427			559,184
Total liabilities and equity	$	5,836,665	$	6,132	$	(2,385	)	$	5,840,412
2017:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	120,261	$	4,407	$	(4,274	)	$	120,394
Securities AFS		519,364		—		—			519,364
Loans Held For Sale		154,380		—		—			154,380
Loans, net		3,645,327		—		—			3,645,327
Premises and equipment		5,519		926		136			6,581
FHLB Stock		19,060		—		—			19,060
Deferred taxes		12,008		172		(37	)		12,143
REO		2,920		—		—			2,920
Goodwill and Intangibles		33,576		—		—			33,576
Other assets		25,521		179		1,740			27,440
Total assets	$	4,537,936	$	5,684	$	(2,435	)	$	4,541,185
Deposits	$	3,460,465	$	—	$	(16,938	)	$	3,443,527
Borrowings		628,000		—		50,000			678,000
Intercompany balances		3,301		643		(3,944	)		—
Other liabilities		18,646		2,970		3,091			24,707
Shareholders’ equity		427,524		2,071		(34,644	)		394,951
Total liabilities and equity	$	4,537,936	$	5,684	$	(2,435	)	$	4,541,185
2016:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	597,795	$	2,576	$	(2,425	)	$	597,946
Securities AFS		509,578		—		—			509,578
Loans Held For Sale		250,942		—		—			250,942
Loans, net		2,540,309		—		—			2,540,309
Premises and equipment		5,603		991		136			6,730
FHLB Stock		33,750		—		—			33,750
Deferred taxes		16,602		283		(74	)		16,811
REO		1,734		—		—			1,734
Goodwill and Intangibles		2,177		—		—			2,177
Other assets		13,270		445		1,711			15,426
Total assets	$	3,971,760	$	4,295	$	(652	)	$	3,975,403
Deposits	$	2,435,538	$	—	$	(8,743	)	$	2,426,795
Borrowings		1,250,000		—		—			1,250,000
Intercompany balances		3,019		539		(3,558	)		—
Other liabilities		11,670		2,744		(70	)		14,344

Our consolidated balance sheet is primarily affected by changes occurring in our Banking operations as our Wealth Management operations do not maintain significant levels of assets. Banking has experienced and is expected to continue to experience increases in its total assets as a result of our growth strategy.

During 2018, total assets increased by $1.3 billion primarily due to increases in loans, including the balances related to the PBB acquisition and securities. As a result of the PBB acquisition, we acquired $523 million in loans and $478 million in deposits. Loans and loans held for sale increased by $983 million as a result of the acquisition of PBB and $1.8 billion of originations which were partially offset by the sale of $676 million of multifamily loans and payoffs or scheduled payments of $712 million. Securities increased by $290 million as increases in market value and $366 million of purchases were partially offset by principal paydowns and sales of $91 million. Deposits increased by $1.1 billion as a result of the acquisition of PBB and increases in our branch deposits and wholesale deposits of $91 million and $790 million, respectively, while our specialty deposits decreased by $268 million as the Bank reduces its reliance on higher costing institutional deposits. Bank borrowings increased to $703 million at December 31, 2018 from $628 million at December 31, 2017. During the first quarter of 2018, the Company sold 0.6 million shares of its common stock through its at-the-market offering at an average price of $18.46 per share, generating net proceeds of $11.3 million. During the fourth quarter of 2018, the Company purchased 35,300 shares at a cost of $0.5 million under its stock repurchase program. At December 31, 2018, the outstanding balance on the holding company line of credit was $5 million as compared to $50 million at December 31, 2017.

Cash and cash equivalents, certificates of deposit and securities: Cash and cash equivalents, which primarily consist of funds held at the Federal Reserve Bank or at correspondent banks, including fed funds, decreased by $53 million during 2018. Changes in cash and cash equivalents are primarily affected by the funding of loans, investments in securities, and changes in our sources of funding: deposits, FHLB advances and FFI borrowings.

Securities available for sale: The following table provides a summary of the Company’s AFS securities portfolio at December 31:

	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized					Estimated Fair Value
(dollars in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Gains		Losses			Estimated Fair Value
2018:
Agency mortgage-backed securities	$	723,597	$	11,883	$	(13,811	)	$	721,669
Corporate bonds		54,000		638		(294	)		54,344
Beneficial interest – FHLMC securitization		32,143		1,736		(1,813	)		32,086
Other		1,458		15		(3	)		1,470
Total	$	811,198	$	14,292	$	(15,921	)	$	809,569
2017:
Agency mortgage-backed securities	$	471,131	$	287	$	(7,399	)	$	464,019
Corporate bonds		19,000		—		—			19,000
Beneficial interest – FHLMC securitization		35,930		1,811		(1,889	)		35,852
Other		499		—		(6	)		493
Total	$	526,560	$	2,098	$	(9,294	)	$	519,364
2016:
Agency mortgage-backed securities	$	476,163		160		(7,414	)		468,909
Beneficial interest – FHLMC securitization		42,028		711		(2,367	)		40,372
Other		300		—		(3	)		297
Total	$	518,491	$	871	$	(9,784	)	$	509,578

The US Treasury Securities are pledged as collateral to the State of California to meet regulatory requirements related to FFB’s trust operations.

The $290 million increase in AFS securities was due to $10 million of AFS securities acquired from PBB and the purchase of $366 million of AFS securities, which were partially offset by $81 million in principal payments, $10 million of sales of AFS securities and decreases in the market value of securities reflected in the mark to market of AFS securities. The $10 million increase in AFS securities in 2017 was due to $114 million of AFS securities acquired from C1B and the purchase of $29 million of AFS securities, which were partially offset by $74 million in principal payments, $62 million of sales of AFS securities and decreases in the market value of securities reflected in the mark to market of AFS securities.

The table below indicates, as of December 31, 2018, the gross unrealized losses and fair values of our investments, aggregated by investment category and length of time that the individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position.

Unrealized losses on agency notes and agency mortgage-backed securities have not been recognized into income because the issuer bonds are of high credit quality, management does not intend to sell and it is not more likely than not that management would be required to sell the securities prior to their anticipated recovery, and the decline in fair value is largely due to changes in interest rates. The fair value is expected to recover as the bonds approach maturity.

The scheduled maturities of securities AFS, other than agency mortgage backed securities, and the related weighted average yield is as follows as of December 31, 2018:

Agency mortgage backed securities and beneficial interests in FHLMC securitizations are excluded from the above table because such securities are not due at a single maturity date. The weighted average yield of the agency mortgage backed securities and beneficial interests in FHLMC securitizations as of December 31, 2018 was 2.91%.

Loans. The following table sets forth our loans, by loan category, as of December 31:

(dollars in thousands)	2018		2017		2016		2015		2014
Recorded investment balance:
Loans secured by real estate:
Residential properties:
Multifamily	$	1,956,935	$	1,935,429	$	1,178,003	$	627,311	$	481,491
Single family		904,828		645,816		602,886		533,257		360,644
Total real estate loans secured by residential properties		2,861,169		2,581,245		1,780,889		1,160,568		842,135
Commercial properties		869,169		696,748		476,959		358,791		205,320
Land		80,187		37,160		24,100		12,320		4,309
Total real estate loans		3,811,119		3,315,153		2,281,948		1,531,679		1,051,764
Commercial and industrial loans		449,805		310,779		237,941		196,584		93,537
Consumer loans		22,699		29,330		32,127		37,206		21,125
Total loans		4,283,623		3,655,262		2,552,016		1,765,469		1,166,426
Premiums, discounts and deferred fees and expenses		10,046		8,465		3,693		14		(34	)
Total	$	4,293,669	$	3,663,727	$	2,555,709	$	1,765,483	$	1,166,392

Loans and loans held for sale increased by $983 million in 2018 as a result of $1.8 billion of originations and $523 million of loans acquired from PBB, which were partially offset by the sale of $676 million of multifamily loans and payoffs or scheduled payments of $712 million. Loans and loans held for sale increased by $1.0 billion in 2017 as a result of $1.7 billion of originations,

$227 million of loans acquired from C1B and $8 million of purchases which were partially offset by the sale of $453 million of multifamily loans and payoffs or scheduled payments of $491 million.

The scheduled maturities, as of December 31, 2018, of the performing loans categorized as land loans and as commercial and industrial loans, are as follows:

Deposits: The following table sets forth information with respect to our deposits and the average rates paid on deposits, as of December 31:

The $1.1 billion increase in deposits during 2018 was due to $478 million of deposits acquired from PBB and increases in our branch deposits and wholesale deposits of $91 million and $790 million, respectively, while our specialty deposits decreased by $268. The $1.0 billion increase in deposits during 2017 was due to $412 million of deposits acquired from C1B and increases in our specialty deposits and banking office deposits of $267 million and $240 million, respectively.

The weighted average rate of interest-bearing deposits increased from 0.62% at December 31, 2016 to 0.83% at December 31, 2017, and to 1.34% at December 31, 2018, while the weighted average interest rates of both interest-bearing and noninterest-bearing deposits, increased from 0.45% at December 31, 2016, to 0.63% at December 31, 2017, and to 1.26% at December 31, 2018 as the increase in noninterest-bearing deposits as a percentage of total deposits has offset the impact of the increases in rates on interest-bearing deposits on our overall cost of deposits. The financial impact of the increase in noninterest-bearing deposits is reflected in customer service costs, which are included in noninterest expenses.

The maturities of our certificates of deposit of $100,000 or more were as follows as of December 31, 2018:

From time to time, the Bank will utilize brokered deposits as a source of funding. As of December 31, 2018, the Bank held $1.4 billion of deposits which are classified as brokered deposits.

Borrowings: At December 31, 2018, our borrowings consisted of $703 million of overnight FHLB advances at FFB and $5 million of borrowings on our holding company line of credit. At December 31, 2017, our borrowings consisted of $628 million of overnight FHLB advances at the Bank and $50 million of borrowings under our holding company line of credit. The overnight FHLB advances were paid in full in the early parts of January 2019 and January 2018, respectively. Because FFB utilizes overnight borrowings, the balance of outstanding borrowings fluctuates on a daily basis. The average balance of borrowings at the Bank during 2018 was $581 million, as compared to $519 million during 2017. The weighted average interest rate on these borrowings was 1.92% during 2018, as compared to 0.98% during 2017. The maximum amount of short-term FHLB advances outstanding at any month-end during 2018 and 2017, was $773 million, and $818 million, respectively.

Loans are considered past due following the date when either interest or principal is contractually due and unpaid. Loans on which the accrual of interest has been discontinued are designated as nonaccrual loans. Accrual of interest on loans is discontinued when reasonable doubt exists as to the full, timely collection of interest or principal and, generally, when a loan becomes contractually past due for 90 days or more with respect to principal or interest. However, the accrual of interest may be continued on a well-secured loan contractually past due 90 days or more with respect to principal or interest if the loan is in the process of collection or collection of the principal and interest is deemed probable. The following tables provide a summary of past due and nonaccrual loans as of December 31:

	Past Due and Still Accruing												Total Past Due and Nonaccrual			Current			Total
(dollars in thousands)	30–59 Days			60-89 Days			90 Days or More			Nonaccrual			Total Past Due and Nonaccrual			Current			Total
2018:
Real estate loans:
Residential properties	$	74		$	—		$	499		$	651		$	1,224			$	2,860,539		$	2,861,763
Commercial properties		440			117			—			1,607			2,164				867,005			869,169
Land		2,000			—			—			697			2,697				77,490			80,187
Commercial and industrial loans		12,541			300			536			8,559			21,936				427,869			449,805
Consumer loans		—			7			—			2			9				22,690			22,699
Total	$	15,055		$	424		$	1,035		$	11,516		$	28,030			$	4,255,593		$	4,283,623
Percentage of total loans		0.35	%		0.01	%		0.02	%		0.27	%		0.65	%
2017:
Real estate loans:
Residential properties	$	78		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	78			$	2,581,167		$	2,581,245
Commercial properties		—			—			1,320			1,742			3,062				693,686			696,748
Land		—			—			—			—			—				37,160			37,160
Commercial and industrial loans		—			—			789			9,617			10,406				300,373			310,779
Consumer loans		—			—			—			—			—				29,330			29,330
Total	$	78		$	—		$	2,109		$	11,359		$	13,546			$	3,641,716		$	3,655,262
Percentage of total loans		0.00	%		—	%		0.06	%		0.31	%		0.37	%
2016:
Real estate loans:
Residential properties	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	3,759		$	3,759			$	1,777,130		$	1,780,889
Commercial properties		—			—			2,128			1,120			3,248				473,711			476,959
Land		—			—			—			—			—				24,100			24,100
Commercial and industrial loans		—			2			3,800			3,359			7,161				230,780			237,941
Consumer loans		—			—			—			—			—				32,127			32,127
Total	$	—		$	2		$	5,928		$	8,238		$	14,168			$	2,537,848		$	2,552,016
Percentage of total loans		—	%		0.00	%		0.23	%		0.32	%		0.56	%

The following table presents the composition of troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”) by accrual and nonaccrual status as of:

These loans were classified as a TDR as a result of a reduction in required principal payments and/or an extension of the maturity date of the loans.

The following is a breakdown of our loan portfolio by the risk category of loans at December 31:

(dollars in thousands)	Pass		Special Mention		Substandard		Impaired		Total
2018:
Real estate loans:
Residential properties	$	2,857,666	$	3,446	$	—	$	651	$	2,861,763
Commercial properties		845,672		13,024		7,602		2,871		869,169
Land		78,681		—		809		697		80,187
Commercial and industrial loans		431,751		7,723		1,772		8,559		449,805
Consumer loans		22,699		—		—		—		22,699
Total	$	4,236,469	$	24,193	$	10,183	$	12,778	$	4,283,623
2017:
Real estate loans:
Residential properties	$	2,578,773	$	192	$	2,280	$	—	$	2,581,245
Commercial properties		680,449		6,326		5,936		4,037		696,748
Land		36,321		—		839		—		37,160
Commercial and industrial loans		298,408		865		2,107		9,399		310,779
Consumer loans		29,330		—		—		—		29,330
Total	$	3,623,281	$	7,383	$	11,162	$	13,436	$	3,655,262
2016:
Real estate loans:
Residential properties	$	1,773,296	$	1,500	$	—	$	6,093	$	1,780,889
Commercial properties		470,484		1,913		2,414		2,148		476,959
Land		24,100		—		—		—		24,100
Commercial and industrial loans		219,676		3,625		13,887		753		237,941
Consumer loans		32,137		—		—		—		32,127
Total	$	2,519,683	$	7,038	$	16,301	$	8,994	$	2,552,016
2015:
Real estate loans:
Residential properties	$	1,159,029	$	1,539	$	—	$	—	$	1,160,568
Commercial properties		351,988		174		354		6,275		358,791
Land		11,180		—		1,140		—		12,320
Commercial and industrial loans		180,755		4,977		5,165		5,687		196,584
Consumer loans		37,130		—		—		76		37,206
Total	$	1,740,082	$	6,690	$	6,659	$	12,038	$	1,765,469
2014:
Real estate loans:
Residential properties	$	841,538	$	554	$	—	$	43	$	842,135
Commercial properties		198,112		1,266		200		5,742		205,320
Land		4,309		—		—		—		4,309
Commercial and industrial loans		81,067		5,276		1,559		5,635		93,537
Consumer loans		20,962		—		47		116		21,125
Total	$	1,145,988	$	7,096	$	1,806	$	11,536	$	1,166,426

We consider a loan to be impaired when, based upon current information and events, we believe that it is probable that we will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan. We measure impairment using either the

present value of the expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate, or the fair value of the properties collateralizing the loan, for collateral dependent loans. Impairment losses are included in the allowance for loan losses through a charge to provision for loan losses. Adjustments to impairment losses due to changes in the fair value of the property collateralizing an impaired loan are considered in computing the provision for loan losses. Loans collectively reviewed for impairment include all loans except for loans which are individually reviewed based on specific criteria, such as delinquency, debt coverage, adequacy of collateral and condition of property collateralizing the loans. Impaired loans include nonaccrual loans (excluding those collectively reviewed for impairment), certain restructured loans and certain performing loans less than ninety days delinquent (“other impaired loans”) which we believe are not likely to be collected in accordance with contractual terms of the loans.

In 2017, 2015, and 2012 we purchased loans, for which there was, at acquisition, evidence of deterioration of credit quality since origination and it was probable, at acquisition, that all contractually required payments would not be collected. The carrying amount of these purchased credit impaired loans is as follows at December 31:

Allowance for Loan Losses. The following table summarizes the activity in our ALLL for the year ended December 31:

(dollars in thousands)	Beginning Balance		Provision for Loan Losses			Charge-offs			Recoveries		Ending Balance
2018:
Real estate loans:
Residential properties	$	9,715	$	(499	)	$	—		$	—	$	9,216
Commercial properties		4,399		359			(211	)		—		4,547
Land and construction		395		(4	)		—			—		391
Commercial and industrial loans		3,624		4,413			(3,978	)		569		4,628
Consumer loans		267		(49	)		—			—		218
Total	$	18,400	$	4,220		$	(4,189	)	$	569	$	19,000
2017:
Real estate loans:
Residential properties	$	6,669	$	3,046		$	—		$	—	$	9,715
Commercial properties		2,983		1,416			—			—		4,399
Land and construction		233		162			—			—		395
Commercial and industrial loans		5,227		(1,841	)		—			238		3,624
Consumer loans		288		(21	)		—			—		267
Total	$	15,400	$	2,762		$	—		$	238	$	18,400
2016:
Real estate loans:
Residential properties	$	6,799	$	(130	)	$	—		$	—	$	6,669
Commercial properties		1,813		1,051			(50	)		169		2,983
Land and construction		103		130			—			—		233
Commercial and industrial loans		1,649		3,578			—			—		5,227
Consumer loans		236		52			—			—		288
Total	$	10,600	$	4,681		$	(50	)	$	169	$	15,400
2015:
Real estate loans:
Residential properties	$	6,546	$	253		$	—		$	—	$	6,799
Commercial properties		1,499		624			(310	)		—		1,813
Land and construction		67		36			—			—		103
Commercial and industrial loans		1,897		1,665			(1,913	)		—		1,649
Consumer loans		141		95			—			—		236
Total	$	10,150	$	2,673		$	(2,223	)	$	—	$	10,600
2014:
Real estate loans:
Residential properties	$	6,135	$	411		$	—		$	—	$	6,546
Commercial properties		1,425		74			—			—		1,499
Land and construction		37		30			—			—		67
Commercial and industrial loans		2,149		(252	)		—			—		1,897
Consumer loans		169		(28	)		—			—		141
Total	$	9,915	$	235		$	—		$	—	$	10,150

Excluding the loans acquired in an acquisition and any related allocated ALLL, our ALLL as a percentage of total loans was 0.51% and 0.54% as of December 31, 2018, and December 31, 2017, respectively.

The amount of the ALLL is adjusted periodically by charges to operations (referred to in our income statement as the “provision for loan losses”) (i) to replenish the ALLL after it has been reduced due to loan write-downs or charge-offs, (ii) to reflect increases in the volume of outstanding loans, and (iii) to take account of changes in the risk of potential loan losses due to a deterioration in the condition of borrowers, or in the value of property securing non–performing loans, or adverse changes in economic conditions. The amounts of the provisions we make for loan losses are based on our estimate of losses in our loan portfolio. In estimating such losses, we use economic and loss migration models that are based on bank regulatory guidelines and industry standards, and our historical charge-off experience and loan delinquency rates, local and national economic conditions, a borrower’s ability to repay its borrowings, and the value of any property collateralizing the loan, as well as a number of subjective factors. However, these determinations involve judgments about changes and trends in current economic conditions and other events that can affect the ability of borrowers to meet their loan obligations to us and a weighting among the quantitative and qualitative factors we consider in determining the sufficiency of the ALLL. Moreover, the duration and anticipated effects of prevailing economic conditions

or trends can be uncertain and can be affected by a number of risks and circumstances that are outside of our control. If changes in economic or market conditions or unexpected subsequent events were to occur, or if changes were made to bank regulatory guidelines or industry standards that are used to assess the sufficiency of the ALLL, it could become necessary for us to incur additional, and possibly significant, charges to increase the ALLL, which would have the effect of reducing our income.

In addition, the FDIC and the DBO, as an integral part of their examination processes, periodically review the adequacy of our ALLL. These agencies may require us to make additional provisions for loan losses, over and above the provisions that we have already made, the effect of which would be to reduce our income.

The following table presents the balance in the ALLL and the recorded investment in loans by impairment method at December 31:

(dollars in thousands)		Allowance for Loan Losses								Unaccreted Credit Component Other Loans
	Evaluated for Impairment					Purchased Impaired		Total
	Individually		Collectively			Purchased Impaired		Total
2018:
Allowance for loan losses:
Real estate loans:
Residential properties	$	—	$	9,216		$	—	$	9,216	$	1,724
Commercial properties		126		4,421			—		4,547		1,779
Land		—		391			—		391		84
Commercial and industrial loans		290		4,338			—		4,628		633
Consumer loans		—		218			—		218		3
Total	$	416	$	18,584		$	—	$	19,000	$	4,223
Loans:
Real estate loans:
Residential properties	$	651	$	2,861,112		$	—	$	2,861,763	$	241,698
Commercial properties		2,871		860,835			5,463		869,169		275,516
Land		697		78,681			809		80,187		41,132
Commercial and industrial loans		8,559		440,437			809		449,805		61,183
Consumer loans		—		22,699			—		22,699		366
Total	$	12,778	$	4,263,764		$	7,081	$	4,283,623	$	619,895
2017:
Allowance for loan losses:
Real estate loans:
Residential properties	$	—	$	9,715		$	—	$	9,715	$	248
Commercial properties		—		4,399			—		4,399		1,449
Land		—		395			—		395		4
Commercial and industrial loans		909		2,715			—		3,624		1,204
Consumer loans		—		267			—		267		100
Total	$	909	$	17,491		$	—	$	18,400	$	3,005
Loans:
Real estate loans:
Residential properties	$	—	$	2,581,245		$	—	$	2,581,245	$	26,605
Commercial properties		4,037		691,632			1,079		696,748		168,057
Land		—		(837	)		837		—		167
Commercial and industrial loans		9,399		299,539			1,841		310,779		62,849
Consumer loans		—		29,330			—		29,330		2,899
Total	$	13,436	$	3,600,909		$	3,757	$	3,618,102	$	260,577

(dollars in thousands)		Allowance for Loan Losses							Unaccreted Credit Component Other Loans
	Evaluated for Impairment				Purchased Impaired		Total
	Individually		Collectively		Purchased Impaired		Total
2016:
Allowance for loan losses:
Real estate loans:
Residential properties	$	—	$	6,669	$	—	$	6,669	$	128
Commercial properties		—		2,983		—		2,983		136
Land		—		233		—		233		2
Commercial and industrial loans		—		5,227		—		5,227		147
Consumer loans		—		288		—		288		19
Total	$	—	$	15,400	$	—	$	15,400	$	432
Loans:
Real estate loans:
Residential properties	$	6,093	$	1,774,796	$	—	$	1,780,889	$	12,373
Commercial properties		2,148		474,634		177		476,959		24,796
Land		—		24,100		—		24,100		437
Commercial and industrial loans		753		233,992		3,196		237,941		20,165
Consumer loans		—		32,127		—		32,127		1,266
Total	$	8,994	$	2,539,649	$	3,373	$	2,552,016	$	59,037
2015:
Allowance for loan losses:
Real estate loans:
Residential properties	$	—	$	6,799	$	—	$	6,799	$	127
Commercial properties		30		1,783		—		1,813		363
Land		—		103		—		103		42
Commercial and industrial loans		—		1,649		—		1,649		187
Consumer loans		—		236		—		236		13
Total	$	30	$	10,570	$	—	$	10,600	$	732
Loans:
Real estate loans:
Residential properties	$	—	$	1,160,568	$	—	$	1,160,568	$	7,747
Commercial properties		6,275		352,162		354		358,791		43,287
Land		—		11,180		1,140		12,320		4,267
Commercial and industrial loans		5,687		185,732		5,165		196,584		28,231
Consumer loans		76		37,130		—		37,206		1,761
Total	$	12,038	$	1,746,772	$	6,659	$	1,765,469	$	85,293
2014:
Allowance for loan losses:
Real estate loans:
Residential properties	$	—	$	6,586	$	—	$	6,586	$	26
Commercial properties		26		1,500		—		1,526		193
Land		—		—		—		—		4
Commercial and industrial loans		686		1,211		—		1,897		45
Consumer loans		—		141		—		141		—
Total	$	712	$	9,438	$	—	$	10,150	$	268
Loans:
Real estate loans:
Residential properties	$	43	$	842,092	$	—	$	842,135	$	2,861
Commercial properties		5,742		199,378		200		205,320		21,126
Land		—		4,309		—		4,309		1,099
Commercial and industrial loans		5,635		86,343		1,559		93,537		5,893
Consumer loans	$	116		20,962		47		21,125		8
Total		11,536	$	1,153,084	$	1,806	$	1,166,426	$	30,987

The column labeled “Unaccreted Credit Component Other Loans” represents the amount of unaccreted credit component discount for the other loans acquired in the DCB and PRB acquisitions, and the stated principal balance of the related loans. The discount is equal to 0.74% and 1.15% of the stated principal balance of these loans as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. In addition to this unaccreted credit component discount, an additional $0.4 million and $0.2 million of the ALLL were provided for these loans as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Liquidity management focuses on our ability to generate, on a timely and cost-effective basis, cash sufficient to meet the funding needs of current loan demand, deposit withdrawals, principal and interest payments with respect to outstanding borrowings and to pay operating expenses. Our liquidity management is both a daily and long-term function of funds management. Liquid assets are generally invested in marketable securities or held as cash at the FRBSF or other financial institutions.

We monitor our liquidity in accordance with guidelines established by our Board of Directors and applicable regulatory requirements. Our need for liquidity is affected by our loan activity, net changes in deposit levels and the maturities of our borrowings. The principal sources of our liquidity consist of deposits, loan interest and principal payments and prepayments, investment management and consulting fees, FHLB advances and proceeds from borrowings and sales of FFI common stock. The remaining balances of the Company’s lines of credit available to draw down totaled $1.5 billion at December 31, 2018.

Cash Flows Provided by Operating Activities. During the year ended December 31, 2018 operating activities provided net cash of $51 million, comprised primarily of our net income of $43 million and $4 million increase in other liabilities. During the year ended December 31, 2017 operating activities provided net cash of $38 million, comprised primarily of our net income of $28 million and $5 million change in deferred tax benefits.

Cash Flows Used in Investing Activities. During the year ended December 31, 2018, investing activities used net cash of $680 million, primarily to fund a $1.1 billion net increase in loans and $366 million in purchases of securities AFS, offset partially by $674 million in proceeds from loan sales, $48 million in cash received from the PBB acquisition, and $81 million in principal colllections of securities AFS. During the year ended December 31, 2017, investing activities used net cash of $569 million, primarily to fund a $1.2 billion net increase in loans and a $10 million net increase in securities AFS, offset partially by $450 million in proceeds from loan sales, $91 million in cash received from the C1B acquisition, and $17 million in proceeds from sales of FHLB Stock.

Cash Flow Provided by Financing Activities. During the year ended December 31, 2018, financing activities provided net cash of $575 million, consisting primarily of a net increase of $612 million in deposits and $14 million in proceeds from the sale of stock, offset partially by a net decrease of $45 million in borrowings. During the year ended December 31, 2017, financing activities provided net cash of $54 million, consisting primarily of a net increase of $605 million in deposits, $50 million increase in borrowings, and $28 million proceeds from the sale of stock, offset partially by a net decrease of $622 million in FHLB advances.

Ratio of Loans to Deposits. The relationship between gross loans and total deposits can provide a useful measure of a bank’s liquidity. Since repayment of loans tends to be less predictable than the maturity of investments and other liquid resources, the higher the loan-to-deposit ratio the less liquid are our assets. On the other hand, since we realize greater yields on loans than we do on other interest-earning assets, a lower loan-to-deposit ratio can adversely affect interest income and earnings. As a result, our goal is to achieve a loan-to-deposit ratio that appropriately balances the requirements of liquidity and the need to generate a fair return on our assets. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, the loan-to-deposit ratios at FFB were 106%, and 111%, respectively.

The following table summarizes the indicated contractual obligations of the Company as of the December 31, 2018:

The following table provides the off-balance sheet arrangements of the Company as of December 31, 2018:

Some of the commitments to fund existing loans, lines of credit and letters of credit are expected to expire without being drawn upon. Therefore, the total commitments do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. As of December 31, 2018, FFB was obligated on $198 million of letters of credit to the FHLB which were being used as collateral for public fund deposits, including $163 million of deposits from the State of California.

Interest rate risk is inherent in financial services businesses. Management of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities in terms of rate and maturity has an important effect on our liquidity and net interest margin. Interest rate risk results from interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities maturing or repricing at different times, on a different basis or in unequal amounts. The Board of Directors of FFB approves policies and limits governing the management of interest rate risk. The asset / liability committee formed by these policies is responsible for monitoring our interest rate risk and providing periodic reports to the Board of Directors regarding our compliance with these policies and limits. We have established three primary measurement processes to quantify and manage our interest rate risk. These include: (i) gap analysis which measures the repricing mismatches of asset and liability cash flows; (ii) net interest income simulations which are used to measure the impact of instantaneous parallel changes in interest rates on net interest income over a 12 month forecast period; and (iii) economic value of equity calculations which measure the sensitivity of our economic value of equity to simultaneous parallel changes in interest rates.

Gap Analysis. Under this analysis, rate sensitivity is measured by the extent to which our interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities reprice or mature at different times. Rate sensitivity gaps in which the repricing of interest-earning assets exceed the repricing of interest-bearing liabilities tend to produce an expanded net yield on interest-earning assets in rising interest rate environments and a reduced net yield on interest-earning assets in declining interest rate environments. Conversely, when the repricing of interest-bearing liabilities exceed the repricing of interest-earning assets, the net yield on interest-earning assets generally declines in rising interest rate environments and increases in declining interest rate environments. The following table sets forth the interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities on the basis of when they reprice or mature as of December 31, 2018:

(dollars in thousands)	Less than 1 year			From 1 to 3 Years			From 3 to 5 Years			Over 5 Years		Total
Interest-earnings assets:
Cash equivalents	$	33,231		$	—		$	—		$	—	$	33,231
Securities, FHLB stock		417,929			104,200			133,541			176,727		832,397
Loans		1,115,720			1,350,524			1,266,870			1,068,198		4,801,312
Interest-bearing liabilities:
Deposits:
Interest-bearing checking		(317,380	)		—			—			—		(317,380	)
Money market and savings		(1,190,717	)		—			—			—		(1,190,717	)
Certificates of deposit		(1,816,085	)		(132,533	)		(1,592	)		—		(1,950,210	)
Borrowings		(703,000	)		(5,000	)		—			—		(708,000	)
Net: Current Period	$	(2,460,302	)	$	1,317,191		$	1,398,819		$	1,244,925	$	1,500,633
Net: Cumulative	$	(2,460,302	)	$	(1,143,111	)	$	255,708		$	1,500,633

The cumulative positive total of $1.5 billion reflects the funding provided by noninterest-bearing deposits and equity. Because we had a $2.5 billion net negative position at December 31, 2018 for the repricing period of less than one year, the result of this analysis indicate that we would be adversely impacted by a short term increase in interest rates and would benefit from a short term decrease in interest rates.

However, the extent to which our net interest margin will be impacted by changes in prevailing interest rates will depend on a number of factors, including how quickly interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities react to interest rate changes. It is not uncommon for rates on certain assets or liabilities to lag behind changes in the market rates of interest. Additionally, prepayments of loans and early withdrawals of certificates of deposit could cause interest sensitivities to vary. As a result, the relationship or “gap” between interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, as shown in the above table, is only a general indicator of interest rate sensitivity and the effect of changing rates of interest on our net interest income is likely to be different from that predicted solely on the basis of the interest rate sensitivity analysis set forth in the above table.

Net Interest Income Simulations (“NII”). Under this analysis, we use a simulation model to measure and evaluate potential changes in our net interest income resulting from changes in interest rates. This model measures the impact of instantaneous shocks of 100, 200, 300 and 400 basis points on our net interest income over a 12 month forecast period. The computed changes to our net interest income between hypothetical rising and declining rate scenarios for the twelve month period beginning December 31, 2018 are as follows:

We did not include scenarios below the minus 200 basis point scenario because we believe those scenarios are not meaningful based on current interest rate levels. The NII results indicate that we would be adversely impacted by a short term increase in interest rates and would benefit from a short term decrease in interest rates. The results of the NII are hypothetical, and a variety of factors might cause actual results to differ substantially from what is depicted. These could include, but are not limited to, non-parallel yield curve shifts, changes in market interest rate spreads and the actual reaction to changes in interest rate levels of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. It is not uncommon for rates on certain assets or liabilities to lag behind changes in the market

rates of interest. Additionally, prepayments of loans and early withdrawals of certificates of deposit could cause interest sensitivities to vary.

Economic Value of Equity Calculations (“EVE”). The EVE measures the sensitivity of our market value equity to simultaneous changes in interest rates. EVE is derived by subtracting the economic value of FFB’s liabilities from the economic value of its assets, assuming current and hypothetical interest rate environments. EVE is based on all of the future cash flows expected to be generated by the FFB’s current balance sheet, discounted to derive the economic value of FFB’s assets & liabilities. These cash flows may change depending on the assumed interest rate environment and the resulting changes in other assumptions, such as prepayment speeds. The computed changes to our economic value of equity between hypothetical rising and declining rate scenarios as of December 31, 2018 are as follows:

We did not include scenarios below the minus 200 basis point scenario because we believe those scenarios are not meaningful based on current interest rate levels. The EVE results indicate that we would be adversely impacted by a short term increase in interest rates and a short term decrease in interest rates. This differs from the NII results because, in the current interest rate environment, assumed interest rate floors for loans eliminates the benefit normally derived for loans in a declining interest rate environment. The results of the EVE are hypothetical, and a variety of factors might cause actual results to differ substantially from what is depicted. These could include, but are not limited to, non-parallel yield curve shifts, changes in market interest rate spreads and the actual reaction to changes in interest rate levels of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. It is not uncommon for rates on certain assets or liabilities to lag behind changes in the market rates of interest. Additionally, prepayments of loans and early withdrawals of certificates of deposit could cause interest sensitivities to vary.

The results of these analyses and simulations do not contemplate all of the actions that we may undertake in response to changes in interest rates. In response to actual or anticipated changes in interest rates, we have various alternatives for managing and reducing FFB’s exposure to interest rate risk, such as entering into hedges and obtaining long-term fixed rate FHLB advances.

The New Capital Rules became effective on January 1, 2015, with certain of their provisions phased-in over a several years through January 1, 2019. The New Capital Rules apply to United States based bank holding companies and federally insured depository institutions and require the Company (on a consolidated basis) and FFB (on a stand-alone basis) to meet specific capital adequacy requirements that, for the most part, involve quantitative measures, primarily in terms of the ratios of their capital to their assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance sheet items, calculated under regulatory accounting practices. For additional information regarding these New Capital Rules, see Item 1 “Business —Supervision and Regulation—Capital Requirements Applicable to Banks and Bank Holding Companies” in Part I above

In addition, prompt correct action regulations place a federally insured depository institution, such as FFB, into one of five capital categories on the basis of its capital ratios: (i) well capitalized; (ii) adequately capitalized; (iii) undercapitalized; (iv) significantly undercapitalized; or (v) critically undercapitalized. A depository institution’s primary federal regulatory agency may determine that, based on certain qualitative assessments, the depository institution should be assigned to a lower capital category than the one indicated by its capital ratios. At each successive lower capital category, a depository institution is subject to greater operating restrictions and increased regulatory supervision by its federal bank regulatory agency.

The following table sets forth the capital and capital ratios of FFI (on a consolidated basis) and FFB (on a stand-alone basis) as of the respective dates and as compared to the respective regulatory requirements applicable to them:

	Actual					For Capital Adequacy Purposes					To Be Well Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Provisions
(dollars in thousands)	Amount		Ratio			Amount		Ratio			Amount		Ratio
FFI
December 31, 2018
CET1 capital ratio	$	460,600		10.67	%	$	194,179		4.50	%
Tier 1 leverage ratio		460,600		8.39	%		219,694		4.00	%
Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio		460,600		10.67	%		258,906		6.00	%
Total risk-based capital ratio		481,476		11.16	%		345,207		8.00	%
December 31, 2017
CET1 capital ratio	$	366,236		11.99	%	$	137,435		4.50	%
Tier 1 leverage ratio		366,236		8.44	%		173,514		4.00	%
Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio		366,236		11.99	%		183,246		6.00	%
Total risk-based capital ratio		385,236		12.61	%		244,328		8.00	%
December 31, 2016
CET1 capital ratio	$	285,754		12.80	%	$	100,432		4.50	%
Tier 1 leverage ratio		285,754		8.76	%		130,525		4.00	%
Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio		285,754		12.80	%		133,910		6.00	%
Total risk-based capital ratio		301,664		13.52	%		178,547		8.00	%
FFB
December 31, 2018
CET1 capital ratio	$	453,248		10.51	%	$	194,058		4.50	%	$	280,306		6.50	%
Tier 1 leverage ratio		453,248		8.26	%		219,568		4.00	%		274,461		5.00	%
Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio		453,248		10.51	%		258,744		6.00	%		344,992		8.00	%
Total risk-based capital ratio		474,124		10.99	%		344,992		8.00	%		431,240		10.00	%
December 31, 2017
CET1 capital ratio	$	398,709		13.07	%	$	137,290		4.50	%	$	198,308		6.50	%
Tier 1 leverage ratio		398,709		9.20	%		173,363		4.00	%		216,703		5.00	%
Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio		398,709		13.07	%		183,053		6.00	%		244,071		8.00	%
Total risk-based capital ratio		417,709		13.69	%		244,071		8.00	%		305,089		10.00	%
December 31, 2016
CET1 capital ratio	$	272,221		12.23	%	$	100,166		4.50	%	$	144,685		6.50	%
Tier 1 leverage ratio		272,221		8.36	%		130,305		4.00	%		162,881		5.00	%
Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio		272,221		12.23	%		133,555		6.00	%		178,074		8.00	%
Total risk-based capital ratio		288,131		12.94	%		178,074		8.00	%		222,592		10.00	%

As of each of the dates set forth in the above table, the Company exceeded the minimum required capital ratios applicable to it and FFB’s capital ratios exceeded the minimums necessary to qualify as a well-capitalized depository institution under the prompt corrective action regulations. The required ratios for capital adequacy set forth in the above table do not include the New Capital Rules’ additional capital conservation buffer, though each of the Company and FFB maintained capital ratios necessary to satisfy the capital conservation buffer requirements as of the dates indicated.

As of December 31, 2018, the amount of capital at FFB in excess of amounts required to be well capitalized for purposes of the prompt corrective action regulations was $173 million for the CET1 capital ratio, $179 million for the Tier 1 Leverage Ratio, $108 million for the Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio and $43 million for the Total risk-based capital ratio.

During the year ended December 31, 2017, FFI made capital contributions to FFB of $65 million. As of December 31, 2018, FFI had $15.8 million of available capital and, therefore, has the ability and financial resources to contribute additional capital to FFB, if needed.

On January 29, 2019, the Board of Directors declared an initial quarterly cash dividend of $0.05 per common share to be paid on March 15, 2019 to stockholders of record as of the close of business on March 1, 2019. It is our current intention to continue to pay quarterly dividends. The amount and declaration of future cash dividends are subject to approval by our Board of Directors and certain regulatory restrictions which are discussed in Item 1 “Business—Supervision and Regulation—Dividends and Stock Repurchases” in Part I above. Additionally, under the terms of the holding company line of credit agreement, FFI may only declare and pay a dividend

if the total amount of dividends and stock repurchases during the current twelve months does not exceed 50% of FFI’s net income for the same twelve month period. We did not pay dividends in 2018 or 2017.

We had no material commitments for capital expenditures as of December 31, 2018. However, we intend to take advantage of opportunities that may arise in the future to grow our businesses, which may include opening additional offices or acquiring complementary businesses that we believe will provide us with attractive risk-adjusted returns. As a result, we may seek to obtain additional borrowings and to sell additional shares of our common stock to raise funds which we might need for these purposes. There is no assurance, however, that, if required, we will succeed in obtaining additional borrowings or selling additional shares of our common stock on terms that are acceptable to us, if at all, as this will depend on market conditions and other factors outside of our control, as well as our future results of operations. See Item 1A – “Risk Factors” in Part I above for information regarding the impact that future sales of our common stock may have on the share ownership of our existing stockholders.

On February 16, 2017, the Company and the Bank entered into an Equity Distribution Agreement (the “Distribution Agreement”) with FBR Capital Markets & Co., Raymond James & Associates, Inc., Sandler O’Neill & Partners, L.P., and D.A. Davidson & Co. (collectively, the “Distribution Agents”) to sell shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.001 per share (the “ATM Shares”), having an aggregate offering price of up to $80 million, from time to time, through an “at-the-market” equity offering program (the “ATM Program”). The sales of the ATM Shares may be made in negotiated transactions or other transactions that are deemed to be “at-the-market offerings” as defined in Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933. The Company has no obligation to sell any of the ATM Shares under the Distribution Agreement, and may at any time suspend sales of the ATM Shares under the Distribution Agreement.

The Company has agreed to pay the Distribution Agents commissions for their services in acting as agent in the sale of ATM Shares, and the Company advanced $90,000 to the Distribution Agents for their out-of-pocket legal fees incurred in connection with the ATM Program. The Distribution Agents are entitled to compensation at a commission rate equal to 2.0% of the gross proceeds from the sale of ATM Shares pursuant to the Distribution Agreement; provided, however, that the compensation payable to each Distribution Agent upon the sale of ATM Shares pursuant to the Distribution Agreement will be reduced by $22,500 in a manner such that no compensation will be paid to a Distribution Agent until the amount of the commission earned by such Distribution Agent exceeds $22,500. The Distribution Agreement contains representations and warranties and covenants that are customary for transactions of this type. In addition, the Company has agreed to indemnify the Distribution Agents against certain liabilities on customary terms, subject to limitations on such arrangements imposed by applicable law and regulation.

During the second quarter of 2017, we commenced sales of common stock through the ATM Program. During 2017, we sold 1,382,506 shares of common stock through the ATM Program, realizing $22.8 million in net proceeds. The details of the shares of common stock sold through the ATM Program during 2018 are as follows:

As of December 31, 2018, the remaining dollar value of common stock we had available to sell under the ATM Program was $45.2 million. As required by SEC rules, we will not resume sales under the ATM Program while we are purchasing shares of our common stock under our stock repurchase program.

For quantitative and qualitative disclosures regarding market risk in the Company’s portfolio, please see Item 7 “Management’s Discussion and Analysis—Asset and Liability Management: Interest Rate Risk” in Part II above.

Opinions on the Consolidated Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of First Foundation, Inc. and Subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the related consolidated income statements and statements of comprehensive income, changes in shareholders' equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "financial statements").

We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework: (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).

In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2018 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework: (2013) issued by COSO.

The Company's management is responsible for these financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements and an opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB") and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audits of the financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.

A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

	December 31,
	2018			2017
ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents	$	67,312		$	120,394
Securities available-for-sale (“AFS”)		809,569			519,364
Loans held for sale		507,643			154,380

Loans, net of deferred fees		4,293,669			3,663,727
Allowance for loan and lease losses (“ALLL”)		(19,000	)		(18,400	)
Net loans		4,274,669			3,645,327

Premises and equipment, net		9,145			6,581
Investment in FHLB stock		20,307			19,060
Deferred taxes		13,251			12,143
Real estate owned (“REO”)		815			2,920
Goodwill and intangibles		99,482			33,576
Other assets		38,219			27,440
Total Assets	$	5,840,412		$	4,541,185

LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Liabilities:
Deposits	$	4,532,968		$	3,443,527
Borrowings		708,000			678,000
Accounts payable and other liabilities		40,260			24,707
Total Liabilities		5,281,228			4,146,234
Commitments and contingencies		—			—
Shareholders’ Equity
Common Stock, par value $.001: 70,000,000 shares authorized; 44,496,007 and 38,207,766 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively		44			38
Additional paid-in-capital		431,832			314,501
Retained earnings		128,461			85,503
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss), net of tax		(1,153	)		(5,091	)
Total Shareholders’ Equity		559,184			394,951
Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity	$	5,840,412		$	4,541,185

	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017		2016
Interest income:
Loans	$	186,211	$	121,707	$	85,080
Securities		16,855		12,407		12,781
FHLB stock, fed funds sold and interest-bearing deposits		4,240		2,687		2,781
Total interest income		207,306		136,801		100,642
Interest expense:
Deposits		38,776		17,443		8,916
Borrowings		12,920		5,740		2,277
Total interest expense		51,696		23,183		11,193
Net interest income		155,610		113,618		89,449
Provision for loan losses		4,220		2,762		4,681
Net interest income after provision for loan losses		151,390		110,856		84,768
Noninterest income:
Asset management, consulting and other fees		28,748		26,710		24,384
Gain on sale of loans		419		7,029		7,812
Loss on capital market activities		—		—		(1,043	)
Other income		6,604		4,980		3,407
Total noninterest income		35,771		38,719		34,560
Noninterest expense:
Compensation and benefits		67,508		56,558		48,574
Occupancy and depreciation		19,779		15,396		11,978
Professional services and marketing costs		8,583		7,687		9,825
Customer service costs		15,077		7,041		1,679
Other expenses		16,128		12,294		8,938
Total noninterest expense		127,075		98,976		80,994
Income before taxes on income		60,086		50,599		38,334
Taxes on income		17,128		23,017		15,031
Net income	$	42,958	$	27,582	$	23,303
Net income per share:
Basic	$	1.02	$	0.80	$	0.72
Diluted	$	1.01	$	0.78	$	0.70
Shares used in computation:
Basic		42,092,361		34,482,630		32,365,800
Diluted		42,567,108		35,331,059		33,471,816

	Common Stock					Additional Paid-in- Capital			Retained Earnings		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Total
	Number of Shares			Amount
	Number of Shares			Amount
Balance: December 31, 2015		31,961,052			16		227,262			33,762		(1,304	)		259,736
Net income		—			—		—			23,303		—			23,303
Other comprehensive loss		—			—		—			—		(3,941	)		(3,941	)
Stock based compensation		—			—		899			—		—			899
Issuance of common stock:
Exercise of options		690,592			—		4,267			—		—			4,267
Issuance of restricted stock		67,988			—		—			—		—			—
Balance: December 31, 2016		32,719,632			16		232,428			57,065		(5,245	)		284,264
Effect of stock split		—			17		(17	)		—		—			—
Net income		—			—		—			27,582		—			27,582
Other comprehensive income
Other Comprehensive Income		—			—		—			—		1,010			1,010
Reclassification of Stranded Tax Effects		—			—		—			856		(856	)		—
Stock based compensation		—			—		1,838			—		—			1,838
Issuance of common stock:
Exercise of options		1,072,000			1		5,546			—		—			5,547
Stock grants – vesting of RSUs		78,005			—		—			—		—			—
Stock issued in acquisition		2,955,623			3		51,868			—		—			51,871
Capital raise		1,382,506			1		22,838			—		—			22,839
Balance: December 31, 2017		38,207,766		$	38	$	314,501		$	85,503	$	(5,091	)	$	394,951
Net income		—			—		—			42,958		—			42,958
Other comprehensive income		—			—		—			—		3,938			3,938
Stock based compensation		—			—		2,637			—		—			2,637
Issuance of common stock:
Exercise of options		308,334			—		2,356			—		—			2,356
Stock grants – vesting of RSUs		154,884			—		—			—		—			—
Stock issued in acquisition		5,234,593			5		101,494			—		—			101,499
Capital raise		625,730			1		11,341			—		—			11,342
Stock repurchase		(35,300	)		—		(497	)		—		—			(497	)
Balance: December 31, 2018		44,496,007		$	44	$	431,832		$	128,461	$	(1,153	)	$	559,184

	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016
Cash Flows from Operating Activities:
Net income	$	42,958		$	27,582		$	23,303
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Provision for loan losses		4,220			2,762			4,681
Stock–based compensation expense		2,637			1,838			899
Depreciation and amortization		2,751			2,384			1,858
Deferred tax expense		1,192			4,511			1,337
Amortization of core deposit intangible		2,043			394			239
Amortization of mortgage servicing rights		1,076			555			184
Amortization of premiums on purchased loans - net		(6,689	)		(586	)		(1,200	)
Gain on sale of REO		—			(104	)		—
Gain on sale of loans		(419	)		(7,029	)		(7,812	)
Gain on sale of securities		—			—			(1,307	)
Loss from hedging activities		354			—			—
Increase in other assets		(3,578	)		(1,541	)		(2,089	)
Increase (decrease) in accounts payable and other liabilities		4,436			7,106			(323	)
Net cash provided by operating activities		50,981			37,872			19,770
Cash Flows from Investing Activities:
Net increase in loans		(1,129,231	)		(1,238,225	)		(1,348,286	)
Proceeds from sale of loans		674,019			457,498			311,709
Proceeds from sale of REO		2,577			438			4,652
Purchase of premises and equipment		(2,710	)		(2,235	)		(5,935	)
Recovery of allowance for loan losses		569			—			—
Purchases of AFS securities		(365,519	)		(29,338	)		(145,614	)
Proceeds from sale of securities		9,982			62,174			104,146
Maturities of AFS securities		81,199			73,593			91,128
Purchase of REO property		—			(404	)		—
Cash in from merger		47,582			91,018			—
Sale (purchase) of FHLB stock, net		1,982			16,500			(12,258	)
Net cash used in investing activities		(679,550	)		(568,981	)		(1,000,458	)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities:
Increase in deposits		611,856			605,171			904,619
Net (decrease) increase in FHLB advances		(4,570	)		(622,000	)		454,000
Line of credit net change – borrowings (paydowns), net		(45,000	)		50,000			—
Payoff of acquired debt		—			(8,000	)		—
Proceeds from the sale and issuance of stock, net		13,698			28,386			4,267
Repurchase of stock		(497	)		—			—
Net cash provided by financing activities		575,487			53,557			1,362,886
Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents		(53,082	)		(477,552	)		382,198
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year		120,394			597,946			215,748
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year	$	67,312		$	120,394		$	597,946
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:
Cash paid during the period for:
Interest	$	46,043		$	21,704		$	10,695
Income taxes	$	16,646		$	14,655		$	17,156
Noncash transactions:
Transfer of loans to loans held for sale	$	1,027,478		$	357,462		$	519,721
Mortgage servicing rights from loan sales	$	2,646			3,232			2,190
Chargeoffs (recoveries) against allowance for loans losses	$	4,189		$	(238	)	$	(119	)
Transfer from loans to REO	$	—		$	1,520		$	2,350

First Foundation Inc. (“FFI”) is a financial services holding company whose operations are conducted through its wholly owned subsidiaries: First Foundation Advisors (“FFA”) and First Foundation Bank (“FFB” or the “Bank”) and the wholly owned subsidiaries of FFB, First Foundation Insurance Services (“FFIS”) and Blue Moon Management, LLC (collectively the “Company”). FFI also has two inactive wholly owned subsidiaries, First Foundation Consulting (“FFC”) and First Foundation Advisors, LLC (“FFA LLC”). In addition, FFA has set up a limited liability company, which is not included in these consolidated financial statements, as a private investment fund to provide an investment vehicle for its clients. FFI is incorporated in the state of Delaware. The corporate headquarters for all of the companies is located in Irvine, California. The Company has offices in California, Nevada, and Hawaii.

FFA, established in 1985 and incorporated in the state of California, began operating in 1990 as a fee-based registered investment advisor. FFA provides (i) investment management and financial planning services for high net-worth individuals, retirement plans, charitable institutions and private foundations; (ii) financial, investment and economic advisory and related services to high net-worth individuals and their families, family-owned businesses, and other related organizations; and (iii) support services involving the processing and transmission of financial and economic data for charitable organizations. At the end of 2018, these services were provided to approximately 1,500 clients, primarily located in Southern California, with an aggregate of $3.9 billion of assets under management.

The Bank commenced operations in 2007, is incorporated in the state of California and currently operates in California, Nevada, and in Hawaii. The Bank offers a wide range of deposit instruments including personal and business checking and savings accounts, including interest-bearing negotiable order of withdrawal (“NOW”) accounts, money market accounts, and time certificates of deposit (“CD”) accounts. As a lender, the Bank originates, and retains for its portfolio, loans secured by real estate and commercial loans. Over 90% of the Bank’s loans are to clients located in California. The Bank also offers a wide range of specialized services including trust services, on-line banking, remote deposit capture, merchant credit card services, ATM cards, Visa debit cards, business sweep accounts, and through FFIS, insurance brokerage services. The Bank has a state non-member bank charter and is subject to continued examination by the California Department of Business Oversight and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”).

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with U. S. generally accepted accounting standards and prevailing practices within the banking industry. In preparing the consolidated financial statements, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the date of the balance sheet and revenues and expenses during the reporting periods and related disclosures. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates.

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All inter-company balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

The Company may have variable interests in Variable Interest Entities (“VIEs”) arising from debt, equity or other monetary interests in an entity, which change with fluctuations in the fair value of the entity's assets. VIEs are entities that, by design, either (1) lack sufficient equity to permit the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support from other parties, or (2) have equity investors that do not have the ability to make significant decisions relating to the entity's operations through voting rights, or do not have the obligation to absorb the expected losses, or do not have the right to receive the residual returns of the entity. The primary beneficiary of a VIE (i.e., the party that has a controlling financial interest) is required to consolidate the assets and liabilities of the VIE. The primary beneficiary is the party that has both (1) the power to direct the activities of an entity that most significantly impact the VIE's economic performance; and (2) through its interests in the VIE, the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE.

The Company has sold loans, in 2018, 2016 and 2015, through securitizations sponsored by a government sponsored entity, Freddie Mac, who also provided credit enhancement of the loans through certain guarantee provisions. The Company retained the right to provide servicing for the loans except for special servicing for which an unrelated third party was engaged by the VIE. For the 2016 and 2015 securitizations, the Company acquired the “B” piece of the securitizations, which is structured to absorb any losses from the securitizations, and interest only strips from the securitization. For the 2018 securitization, the Company provides collateral to support its obligation to reimburse for credit losses incurred on loans in the securitization. Because the Company does not act as the special servicer for the VIE and because of the power of Freddie Mac over the VIE that holds the assets from the mortgage loan securitizations, the Company is not the primary beneficiary of the VIE and therefore the VIE is not consolidated.

Certain amounts in the 2017 consolidated financial statements have been reclassified to conform to the 2018 presentation.

For purposes of reporting cash flows, cash and cash equivalents include cash, due from banks, certificates of deposits with maturities of less than ninety days, investment securities with original maturities of less than ninety days, money market mutual funds and federal funds sold. At times, the Bank maintains cash at major financial institutions in excess of FDIC insured limits. However, as the Bank places these deposits with major well-capitalized financial institutions and monitors the financial condition of these institutions, management believes the risk of loss to be minimal. The Bank maintains most of its excess cash at the Federal Reserve Bank, with well-capitalized correspondent banks or with other depository institutions at amounts less than the FDIC insured limits. At December 31, 2018, included in cash and cash equivalents were $32.8 million in funds held at the Federal Reserve Bank.

Banking regulations require that banks maintain a percentage of their deposits as reserves in cash or on deposit with the Federal Reserve Bank. The Bank was in compliance with its reserve requirements as of December 31, 2018.

From time to time, the Company may invest funds with other financial institutions through certificates of deposit. Certificates of deposit with maturities of less than ninety days are included as cash and cash equivalents. Certificates of deposit are carried at cost.

Investment securities for which the Company has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity are reported at cost, adjusted for premiums and discounts that are recognized in interest income using the interest method over the period to maturity. Investments not classified as trading securities nor as held-to-maturity securities are classified as available-for-sale securities and recorded at fair value. Unrealized gains or losses on available-for-sale securities are excluded from net income and reported as an amount net of taxes as a separate component of other comprehensive income included in shareholders’ equity. Premiums or discounts on held-to-maturity and available-for-sale securities are amortized or accreted into income using the interest method.

Realized gains or losses on sales of held-to-maturity or available-for-sale securities are recorded using the specific identification method. Declines in the fair value of individual held-to-maturity and available-for-sale securities below their cost that are considered other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”) result in write-downs of the individual securities to their fair value. The credit component of any OTTI related write-downs is charged against earnings.

Management evaluates securities for OTTI at least on a quarterly basis, and more frequently when economic or market conditions warrant such an evaluation. For securities in an unrealized loss position, management considers the extent and duration of the unrealized loss, and the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer. Management also assesses whether it intends to sell, or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell, a security in an unrealized loss position before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the entire difference between amortized cost and fair value is recognized as impairment through earnings. For debt securities that do not meet the aforementioned criteria, the amount of impairment is split into two components as follows: OTTI related to credit loss, which must be recognized in the income statement and; OTTI related to other factors, which is recognized in other comprehensive income. The credit loss is defined as the difference between the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected and the amortized cost basis. For equity securities, the entire amount of impairment is recognized through earnings.

In order to determine OTTI for purchased beneficial interests that, on the purchase date, were not highly rated, the Company compares the present value of the remaining cash flows as estimated at the preceding evaluation date to the current expected remaining cash flows. OTTI is deemed to have occurred if there has been an adverse change in the remaining expected future cash flows.

Net loan origination fees and direct costs associated with lending are deferred and amortized to interest income as an adjustment to yield over the respective lives of the loans using the interest method. The amortization of deferred fees and costs is discontinued on loans that are placed on nonaccrual status. When a loan is paid off, any unamortized net loan origination fees are recognized in interest income.

Loans held for investment are reported at the principal amount outstanding, net of cumulative chargeoffs, interest applied to principal (for loans accounted for using the cost recovery method), unamortized net deferred loan origination fees and costs and unamortized premiums or discounts on purchased loans. Interest on loans is accrued and recognized as interest income at the contractual rate of interest. When a loan is designated as held for investment, the intent is to hold these loans for the foreseeable future or until maturity or payoff. If subsequent changes occur, the Company may change its intent to hold these loans. Once a determination has been made to sell such loans, they are immediately transferred to loans held for sale and carried at the lower of cost or fair value.

Loans designated for sale through securitization or in the secondary market are classified as loans held for sale. Loans held for sale are accounted for at the lower of amortized cost or fair value. The fair value of loans held for sale is generally based on observable market prices from other loans in the secondary market that have similar collateral, credit, and interest rate characteristics. If quoted market prices are not readily available, the Company may consider other observable market data such as dealer quotes for similar loans or forward sale commitments. In certain cases, the fair value may be based on a discounted cash flow model. Related gains and losses are recognized in net gain on mortgage loan origination and sale activities. Direct loan origination costs and fees for loans classified as held for sale are deferred at origination and recognized in earnings at the time of sale.

Loans are placed on nonaccrual status when the full and timely collection of principal and interest is doubtful, generally when the loan becomes 90 days or more past due for principal or interest payment. All payments received on nonaccrual loans are accounted for using the cost recovery method. Under the cost recovery method, all cash collected is applied to first reduce the principal balance. A loan may be returned to accrual status if all delinquent principal and interest payments are brought current and the collectability of the remaining principal and interest payments in accordance with the loan agreement is reasonably assured. Loans that are well secured and in the collection process may be maintained on accrual status, even if they are 90 days or more past due.

The Company may purchase individual loans and groups of loans which have shown evidence of credit deterioration and are considered credit impaired. Purchased credit impaired loans are recorded at the amount paid and there is no carryover of the seller’s allowance for loan losses.

Purchased credit impaired loans are accounted for individually or aggregated into pools of loans based on common risk characteristics such as, credit score, loan type, and date of origination. The Company estimates the amount and timing of expected cash flows for each loan or pool, and the expected cash flows in excess of amount paid is recorded as interest income over the remaining life of the loan or pool (accretable yield). The excess of the loan’s or pool’s contractual principal and interest over expected cash flows is not recorded (nonaccretable difference). Over the life of the loan or pool, expected cash flows continue to be estimated. If the present value of expected cash flows is less than the carrying amount, a loss is recorded by an increase in the allowance for loan losses. If the present value of expected cash flows is greater than the carrying amount, it is recognized as part of future interest income.

The allowance for loan losses is a valuation allowance for probable incurred credit losses. Provisions for loan losses are charged to operations based on management’s evaluation of the estimated losses in its loan portfolio. The major factors considered in evaluating losses are historical charge-off experience, delinquency rates, local and national economic conditions, the borrower’s ability to repay the loan and timing of repayments, and the value of any related collateral. Management’s estimate of fair value of the collateral considers current and anticipated future real estate market conditions, thereby causing these estimates to be particularly susceptible to changes that could result in a material adjustment to results of operations in the future. Recovery of the carrying value of such loans and related real estate is dependent, to a great extent, on economic, operating and other conditions that may be beyond the Bank’s control.

The Bank’s primary regulatory agencies periodically review the allowance for loan losses and such agencies may require the Bank to recognize additions to the allowance based on information and factors available to them at the time of their examinations. Accordingly, no assurance can be given that the Bank will not recognize additional provisions for loan losses with respect to its loan portfolio.

The allowance consists of specific and general reserves. Specific reserves relate to loans that are individually classified as impaired. Loan losses are charged against the allowance when management believes a loan balance is uncollectible. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance. Allocations of the allowance may be made for specific loans, but the entire allowance is available for any loan that, in management’s judgment, should be charged off.

The Bank considers a loan to be impaired when, based upon current information and events, it believes it is probable that the Bank will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. The Bank bases the measurement of loan impairment using either the present value of the expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate, or the fair value of the loan’s collateral properties. Impairment losses are included in the allowance for loan losses through a charge to provision for loan losses. Adjustments to impairment losses due to changes in the fair value of impaired loans’ collateral properties are included in the provision for loan losses. The Bank’s impaired loans include nonaccrual loans (excluding those collectively reviewed for impairment), certain restructured loans and certain performing loans less than ninety days delinquent (“other impaired loans”) that the Bank believes will likely not be collected in accordance with contractual terms of the loans. Loans, for which the terms have been modified resulting in a concession, and for which the borrower is experiencing financial difficulties, are generally considered troubled debt restructurings and classified as impaired.

Commercial loans and loans secured by multifamily and commercial real estate are individually evaluated for impairment. If a loan is impaired, a portion of the allowance is allocated so that the loan is reported, net, at the present value of estimated future cash flows using the loan’s existing rate or at the fair value of collateral if repayment is expected solely from the collateral. Large groups of smaller balance homogeneous loans, such as consumer and residential real estate loans, are collectively evaluated for impairment, and accordingly, they are not separately identified for impairment disclosures.

Troubled debt restructurings are separately identified for impairment disclosures and are measured at the present value of estimated future cash flows using the loan’s effective rate at inception. If a troubled debt restructuring is considered to be a collateral dependent loan, the loan is reported, net, at the fair value of the collateral. For troubled debt restructurings that subsequently default, the Bank determines the amount of reserve in accordance with the accounting policy for the allowance for loan losses.

General reserves cover non-impaired loans and are based on historical loss rates for each portfolio segment, adjusted for the effects of qualitative or environmental factors that are likely to cause estimated credit losses as of the evaluation date to differ from the portfolio segment’s historical loss experience. Because the Bank has not experienced any meaningful amount of losses in any of its current portfolio segments, the Bank calculates the historical loss rates on industry data, specifically loss rates published by the FDIC. Qualitative factors include consideration of the following: changes in lending policies and procedures; changes in economic conditions, changes in the nature and volume of the portfolio; changes in the experience, ability and depth of lending management and other relevant staff; changes in the volume and severity of past due, nonaccrual and other adversely graded loans; changes in the loan review system; changes in the value of the underlying collateral for collateral-dependent loans; concentrations of credit and the effect of other external factors such as competition and legal and regulatory requirements.

Portfolio segments identified by the Bank include loans secured by residential real estate, including multifamily and single family properties, loans secured by commercial real estate, loans secured by vacant land and construction loans, commercial and

industrial loans and consumer loans. Relevant risk characteristics for these portfolio segments generally include debt service coverage, loan-to-value ratios and financial performance on non-consumer loans and debt-to income, collateral type and loan-to-value ratios for consumer loans.

In the ordinary course of business, the Bank has entered into off-balance sheet financial instruments consisting of commitments to extend credit, commercial letters of credit, and standby letters of credit. Such financial instruments are recorded in the financial statements when they are funded or related fees are incurred or received.

Transfers of financial assets are accounted for as sales, when control over the assets has been relinquished. Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when the assets have been isolated from the Company, the transferee obtains the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets, and the Company does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets through an agreement to repurchase them before their maturity.

REO represents the collateral acquired through foreclosure in full or partial satisfaction of the related loan. REO is recorded at the fair value less estimated selling costs at the date of foreclosure. Any write-down at the date of transfer is charged to the allowance for loan losses. The recognition of gains or losses on sales of REO is dependent upon various factors relating to the nature of the property being sold and the terms of sale. REO values are reviewed on an ongoing basis and any decline in value is recognized as foreclosed asset expense in the current period, as are the net operating results from these assets.

Premises and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization, which is charged to expense on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of 3 to 10 years. Premises under leasehold improvements are amortized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease or the estimated useful life of the improvements, whichever is shorter. Expenditures for major renewals and betterments of premises and equipment are capitalized and those for maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred. A valuation allowance is established for any impaired long-lived assets. The Company did not have impaired long-lived assets as of December 31, 2018 or 2017.

As a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”), the Bank is required to purchase FHLB stock in accordance with its advances, securities and deposit agreement. This stock, which is carried at cost, may be redeemed at par value. However, there are substantial restrictions regarding redemption and the Bank can only receive a full redemption in connection with the Bank surrendering its FHLB membership. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Bank held $20.3 million and $19.1 million of FHLB stock, respectively. The Company does not believe that this stock is currently impaired and no adjustments to its carrying value have been recorded.

When mortgage loans are sold with servicing retained, servicing rights are initially recorded at fair value with the income statement effect recorded in gains on sales of loans. Fair value is based on a valuation model that calculates the present value of estimated future net servicing income. All classes of servicing assets are subsequently measured using the amortization method which requires servicing rights to be amortized into noninterest income in proportion to, and over the period of, the estimated future net servicing income of the underlying loans.

Servicing rights are evaluated for impairment based upon the fair value of the rights as compared to carrying amount. Impairment is recognized through a valuation allowance for an individual grouping, to the extent that fair value is less than the carrying amount. If the Company later determines that all or a portion of the impairment no longer exists for a particular grouping,

a reduction of the allowance may be recorded as an increase to income. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, no impairment has been recorded.

Servicing fee income, which is reported on the income statement as other income, is recorded for fees earned for servicing loans. The fees are based on a contractual percentage of the outstanding principal. The amortization of mortgage servicing rights is netted against loan servicing fee income.

Goodwill is recorded upon completion of a business combination as the difference between the purchase price and the fair value of net identifiable assets acquired. Subsequent to initial recognition, the Company will test goodwill for impairment on an annual basis by comparing the fair value of the reporting unit to its carrying amount. The goodwill recorded by the Company was recognized from the acquisition of Pacific Rim Bank in June in 2015, the acquisition of Community 1st Bancorp and its wholly owned subsidiary, Community 1st Bank in November of 2017, and the acquisition of PBB Bancorp and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Pacific Business Bank in June of 2018, and was not considered impaired at December 31, 2018.

Intangible assets with definite useful lives are amortized over their estimated useful lives to their estimated residual values. Other intangible assets consist of core deposit intangible assets arising from whole bank acquisitions and are amortized on an accelerated method over their estimated useful lives, which range from 7 to 10 years. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, core deposit intangible assets totaled $11 million and $6.3 million, respectively, and we recognized $2.0 million, $0.4 million and $0.2 million in core deposit intangible amortization expense in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASU 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606)”, which requires an entity to recognize the amount of revenue to which it expects to be entitled for the transfer of promised goods or services to customers. This update replaces most existing revenue recognition guidance in GAAP. Adoption of ASU 2014-09 did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and related disclosures, as the Company’s primary sources of revenues are generated from financial instruments, such as loans and investment securities that are not within the scope of ASU 2014-09. Descriptions of our primary revenue-generating activities that are presented in our income statements are as follows:

Interest income is accrued daily on the Company’s outstanding loan balances. Loans on which the accrual of interest has been discontinued are designated as nonaccrual loans. Accrual of interest on loans is discontinued when reasonable doubt exists as to the full, timely collection of interest or principal and, generally, when a loan becomes contractually past due for ninety days or more with respect to principal or interest. The accrual of interest may be continued on a well-secured loan contractually past due ninety days or more with respect to principal or interest if the loan is in the process of collection or collection of the principal and interest is deemed probable.

When a loan is placed on nonaccrual status, all interest previously accrued but not collected is reversed against current period income. Interest on such loans is then recognized only to the extent that cash is received and where the future collection of principal is probable. Accrual of interest is resumed on loans only when, in the judgment of management, the loan is estimated to be fully collectible. The Bank continues to accrue interest on restructured loans since full payment of principal and interest is expected and such loans are performing or are less than ninety days delinquent and, therefore, do not meet the criteria for nonaccrual status. Restructured loans that have been placed on nonaccrual status are returned to accrual status when the remaining loan balance, net of any charge-offs related to the restructure, is estimated to be fully collectible by management and performing in accordance with the applicable loan terms.

Asset management fees are billed on a monthly or quarterly basis based on the amount of assets under management and the applicable contractual fee percentage. Asset management fees are recognized as revenue in the period in which they are billed and earned. Financial planning fees are due and billed at the completion of the planning project and are recognized as revenue at that time.

Service charges on deposit accounts represent general service fees for monthly account maintenance and activity or transaction-based fees. Revenue is recognized when our performance obligation is completed which is generally monthly for account maintenance services or when a transaction has been completed. Payment for such performance obligations are generally received at the time the performance obligations are satisfied.

The new guidance requires judgment in evaluating if: (a) a commitment on the buyer’s part exists, (b) collection is probable in circumstances where the initial investment is minimal and (c) the buyer has obtained control of the asset, including the significant risks and rewards of the ownership. If there is no commitment on the buyer’s part, collection is not probable or the buyer has not obtained control of the asset, then a gain cannot be recognized. The initial investment requirement for the buyer along with the various methods for profit recognition are no longer applicable.

Other non-interest income includes revenue related to mortgage servicing activities and gains on sales of loans, which are not subject to the requirements of ASU 2014-09.

The Company recognizes the cost of employee services received in exchange for awards of stock options, or other equity instruments, based on the grant-date fair value of those awards. This cost is recognized over the period in which an employee is required to provide services in exchange for the award, generally the vesting period. A Black-Scholes model is utilized to estimate the fair value of stock options, while the market price of the Company’s common stock at the date of grant is used for stock awards.

The Company expenses marketing costs, including advertising, in the period incurred.

The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability method. Under the asset and liability method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. A valuation allowance is established if it is “more likely than not” that all or a portion of the deferred tax asset will not be realized.

The tax effects from an uncertain tax position can be recognized in the financial statements only if, based on its merits, the position is more likely than not to be sustained on audit by the taxing authorities. Interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions are recorded as part of income tax expense.

Comprehensive income consists of net income and other comprehensive income. Changes in unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities and the related tax costs or benefits are the only components of other comprehensive income for the Company.

On January 18, 2017, the Company completed a two-for-one stock split in the form of a stock dividend. Each stockholder of record at the close of business of January 4, 2017 received one additional share of common stock for every share held. All share and per share amounts included in the financial statements have been adjusted to reflect the effect of this stock split.

Basic earnings per share represents income available to common shareholders divided by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share reflect additional common shares that would have been outstanding if dilutive potential common shares had been issued, as well as any adjustment to income that would result from the assumed issuance. Potential common shares that may be issued by the Company relate to outstanding stock options and restricted stock, which are determined using the treasury stock method.

Fair values of financial instruments are estimated using relevant market information and other assumptions, as more fully disclosed in a separate note. Fair value estimates involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment regarding interest rates, credit risk, prepayments, and other factors, especially in the absence of broad markets for particular items. Changes in assumptions or in market conditions could significantly affect these estimates.

Derivative instruments and hedging activities are accounted for in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 815, “Derivatives and Hedging.” The fair value of derivative instruments are recognized as either assets or liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet. All derivatives are evaluated at inception as to whether or not they are hedging or non-hedging activities. For derivative instruments designated as non-hedging activities, the change in fair value is recognized currently in earnings.

For derivative instruments designated as hedging activities, a qualitative analysis is performed at inception to determine if the derivative instrument is highly effective in achieving offsetting changes in fair value or cash flows attributable to the hedged risk during the period that the hedge is designated. Subsequently, a qualitative assessment of a hedge’s effectiveness is performed on a quarterly basis. For a fair value hedge, the change in fair value on the hedging instrument is recognized currently in earnings and the change in fair value on the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk adjusts the carrying amount of the hedged item and is recognized currently in earnings. All amounts recognized in earnings are presented in the same income statement line item as the earnings effect of the hedged item.

In November 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU 2018-19, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses. ASU 2018-19 provides improvements to clarify the guidance in the amendments in ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326), or to correct unintended application of guidance. We expect the adoption of ASU 2018-19 will impact the Company’s accounting for credit losses in the same manner as the guidance in ASU 2016-13 described below.

In August 2018, the FASB issued guidance within ASU 2018-13, Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement. The amendments within ASU 2018-13 remove, modify, and supplement the disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. Disclosure requirements that were removed include: the amount and reasons for transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, the policy for timing of transfers between levels, and the valuation processes for Level 3 fair value measurements. The amendments clarify that the measurement uncertainty disclosure is to communicate information about the uncertainty in measurement as of the reporting date. Additional disclosure requirements include: the changes in unrealized gains and losses for the period included in other comprehensive income for recurring Level 3 fair value measurements held at the end of the reporting period, and the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements. With the exception of the above additional disclosure requirements, which will be applied prospectively, all other amendments should be applied retrospectively to all periods presented upon their effective date. The amendments in this ASU are effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is

permitted. The adoption of ASU 2018-13 is not expected to have a significant impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-10, Codification Improvements to Topic 842, Leases and ASU 2018-11, Leases (Topic 842), Targeted Improvements. ASU 2018-10 provides improvements to clarify ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), or to correct unintended application of guidance. ASU 2018-11 provides amendments to a new and optional transition method to adopt the new lease requirements in ASU 2016-02. We expect the adoption of ASU 2018-10 and ASU 2018-11 will impact the Company’s accounting for its building leases at each of its locations through an increase in assets and liabilities in the same manner as the guidance in ASU 2016-02 described below.

In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-12, “Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815) – Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities”. The amendments in this ASU were issued to better align an entity’s risk management activities and financial reporting for hedging relationships through changes to both the designation and measurement guidance for qualifying hedging relationships and the presentation of hedge results. As a result, the amendments expand and refine hedge accounting for both nonfinancial and financial risk components and align the recognition and presentation of the effects of the hedging instrument and the hedged item in the financial statements. Current GAAP contains limitations on how an entity can designate the hedged risk in certain cash flow and fair value hedging relationships. To address those current limitations, the amendments in this ASU permit hedge accounting for risk components in hedging relationships involving nonfinancial risk and interest rate risk. In addition, the amendments in this ASU change the guidance for designating fair value hedges of interest rate risk and for measuring the change in fair value of the hedged item in fair value hedges of interest rate risk. The amendments in this ASU are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years. The ASU will become effective on January 1, 2019. Adoption of ASU 2017-12 is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In February 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-05 “Other Income-Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets (Subtopic 610-20): Clarifying the Scope of Asset Derecognition Guidance and Accounting for Partial Sales of Nonfinancial Assets” which clarifies that the guidance in Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 610-20 on accounting for derecognition of a nonfinancial asset and in-substance nonfinancial asset applies only when the asset (or asset group) does not meet the definition of a business and provides guidance for partial sales of nonfinancial assets. The guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within that period. The ASU became effective on January 1, 2018. Adoption of ASU 2017-05 did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04 “Intangibles – Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment” which provides updated guidance on how an entity is required to test goodwill for impairment. This update is effective for the Company for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within those annual periods. The adoption of ASU 2017-04 is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-01 “Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business” which provides guidance in clarifying the definition of a business with the objective of adding guidance to assist entities with evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions (or disposals) of assets or businesses. The guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within the period. The adoption of ASU 2017-01 did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15 “Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments” which provides guidance for eight specific cash flow issues. FASB issued the standard to clarify areas where GAAP has been either unclear or lacking in specific guidance. This update is effective for the Company for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those annual periods. The adoption of ASU 2016-15 did not have a material impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13 “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments” which introduces new guidance for the accounting for credit losses on certain types of financial instruments. It also modifies the impairment model for available-for-sale debt securities and provides for a simplified accounting model for purchased financial assets with credit deterioration since their origination. The new model, referred to as the current expected credit losses (CECL) model, will apply to financial assets subject to credit losses and measured at amortized cost, and certain off-balance sheet credit exposures. Upon initial recognition of the exposure, the CECL model requires an entity to estimate the credit losses expected over the life of an exposure. This update is effective for the Company for annual periods beginning after December 15,

2019, and interim periods within those annual periods. The Company has begun analyzing the data requirements needed to implement the adoption of ASU 2016-13 and we expect that the adoption of ASU 2016-13 may have a significant impact on the Company’s recording of its allowance for loan losses. The financial statement impact of the implementation of ASU 2016-13 is undeterminable at this time.

On February 25, 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). The most significant change for lessees is the requirement under the new guidance to recognize right-of-use assets and lease liabilities for all leases not considered short-term leases, which is generally defined as a lease term of less than 12 months. This change will result in lessees recognizing right-of-use assets and lease liabilities for most leases currently accounted for as operating leases under current lease accounting guidance. The amendments in this Update are effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018. As a result of the adoption of ASU 2016-02, the Company expects to record a right to use asset of $21 million and a corresponding lease liability of $23 million in the first quarter of 2019. The adoption of ASU 2016-02 is not expected to impact the Company’s results of operations.

On January 5, 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-01, Financial Instruments–Overall: Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities (Subtopic 825-10). Changes made to the current measurement model primarily affect the accounting for equity securities with readily determinable fair values, where changes in fair value will impact earnings instead of other comprehensive income. The accounting for other financial instruments, such as loans, investments in debt securities, and financial liabilities is largely unchanged. The Update also changes the presentation and disclosure requirements for financial instruments including a requirement that public business entities use exit price when measuring the fair value of financial instruments measured at amortized cost for disclosure purposes. This Update is generally effective for public business entities in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The adoption of ASU 2016-16 did not have a material impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.

On June 1, 2018, the Company completed the acquisition of PBB Bancorp and its wholly owned subsidiary Premier Business Bank (collectively “PBB”), through a merger of PBB with and into the Bank, in exchange for 5,234,593 shares of its common stock with a fair value of $19.39 per share. The primary reason for acquiring PBB was to expand our operations in Southern California.

On November 10, 2017, the Company completed the acquisition of Community 1st Bancorp and its wholly owned subsidiary, Community 1st Bank (collectively “C1B”), through a merger of C1B with and into the Bank, in exchange for 2,955,623 shares of common stock of FFI with a fair value of $17.55 per share. The primary reason for acquiring C1B was to expand our operations in Northern California.

The acquisitions were accounted for under the purchase method of accounting. The acquired assets, assumed liabilities and identifiable intangible assets are recorded at their respective acquisition date fair values.

The following table represents the assets acquired and liabilities assumed of PBB as of June 1, 2018 and the fair value adjustments and amounts recorded by the Bank in 2018 under the acquisition method of accounting:


	PBB Book Value			Fair Value Adjustments			Fair Value
(dollars in thousands)
Assets Acquired:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	47,582		$	—		$	47,582
Securities AFS		10,072			(90	)		9,982
Loans, net of deferred fees		537,885			(14,986	)		522,899
Allowance for loan losses		(3,011	)		3,011			—
Premises and equipment, net		3,811			(1,536	)		2,275
Investment in FHLB stock		3,229			—			3,229
Deferred taxes		1,451			2,398			3,849
REO		934			(109	)		825
Goodwill and core deposit intangible		634			66,615			67,249
Other assets		6,634			(566	)		6,068
Total assets acquired	$	609,221		$	54,737		$	663,958

Liabilities Assumed:
Deposits	$	477,366		$	219		$	477,585
Borrowings		79,911			(341	)		79,570
Accounts payable and other liabilities		5,204			100			5,304
Total liabilities assumed		562,481			(22	)		562,459
Excess of assets acquired over liabilities assumed		46,740			54,759			101,499
Total	$	609,221		$	54,737		$	663,958

Consideration:
Stock issued							$	101,499

Goodwill of $61 million, which is not tax deductible, is included in intangible assets in the table above.

In many cases, the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed were determined by estimating the cash flows expected to result from those assets and liabilities and discounting them at appropriate market rates. The most significant category of assets for which this procedure was used was that of acquired loans. The excess of expected cash flows above the fair value (Level 3 inputs) of the majority of loans will be accreted to interest income over the remaining lives of the loans in accordance with FASB Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 310-20.

Certain loans, for which specific credit-related deterioration since origination was identified, are recorded at fair value reflecting the present value of the amounts expected to be collected. Income recognition on these “purchased credit impaired” loans is based on a reasonable expectation about the timing and amount of cash flows to be collected. Acquired loans deemed impaired and considered collateral dependent, with the timing of the sale of loan collateral indeterminate, remain on nonaccrual status and have no accretable yield. All purchased credit impaired loans were classified as accruing loans as of and subsequent to the acquisition date.

For loans acquired from PBB, the contractual amounts due, expected cash flows to be collected and fair value as of the acquisition date were as follows:

In accordance with generally accepted accounting principles there was no carryover of the allowance for loan losses that had been previously recorded by PBB.

The Company recorded a deferred income tax asset of $3.8 million related to PBB’s operating loss carry-forward and other tax attributes of PBB, along with the effects of fair value adjustments resulting from applying the purchase method of accounting.

The fair value of savings and transaction deposit accounts acquired from PBB were assumed to approximate their carrying value as these accounts have no stated maturity and are payable on demand. Certificates of deposit accounts were valued by comparing the contractual cost of the portfolio to an identical portfolio bearing current market rates (Level 2 inputs). The portfolio was segregated into pools based on remaining maturity. For each pool, the projected cash flows from maturing certificates were then calculated based on contractual rates and prevailing market rates. The valuation adjustment for each pool is equal to the present value of the difference of these two cash flows, discounted at the assumed market rate for a certificate with a corresponding maturity. This valuation adjustment will be accreted to reduce interest expense over the remaining maturities of the respective pools. The Company also recorded a core deposit intangible, which represents the value of the deposit relationships acquired from PBB, of $6.7 million. The core deposit intangible will be amortized over a period of 7 years.

The following table presents unaudited pro forma information as if the (i) acquisition of PBB had occurred on January 1, 2018, January 1, 2017 and January 1, 2016, for 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively, after giving effect to certain adjustments, and (ii) the acquisition of C1B had occurred on January 1, 2017 and January 1, 2016, for 2017 and 2016, after giving effect to certain adjustments. The unaudited pro forma information for these periods includes adjustments for interest income on loans acquired, amortization of intangibles arising from the transaction, adjustments for interest expense on deposits acquired, and the related income tax effects of all these items and the income tax costs or benefits derived from the income or loss before taxes of PBB and C1B. The net effect of these pro forma adjustments were increases of $9.6 million, $3.0 million and $1.4 million in net income for 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The unaudited pro forma financial information is not necessarily indicative of the results of operations that would have occurred had the transaction been effected on the assumed dates.

The revenues (net interest income and noninterest income) and net income for the period from June 1, 2018 to December 31, 2018 related to the operations acquired from PBB and included in our results of operations for 2018 were approximately $17.2 million and $6.5 million, respectively. The revenues (net interest income and noninterest income) and income before taxes for the period from November 10, 2017 to December 31, 2017 related to the operations acquired from C1B and included in the results of operations for 2017 was approximately $1.4 million and $0.9 million, respectively.

Fair value is the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Current accounting guidance establishes a fair value hierarchy, which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable

inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. There are three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair values:

Level 1: Quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that the entity has the ability to access as of the measurement date.

Level 2: Significant other observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.

Level 3: Significant unobservable inputs that reflect the Company's own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability.

Securities available for sale and effective with the adoption of ASU 2016-01 on January 1, 2018, investments in equity securities and interest rate swaps, are measured at fair value on a recurring basis depending upon whether the inputs are Level 1, 2 or 3 as described above.

The following tables show the recorded amounts of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of:

			Fair Value Measurement Level
	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
(dollars in thousands)
December 31, 2018:
Investment securities available for sale
Agency mortgage-backed securities	$	721,669		—		356,441		365,228
Corporate bonds		54,344		—		54,344		—
Beneficial interest – FHLMC securitizations		32,086		—		—		32,086
Other		1,470		1,470		—		—
Investment in equity securities		352		352		—		—
Total assets at fair value on a recurring basis	$	809,921	$	1,822	$	410,785	$	397,314

Derivatives:
Interest rate swaps		5,175		—		5,175		—

December 31, 2017:
Investment securities available for sale
Agency mortgage-backed securities	$	464,019		—		464,019		—
Corporate bonds		19,000		—		19,000		—
Beneficial interest – FHLMC securitizations		35,852		—		—		35,852
Other		493		493		—		—
Investment in equity securities		158		158		—		—
Total assets at fair value on a recurring basis	$	519,522	$	651	$	483,019	$	35,852

The decrease in level 3 assets from December 31, 2017 was due to Beneficial interest – FHLMC securitization paydowns.

From time to time, we may be required to measure at fair value other assets on a nonrecurring basis. These nonrecurring fair value adjustments typically involve application of lower of cost or market accounting or write-downs of individual assets.

Impaired Loans. ASC 820-10 applies to loans measured for impairment in accordance with ASC 310-10, “Accounting by Creditors for Impairment of a Loan”, at the fair value of the loan’s collateral (if the loan is collateral dependent) less estimated selling costs. When the fair value of the collateral is based on an observable market price or a current appraised value, we measure the impaired loan at nonrecurring Level 2. When an appraised value is not available, or management determines the fair value of the

collateral is further impaired below the appraised value and there is no observable market price or a discounted cash flow has been used to determine the fair value, we measure the impaired loan at nonrecurring Level 3. The total collateral dependent impaired Level 3 loans were $12.8 million and $13.4 million at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. There were no specific reserves related to these loans at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017.

Real Estate Owned. The fair value of real estate owned is based on external appraised values that include adjustments for estimated selling costs and assumptions of market conditions that are not directly observable, resulting in a Level 3 classification. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the fair value of real estate owned was $0.8 million and $2.9 million, respectively.

Mortgage Servicing Rights. When mortgage loans are sold with servicing retained, servicing rights are initially recorded at fair value with the income statement effect recorded in gains on sales of loans. Fair value is based on a valuation model that calculates the present value of estimated future net servicing income, resulting in a Level 3 classification. All classes of servicing assets are subsequently measured using the amortization method which requires servicing rights to be amortized into noninterest income in proportion to, and over the period of, the estimated future net servicing income of the underlying loans.

FASB ASC 825, “Disclosures about Fair Value of Financial Instruments” requires disclosure of the fair value information about financial instruments, whether or not recognized in the balance sheet, for which it is practicable to estimate such value. The methodologies for estimating the fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring and non-recurring basis are discussed above. The estimated fair value amounts have been determined by management using available market information and appropriate valuation methodologies, are based on the exit price notion set forth by ASU 2016-1. In cases where quoted market prices are not available, fair values are based on estimates using present value or other market value techniques. Those techniques are significantly affected by the assumptions used, including the discount rate and estimates of future cash flows. In that regard, the derived fair value estimates cannot be substantiated by comparison to independent markets and, in many cases, could not be realized in immediate settlement of the instrument. The aggregate fair value amounts presented below do not represent the underlying value of the Company.

Fair value estimates are made at a discrete point in time based on relevant market information and other information about the financial instruments. Because no active market exists for a significant portion of our financial instruments, fair value estimates are based in large part on judgments we make primarily regarding current economic conditions, risk characteristics of various financial instruments, prepayment rates, and future expected loss experience. These estimates are subjective in nature and invariably involve some inherent uncertainties. Additionally, unexpected changes in events or circumstances can occur that could require us to make changes to our assumptions and which, in turn, could significantly affect and require us to make changes to our previous estimates of fair value.

In addition, the fair value estimates are based on existing on and off-balance sheet financial instruments without attempting to estimate the value of existing and anticipated future customer relationships and the value of assets and liabilities that are not considered financial instruments, such as premises and equipment and other real estate owned.

The following methods and assumptions were used to estimate the fair value of financial instruments.

Cash and Cash Equivalents. The fair value of cash and cash equivalents approximates its carrying value.

Interest-Bearing Deposits with Financial Institutions. The fair values of interest-bearing deposits maturing within ninety days approximate their carrying values.

Investment Securities Available for Sale. Investment securities available-for-sale are measured at fair value on a recurring basis. Fair value measurement is based upon quoted prices, if available. If quoted prices are not available, fair values are measured using independent pricing models or other model-based valuation techniques such as the present value of future cash flows, adjusted for the security’s credit rating, prepayment assumptions and other factors such as credit loss assumptions. When a market is illiquid or there is a lack of transparency around the inputs to valuation, the securities are classified as Level 3 and reliance is placed upon internally developed models, and management judgment and evaluation for valuation. Level 1 securities include those traded on an active exchange, such as the New York Stock Exchange, U.S. Treasury securities that are traded by dealers or brokers in active over-the-counter markets and money market funds. Level 2 securities include mortgage-backed securities issued by government sponsored entities, municipal bonds and corporate debt securities. Securities classified as level 3 include beneficial interests – FHLMC securitization. Significant assumptions in the valuation of these Level 3 securities as of December 31, 2018 included a prepayment rate of 15% and discount rates ranging from 4.0% to 10%.

Federal Home Loan Bank Stock. The Bank is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank (the “FHLB”). As a member, we are required to own stock of the FHLB, the amount of which is based primarily on the level of our borrowings from this institution. The fair value of the stock is equal to the carrying amount, is classified as restricted securities and is periodically evaluated for impairment based on our assessment of the ultimate recoverability of our investments in that stock. Any cash or stock dividends paid to us on such stock are reported as income.

Loans held for sale. The fair value of loans held for sale is determined using secondary market pricing.

Loans, other than impaired loans. The fair value for loans with variable interest rates is the carrying amount. The fair value of fixed rate loans is derived by calculating the discounted value of future cash flows expected to be received by the various homogeneous categories of loans. All loans have been adjusted to reflect changes in credit risk.

Deposits. The fair value of demand deposits, savings deposits, and money market deposits is defined as the amounts payable on demand. The fair value of fixed maturity certificates of deposit is estimated based on the discounted value of the future cash flows expected to be paid on the deposits.

Borrowings. The fair value of borrowings is the carrying value of overnight FHLB advances that approximate fair value because of the short-term maturity of this instrument, resulting in a Level 2 classification. The fair value of term borrowings is derived by calculating the discounted value of future cash flows expected to be paid out by the Company.

Interest rate swaps. Interest rate swaps are reported at an estimated fair value utilizing Level 2 inputs including LIBOR rates from overnight to one year and U.S. swap rates from one year to thirty years.

The following table sets forth the estimated fair values and related carrying amounts of our financial instruments as of:

	Carrying		Fair Value Measurement Level
(dollars in thousands)	Value		1		2		3		Total
December 31, 2018:
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	67,312	$	67,312	$	—	$	—	$	67,312
Securities AFS		809,569		1,470		410,785		397,314		809,569
Loans held for sale		507,643		—		517,273		—		517,273
Loans, net		4,274,669		—		—		4,408,788		4,408,788
Investment in FHLB stock		20,307		—		20,307		—		20,307
Investment in equity securities		352		352		—		—		352
Liabilities:
Deposits		4,532,968		2,582,758		1,943,635		—		4,526,393
Borrowings		708,000		—		703,000		5,000		708,000
Interest rate swaps		5,175		—		5,175		—		5,175

December 31, 2017:
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	120,394	$	120,394	$	—	$	—	$	120,394
Securities AFS		519,364		493		483,019		35,852		519,364
Loans held for sale		154,380		—		155,345		—		154,345
Loans, net		3,645,327		—		—		3,617,060		3,617,060
Investment in FHLB stock		19,060		—		19,060		—		19,060
Investment in equity securities		158		158		—		—		158
Liabilities:
Deposits
Borrowings		3,443,527		2,542,730		901,877		—		3,444,607
		678,000		—		628,000		50,000		678,000

The following table provides a summary of the Company’s AFS securities portfolio at December 31:

		Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized					Estimated Fair Value
(dollars in thousands)		Amortized Cost		Gains		Losses			Estimated Fair Value
2018:
Agency mortgage-backed securities	$	723,597	$	11,883	$	(13,811	)	$	721,669
Corporate bonds		54,000		638		(294	)		54,344
Beneficial interests in FHLMC securitization		32,143		1,756		(1,813	)		32,086
Other		1,458		15		(3	)		1,470
Total	$	811,198	$	14,292	$	(15,921	)	$	809,569
2017:
Agency mortgage-backed securities	$	471,131	$	287	$	(7,399	)	$	464,019
Corporate bonds		19,000		—		—			19,000
Beneficial interests in FHLMC securitization		35,930		1,811		(1,889	)		35,852
Other		499		—		(6	)		493
Total	$	526,560	$	2,098	$	(9,294	)	$	519,364

US Treasury securities of $0.5 million as of December 31, 2018 that are included in the table above as Other are pledged as collateral to the State of California to meet regulatory requirements related to the Bank’s trust operations. As of December 31, 2018,

$79 million of agency mortgage-backed securities are pledged as collateral as support for the Banks’s obligations under a loan sales and securitization agreement entered into in 2018.

Unrealized losses in agency mortgage backed securities, beneficial interests in FHLMC securitizations, and other securities have not been recognized into income because the issuer bonds are of high credit quality, management does not intend to sell, it is not more likely than not that management would be required to sell the securities prior to their anticipated recovery, and the decline in fair value is largely due to changes in discount rates and assumptions regarding future interest rates. The fair value is expected to recover as the bonds approach maturity.

The scheduled maturities of securities AFS, other than agency mortgage backed securities, and the related weighted average yield is as follows as of December 31:

(dollars in thousands)	Less than 1 Year			1 Through 5 years			5 Through 10 Years			After 10 Years			Total
2018
Amortized Cost:
Corporate bonds	$	—		$	—		$	54,000		$	—		$	54,000
Other		500			—			958			—			1,458
Total		500			—			54,958			—			55,458
Weighted average yield		1.03	%		—	%		5.29	%		—	%		5.25	%
Estimated Fair Value:
Corporate bonds	$	—		$	—		$	54,344		$	—		$	54,344
Other		497			—			973			—			1,470
Total	$	497		$	—		$	55,317		$	—		$	55,814

(dollars in thousands)	Less than 1 Year			1 Through 5 years			5 Through 10 Years			After 10 Years			Total
2017
Amortized Cost:
Corporate bonds	$	—		$	—		$	19,000		$	—		$	19,000
Other		—			499			—			—			499
Total		—			499			19,000			—			19,499
Weighted average yield		—	%		1.03	%		5.24	%		—	%		5.13	%
Estimated Fair Value:
Corporate bonds	$	—		$	—		$	19,000		$	—		$	19,000
Other		—			493			—			—			493
Total	$	—		$	493		$	19,000		$	—		$	19,493

As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the principal balances shown above are net of unaccreted discount related to loans acquired in acquisitions of $13.3 million and $4.0 million, respectively.

In 2018 and 2017 the Company purchased loans, for which there was, at acquisition, evidence of deterioration in credit quality since origination and it was probable, at acquisition, that all contractually required payments would not be collected. The carrying amount of these purchased credit impaired loans is as follows at December 31:

Accretable yield, or income expected to be collected on purchased credit impaired loans, is as follows at December 31:

The following table summarizes our delinquent and nonaccrual loans as of December 31:

	Past Due and Still Accruing												Total Past Due and Nonaccrual
(dollars in thousands)	30–59 Days			60-89 Days			90 Days or More			Nonaccrual			Total Past Due and Nonaccrual			Current		Total
2018:
Real estate loans:
Residential properties	$	74		$	—		$	499		$	651		$	1,224		$	2,860,539	$	2,861,763
Commercial properties		440			117			—			1,607			2,164			867,005		869,169
Land		2,000			—			—			697			2,697			77,490		80,187
Commercial and industrial loans		12,541			300			536			8,559			21,936			427,869		449,805
Consumer loans		—			7			—			2			9			22,690		22,699
Total	$	15,055		$	424		$	1,035		$	11,516		$	28,030		$	4,255,593	$	4,283,623
Percentage of total loans		0.35	%		0.01	%		0.02	%		0.27	%		0.65	%
2017:
Real estate loans:
Residential properties	$	78		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	78		$	2,581,167	$	2,581,245
Commercial properties		—			—			1,320			1,742			3,062			693,686		696,748
Land		—			—			—			—			—			37,160		37,160
Commercial and industrial loans		—			—			789			9,617			10,406			300,373		310,779
Consumer loans		—			—			—			—			—			29,330		29,330
Total	$	78		$	—		$	2,109		$	11,359		$	13,546		$	3,641,716	$	3,655,262
Percentage of total loans		0.00	%		—	%		0.06	%		0.31	%		0.37	%

The following table presents the composition of TDRs by accrual and nonaccrual status as of:

The following tables provide information on loans that were modified as TDRs during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017:

All of these loans were classified as a TDR as a result of a reduction in required principal payments and / or an extension of the maturity date of the loans. These loans have been paying in accordance with the terms of their restructure.

The following is a rollforward of the Bank’s allowance for loan losses for the years ended December 31:

(dollars in thousands)	Beginning Balance		Provision for Loan Losses			Charge-offs			Recoveries		Ending Balance
2018:
Real estate loans:
Residential properties	$	9,715	$	(499	)	$	—		$	—	$	9,216
Commercial properties		4,399		359			(211	)		—		4,547
Land and construction		395		(4	)		—			—		391
Commercial and industrial loans		3,624		4,413			(3,978	)		569		4,628
Consumer loans		267		(49	)		—			—		218
Total	$	18,400	$	4,220		$	(4,189	)	$	569	$	19,000
2017:
Real estate loans:
Residential properties	$	6,669	$	3,046		$	—		$	—	$	9,715
Commercial properties		2,983		1,416			—			—		4,399
Land and construction		233		162			—			—		395
Commercial and industrial loans		5,227		(1,841	)		—			238		3,624
Consumer loans		288		(21	)		—			—		267
Total	$	15,400	$	2,762		$	—		$	238	$	18,400
2016:
Real estate loans:
Residential properties	$	6,799	$	(130	)	$	—		$	—	$	6,669
Commercial properties		1,813		1,051			(50	)		169		2,983
Land and construction		103		130			—			—		233
Commercial and industrial loans		1,649		3,578			—			—		5,227
Consumer loans		236		52			—			—		288
Total	$	10,600	$	4,681		$	(50	)	$	169	$	15,400

The following table presents the balance in the allowance for loan losses and the recorded investment in loans by impairment method as of December 31:

	Allowance for Loan Losses									Unaccreted Credit Component Other Loans
	Evaluated for Impairment					Purchased Impaired		Total
(dollars in thousands)	Individually		Collectively			Purchased Impaired		Total
2018:
Allowance for loan losses:
Real estate loans:
Residential properties	$	—	$	9,216		$	—	$	9,216	$	1,724
Commercial properties		126		4,421			—		4,547		1,779
Land		—		391			—		391		84
Commercial and industrial loans		290		4,338			—		4,628		633
Consumer loans		—		218			—		218		3
Total	$	416	$	18,584		$	—	$	19,000	$	4,223
Loans:
Real estate loans:
Residential properties	$	651	$	2,861,112		$	—	$	2,861,763	$	241,698
Commercial properties		2,871		860,835			5,463		869,169		275,516
Land		697		78,681			809		80,187		41,132
Commercial and industrial loans		8,559		440,437			809		449,805		61,183
Consumer loans		—		22,699			—		22,699		366
Total	$	12,778	$	4,263,764		$	7,081	$	4,283,623	$	619,895
2017:
Allowance for loan losses:
Real estate loans:
Residential properties	$	—	$	9,715		$	—	$	9,715	$	248
Commercial properties		—		4,399			—		4,399		1,449
Land		—		395			—		395		4
Commercial and industrial loans		909		2,715			—		3,624		1,204
Consumer loans		—		267			—		267		100
Total	$	909	$	17,491		$	—	$	18,400	$	3,005
Loans:
Real estate loans:
Residential properties	$	—	$	2,581,245		$	—	$	2,581,245	$	26,605
Commercial properties		4,037		691,632			1,079		696,748		168,057
Land		—		(837	)		837		37,160		167
Commercial and industrial loans		9,399		299,539			1,841		310,779		62,849
Consumer loans		—		29,330			—		29,330		2,899
Total	$	13,436	$	3,600,909		$	3,757	$	3,655,262	$	260,577

The column labeled “Unaccreted Credit Component Other Loans” represents the amount of unaccreted credit component discount for the other loans acquired in a business combination, and the stated principal balance of the related loans. The discount is equal to 0.68% and 1.15% of the stated principal balance of these loans as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. In addition to this unaccreted credit component discount, an additional $0.4 million and $0.2 million of the ALLL was provided for these loans as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

The Bank categorizes loans into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt such as current financial information, historical payment experience, collateral adequacy, credit documentation, and current economic trends, among other factors. The Bank analyzes loans individually by classifying the loans as to credit risk. This analysis typically includes larger, non-homogeneous loans such as loans secured by multifamily or commercial real estate and commercial and industrial loans. This analysis is performed on an ongoing basis as new information is obtained. The Bank uses the following definitions for risk ratings:

Pass: Loans classified as pass are strong credits with no existing or known potential weaknesses deserving of management’s close attention.

Special Mention: Loans classified as special mention have a potential weakness that deserves management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the loan or of the institution’s credit position at some future date.

Substandard: Loans classified as substandard are inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Loans so classified have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that the institution will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.

Impaired: A loan is considered impaired, when, based on current information and events, it is probable that the Bank will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement.

Additionally, all loans classified as troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”) are considered impaired. Purchased credit impaired loans are not considered impaired loans for these purposes.

Loans listed as pass include larger non-homogeneous loans not meeting the risk rating definitions above and smaller, homogeneous loans not assessed on an individual basis.

Based on the most recent analysis performed, the risk category of loans by class of loans is as follows as of December 31:

(dollars in thousands)	Pass		Special Mention		Substandard		Impaired		Total
2018:
Real estate loans:
Residential properties	$	2,857,666	$	3,446	$	—	$	651	$	2,861,763
Commercial properties		845,672		13,024		7,602		2,871		869,169
Land		78,681		—		809		697		80,187
Commercial and industrial loans		431,751		7,723		1,772		8,559		449,805
Consumer loans		22,699		—		—		—		22,699
Total	$	4,236,469	$	24,193	$	10,183	$	12,778	$	4,283,623
2017:
Real estate loans:
Residential properties	$	2,578,773	$	192	$	2,280	$	—	$	2,581,245
Commercial properties		680,449		6,326		5,936		4,037		696,748
Land		36,321		—		839		—		37,160
Commercial and industrial loans		298,408		865		2,107		9,399		310,779
Consumer loans		29,330		—		—		—		29,330
Total	$	3,623,281	$	7,383	$	11,162	$	13,436	$	3,655,262

Impaired loans evaluated individually and any related allowance is as follows as of December 31:

	With No Allowance Recorded				With an Allowance Recorded
(dollars in thousands)	Unpaid Principal Balance		Recorded Investment		Unpaid Principal Balance		Recorded Investment		Related Allowance
2018:
Real estate loans:
Residential properties	$	651	$	651	$	—	$	—	$	—
Commercial properties		1,607		1,607		1,264		1,264		126
Land		697		697		—		—		—
Commercial and industrial loans		6,543		6,543		2,016		2,016		290
Total	$	9,498	$	9,498	$	3,280	$	3,280	$	416
2017:
Real estate loans:
Commercial properties	$	4,037		4,037	$	—	$	—	$	—
Commercial and industrial loans		250		250		9,149		9,149		909
Total	$	4,287	$	4,287	$	9,149	$	9,149	$	909

The weighted average annualized average balance of the recorded investment for impaired loans, beginning from when the loan became impaired, and any interest income recorded on impaired loans after they became impaired is as follows for the years ending December 31:

There was no interest income recognized on a cash basis in 2018, 2017 or 2016 on impaired loans.

The activity in our portfolio of REO is as follows during the periods ending December 31:

In 2018, FFB recognized $0.4 million of gains on the sale of $674 million of multifamily loans through a securitization sponsored by Freddie Mac. In 2017, FFB sold $453 million of multifamily loans to financial institutions and recognized a gain of $7.0 million. In 2016, FFB sold $265 million of multifamily loans sold through a securitization sponsored by Freddie Mac and recognized a gain of $7.2 million. In 2016, FFB also sold $41 million of multifamily loans to financial institutions and recognized a gain of $0.6 million.

For the sales of multifamily loans in 2018, 2017, and 2016, FFB retained servicing rights for the majority of these loans and recognized mortgage servicing rights as part of the transactions. As of December 31, 2018, and 2017, mortgage servicing rights were $6.4 million and $4.8 million, respectively and the amount of loans serviced for others totaled $1.3 billion and $745 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Servicing fees collected in 2018, 2017, and 2016 were $ 1.1 million, $0.7 million, and $0.3 million, respectively.

The following table summarizes the outstanding balance of deposits and average rates paid thereon at December 31:

At December 31, 2018, of the $360 million of certificates of deposits of $250,000 or more, $332 million mature within one year and $28 million mature after one year. Of the $1.6 billion of certificates of deposit of less than $250,000, $1.5 billion mature within one year and $53 million mature after one year. At December 31, 2017, of the $288 million of certificates of deposits of $250,000 or more, $230 million mature within one year and $58 million mature after one year. Of the $613 million of certificates of deposit of less than $250,000, $543 million mature within one year and $70 million mature after one year.

At December 31, 2018, our borrowings consisted of $703 million of overnight FHLB advances at the Bank and $5 million of borrowings under a company line of credit. At December 31, 2017, our borrowings consisted of $628 million of overnight FHLB advances and $50 million of borrowings under a company line of credit. These FHLB advances were paid in full in the early part of January 2019 and 2018, respectively, and bore interest rates of 2.56% and 1.41%, respectively. At December 31, 2018, the interest rate on the company line of credit was 5.90%. Because the Bank utilizes overnight borrowings, the balance of outstanding borrowings fluctuates on a daily basis.

FHLB advances are collateralized by loans secured by multifamily and commercial real estate properties with a carrying value of $3.0 billion as of December 31, 2018. As a matter of practice, the Bank provides substantially all of its qualifying loans as collateral to the FHLB. The Bank’s total borrowing capacity from the FHLB at December 31, 2018 was $2.2 billion. In addition to the $703 million borrowing, the Bank had in place $198 million of letters of credit from the FHLB which are used to meet collateral requirements for borrowings from the State of California and local agencies.

During 2017, FFI entered into a loan agreement with an unaffiliated lender that provides for a revolving line of credit for up to $75 million. The loan agreement matures in five years, with an option to extend the maturity date subject to certain conditions, and bears interest at 90 day LIBOR plus 350 basis points (3.50%). We are required to meet certain financial covenants during the term of the loan, including minimum capital levels and limits on classified assets. As of December 31, 2018, FFI was not in compliance with a covenant on this loan agreement that requires the Company to maintain a minimum total risk based capital ratio of 11.00%. At December 31, 2018, FFI had a total risk based capital ratio of 10.99%. The Company’s obligations under the loan agreement are secured by, among other things, a pledge of all of its equity in FFB.

The Bank also has $120 million available unsecured fed funds lines, ranging in size from $20 million to $25 million, with five other financial institutions and a $69 million secured line with the Federal Reserve Bank. None of these lines had outstanding borrowings as of December 31, 2018. Combined, the Bank’s unused lines of credit as of December 31, 2018 were $1.5 million. The average daily balance of overnight borrowings outstanding during 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $557 million, $499 million and $507 million, respectively.

FFI is a holding company and does not have any direct operating activities. Any future cash flow needs of FFI are expected to be met by its existing cash and cash equivalents and dividends from its subsidiaries. The Bank is subject to various laws and regulations that limit the amount of dividends that a bank can pay without obtaining prior approval from bank regulators. Additionally, under the terms of the holding company line of credit agreement, FFI may only declare and pay a dividend if the total amount of dividends and stock repurchases during the current twelve months does not exceed 50% of FFI’s net income for the same twelve month period. As of December 31, 2018, FFI’s cash and cash equivalents totaled $6.7 million.

All of the Company’s share and per share computations have been adjusted to reflect the impact of the two-for-one stock split that was effective as of January 18, 2017. The following table sets forth the Company’s earnings per share calculations for the years ended December 31:

Based on a weighted average basis, options to purchase 6,588 shares of common stock were excluded for 2016 because their effect would have been anti-dilutive.

In 2007, the Board of Directors of FFI approved two equity incentive plans that provided for the grant of stock options, shares of restricted stock, restricted stock units (“RSUs”), stock bonus awards and performance awards (collectively, “Equity Incentive Awards”) to the Company’s executive officers, other key employees and directors up to 1,300,282 shares of the FFI’s common stock. In 2010, shareholders approved an increase of 580,000 in the number of shares available for issuance under one of these plans. In 2015, shareholders approved a new equity incentive plan whereby: the Company can no longer issue Equity Incentive Awards under the previously approved plans; 750,000 shares of common stock will be available for the grant of Equity Incentive Awards to the Company’s executive officers, other key employees and directors; Equity Incentive Awards that are outstanding under the prior plans will remain outstanding and unchanged and subject to the terms of those Plans; and upon termination, cancellation or forfeiture of any of the Equity Incentive Awards that are outstanding under the prior plans, those shares will be added to the pool of shares available for future grants of Equity Incentive Awards under the plan approved in 2015. The Company recognized stock-based compensation expense of $2.6 million, $1.8 million, and $0.9 million in 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively. Included in the 2018 amount is $2.6 million of expense related to RSUs.

Stock options, when granted, have an exercise price not less than the current market value of the common stock and expire after ten years if not exercised. If applicable, vesting periods are set at the date of grant and the Plans provide for accelerated vesting should a change in control occur.

The following table provides a summary of the RSUs issued by the Company under its equity incentive plans for the periods ended December 31:

The fair value of the shares vested and issued was $2.8 million, $1.3 million and $0.8 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. As of December 31, 2018, the Company had $0.5 million of unrecognized compensation costs related to outstanding RSUs, which will be recognized through November, 2022, subject to the related vesting requirements.

The Company’s employees participate in the Company’s 401(k) profit sharing plan (the “401k Plan”) that covers all employees eighteen years of age or older who have completed three months of employment. Each employee eligible to participate in the 401k Plan may contribute up to 100% of his or her compensation, subject to certain statutory limitations. In 2018, the Company matched 100% of a participant’s contribution up to 3% of a participant’s compensation and an additional 50% of a participant’s contribution up to the next 2% of a participant’s compensation. In 2017 and 2016, the Company matched 50% of a participant’s contribution up to 5% of a participant’s compensation. These employer contributions are subject to the plan’s vesting schedule. The Company contributions of $1.7 million, $0.9 million and $0.7 million were included in Compensation and Benefits for 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The Company may also make an additional profit sharing contribution on behalf of eligible employees. No profit sharing contributions were made in 2018, 2017 or 2016.

Taxes on income for 2017, and net deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2017, reflect a $5.4 million adjustment recorded as a result of the enactment of H.R.1, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act which reduced Company’s applicable Federal tax rate from 35% to 21% effective January 1, 2018. The adjustment resulted in lower net deferred tax assets and higher taxes on income.

The Company is subject to federal income tax and California franchise tax. Income tax expense (benefit) was as follows for the years ended December 311:

The following is a comparison of the federal statutory income tax rates to the Company’s effective income tax rate for the years ended December 31:

Deferred taxes are a result of differences between income tax accounting and generally accepted accounting principles with respect to income tax recognition. The following is a summary of the components of the net deferred tax assets recognized in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets at December 31:

As part of the merger with DCB, the Company acquired operating loss carryforwards of $13.4 million. These operating loss carryforwards are subject to limitation under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Service Code and expire in 2032. As a result, the Company will only be able to utilize operating loss carryforwards of $8.2 million, ratably over a period of 20 years. As part of the merger with PRB, the Company acquired operating loss carryforwards of $3.9 million. These operating loss carryforwards are subject to limitation under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Service Code and expire in 2035. As part of the mergers with C1B and PBB, the Company acquired operating loss carryforwards of $0.7 and $3.3 million, respectively. These operating loss carryforwards are subject to limitation under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Service Code and expire in 2037. As of December 31, 2018, the remaining operating loss carryforwards from DCB, PRB, C1B, and PBB available to be utilized by the Company were $10.1 million.

The Company has no other operating loss carryforwards. The Company is subject to federal income tax and franchise tax of the state of California. Income tax returns for the periods 2016 through 2018 are open to audit by federal authorities, for the periods 2014 through 2018 by California state authorities, and for 2015 through 2018 by Hawaii state authorities.

The Company leases certain facilities for its corporate offices and branch operations under non-cancelable operating leases that expire through 2026. Lease expense for 2018, 2017, and 2016 was $5.8 million, $5.2 million, and $4.9 million, respectively. Future minimum lease commitments under all non-cancelable operating leases at December 31, 2018 are as follows:

In the normal course of business, the Bank is a party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk to meet the financing needs of customers and to reduce exposure to fluctuations in interest rates. These financial instruments may include commitments to extend credit and standby and commercial letters of credit. Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Standby and commercial letters of credit and financial guarantees are conditional commitments issued by the Bank to guaranty the performance of a customer to a third party. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. The following table provides the off-balance sheet arrangements of the Bank as of December 31:

Since many of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. The credit risk involved in issuing letters of credit is essentially the same as that involved in extending loan facilities to customers. The Bank evaluates each customer’s creditworthiness on a case-by-case basis. The amount of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary by the Bank upon extension of credit, is based on management’s credit evaluation of the counter-party. Collateral held varies but may include deposits, marketable securities, accounts receivable, inventory, property, plant and equipment, motor vehicles and real estate.

From time to time, the Company may become party to various lawsuits, which have arisen in the course of business. While it is not possible to predict with certainty the outcome of such litigation, it is the opinion of management, based in part upon opinions of counsel, that the liability, if any, arising from such lawsuits would not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position or results of operations.

Derivatives, specifically interest rate swaps, are used by the Company to reduce the risk that significant increases in interest rates may have on the value of loans held for sale. Derivative transactions are measured in terms of notional amount, which is not recorded in the consolidated statements of financial condition. The notional amount is generally not exchanged and is used as the basis for interest and other contractual payments. Derivatives are reported at their respective fair values in other assets or other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet, with changes in fair value recognized currently in earnings.

During the fourth quarter of 2018, we entered into two swap agreements, with combined notional amounts of $500 million, to offset the impact of changes in interest rates on the value of loans held for sale. These swaps were designated as fair value hedges using the last-of-layer method with the interest rate risk component of the loans held for sale designated as the hedged risk.

During the second quarter of 2018, we entered into four interest rate swap agreements, with combined notional amounts of $652 million, to mitigate against the effect of increases in interest rates on loans held for sale. These swaps were designated as a non-hedging activities and were closed out in the third quarter of 2018. During 2018, the payment of the difference between the fixed and floating rate of these interest rate swaps resulted in a $0.8 million reduction in loan interest income and the increase in value of these interest rate swaps of $5.9 million was included in gain on sale of loans in 2018.

During the second quarter of 2016, we entered into and closed an interest rate swap agreement, with a notional amount of $228 million, to mitigate against the effect of increases in interest rates on an outstanding commitment to sell loans. The decrease in value of this interest rate swap of $2.4 million was recorded in capital market activities under noninterest income in 2016.

The following table provides information related to derivatives designated as hedging instruments as of December 31, 2018:

The following table provides the effect of fair value hedge accounting on the consolidated income statement for 2018, including the location and amount of gain or (loss) recognized in income on fair value hedging relationships:

As of December 31, 2018, the following amounts were recorded on the balance sheet related to cumulative basis adjustments for fair value hedges:

These hedges are all designated as hedging relationships in which the hedged item is the last layer expected to be remaining at the end of the relationship. At December 31, 2018, the amortized cost basis of the closed portfolio used in these hedging relationships were $752 million.

There were no derivative positions outstanding at December 31, 2017 or December 31, 2016.

Loans to related parties, including directors and executive officers of the Company and their affiliates, were as follows for the periods presented:

Interest earned from loans to related parties was $0.1 million in 2018, $0.3 million in 2017 and $0.3 million in 2016.

The Bank held $8.3 million and $5.1 million of deposits from related parties, including directors and executive officers of the Company and their affiliates, as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. Interest paid on deposit accounts held by related parties was $11,000 in 2018, $9,000 in 2017 and $3,000 in 2016.

As of December 31, 2018, related parties, including directors and executive officers of the Company and their affiliates, held $29.5 million in assets under management with FFA and FFB. In both 2018 and 2017, the Company received $0.1 million in fees related to these assets under management.

Two executive officers of FFB have minority interests in an entity which FFB uses for software services, for which FFB paid $0.2 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016.

The CEO of the Company is a director of another financial institution that has deposits with the Bank and, in 2018, 2017, and 2016 purchased $52.1 million, $121.9 million and $41.4 million of loans, respectively, from the Bank for which the Bank will continue to provide servicing. The balance of deposits held at the Bank at December 31, 2018 was $20.8 million and the interest paid by the Bank was $0.4 million. The gain on sale of loans in 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $0.2 million, $1.1 million and $0.6 million, respectively. The amount of loans serviced for this financial institution was $205 million at December 31, 2018. In 2013, the Bank participated in a loan to the parent company of this financial institution. This loan was paid off in November 2017. The amount of interest earned on this loan was $0.2 million in each of 2017 and 2016. In 2017, the Bank participated in a sub debt offering from the financial institution for $15 million. The Bank earned $0.8 million and $0.1 million from this investment in 2018 and 2017, respectively.

The CEO of the Company serves a director of a real estate investment trust that is an affiliate of an investment fund company for which FFA provides subadvisory services. The amount of AUM managed by FFA under this subadvisory agreement was $277 million and $260 million at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, and the amount of fees earned by FFA were $0.4 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016.

FFI and the Bank are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the federal banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory, and possible additional discretionary, actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on FFI and the Bank’s financial condition. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Company and the Bank must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of FFI and the Bank’s assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. Under a new comprehensive capital framework for U.S. banking organizations, which became effective on January 1, 2015, with certain of their provisions phased-in over a several years through January 1, 2019, the Company (on a consolidated basis) and FFB (on a stand-alone basis) are required to meet specific capital adequacy requirements that, for the most part, involve quantitative measures, primarily in terms of the ratios of their capital to their assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance sheet items, calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The net unrealized gain or loss on available for sale securities is not included in computing regulatory capital. FFI’s and the Bank’s capital amounts and classification are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk weightings, and other factors.

Quantitative measures established by the regulators to ensure capital adequacy require FFI and the Bank to maintain minimum amounts and ratios (set forth in the table below) of total and Tier 1 capital (as defined in the regulations) to risk-weighted assets (as defined), and of Tier 1 capital (as defined) to assets (as defined). Management believes, as of December 31, 2018 that FFI and the Bank met all capital adequacy requirements.

	Actual					For Capital Adequacy Purposes					To Be Well-Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Provisions
(dollars in thousands)	Amount		Ratio			Amount		Ratio			Amount		Ratio
FFI
December 31, 2018
CET1 capital ratio	$	460,600		10.67	%	$	194,179		4.50	%
Tier 1 leverage ratio		460,600		8.39	%		219,694		4.00	%
Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio		460,600		10.67	%		258,906		6.00	%
Total risk-based capital ratio		481,476		11.16	%		345,207		8.00	%
December 31, 2017
CET1 capital ratio	$	366,236		11.99	%	$	137,435		4.50	%
Tier 1 leverage ratio		366,236		8.44	%		173,514		4.00	%
Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio		366,236		11.99	%		183,246		6.00	%
Total risk-based capital ratio		385,236		12.61	%		244,328		8.00	%
BANK
December 31, 2018
CET1 capital ratio	$	453,248		10.51	%	$	194,058		4.50	%	$	280,306		6.50	%
Tier 1 leverage ratio		453,248		8.26	%		219,568		4.00	%		274,461		5.00	%
Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio		453,248		10.51	%		258,744		6.00	%		344,992		8.00	%
Total risk-based capital ratio		474,124		10.99	%		344,992		8.00	%		431,240		10.00	%
December 31, 2017
CET1 capital ratio	$	398,709		13.07	%	$	137,290		4.50	%	$	198,308		6.50	%
Tier 1 leverage ratio		398,709		9.20	%		173,363		4.00	%		216,703		5.00	%
Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio		398,709		13.07	%		183,053		6.00	%		244,071		8.00	%
Total risk-based capital ratio		417,709		13.69	%		244,071		8.00	%		305,089		10.00	%

As of each of the dates set forth in the above table, the Company exceeded the minimum required capital ratios applicable to it and FFB’s capital ratios exceeded the minimums necessary to qualify as a well-capitalized depository institution under the prompt corrective action regulations. The required ratios for capital adequacy set forth in the above table do not include the additional capital conservation buffer, though each of the Company and FFB maintained capital ratios necessary to satisfy the capital conservation buffer requirements as of the dates indicated.

As of December 31, 2018, the amount of capital at FFB in excess of amounts required to be Well Capitalized was $173 million for the CET-1 capital ratio, $179 million for the Tier 1 leverage ratio, $108 million for the Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio and $43 million for the Total risk-based capital ratio. No conditions or events have occurred since December 31, 2018 that we believe have changed FFI’s or FFB’s capital adequacy classifications from those set forth in the above table.

If a banking organization does not hold a capital conservation buffer composed of common equity tier 1 capital above its minimum risk-based capital requirements, it will face constraints on dividends, equity repurchases and executive compensation based on the amount of the shortfall. The capital buffer is measured against risk weighted assets and is therefore not applicable to the tier 1 leverage ratio. The implementation of the capital conservation buffer began on January 1, 2016 at 0.625%, and increased by 0.625% on each subsequent January 1, until it reached 2.5% on January 1, 2019. The following table sets forth the minimum capital ratios plus the applicable increment of the capital conservation buffer as of the current year and the fully implemented ratios that took effect on January 1, 2019:

The following items are included in the consolidated income statements as professional services and marketing costs and other expenses for the years ended December 31:

In 2018, 2017, and 2016 the Company had two reportable business segments: Banking (FFB) and Wealth Management (FFA). The results of FFI and any elimination entries are included in the column labeled Other. The reportable segments are determined by products and services offered and the corporate structure. Business segment earnings before taxes are the primary measure of the segment's performance as evaluated by management. Business segment earnings before taxes include direct revenue and expenses of the segment as well as corporate and inter-company cost allocations. Allocations of corporate expenses, such as finance and accounting, data processing and human resources, are calculated based on estimated activity or usage levels. The management accounting process measures the performance of the operating segments based on the Company's management structure and is not necessarily comparable with similar information for other financial services companies. If the management structures and/or the allocation process changes, allocations, transfers and assignments may change. The following tables show key operating results for each of our business segments used to arrive at our consolidated totals for the years ended December 31:

(dollars in thousands)	Banking		Wealth Management		Other			Total
2018:
Interest income	$	207,306	$	—	$	—		$	207,306
Interest expense		49,935		—		1,761			51,696
Net interest income		157,371		—		(1,761	)		155,610
Provision for loan losses		4,220		—		—			4,220
Noninterest income		11,322		25,247		(798	)		35,771
Noninterest expense		100,778		21,670		4,627			127,075
Income (loss) before taxes on income	$	63,695	$	3,577	$	(7,186	)	$	60,086
2017:
Interest income	$	136,801	$	—	$	—		$	136,801
Interest expense		22,530		—		653			23,183
Net interest income		114,271		—		(653	)		113,618
Provision for loan losses		2,762		—		—			2,762
Noninterest income		16,016		23,556		(853	)		38,719
Noninterest expense		73,990		20,469		4,517			98,976
Income (loss) before taxes on income	$	53,535	$	3,087	$	(6,023	)	$	50,599
2016:
Interest income	$	100,642	$	—	$	—		$	100,642
Interest expense		11,193		—		—			11,193
Net interest income		89,449		—		—			89,449
Provision for loan losses		4,681		—		—			4,681
Noninterest income		13,832		21,348		(620	)		34,560
Noninterest expense		58,422		19,232		3,340			80,994
Income (loss) before taxes on income	$	40,178	$	2,116	$	(3,960	)	$	38,334

The following tables show the financial position for each of our business segments, and of FFI which is included in the column labeled Other, and the eliminating entries used to arrive at our consolidated totals at December 31:

(dollars in thousands)	Banking		Wealth Management		Other			Eliminations			Total
2018:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	67,148	$	4,636	$	6,728		$	(11,200	)	$	67,312
Securities AFS		809,569		—		—			—			809,569
Loans held for sale		507,643		—		—			—			507,643
Loans, net		4,274,669		—		—			—			4,274,669
Premises and equipment		8,221		788		136			—			9,145
FHLB Stock		20,307		—		—			—			20,307
Deferred taxes		12,905		103		243			—			13,251
REO		815		—		—			—			815
Goodwill and Intangibles		99,482		—		—			—			99,482
Other assets		35,906		605		555,465			(553,757	)		38,219
Total assets	$	5,836,665	$	6,132	$	562,572		$	(564,957	)	$	5,840,412
Deposits	$	4,544,168	$	—	$	—		$	(11,200	)	$	4,532,968
Borrowings		703,000		—		5,000			—			708,000
Intercompany balances		3,689		467		(4,156	)		—			—
Other liabilities		34,886		2,830		2,544			—			40,260
Shareholders’ equity		550,922		2,835		559,184			(553,757	)		559,184
Total liabilities and equity	$	5,836,665	$	6,132	$	562,572		$	(564,957	)	$	5,840,412
2017:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	120,261	$	4,407	$	12,664		$	(16,938	)	$	120,394
Securities AFS		519,364		—		—			—			519,364
Loans held for sale		154,380		—		—			—			154,380
Loans, net		3,645,327		—		—			—			3,645,327
Premises and equipment		5,519		926		136			—			6,581
FHLB Stock		19,060		—		—			—			19,060
Deferred taxes		12,008		172		(37	)		—			12,143
REO		2,920		—		—			—			2,920
Goodwill and Intangibles		33,576		—		—			—			33,576
Other assets		25,521		179		431,335			(429,595	)		27,440
Total assets	$	4,537,936	$	5,684	$	444,098		$	(446,533	)	$	4,541,185
Deposits	$	3,460,465	$	—	$	—		$	(16,938	)	$	3,443,527
Borrowings		628,000		—		50,000			—			678,000
Intercompany balances		3,301		643		(3,944	)		—			—
Other liabilities		18,646		2,970		3,091			—			24,707
Shareholders’ equity		427,524		2,071		394,951			(429,595	)		394,951
Total liabilities and equity	$	4,537,936	$	5,684	$	444,098		$	(446,533	)	$	4,541,185

(dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)	First Quarter		Second Quarter		Third Quarter		Fourth Quarter		Full Year
Year Ended December 31, 2018:
Interest income	$	43,319	$	48,498	$	58,047	$	57,442	$	207,306
Interest expense		9,051		12,247		14,321		16,077		51,696
Net interest income		34,268		36,251		43,726		41,365		155,610
Provision for loan losses		1,688		2,450		9		73		4,220
Noninterest income		8,982		6,984		11,104		8,701		35,771
Noninterest expense		28,988		33,982		33,967		30,138		127,075
Income before taxes on income		12,574		6,803		20,854		19,855		60,086
Taxes on income		3,598		1,657		6,147		5,726		17,128
Net income	$	8,976	$	5,146	$	14,707	$	14,129	$	42,958
Income per share
Basic	$	0.23	$	0.13	$	0.33	$	0.32	$	1.02
Diluted	$	0.23	$	0.12	$	0.33	$	0.31	$	1.01
Year Ended December 31, 2017:
Interest income	$	30,360	$	33,652	$	34,878	$	37,911	$	136,801
Interest expense		4,302		5,757		6,438		6,686		23,183
Net interest income		26,058		27,895		28,440		31,225		113,618
Provision for loan losses		69		1,092		701		900		2,762
Noninterest income		7,783		9,697		9,863		11,376		38,719
Noninterest expense		24,709		22,213		23,393		28,661		98,976
Income before taxes on income		9,063		14,287		14,209		13,040		50,599
Taxes on income		2,950		4,671		4,629		10,767		23,017
Net income	$	6,113	$	9,616	$	9,580	$	2,273	$	27,582
Income per share
Basic	$	0.19	$	0.29	$	0.28	$	0.06	$	0.80
Diluted	$	0.18	$	0.28	$	0.27	$	0.06	$	0.78
Year Ended December 31, 2016:
Interest income	$	21,698	$	24,573	$	26,004	$	28,367	$	100,642
Interest expense		2,337		2,652		2,841		3,363		11,193
Net interest income		19,361		21,921		23,163		25,004		89,449
Provision for loan losses		400		1,250		1,231		1,800		4,681
Noninterest income		6,985		4,910		15,079		7,586		34,560
Noninterest expense		19,417		19,850		21,536		20,191		80,994
Income before taxes on income		6,529		5,731		15,475		10,599		38,334
Taxes on income		2,742		2,407		5,800		4,082		15,031
Net income	$	3,787	$	3,324	$	9,675	$	6,517	$	23,303
Income per share
Basic	$	0.12	$	0.10	$	0.30	$	0.20	$	0.72
Diluted	$	0.11	$	0.10	$	0.29	$	0.19	$	0.70

	For the Year Ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2018			2017			2016
Cash Flows from Operating Activities:
Net income	$	42,958		$	27,582		$	23,303
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Earnings from investment in subsidiaries		(48,153	)		(31,547	)		(25,498	)
Stock–based compensation expense		65			61			78
Deferred tax liability (benefit)		(280	)		(37	)		296
Increase in other assets		32			(29	)		(1,464	)
Increase (decrease) in accounts payable and other liabilities		(547	)		3,161			(1,102	)
Net cash used in operating activities		(5,925	)		(809	)		(4,387	)
Cash Flows from Investing Activities:
Investment in subsidiaries		—			(72,845	)		(40,000	)
Dividend from subsidiary		32,000			2,000			5,000
Purchase of premises and equipment		—			—			(24	)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities		32,000			(70,845	)		(35,024	)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities:
Proceeds from borrowings		—			50,000			—
Paydowns of borrowings		(45,000	)		—			—
Proceeds from the sale of stock, net		13,698			28,386			4,267
Repurchase of stock		(497	)		—			—
Intercompany accounts, net decrease (increase)		(212	)		(386	)		(689	)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities		(32,011	)		78,000			3,578
Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents		(5,936	)		6,346			(35,833	)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year		12,664			6,318			42,151
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year	$	6,728		$	12,664		$	6,318

On January 29, 2019, the Board of Directors of the Company declared an initial quarterly cash dividend of $0.05 per common share to be paid on March 15, 2019 to stockholders of record as of the close of business on March 1, 2019.

We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating our disclosure controls and procedures, our management recognized that any system of controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, as ours are designed to do, and management necessarily was required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.

As required by SEC rules, an evaluation was performed under the supervision and with the participation of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of the effectiveness as of December 31, 2018, of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act). Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of December 31, 2018, the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

There was no change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended December 31, 2018 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Management of First Foundation Inc. is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Internal control over financial reporting includes those written policies and procedures that:

Internal control over financial reporting includes the controls themselves, monitoring and internal auditing practices and actions taken to correct deficiencies as identified. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of the effectiveness of such controls to future periods are subject to the risks that the controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or because the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Our management assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria for effective internal control over financial reporting described in “Internal Control – Integrated Framework” issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in 2013. Management’s assessment included an evaluation of the design and the testing of the operational effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Management reviewed the results of its assessment with the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors.

Based on that assessment, management determined that, as of December 31, 2018, the Company maintained effective internal control over financial reporting.

The foregoing report on internal control over financial reporting shall not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act or otherwise subject to the liabilities of that section.

Vavrinek, Trine, Day & Co., LLP, independent registered public accounting firm, which audited our consolidated financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, has audited the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, as stated in their report included Item 8.

Except for the information regarding our Code of Conduct below, the information required by this Item 10 is hereby incorporated by reference to the Company’s definitive proxy statement, expected to be filed with the SEC on or before April 30, 2019, for its 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

Our Board has adopted a Code of Conduct for the Chief Executive Officer and Other Senior Financial Officers (the “Code”) contains specific ethical policies and principles that apply to our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer and other key accounting and financial personnel. The Code constitutes our “code of ethics” within the meaning of Section 406 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and is our “code of conduct” within the meaning of the listing standards of the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC.

The Code is available in the Investor Relations section of our website at www.ff-inc.com. To the extent required by applicable rules of the SEC and the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC, we will disclose on our website any amendments to the Code and any waivers of the requirements of the Code that may be granted to our executive officers, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or persons performing similar functions.

The information required by this Item 11 is hereby incorporated by reference to the Company’s definitive proxy statement, expected to be filed with the SEC on or before April 30, 2019, for its 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

The information required by this Item 12 is hereby incorporated by reference to the Company’s definitive proxy statement, expected to be filed with the SEC on or before April 30, 2019, for its 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

The information required by this Item 13 is hereby incorporated by reference to the Company’s definitive proxy statement, expected to be filed with the SEC on or before April 30, 2019, for its 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

The information required by this Item 14 is hereby incorporated by reference to the Company’s definitive proxy statement, expected to be filed with the SEC on or before April 30, 2019, for its 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

See page 61 for an index of the financial statements filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. No financial statement schedules are provided because the information called for is not required or is shown either in the financial statements or the notes thereto.

See the Index of Exhibits on page E-1 for a list of exhibits filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which Index of Exhibits is incorporated herein by reference.

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized in Irvine California on March 1, 2019.

Each individual whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Scott F. Kavanaugh, Ulrich E. Keller, Jr. and John M. Michel, and each of them, acting severally, his or her true and lawful attorneys-in-fact and agents with full power of substitution, for him or her and in his or her name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign and file on his or her behalf and in each capacity stated below, all amendments and/or supplements to this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which amendments or supplements may make changes and additions to this Report as such attorneys-in-fact, or any of them, acting severally, may deem necessary or appropriate.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Report on Form 10-K has been signed below by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share		NASDAQ Global Stock Market
(Title of each class)		(Name of exchange on which registered)

CET-1 to risk-weighted assets	6.375	%
Tier 1 capital (i.e., CET-1 plus Additional Tier 1) to risk-weighted assets	7.875	%
Total capital (i.e., Tier 1 plus Tier 2) to risk-weighted assets	9.875	%
Tier 1 capital-to-average consolidated assets as reported on consolidated financial statements⁽¹⁾	4.000	%


Purchase Dates	Total Number of Shares Purchased	Average Price Paid Per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Program	Maximum Number of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Program

December 1 to December 31, 2018	35,300	$	14.09	35,300	2,164,700

	Period Ending
	12/31/2014	12/31/2015	12/31/2016	12/31/2017	12/31/2018

First Foundation Inc. (FFWM)	100.00	130.04	157.11	204.41	141.79
Russell 2000 Index	100.00	94.29	112.65	127.46	111.94
Russell 3000 Index	100.00	98.53	108.79	129.30	120.26
SNL Western Bank Index	100.00	100.99	108.69	118.83	91.74

	Increase (Decrease) due to					Net Increase (Decrease)
(dollars in thousands)	Volume		Rate			Net Increase (Decrease)
Interest earned on:
Loans	$	47,752	$	16,752		$	64,504
Securities		2,591		1,857			4,448
FHLB stock, fed funds and deposits		1,562		(9	)		1,553
Total interest-earning assets		51,905		18,600			70,505
Interest paid on:
Demand deposits		449		827			1,276
Money market and savings		903		1,332			2,235
Certificates of deposit		8,182		9,640			17,822
Borrowings		972		6,208			7,180
Total interest-bearing liabilities		10,506		18,007			28,513
Net interest income	$	41,399	$	593		$	41,992


Large accelerated filer	☒	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☐

		Page No.
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS		ii
	PART I
Item 1	Business	1
Item 1A	Risk Factors	16
Item 1B	Unresolved Staff Comments	29
Item 2	Properties	29
Item 3	Legal Proceedings	29
Item 4	Mine Safety Disclosures	29
	PART II
Item 5	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	30
Item 6	Selected Financial Data	33
Item 7	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	36
Item 8	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	61
Item 9	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosures	109
Item 9A	Controls and Procedures	109
Item 9B	Other Information	110
	PART III
Item 10	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	111
Item 11	Executive Compensation	111
Item 12	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	111
Item 13	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Director Independence	111
Item 14	Principal Accounting Fees and Services	111
	PART IV
Item 15	Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules	112
Item 16	Form 10-K Summary	112
Index to Exhibits		E-1
Signatures		S-1

	Banking				Wealth Management
(dollars in thousands)	2018		2017		2018		2017
Compensation and benefits	$	49,709	$	39,357	$	16,404	$	15,899
Occupancy and depreciation		17,362		13,070		2,220		2,129
Professional services and marketing		4,468		3,961		2,317		1,838
Customer Service Costs		15,077		7,041		—		—
Other expenses		14,162		10,561		729		603
Total noninterest expense	$	100,778	$	73,990	$	21,670	$	20,469

	Securities with Unrealized Loss at December 31, 2018
(dollars in thousands)	Less than 12 months					12 months or more					Total
(dollars in thousands)	Fair Value		Unrealized Loss			Fair Value		Unrealized Loss			Fair Value		Unrealized Loss
Agency mortgage-backed securities	$	—	$	—		$	387,151	$	(13,811	)	$	387,151	$	(13,811	)
Corporate bonds		38,706		(294	)		—		—			38,706		(294	)
Beneficial interests in FHLMC securitization		429		(11	)		7,038		(1,802	)		7,467		(1,813	)
Other		—		—			497		(3	)		497		(3	)
Total temporarily impaired securities	$	39,135	$	(305	)	$	394,686	$	(15,616	)	$	433,821	$	(15,921	)

	Scheduled Maturity						Loans With a Scheduled Maturity After One Year
(dollars in thousands)	Due in One Year or Less		Due After One Year Through Five Years		Due After Five Years		Loans With Fixed Rates		Loan With Adjustable Rates
Land loans	$	58,455	$	12,756	$	8,976	$	34,361	$	45,826
Commercial and industrial loans		145,272		222,965		81,568		178,604		271,201

(dollars in thousands)
3 months or less	$	294,332
Over 3 months through 6 months		63,255
Over 6 months through 12 months		185,410
Over 12 months		65,525
Total	$	608,522

	Payments Due by Period
(dollars in thousands)	Total		Less Than 1 Year		1 – 3 Years		3 – 5 Years		More Than 5 Years

FHLB Advances	$	703,000	$	703,000	$	—	$	—	$	—
FFI line of credit loan		5,000		—		—		5,000		—
Operating lease obligations		25,782		6,075		11,292		6,283		2,132
Total	$	733,782	$	709,075	$	11,292	$	11,283	$	2,132

(dollars in thousands)
Commitments to fund new loans	$	27,688
Commitments to fund under existing loans, lines of credit		352,148
Commitments under standby letters of credit		12,001

Assumed Instantaneous Change in Interest Rates	Estimated Increase (Decrease) in Net Interest Income
+ 100 basis points		(8.2	)	%
+ 200 basis points		(16.3	)	%
+ 300 basis points		(24.6	)	%
+ 400 basis points		(33.8	)	%
- 100 basis points		8.0		%
- 200 basis points		16.2		%

Assumed Simultaneous Change in Interest Rates	Estimated Increase (Decrease) in Economic Value of Equity
+ 100 basis points		(9.8	)	%
+ 200 basis points		(19.2	)	%
+ 300 basis points		(28.5	)	%
+ 400 basis points		(38.1	)	%
- 100 basis points		12.1		%
- 200 basis points		33.8		%


	Number of Shares Sold	Weighted Average Price		Net Proceeds
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

February, 2018	400,288	$	18.27		7,166
March, 2018	225,442	$	18.80		4,176
Total	625,730	$	18.46	$	11,342

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on the Consolidated Financial Statements		62
Consolidated Balance Sheets: December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017		64
Consolidated Income Statements: Years Ended December 31, 2018, December 31, 2017, and December 31, 2016		65
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income: Years Ended December 31, 2018, December 31, 2017, and December 31, 2016		66
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity: Years Ended December 31, 2018, December 31, 2017, and December 31, 2016		67
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows: Years Ended December 31, 2018, December 31, 2017, and December 31, 2016		68
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements		69


(dollars in thousands)	Purchased Credit Impaired		All Other Acquired Loans

Contractual amounts due	$	33,791	$	697,512
Cash flows not expected to be collected		14,443		7,084
Expected cash flows		19,348		690,428
Interest component of expected cash flows		1,887		184,990
Fair value of acquired loans	$	17,461	$	505,438


		Outstanding Recorded Investment
(dollars in thousands)	Number of loans	Pre-Modification		Post-Modification		Financial Impact
Year ended December 31, 2018
Commercial real estate loans	1	$	1,264	$	1,264	$	—
Commercial loans	3		2,096		2,096		—
Total	4	$	3,360	$	3,360	$	—

Year ended December 31, 2017
Commercial real estate loans	1	$	1,598	$	1,598	$	—
Commercial loans	1		218		218		—
Total	2	$	1,816	$	1,816	$	—

(dollars in thousands except per share amounts)	Options Granted			Weighted Average Exercise Price per Share		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Balance: December 31, 2017		900,884		$	7.73
Options granted		—			—
Options exercised		(308,334	)		7.64
Options forfeited		—			—
Balance: December 31, 2018		592,550			7.78		2.88 Years	$	3,012
Options exercisable		592,550		$	7.78		7.78 Years	$	3,012

(dollars in thousands)
Year Ending December 31,
2019	$	6,075
2020		5,785
2021		5,507
2022		4,573
2023 and after		3,842
Total	$	25,782


	Derivative Assets			Derivative Liabilities
(dollars in thousands)	Balance Sheet Location	Fair Value		Balance Sheet Location	Fair Value

Interest rate contracts	Other assets	$	—	Other liabilities	$	5,175


(dollars in thousands)	Interest Income - Loans
Gain or (Loss):
Interest contracts:
Hedged items	$	4,821
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments		5,175



Balance Sheet Line Item	Carrying Amount of the Hedged Item		Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Adjustment Included in the Carrying Amount of the Hedged Item
(dollars in thousands)
Loans held for sale	$	507,643	$	4,821

Exhibit No.		Description
2.1		Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated October 28, 2015, entered into by First Foundation Inc., a California corporation, and First Foundation Inc., a Delaware corporation, to effectuate the Delaware reincorporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.99 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on October 29, 2015).
2.2		Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated November 25, 2014, by and among the Company, First Foundation Bank and Pacific Rim Bank (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on December 1, 2014).
2.3		Agreement and Plan of Merger, as amended, dated June 29, 2011, by and among the Company, First Foundation Bank and Desert Commercial Bank, together with First, Second and Third Amendments thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form 10, filed on October 17, 2013).
2.4		Agreement and Plan of Reorganization and Merger, dated as of June 14, 2017, by and between the Company and Community 1st Bancorp (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on June 15, 2017).
2.5		Agreement and Plan of Reorganization and Merger, dated as of December 18, 2017, by and between the Company and PBB Bancorp (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on December 19, 2017).
3.1		Certificate of Incorporation of the Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on October 29, 2015).
3.2		Bylaws of the Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on October 29, 2015).
4.1		Specimen Certificate for Common Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K/A, filed on August 3, 2015).
10.1(1)		First Foundation Inc. 2007 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form 10, filed on October 17, 2013).
10.2(1)		First Foundation Inc. 2007 Management Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form 10, filed on October 17, 2013).
10.3(1)		First Foundation Inc. 2015 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.99 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-8, filed on October 28, 2015).
10.4(1)		First Foundation Inc. Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for 2015 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed on March 15, 2016).
10.5(1)		First Foundation Inc. Form of Stock Option Agreement for 2015 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed on March 15, 2016).
10.6(1)		Form of Director and Officer Indemnification Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.99 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on October 30, 2015).
10.7(1)		Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, dated December 31, 2009, by and between the Company, First Foundation Advisors and Ulrich E. Keller, Jr., together with First and Second Amendments thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form 10, filed on October 17, 2013), Third Amendment thereto, dated January 26, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on February 1, 2016), and Fourth Amendment thereto, dated February 7, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on February 7, 2018).

Exhibit No.		Description
10.8(1)		Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, dated December 31, 2009, by and between the Company, First Foundation Bank and Scott F. Kavanaugh, together with First and Second Amendments thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form 10, filed on October 17, 2013), Third Amendment thereto, dated January 26, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on February 1, 2016), and Fourth Amendment thereto, dated February 7, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on February 7, 2018).
10.9(1)		Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, dated December 31, 2009, by and between the Company, First Foundation Bank, First Foundation Advisors and John Michel, together with First and Second Amendments thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 25, 2014), Third Amendment thereto, dated January 26, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on February 1, 2016), and Fourth Amendment thereto, dated February 7, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on February 7, 2018).
10.10(1)		Employment Agreement, dated May 11, 2015, by and between First Foundation Bank and David DePillo (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.21 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed on May 11, 2015), and First Amendment thereto, dated February 7, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on February 7. 2018).
10.11(1)(2)		Employment Agreement, dated June 1, 2015, by and between First Foundation Bank and Lindsay Lawrence, and First Amendment thereto.
10.12(1)		Change of Control Agreement, dated September 17, 2007, by and between the Company and Ulrich E. Keller, Jr. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form 10, filed on October 17, 2013).
10.13(1)		Change of Control Agreement, dated September 17, 2007, by and between the Company and Scott F. Kavanaugh (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form 10, filed on October 17, 2013).
10.14(1)		Change of Control Agreement, dated September 17, 2007, by and between the Company and John Michel (incorporated by reference to the Exhibit 10.16 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed on March 25, 2014).
10.15(1)		Change of Control Agreement, dated May 11, 2015, by and between the Company and David DePillo (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.22 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed on May 11, 2015).
10.16(1)(2)		Change of Control Agreement, dated June 1, 2015, by and between the Company and Lindsay Lawrence.
10.17		Loan Agreement, dated February 8, 2017, by and between the Company, as borrower, and NexBank SSB, as lender (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed February 9, 2017).
10.18		First Amendment to Loan Agreement, dated May 18, 2017, by and between the Company and NexBank SSB (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed May 22, 2017).
10.19		Second Amendment to Loan Agreement, dated April 6, 2018, by and between the Company and NexBank SSB (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed April 9, 2018).
10.20		Third Amendment to Loan Agreement, dated October 30, 2018, by and between the Company and NexBank SSB (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed October 31, 2018).
10.21		Pledge and Security Agreement, dated as of February 8, 2017, by and between the Company and NexBank SSB (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed February 9, 2017).
10.22		Equity Distribution Agreement dated February 16, 2017, by and among the Company, First Foundation Bank, FBR Capital Markets & Co., Raymond James & Associates, Inc., Sandler O’Neill & Partners, L.P., and D.A. Davidson & Co (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on February 17, 2017).
14.1		Code of Conduct for the Chief Executive Officer and Other Senior Financial Officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 14.1 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed on March 25, 2014).

Exhibit No.		Description
21.1(2)		Subsidiaries of the Registrant.
23.1(2)		Consent of Vavrinek, Trine, Day & Co., LLP, independent registered public accounting firm.
24.1		Power of Attorney (included on signature page of this Annual Report on Form 10-K).
31.1(2)		Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2(2)		Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1(2)		Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2(2)		Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101(2)		XBRL (eXtensive Business Reporting Language). The following financial materials from the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2018, formatted in XBRL: (i) Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations, (iii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss, (iv) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and (v) Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

SIGNATURE	TITLE	DATE
/s/ SCOTT F. KAVANAUGH Scott F. Kavanaugh	Chief Executive Officer and Director (Principal Executive Officer)	March 1, 2019
/s/ JOHN M. MICHEL John M. Michel	Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)	March 1, 2019
/s/ ULRICH E. KELLER, JR. Ulrich E. Keller, Jr.	Chairman and Director	March 1, 2019
/s/ JAMES BRAKKE James Brakke	Director	March 1, 2019
/s/ MAX BRIGGS Max Briggs	Director	March 1, 2019
/s/ MARTHA CORBETT Martha Corbett	Director	March 1, 2019
/s/ WARREN D. FIX Warren D. Fix	Director	March 1, 2019
/s/ JOHN HAKOPIAN John Hakopian	Director	March 1, 2019
/s/ DAVID LAKE David Lake	Director	March 1, 2019
/s/ MITCHELL M. ROSENBERG Mitchell M. Rosenberg	Director	March 1, 2019
/s/ JACOB SONENSHINE Jacob Sonenshine	Director	March 1, 2019