Identified Intangible Assets

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

The changes in identified intangible assets were as follows:


			Total
Balance as of January 1, 2022
Cost			4,715
Accumulated amortization/impairment			(3,021)
Book value			1,694
Changes in book value:
Acquisitions/additions			264

Amortization			(644)
Impairment			(1)
Translation differences			(2)
Total changes			(383)
Balance as of December 31, 2022
Cost			3,194
Accumulated amortization/impairment			(1,883)
Book value			1,311
Changes in book value:
Acquisitions/additions			64

Amortization			(454)

Translation differences			1
Total changes			(389)
Balance as of December 31, 2023
Cost			2,264
Accumulated amortization/impairment			(1,342)
Book value			922

Identified intangible assets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 respectively were composed of the following:


	December 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
	Gross carrying amount	Accumulated amortization	Gross carrying amount	Accumulated amortization
IPR&D(1)	70	—	70	—
Marketing-related	—	—	—	—
Customer-related	788	(352)	788	(307)
Technology-based	1,406	(990)	2,336	(1,576)
Identified intangible assets	2,264	(1,342)	3,194	(1,883)

(1) IPR&D is not subject to amortization until completion or abandonment of the associated research and development effort.

The estimated amortization expense for these identified intangible assets for each of the five succeeding years is:

All intangible assets, excluding IPR&D and goodwill, are subject to amortization and have no assumed residual value.

The expected weighted average remaining life of identified intangibles is 4 years as of December 31, 2023.