The Company is not subject to taxation in its country of incorporation; however, the Company is subject to taxation in certain other jurisdictions due to the nature of the Company’s operations. The Company estimates its tax liability based upon its understanding of the tax laws of the various countries in which it operates. Income tax expense for 2020, 2019 and 2018 consisted of the following:

	2020			2019		2018
Current
Bermuda		—		$	—	$	—
Foreign		446			499		1,407
		446			499		1,407
Deferred
Bermuda		—			—		—
Foreign		(819	)		1,449		618
		(819	)		1,449		618
	$	(374	)	$	1,948	$	2,025

The components of income before income taxes and noncontrolling interest were as follows:

A reconciliation of the differences between the Bermuda statutory income tax rate and the effective tax rate as provided in the consolidated statements of operations is as follows:

	2020					2019				2018
Bermuda tax rate	$	—		0.00	%	$	—	0.00	%	$	—		0.00	%
Foreign tax rate		(1,291	)	(1.76	)%		188	0.32	%		(142	)	(0.25	)%
Tax uncertainties		917		1.25	%		1,760	3.01	%		2,167		3.85	%
	$	(374	)	(0.51	)%	$	1,948	3.33	%	$	2,025		3.60	%

	2020					2019					2018
Income before income tax and noncontrolling interests	$	73,299				$	58,504				$	56,275

Tax uncertainties	$	917		1.25	%	$	1,760		3.01	%	$	2,167		3.85	%
Foreign taxes
Stock base compensation		8		0.01	%		405		0.69	%		128		0.23	%
Adjustment for prior years		47		0.06	%		270		0.46	%		367		0.65	%
Foreign derived intangible income		(112	)	(0.15	)%		(77	)	(0.13	)%		(199	)	(0.35	)%
Valuation allowance		67		0.09	%		315		0.54	%		272		0.48	%
Foreign rate difference		(1,333	)	(1.82	)%		(778	)	(1.33	)%		(758	)	(1.35	)%
Other		32		0.04	%		53		0.09	%		48		0.09	%
		(1,291	)	(1.76	)%		188		0.32	%		(142	)	(0.25	)%
	$	(374	)	(0.51	)%	$	1,948		3.33	%	$	2,025		3.60	%

The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities at December 31, 2020 and 2019 are presented below:

	2020			2019
Deferred tax assets
Net operating loss carryforwards	$	19,284		$	19,410
Other		1,457			1,568
		20,741			20,978
Valuation allowance		(382	)		(707	)
Deferred tax assets		20,359			20,271
Deferred tax liabilities
Containers, net		25,043			25,975
Other		654			697
Deferred tax liabilities		25,697			26,672
Net deferred tax liabilities	$	5,338		$	6,401

In assessing the extent to which deferred tax assets are realizable, the Company’s management considers whether it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. The Company’s management considers the projected future reversal of taxable temporary items for making this assessment. Based upon the projections for the reversal of taxable temporary items over the periods in which the deferred tax assets are deductible, the Company’s management believes it is more likely than not the Company will not realize a portion of the benefits of these deductible differences, thus a valuation allowance has been provided.

On March 27, 2020, the U.S. government enacted the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act ("CARES Act"). The enactment of the CARES Act does not result in any material adjustments to the Company’s provision for income taxes.

The Company has U.S. federal net operating loss carry-forwards of $106,151 that will begin to expire from December 31, 2021 through December 31, 2037 if not utilized and $25,279 with no expiration date. The Company expects to utilize the net operating loss carry-forwards prior to their expiration, net of the valuation allowance. In the United States, utilization of net operating loss carry-forwards for federal income tax purposes may be subject to a substantial annual limitation if there is an ownership change within the meaning of Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code. In general, an ownership change within the meaning of Section 382 occurs if a transaction or series of transactions over a three-year period result in a cumulative change of more than 50% in the beneficial ownership of a company’s stock. The Company’s management does not believe the Company has a limitation on the ability to utilize its net operating loss carry-forwards under Section 382 as of December 31, 2020. However, issuances, sales and/or exchanges of the Company’s stock (including, potentially, relatively small transactions and transactions beyond the Company’s control) occurring after December 31, 2020, taken together with prior transactions with respect to the Company’s stock over a three-year period, could trigger an ownership change under Section 382 in the future and therefore a limitation on the Company’s ability to utilize its net operating loss carryforwards. Any such limitation could cause some loss carryforwards to expire before the Company would be able to utilize them to reduce taxable income in future periods, possibly resulting in a substantial income tax expense or write down of the Company’s tax assets or both.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements do not reflect the income taxes that would be payable to foreign taxing jurisdictions if the earnings of a group of corporations operating in those jurisdictions were to be transferred out of such jurisdictions, because such earnings are intended to be permanently reinvested in those countries. At December 31, 2020, cumulative earnings of approximately $41,441 would be subject to income taxes of approximately $12,432 if such earnings of foreign corporations were transferred out of such jurisdictions in the form of dividends.

The Company’s foreign tax returns, including the United States, State of California, State of New Jersey, State of Texas, Malaysia, Singapore, and United Kingdom, are subject to examination by the various tax authorities. The Company’s foreign tax returns are no longer subject to examinations by taxing authorities for years

before 2015, except for its United States and State of California tax returns which are no longer subject to examinations for years before 2011 and 2008, respectively.

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending unrecognized tax benefit amounts for 2020 and 2019 are as follows:

If the unrecognized tax benefits of $20,575 at December 31, 20120 were recognized, tax benefits in the amount of $20,511 would reduce our annual effective tax rate. The Company believes the total amount of unrecognized tax benefit as of December 31, 2020 will decrease by $1,457 in the next twelve months due to expiration of the statute of limitations, which would reduce our annual effective tax rate.

Interest and penalty expense recorded during 2020, 2019 and 2018 amounted to $(11), $182 and $180, respectively. Total accrued interest and penalties as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 were $1,460 and $1,470, respectively, and were included in non-current income taxes payable.