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Income Taxes
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2016
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes
7. Income Taxes
 
The Company utilizes the liability method of accounting for deferred income taxes. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the carrying amounts and the tax basis of assets and liabilities. A valuation allowance is established against deferred tax assets when, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The Company’s policy is to record interest and penalties on uncertain tax positions as income tax expense.
 
In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, the Company considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of taxable income during the periods in which the temporary differences representing net future deductible amounts become deductible, and is impacted by the Company’s ability to carry back losses to 2014, the only year in which the Company had taxable income. The Company is currently projecting tax losses in 2016. The Company expects to realize its net deferred tax assets recorded as of December 31, 2015 in 2016 due to the Company’s ability to carry back its 2015 federal tax losses to 2014. As such, the Company reclassified these amounts to income tax receivable on the Company’s Balance Sheet as of September 30, 2016. The Company expects to carry forward its 2015 state tax losses due to various state restrictions on the use of carryback claims. The state NOLs are expected to begin to expire in 2027. Due to the Company’s history of losses and lack of other positive evidence to support taxable income after the 2014 tax year, the Company has recorded a valuation allowance against those remaining deferred tax assets that are not expected to be realized.
 
Deferred tax assets relating to employee share-based compensation deductions were reduced to reflect exercises of non-qualified stock option grants and vesting of RSUs. Although certain of these deductions will be reported on the corporate tax returns and increase the Company’s NOLs, these related tax benefits are not recognized for financial reporting purposes.
 
The Company recorded a provision for income taxes of $0.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016, and a benefit from income taxes of $7.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2015.  For the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, the Company recorded a benefit from income taxes of $0.2 million and $11.6 million, respectively. The benefit from income taxes recorded in each period of 2016 and 2015 was based upon the Company’s estimated federal and state income tax liability for those respective years.
 
For the three months ended September 30, 2016, the Company recorded a discrete income tax provision of $0.1 million. For the nine months ended September 30, 2016, the Company recorded a discrete income tax benefit of $0.2 million related to the reduction in its valuation allowances to reflect the income tax associated with unrealized gains on available for sale securities recorded in other comprehensive income (loss).  A corresponding income tax provision was also recorded in other comprehensive income (loss).

Pursuant to ASC 740, Income Taxes, the Company routinely evaluates the likelihood of success if challenged on income tax positions claimed on its income tax returns.  During the three months ended September 30, 2016, the Company reduced certain deferred tax assets by $3.8 million and reduced the corresponding valuation allowance by an equivalent amount.  These items have not been recognized in the financial statements and if disallowed by the tax authorities, would not result in an adjustment to the Company’s effective tax rate, its balance sheet or its cash flow statements for the current year.
 
The Company will continue to evaluate its ability to realize its deferred tax assets on a periodic basis and will adjust such amounts in light of changing facts and circumstances including, but not limited to, future projections of taxable income, tax legislation, rulings by relevant tax authorities, the progress of ongoing tax audits and the regulatory approval of products currently under development. Any additional changes to the valuation allowance recorded on deferred tax assets in the future would impact the Company’s income taxes.