Foreign currency translation and transactions

Foreign currency translation and transactions

Rubicon Technology Worldwide LLC and Rubicon Technology Hong Kong Limited’s assets and liabilities are translated into U.S. dollars at exchange rates existing at the respective balance sheet dates and capital accounts at historical exchange rates. The results of operations are translated into U.S. dollars at the average exchange rates during the respective period. Translation adjustments resulting from fluctuations in exchange rates for Rubicon Technology Worldwide LLC and Rubicon Technology Hong Kong Limited are recorded as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) within stockholders’ equity.

The Company has determined that the functional currency of Rubicon Sapphire Technology (Malaysia) SDN BHD is the U.S. dollar. Rubicon Sapphire Technology (Malaysia) SDN BHD’s assets and liabilities are translated into U.S. dollars using the remeasurement method. Non-monetary assets are translated at historical exchange rates and monetary assets are translated at exchange rates existing at the respective balance sheet dates. Translation adjustments for Rubicon Sapphire Technology (Malaysia) SDN BHD are included in determining net income (loss) for the period. The results of operations are translated into U.S. dollars at the average exchange rates during the period. The Company records these gains and losses in other income (expense).

Foreign currency transaction gains and losses are generated from the effects of exchange rate changes on transactions denominated in a currency other than the functional currency of the Company, which is the U.S. dollar. Gains and losses on foreign currency transactions are generally required to be recognized in the determination of net income (loss) for the period. The Company records these gains and losses in other income (expense).

Investments

Investments

When the Company invests available cash, it primarily invests it in investment grade commercial paper, corporate notes, FDIC guaranteed certificates of deposit, common stock and government securities. Investments classified as available-for-sale securities are carried at fair market value with unrealized gains and losses recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss. Investments in trading securities are reported at fair value, with both realized and unrealized gains and losses recorded in other income (expense), in the Consolidated Statement of Operations. Investments in which the Company has the ability and intent, if necessary, to liquidate in order to support its current operations, are classified as short-term.

The Company reviews its available-for-sale securities investments at the end of each quarter for other-than-temporary declines in fair value based on the specific identification method. The Company considers various factors in determining whether an impairment is other-than-temporary, including the severity and duration of the impairment, changes in underlying credit ratings, forecasted recovery, its ability and intent to hold the investment for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in market value and the probability that the scheduled cash payments will continue to be made. When the Company concludes that an other-than-temporary impairment has resulted, the difference between the fair value and carrying value is written off and recorded as a charge on the Consolidated Statement of Operations.

Inventories

Inventories

Inventories are valued at the lower of cost or market. Raw materials cost is determined using the first-in, first-out method, and work-in-process and finished goods costs are determined on a standard cost basis, which includes materials, labor and overhead. The Company reduces the carrying value of its inventories for differences between the cost and the estimated net realizable value, taking into account usage, expected demand, technological obsolescence and other information.

The Company establishes inventory reserves when conditions exist that suggest inventory may be in excess of anticipated demand or is obsolete based on customer specifications. The Company evaluates the ability to realize the value of its inventory based on a combination of factors, including forecasted sales, estimated current and future market value and changes in customers’ product specifications. The Company’s method of estimating excess and obsolete inventory has remained consistent for all periods presented.

At times in 2016, the Company accepted sales orders for core and wafer products at prices lower than cost. Based on these sales prices, the Company recorded for the nine months ended September 30, 2016, a lower of cost or market adjustment which reduced inventory and increased cost of goods sold by $1.1 million. The Company did not record any additional lower of cost or market adjustments for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017.

The Company evaluates the amount of raw material needed for future production based on expected crystal growth production needed to meet anticipated sales. Based on this review, the Company determined at June 30, 2017 to lower its expected requirements for raw material inventory supply from five to three years and that it had excess material needed for future production. For the six months ended June 30, 2017, an excess and obsolete adjustment was recorded which reduced inventory and increased cost of goods sold by $2.4 million. The Company did not record any additional excess and obsolete adjustments for the three months ended September 30, 2017.

	September 30, 2017		December 31, 2016
	(in thousands)
Raw materials	$	476	$	3,112
Work-in-process		2,993		4,251
Finished goods		623		637
	$	4,092	$	8,000

Assets held for sale and long-lived assets

Assets held for sale and long-lived assets

When circumstances, such as adverse market conditions, indicate that the carrying value of a long-lived asset may be impaired, the Company performs an analysis to review the recoverability of the asset’s carrying value. The Company makes estimates of the undiscounted cash flows (excluding interest charges) from the expected future operations of the asset. These estimates consider factors such as expected future operating income, operating trends and prospects, as well as the effects of demand, competition and other factors. If the analysis indicates that the carrying value is not recoverable from future cash flows, an impairment loss is recognized to the extent that the carrying value exceeds the estimated fair value. The estimated fair value of assets is determined using appraisal techniques, which assume the highest and best use of the asset by market participants, considering the use of the asset that is physically possible, legally permissible, and financially feasible at the measurement date. Any impairment losses are recorded as operating expenses, which reduce net income.

In the third quarter of 2016, the Company announced its decision to limit its focus to the optical and industrial sapphire markets and to exit the LED market. This resulted in the closing of the Company’s Malaysia facility. The Company evaluated its Malaysia asset portfolio based on assuming an orderly liquidation plan. Based on this review, the Company recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016 an asset impairment charge on its Malaysia machinery, equipment and facilities. In the fourth quarter of 2016, the Company also developed a plan to scale down the remaining operations and sell additional assets that would not be needed. In this regard, the Company identified excess U.S. machinery, equipment and facilities. Based on these reviews, the Company recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016 an asset impairment charge on its Malaysia and U.S. machinery, equipment and facilities of $26.6 million.

In the nine months ended September 30, 2017, the Company held auctions and individual assets sales of certain equipment located in Batavia, Illinois, and Malaysia, resulting in the sale of a portion of the excess U.S. and some of the Malaysia equipment classified as (a) assets held for sale or (b) machinery and equipment which had a net book value of $3.1 million. Unsold equipment, including excess crystal growth furnaces, was classified as current assets held for sale at September 30, 2017.

The Company is seeking to sell a manufacturing and office facility in Batavia, Illinois, a parcel of land the Company owns in Batavia, Illinois, and a facility in Penang, Malaysia. Although the Company cannot assure the timing of any sales, as it is the Company’s intention to complete these sales within the next twelve-month period, these properties were classified as current assets held for sale at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016.

At September 30, 2017, the Company reviewed the current fair market value of its assets. With the scaling down of the Company’s U.S. operations, the Company identified at September 30, 2017, additional assets that will not be needed. For the nine months ended September 30, 2017, the Company reduced the net book value of certain machinery and equipment and recorded an asset impairment charge of $675,000. The Company will continue to assess its long-lived assets and adjust the carrying amount of these assets to reflect any changes in the asset usage, marketplace and other factors used in determining the current fair market value.

The Company cannot guarantee that it will be able to successfully complete the sale of any assets.

The table below summarizes the non-financial assets that were measured and recorded at fair value on a non-recurring basis as of September 30, 2017 and loss recorded during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 on those assets:

	Carrying value at September 30, 2017		Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1)		Significant other observable inputs (Level 2 )		Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3 )		Loss for nine months ended September 30, 2017
	(in thousands)

Long-lived assets held and used	$	1,307	$	—	$	1,307	$	—	$	675
Long-lived assets held for sale		15,711		—		15,711		—		—
Total nonrecurring for value measurements	$	17,018	$	—	$	17,018	$	—	$	675

The table below summarizes the non-financial assets that were measured and recorded at fair value on a non-recurring basis as of December 31, 2016 and loss recorded during the twelve months ended December 31, 2016 on those assets:

	Carrying value at December 31, 2016		Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1)		Significant other observable inputs (Level 2)		Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3 )		Loss for twelve months ended December 31, 2016
	(in thousands)

Long-lived assets held and used	$	7,110	$	—	$	7,110	$	—	$	12,264
Long-lived assets held for sale		14,761		—		14,761		—		14,290
Total nonrecurring for value measurements	$	21,871	$	—	$	21,871	$	—	$	26,554

Segment information

Segment information

The Company evaluates operations as one reportable segment, as it only reports profit and loss information on an aggregate basis to its chief operating decision maker.

Other comprehensive loss

Other comprehensive loss

Comprehensive loss is defined as the change in equity of a business enterprise from transactions and other events from non-owner sources. Comprehensive loss includes net earnings (loss) and other non-owner changes in equity that bypass the statement of operations and are reported in a separate component of equity. For the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and for the twelve months ended December 31, 2016, other comprehensive loss includes the unrealized loss on investments and foreign currency translation adjustments.

The following table summarizes the components of accumulated comprehensive loss:

	September 30, 2017			December 31, 2016
	(in thousands)
Unrealized loss on investments	$	-		$	(12	)
Unrealized loss on currency translation		(10	)		(18	)
Ending balance	$	(10	)	$	(30	)

Recent accounting pronouncements

Recent accounting pronouncements

In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01 (“ASU 2016-01”), Financial Instruments—Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities. The standard requires equity investments (except those accounted for under the equity method of accounting, or those that result in consolidation of the investee) to be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income, requires public business entities to use the exit price notion when measuring the fair value of financial instruments for disclosure purposes, requires separate presentation of financial assets and financial liabilities by measurement category and form of financial asset, and eliminates the requirement for public business entities to disclose the method(s) and significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value that is required to be disclosed for financial instruments measured at amortized cost. These changes become effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017. The Company is evaluating the impact, if any, of adopting ASU 2016-01 on its financial statements.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02 (“ASU 2016-02”), Leases (Topic 842) which modifies the lease recognition requirements and requires entities to recognize the assets and liabilities arising from leases on the balance sheet. ASU 2016-02 requires entities to use a modified retrospective approach for leases that exist or are entered into after the beginning of the earliest comparative period in the financial statements. ASU 2016-02 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is evaluating the impact, if any, of adopting ASU 2016-02 on its financial statements.

In April 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-10 (“ASU 2016-10”), Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Identifying Performance Obligations and Licensing. This update clarifies how an entity identifies performance obligations related to customer contracts as well as helps to improve the operability and understanding of the licensing implementation guidance. The amendments in this update affect the guidance in ASU No. 2014-09, (“ASU 2014-09”), Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), which supersedes most of the current revenue recognition requirements. The underlying principle is that an entity will recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers at an amount that the entity expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. The guidance provides a five-step analysis of transactions to determine when and how revenue is recognized. Other major provisions include capitalization of certain contract costs, consideration of time value of money in the transaction price, and allowing estimates of variable consideration to be recognized before contingencies are resolved in certain circumstances. The guidance also requires enhanced disclosures regarding the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from an entity’s contracts with customers. The guidance is effective for the interim and annual periods beginning on or after December 15, 2017 (early adoption is not permitted). The guidance permits the use of either a retrospective or cumulative effect transition method. In May 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-12, (“ASU 2016-12”), Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Narrow-Scope Improvements and Practical Expedients. This update clarifies the objectives of collectability, sales and other taxes, noncash consideration, contract modifications at transition, completed contracts at transition and technical correction. The amendments in this update affect the guidance in ASU 2014-09. While the Company is currently assessing the impact of the new standards, the Company’s revenue is primarily generated from the sale of finished products to customers. Sales predominantly contain a single delivery element and revenue is recognized at a single point in time when ownership, risks, and rewards transfer. These are largely unaffected by the new standard. The Company does not expect this new guidance to have a material impact on the amount of overall sales recognized; however, the timing of sales on certain projects may be affected. The Company has not yet quantified this potential impact.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15 (“ASU 2016-15”), Statement of Cash Flows (Topic230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments which adds or clarifies guidance on the classification of certain cash receipts and payments in the statement of cash flows. The standard addresses eight specific cash flow issues with the objective of reducing diversity in practice. ASU 2016-15 is effective for the interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017 with early adoption permitted. The Company is in the process of performing its initial assessment of the potential impact on its Consolidated Financial Statements and has not decided on its adoption methodology. The Company is evaluating the impact, if any, of adopting ASU 2016-15 on its financial statements.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-01 (“ASU 2017-01”), Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business. This update clarifies the definition of a business with the objective of adding guidance to assist entities with evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions (or disposal) of assets or businesses. The update provides new guidance to determine when an integrated set of assets and activities (collectively referred to as a “set”) is not a business. The guidance requires that when substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired (or disposed of) is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or a group of similar identifiable assets, the set is not a business. ASU 2017-01 is effective for the interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017 with early adoption permitted. The Company is evaluating the impact, if any, of adopting ASU 2017-01 on its financial statements.